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## org.apache.commons.io
Class FileUtils

    java.lang.Object
      org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils

    public class FileUtils

extends Object

General file manipulation utilities.

Facilities are provided in the following areas:

- writing to a file
- reading from a file
- make a directory including parent directories
- copying files and directories
- deleting files and directories
- converting to and from a URL
- listing files and directories by filter and extension
- comparing file content
- file last changed date
- calculating a checksum

Origin of code: Excalibur, Alexandria, Commons-Utils

Version:
  $Id: FileUtils.java 1003647 2010-10-01 20:53:59Z niallp $
Author:
  Kevin A. Burton, Scott Sanders, Daniel Rall, Christoph.Reck, Peter Donald, Jeff Turner, Matthew Hawthorne, Jeremias Maerki, Stephen Colebourne, Ian Springer, Chris Eldredge, Jim Harrington, Niall Pemberton, Sandy McArthur

Field Summary
`static File[]` | `EMPTY_FILE_ARRAY` An empty array of type `File`.
`static long` | `ONE_GB` The number of bytes in a gigabyte.
`static long` | `ONE_KB` The number of bytes in a kilobyte.
`static long` | `ONE_MB` The number of bytes in a megabyte.

Constructor Summary
`FileUtils()` Instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.

Method Summary
`static String` | `byteCountToDisplaySize(long size)` Returns a human-readable version of the file size, where the input represents a specific number of bytes.
`static Checksum` | `checksum(File file, Checksum checksum)` Computes the checksum of a file using the specified checksum object.
`static long` | `checksumCRC32(File file)` Computes the checksum of a file using the CRC32 checksum routine.
`static void` | `cleanDirectory(File directory)` Cleans a directory without deleting it.
`static boolean` | `contentEquals(File file1, File file2)` Compares the contents of two files to determine if they are equal or not.
`static File[]` | `convertFileCollectionToFileArray(Collection<File> files)` Converts a Collection containing java.io.File instanced into array representation.
`static void` | `copyDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir)` Copies a whole directory to a new location preserving the file dates.
`static void` | `copyDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir, boolean preserveFileDate)` Copies a whole directory to a new location.
`static void` | `copyDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir, FileFilter filter)` Copies a filtered directory to a new location preserving the file dates.
`static void` | `copyDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir, FileFilter filter, boolean preserveFileDate)` Copies a filtered directory to a new location.
`static void` | `copyDirectoryToDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir)` Copies a directory to within another directory preserving the file dates.
`static void` | `copyFile(File srcFile, File destFile)` Copies a file to a new location preserving the file date.
`static void` | `copyFile(File srcFile, File destFile, boolean preserveFileDate)` Copies a file to a new location.
`static void` | `copyFileToDirectory(File srcFile, File destDir)` Copies a file to a directory preserving the file date.
`static void` | `copyFileToDirectory(File srcFile, File destDir, boolean preserveFileDate)` Copies a file to a directory optionally preserving the file date.
`static void` | `copyInputStreamToFile(InputStream source, File destination)` Copies bytes from an `InputStream` `source` to a file `destination`.
`static void` | `copyURLToFile(URL source, File destination)` Copies bytes from the URL `source` to a file `destination`.
`static void` | `copyURLToFile(URL source, File destination, int connectionTimeout, int readTimeout)` Copies bytes from the URL `source` to a file `destination`.
`static void` | `deleteDirectory(File directory)` Deletes a directory recursively.
`static boolean` | `deleteQuietly(File file)` Deletes a file, never throwing an exception.
`static void` | `forceDelete(File file)` Deletes a file.
`static void` | `forceDeleteOnExit(File file)` Schedules a file to be deleted when JVM exits.
`static void` | `forceMkdir(File directory)` Makes a directory, including any necessary but nonexistent parent directories.
`static File` | `getTempDirectory()` Returns a `File` representing the system temporary directory.
`static String` | `getTempDirectoryPath()` Returns the path to the system temporary directory.
`static File` | `getUserDirectory()` Returns a `File` representing the user's home directory.
`static String` | `getUserDirectoryPath()` Returns the path to the user's home directory.
`static boolean` | `isFileNewer(File file, Date date)` Tests if the specified `File` is newer than the specified `Date`.
`static boolean` | `isFileNewer(File file, File reference)` Tests if the specified `File` is newer than the reference `File`.
`static boolean` | `isFileNewer(File file, long timeMillis)` Tests if the specified `File` is newer than the specified time reference.
`static boolean` | `isFileOlder(File file, Date date)` Tests if the specified `File` is older than the specified `Date`.
`static boolean` | `isFileOlder(File file, File reference)` Tests if the specified `File` is older than the reference `File`.
`static boolean` | `isFileOlder(File file, long timeMillis)` Tests if the specified `File` is older than the specified time reference.
`static boolean` | `isSymlink(File file)` Determines whether the specified file is a Symbolic Link rather than an actual file.
`static Iterator<File>` | `iterateFiles(File directory, IOFileFilter fileFilter, IOFileFilter dirFilter)` Allows iteration over the files in given directory (and optionally its subdirectories).
`static Iterator<File>` | `iterateFiles(File directory, String[] extensions, boolean recursive)` Allows iteration over the files in a given directory (and optionally its subdirectories) which match an array of extensions.
`static LineIterator` | `lineIterator(File file)` Returns an Iterator for the lines in a `File` using the default encoding for the VM.
`static LineIterator` | `lineIterator(File file, String encoding)` Returns an Iterator for the lines in a `File`.
`static Collection<File>` | `listFiles(File directory, IOFileFilter fileFilter, IOFileFilter dirFilter)` Finds files within a given directory (and optionally its subdirectories).
`static Collection<File>` | `listFiles(File directory, String[] extensions, boolean recursive)` Finds files within a given directory (and optionally its subdirectories) which match an array of extensions.
`static void` | `moveDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir)` Moves a directory.
`static void` | `moveDirectoryToDirectory(File src, File destDir, boolean createDestDir)` Moves a directory to another directory.
`static void` | `moveFile(File srcFile, File destFile)` Moves a file.
`static void` | `moveFileToDirectory(File srcFile, File destDir, boolean createDestDir)` Moves a file to a directory.
`static void` | `moveToDirectory(File src, File destDir, boolean createDestDir)` Moves a file or directory to the destination directory.
`static FileInputStream` | `openInputStream(File file)` Opens a `FileInputStream` for the specified file, providing better error messages than simply calling `new FileInputStream(file)`.
`static FileOutputStream` | `openOutputStream(File file)` Opens a `FileOutputStream` for the specified file, checking and creating the parent directory if it does not exist.
`static byte[]` | `readFileToByteArray(File file)` Reads the contents of a file into a byte array.
`static String` | `readFileToString(File file)` Reads the contents of a file into a String using the default encoding for the VM.
`static String` | `readFileToString(File file, String encoding)` Reads the contents of a file into a String.
`static List<String>` | `readLines(File file)` Reads the contents of a file line by line to a List of Strings using the default encoding for the VM.
`static List<String>` | `readLines(File file, String encoding)` Reads the contents of a file line by line to a List of Strings.
`static long` | `sizeOf(File file)` Returns the size of the specified file or directory.
`static long` | `sizeOfDirectory(File directory)` Counts the size of a directory recursively (sum of the length of all files).
`static File` | `toFile(URL url)` Convert from a `URL` to a `File`.
`static File[]` | `toFiles(URL[] urls)` Converts each of an array of `URL` to a `File`.
`static void` | `touch(File file)` Implements the same behaviour as the "touch" utility on Unix.
`static URL[]` | `toURLs(File[] files)` Converts each of an array of `File` to a `URL`.
`static boolean` | `waitFor(File file, int seconds)` Waits for NFS to propagate a file creation, imposing a timeout.
`static void` | `write(File file, CharSequence data)` Writes a CharSequence to a file creating the file if it does not exist using the default encoding for the VM.
`static void` | `write(File file, CharSequence data, String encoding)` Writes a CharSequence to a file creating the file if it does not exist.
`static void` | `writeByteArrayToFile(File file, byte[] data)` Writes a byte array to a file creating the file if it does not exist.
`static void` | `writeLines(File file, Collection<?> lines)` Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to the specified `File` line by line.
`static void` | `writeLines(File file, Collection<?> lines, String lineEnding)` Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to the specified `File` line by line.
`static void` | `writeLines(File file, String encoding, Collection<?> lines)` Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to the specified `File` line by line.
`static void` | `writeLines(File file, String encoding, Collection<?> lines, String lineEnding)` Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to the specified `File` line by line.
`static void` | `writeStringToFile(File file, String data)` Writes a String to a file creating the file if it does not exist using the default encoding for the VM.
`static void` | `writeStringToFile(File file, String data, String encoding)` Writes a String to a file creating the file if it does not exist.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
`clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

Field Detail

### ONE_KB

    public static final long ONE_KB

  The number of bytes in a kilobyte.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### ONE_MB

    public static final long ONE_MB

  The number of bytes in a megabyte.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### ONE_GB

    public static final long ONE_GB

  The number of bytes in a gigabyte.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### EMPTY_FILE_ARRAY

    public static final File[] EMPTY_FILE_ARRAY

  An empty array of type `File`.

Constructor Detail

### FileUtils

    public FileUtils()

  Instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.

Method Detail

### getTempDirectoryPath

    public static String getTempDirectoryPath()

  Returns the path to the system temporary directory.

  Returns:
    the path to the system temporary directory.
  Since:
    Commons IO 2.0

### getTempDirectory

    public static File getTempDirectory()

  Returns a `File` representing the system temporary directory.

  Returns:
    the system temporary directory.
  Since:
    Commons IO 2.0

### getUserDirectoryPath

    public static String getUserDirectoryPath()

  Returns the path to the user's home directory.

  Returns:
    the path to the user's home directory.
  Since:
    Commons IO 2.0

### getUserDirectory

    public static File getUserDirectory()

  Returns a `File` representing the user's home directory.

  Returns:
    the user's home directory.
  Since:
    Commons IO 2.0

### openInputStream

    public static FileInputStream openInputStream(File file)
                                           throws IOException

  Opens a `FileInputStream` for the specified file, providing better error messages than simply calling `new FileInputStream(file)`.

  At the end of the method either the stream will be successfully opened, or an exception will have been thrown.

  An exception is thrown if the file does not exist. An exception is thrown if the file object exists but is a directory. An exception is thrown if the file exists but cannot be read.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to open for input, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    a new `FileInputStream` for the specified file
  Throws:
    `FileNotFoundException` - if the file does not exist
    `IOException` - if the file object is a directory
    `IOException` - if the file cannot be read
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.3

### openOutputStream

    public static FileOutputStream openOutputStream(File file)
                                             throws IOException

  Opens a `FileOutputStream` for the specified file, checking and creating the parent directory if it does not exist.

  At the end of the method either the stream will be successfully opened, or an exception will have been thrown.

  The parent directory will be created if it does not exist. The file will be created if it does not exist. An exception is thrown if the file object exists but is a directory. An exception is thrown if the file exists but cannot be written to. An exception is thrown if the parent directory cannot be created.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to open for output, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    a new `FileOutputStream` for the specified file
  Throws:
    `IOException` - if the file object is a directory
    `IOException` - if the file cannot be written to
    `IOException` - if a parent directory needs creating but that fails
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.3

### byteCountToDisplaySize

    public static String byteCountToDisplaySize(long size)

  Returns a human-readable version of the file size, where the input represents a specific number of bytes. If the size is over 1GB, the size is returned as the number of whole GB, i.e. the size is rounded down to the nearest GB boundary. Similarly for the 1MB and 1KB boundaries.

  Parameters:
    `size` - the number of bytes
  Returns:
    a human-readable display value (includes units - GB, MB, KB or bytes)

### touch

    public static void touch(File file)
                      throws IOException

  Implements the same behaviour as the "touch" utility on Unix. It creates a new file with size 0 or, if the file exists already, it is opened and closed without modifying it, but updating the file date and time.

  NOTE: As from v1.3, this method throws an IOException if the last modified date of the file cannot be set. Also, as from v1.3 this method creates parent directories if they do not exist.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the File to touch
  Throws:
    `IOException` - If an I/O problem occurs

### convertFileCollectionToFileArray

    public static File[] convertFileCollectionToFileArray(Collection<File> files)

  Converts a Collection containing java.io.File instanced into array representation. This is to account for the difference between File.listFiles() and FileUtils.listFiles().

  Parameters:
    `files` - a Collection containing java.io.File instances
  Returns:
    an array of java.io.File

### listFiles

    public static Collection<File> listFiles(File directory,
                                             IOFileFilter fileFilter,
                                             IOFileFilter dirFilter)

  Finds files within a given directory (and optionally its subdirectories). All files found are filtered by an IOFileFilter.

  If your search should recurse into subdirectories you can pass in an IOFileFilter for directories. You don't need to bind a DirectoryFileFilter (via logical AND) to this filter. This method does that for you.

  An example: If you want to search through all directories called "temp" you pass in `FileFilterUtils.NameFileFilter("temp")`

  Another common usage of this method is find files in a directory tree but ignoring the directories generated CVS. You can simply pass in `FileFilterUtils.makeCVSAware(null)`.

  Parameters:
    `directory` - the directory to search in
    `fileFilter` - filter to apply when finding files.
    `dirFilter` - optional filter to apply when finding subdirectories. If this parameter is `null`, subdirectories will not be included in the search. Use TrueFileFilter.INSTANCE to match all directories.
  Returns:
    an collection of java.io.File with the matching files
  See Also:
    `FileFilterUtils`, `NameFileFilter`

### iterateFiles

    public static Iterator<File> iterateFiles(File directory,
                                              IOFileFilter fileFilter,
                                              IOFileFilter dirFilter)

  Allows iteration over the files in given directory (and optionally its subdirectories).

  All files found are filtered by an IOFileFilter. This method is based on `listFiles(File, IOFileFilter, IOFileFilter)`.

  Parameters:
    `directory` - the directory to search in
    `fileFilter` - filter to apply when finding files.
    `dirFilter` - optional filter to apply when finding subdirectories. If this parameter is `null`, subdirectories will not be included in the search. Use TrueFileFilter.INSTANCE to match all directories.
  Returns:
    an iterator of java.io.File for the matching files
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.2
  See Also:
    `FileFilterUtils`, `NameFileFilter`

### listFiles

    public static Collection<File> listFiles(File directory,
                                             String[] extensions,
                                             boolean recursive)

  Finds files within a given directory (and optionally its subdirectories) which match an array of extensions.

  Parameters:
    `directory` - the directory to search in
    `extensions` - an array of extensions, ex. {"java","xml"}. If this parameter is `null`, all files are returned.
    `recursive` - if true all subdirectories are searched as well
  Returns:
    an collection of java.io.File with the matching files

### iterateFiles

    public static Iterator<File> iterateFiles(File directory,
                                              String[] extensions,
                                              boolean recursive)

  Allows iteration over the files in a given directory (and optionally its subdirectories) which match an array of extensions. This method is based on `listFiles(File, String[], boolean)`.

  Parameters:
    `directory` - the directory to search in
    `extensions` - an array of extensions, ex. {"java","xml"}. If this parameter is `null`, all files are returned.
    `recursive` - if true all subdirectories are searched as well
  Returns:
    an iterator of java.io.File with the matching files
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.2

### contentEquals

    public static boolean contentEquals(File file1,
                                        File file2)
                                 throws IOException

  Compares the contents of two files to determine if they are equal or not.

  This method checks to see if the two files are different lengths or if they point to the same file, before resorting to byte-by-byte comparison of the contents.

  Code origin: Avalon

  Parameters:
    `file1` - the first file
    `file2` - the second file
  Returns:
    true if the content of the files are equal or they both don't exist, false otherwise
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error

### toFile

    public static File toFile(URL url)

  Convert from a `URL` to a `File`.

  From version 1.1 this method will decode the URL. Syntax such as `file:///my%20docs/file.txt` will be correctly decoded to `/my docs/file.txt`. Starting with version 1.5, this method uses UTF-8 to decode percent-encoded octets to characters. Additionally, malformed percent-encoded octets are handled leniently by passing them through literally.

  Parameters:
    `url` - the file URL to convert, `null` returns `null`
  Returns:
    the equivalent `File` object, or `null` if the URL's protocol is not `file`

### toFiles

    public static File[] toFiles(URL[] urls)

  Converts each of an array of `URL` to a `File`.

  Returns an array of the same size as the input. If the input is `null`, an empty array is returned. If the input contains `null`, the output array contains `null` at the same index.

  This method will decode the URL. Syntax such as `file:///my%20docs/file.txt` will be correctly decoded to `/my docs/file.txt`.

  Parameters:
    `urls` - the file URLs to convert, `null` returns empty array
  Returns:
    a non-`null` array of Files matching the input, with a `null` item if there was a `null` at that index in the input array
  Throws:
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if any file is not a URL file
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if any file is incorrectly encoded
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.1

### toURLs

    public static URL[] toURLs(File[] files)
                        throws IOException

  Converts each of an array of `File` to a `URL`.

  Returns an array of the same size as the input.

  Parameters:
    `files` - the files to convert
  Returns:
    an array of URLs matching the input
  Throws:
    `IOException` - if a file cannot be converted

### copyFileToDirectory

    public static void copyFileToDirectory(File srcFile,
                                           File destDir)
                                    throws IOException

  Copies a file to a directory preserving the file date.

  This method copies the contents of the specified source file to a file of the same name in the specified destination directory. The destination directory is created if it does not exist. If the destination file exists, then this method will overwrite it.

  Note: This method tries to preserve the file's last modified date/times using `File.setLastModified(long)`, however it is not guaranteed that the operation will succeed. If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.

  Parameters:
    `srcFile` - an existing file to copy, must not be `null`
    `destDir` - the directory to place the copy in, must not be `null`
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is null
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying
  See Also:
    `copyFile(File, File, boolean)`

### copyFileToDirectory

    public static void copyFileToDirectory(File srcFile,
                                           File destDir,
                                           boolean preserveFileDate)
                                    throws IOException

  Copies a file to a directory optionally preserving the file date.

  This method copies the contents of the specified source file to a file of the same name in the specified destination directory. The destination directory is created if it does not exist. If the destination file exists, then this method will overwrite it.

  Note: Setting `preserveFileDate` to `true` tries to preserve the file's last modified date/times using `File.setLastModified(long)`, however it is not guaranteed that the operation will succeed. If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.

  Parameters:
    `srcFile` - an existing file to copy, must not be `null`
    `destDir` - the directory to place the copy in, must not be `null`
    `preserveFileDate` - true if the file date of the copy should be the same as the original
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.3
  See Also:
    `copyFile(File, File, boolean)`

### copyFile

    public static void copyFile(File srcFile,
                                File destFile)
                         throws IOException

  Copies a file to a new location preserving the file date.

  This method copies the contents of the specified source file to the specified destination file. The directory holding the destination file is created if it does not exist. If the destination file exists, then this method will overwrite it.

  Note: This method tries to preserve the file's last modified date/times using `File.setLastModified(long)`, however it is not guaranteed that the operation will succeed. If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.

  Parameters:
    `srcFile` - an existing file to copy, must not be `null`
    `destFile` - the new file, must not be `null`
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying
  See Also:
    `copyFileToDirectory(File, File)`

### copyFile

    public static void copyFile(File srcFile,
                                File destFile,
                                boolean preserveFileDate)
                         throws IOException

  Copies a file to a new location.

  This method copies the contents of the specified source file to the specified destination file. The directory holding the destination file is created if it does not exist. If the destination file exists, then this method will overwrite it.

  Note: Setting `preserveFileDate` to `true` tries to preserve the file's last modified date/times using `File.setLastModified(long)`, however it is not guaranteed that the operation will succeed. If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.

  Parameters:
    `srcFile` - an existing file to copy, must not be `null`
    `destFile` - the new file, must not be `null`
    `preserveFileDate` - true if the file date of the copy should be the same as the original
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying
  See Also:
    `copyFileToDirectory(File, File, boolean)`

### copyDirectoryToDirectory

    public static void copyDirectoryToDirectory(File srcDir,
                                                File destDir)
                                         throws IOException

  Copies a directory to within another directory preserving the file dates.

  This method copies the source directory and all its contents to a directory of the same name in the specified destination directory.

  The destination directory is created if it does not exist. If the destination directory did exist, then this method merges the source with the destination, with the source taking precedence.

  Note: This method tries to preserve the files' last modified date/times using `File.setLastModified(long)`, however it is not guaranteed that those operations will succeed. If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.

  Parameters:
    `srcDir` - an existing directory to copy, must not be `null`
    `destDir` - the directory to place the copy in, must not be `null`
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.2

### copyDirectory

    public static void copyDirectory(File srcDir,
                                     File destDir)
                              throws IOException

  Copies a whole directory to a new location preserving the file dates.

  This method copies the specified directory and all its child directories and files to the specified destination. The destination is the new location and name of the directory.

  The destination directory is created if it does not exist. If the destination directory did exist, then this method merges the source with the destination, with the source taking precedence.

  Note: This method tries to preserve the files' last modified date/times using `File.setLastModified(long)`, however it is not guaranteed that those operations will succeed. If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.

  Parameters:
    `srcDir` - an existing directory to copy, must not be `null`
    `destDir` - the new directory, must not be `null`
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.1

### copyDirectory

    public static void copyDirectory(File srcDir,
                                     File destDir,
                                     boolean preserveFileDate)
                              throws IOException

  Copies a whole directory to a new location.

  This method copies the contents of the specified source directory to within the specified destination directory.

  The destination directory is created if it does not exist. If the destination directory did exist, then this method merges the source with the destination, with the source taking precedence.

  Note: Setting `preserveFileDate` to `true` tries to preserve the files' last modified date/times using `File.setLastModified(long)`, however it is not guaranteed that those operations will succeed. If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.

  Parameters:
    `srcDir` - an existing directory to copy, must not be `null`
    `destDir` - the new directory, must not be `null`
    `preserveFileDate` - true if the file date of the copy should be the same as the original
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.1

### copyDirectory

    public static void copyDirectory(File srcDir,
                                     File destDir,
                                     FileFilter filter)
                              throws IOException

  Copies a filtered directory to a new location preserving the file dates.

  This method copies the contents of the specified source directory to within the specified destination directory.

  The destination directory is created if it does not exist. If the destination directory did exist, then this method merges the source with the destination, with the source taking precedence.

  Note: This method tries to preserve the files' last modified date/times using `File.setLastModified(long)`, however it is not guaranteed that those operations will succeed. If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.

  #### Example: Copy directories only

        // only copy the directory structure
        FileUtils.copyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, DirectoryFileFilter.DIRECTORY);

  #### Example: Copy directories and txt files

        // Create a filter for ".txt" files
        IOFileFilter txtSuffixFilter = FileFilterUtils.suffixFileFilter(".txt");
        IOFileFilter txtFiles = FileFilterUtils.andFileFilter(FileFileFilter.FILE, txtSuffixFilter);

        // Create a filter for either directories or ".txt" files
        FileFilter filter = FileFilterUtils.orFileFilter(DirectoryFileFilter.DIRECTORY, txtFiles);

        // Copy using the filter
        FileUtils.copyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, filter);

  Parameters:
    `srcDir` - an existing directory to copy, must not be `null`
    `destDir` - the new directory, must not be `null`
    `filter` - the filter to apply, null means copy all directories and files should be the same as the original
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.4

### copyDirectory

    public static void copyDirectory(File srcDir,
                                     File destDir,
                                     FileFilter filter,
                                     boolean preserveFileDate)
                              throws IOException

  Copies a filtered directory to a new location.

  This method copies the contents of the specified source directory to within the specified destination directory.

  The destination directory is created if it does not exist. If the destination directory did exist, then this method merges the source with the destination, with the source taking precedence.

  Note: Setting `preserveFileDate` to `true` tries to preserve the files' last modified date/times using `File.setLastModified(long)`, however it is not guaranteed that those operations will succeed. If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.

  #### Example: Copy directories only

        // only copy the directory structure
        FileUtils.copyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, DirectoryFileFilter.DIRECTORY, false);

  #### Example: Copy directories and txt files

        // Create a filter for ".txt" files
        IOFileFilter txtSuffixFilter = FileFilterUtils.suffixFileFilter(".txt");
        IOFileFilter txtFiles = FileFilterUtils.andFileFilter(FileFileFilter.FILE, txtSuffixFilter);

        // Create a filter for either directories or ".txt" files
        FileFilter filter = FileFilterUtils.orFileFilter(DirectoryFileFilter.DIRECTORY, txtFiles);

        // Copy using the filter
        FileUtils.copyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, filter, false);

  Parameters:
    `srcDir` - an existing directory to copy, must not be `null`
    `destDir` - the new directory, must not be `null`
    `filter` - the filter to apply, null means copy all directories and files
    `preserveFileDate` - true if the file date of the copy should be the same as the original
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.4

### copyURLToFile

    public static void copyURLToFile(URL source,
                                     File destination)
                              throws IOException

  Copies bytes from the URL `source` to a file `destination`. The directories up to `destination` will be created if they don't already exist. `destination` will be overwritten if it already exists.

  Warning: this method does not set a connection or read timeout and thus might block forever. Use `copyURLToFile(URL, File, int, int)` with reasonable timeouts to prevent this.

  Parameters:
    `source` - the `URL` to copy bytes from, must not be `null`
    `destination` - the non-directory `File` to write bytes to (possibly overwriting), must not be `null`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - if `source` URL cannot be opened
    `IOException` - if `destination` is a directory
    `IOException` - if `destination` cannot be written
    `IOException` - if `destination` needs creating but can't be
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying

### copyURLToFile

    public static void copyURLToFile(URL source,
                                     File destination,
                                     int connectionTimeout,
                                     int readTimeout)
                              throws IOException

  Copies bytes from the URL `source` to a file `destination`. The directories up to `destination` will be created if they don't already exist. `destination` will be overwritten if it already exists.

  Parameters:
    `source` - the `URL` to copy bytes from, must not be `null`
    `destination` - the non-directory `File` to write bytes to (possibly overwriting), must not be `null`
    `connectionTimeout` - the number of milliseconds until this method will timeout if no connection could be established to the `source`
    `readTimeout` - the number of milliseconds until this method will timeout if no data could be read from the `source`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - if `source` URL cannot be opened
    `IOException` - if `destination` is a directory
    `IOException` - if `destination` cannot be written
    `IOException` - if `destination` needs creating but can't be
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying
  Since:
    Commons IO 2.0

### copyInputStreamToFile

    public static void copyInputStreamToFile(InputStream source,
                                             File destination)
                                      throws IOException

  Copies bytes from an `InputStream` `source` to a file `destination`. The directories up to `destination` will be created if they don't already exist. `destination` will be overwritten if it already exists.

  Parameters:
    `source` - the `InputStream` to copy bytes from, must not be `null`
    `destination` - the non-directory `File` to write bytes to (possibly overwriting), must not be `null`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - if `destination` is a directory
    `IOException` - if `destination` cannot be written
    `IOException` - if `destination` needs creating but can't be
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs during copying
  Since:
    Commons IO 2.0

### deleteDirectory

    public static void deleteDirectory(File directory)
                                throws IOException

  Deletes a directory recursively.

  Parameters:
    `directory` - directory to delete
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case deletion is unsuccessful

### deleteQuietly

    public static boolean deleteQuietly(File file)

  Deletes a file, never throwing an exception. If file is a directory, delete it and all sub-directories.

  The difference between File.delete() and this method are:

  - A directory to be deleted does not have to be empty.
  - No exceptions are thrown when a file or directory cannot be deleted.

  Parameters:
    `file` - file or directory to delete, can be `null`
  Returns:
    `true` if the file or directory was deleted, otherwise `false`
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.4

### cleanDirectory

    public static void cleanDirectory(File directory)
                               throws IOException

  Cleans a directory without deleting it.

  Parameters:
    `directory` - directory to clean
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case cleaning is unsuccessful

### waitFor

    public static boolean waitFor(File file,
                                  int seconds)

  Waits for NFS to propagate a file creation, imposing a timeout.

  This method repeatedly tests `File.exists()` until it returns true up to the maximum time specified in seconds.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to check, must not be `null`
    `seconds` - the maximum time in seconds to wait
  Returns:
    true if file exists
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the file is `null`

### readFileToString

    public static String readFileToString(File file,
                                          String encoding)
                                   throws IOException

  Reads the contents of a file into a String. The file is always closed.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to read, must not be `null`
    `encoding` - the encoding to use, `null` means platform default
  Returns:
    the file contents, never `null`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
    `UnsupportedEncodingException` - if the encoding is not supported by the VM

### readFileToString

    public static String readFileToString(File file)
                                   throws IOException

  Reads the contents of a file into a String using the default encoding for the VM. The file is always closed.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to read, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    the file contents, never `null`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.3.1

### readFileToByteArray

    public static byte[] readFileToByteArray(File file)
                                      throws IOException

  Reads the contents of a file into a byte array. The file is always closed.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to read, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    the file contents, never `null`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.1

### readLines

    public static List<String> readLines(File file,
                                         String encoding)
                                  throws IOException

  Reads the contents of a file line by line to a List of Strings. The file is always closed.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to read, must not be `null`
    `encoding` - the encoding to use, `null` means platform default
  Returns:
    the list of Strings representing each line in the file, never `null`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
    `UnsupportedEncodingException` - if the encoding is not supported by the VM
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.1

### readLines

    public static List<String> readLines(File file)
                                  throws IOException

  Reads the contents of a file line by line to a List of Strings using the default encoding for the VM. The file is always closed.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to read, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    the list of Strings representing each line in the file, never `null`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.3

### lineIterator

    public static LineIterator lineIterator(File file,
                                            String encoding)
                                     throws IOException

  Returns an Iterator for the lines in a `File`.

  This method opens an `InputStream` for the file. When you have finished with the iterator you should close the stream to free internal resources. This can be done by calling the `LineIterator.close()` or `LineIterator.closeQuietly(LineIterator)` method.

  The recommended usage pattern is:

       LineIterator it = FileUtils.lineIterator(file, "UTF-8");
       try {
         while (it.hasNext()) {
           String line = it.nextLine();
           /// do something with line
         }
       } finally {
         LineIterator.closeQuietly(iterator);
       }

  If an exception occurs during the creation of the iterator, the underlying stream is closed.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to open for input, must not be `null`
    `encoding` - the encoding to use, `null` means platform default
  Returns:
    an Iterator of the lines in the file, never `null`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error (file closed)
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.2

### lineIterator

    public static LineIterator lineIterator(File file)
                                     throws IOException

  Returns an Iterator for the lines in a `File` using the default encoding for the VM.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to open for input, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    an Iterator of the lines in the file, never `null`
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error (file closed)
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.3
  See Also:
    `lineIterator(File, String)`

### writeStringToFile

    public static void writeStringToFile(File file,
                                         String data,
                                         String encoding)
                                  throws IOException

  Writes a String to a file creating the file if it does not exist. NOTE: As from v1.3, the parent directories of the file will be created if they do not exist.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to write
    `data` - the content to write to the file
    `encoding` - the encoding to use, `null` means platform default
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
    `UnsupportedEncodingException` - if the encoding is not supported by the VM

### writeStringToFile

    public static void writeStringToFile(File file,
                                         String data)
                                  throws IOException

  Writes a String to a file creating the file if it does not exist using the default encoding for the VM.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to write
    `data` - the content to write to the file
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error

### write

    public static void write(File file,
                             CharSequence data)
                      throws IOException

  Writes a CharSequence to a file creating the file if it does not exist using the default encoding for the VM.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to write
    `data` - the content to write to the file
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
  Since:
    Commons IO 2.0

### write

    public static void write(File file,
                             CharSequence data,
                             String encoding)
                      throws IOException

  Writes a CharSequence to a file creating the file if it does not exist.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to write
    `data` - the content to write to the file
    `encoding` - the encoding to use, `null` means platform default
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
    `UnsupportedEncodingException` - if the encoding is not supported by the VM
  Since:
    Commons IO 2.0

### writeByteArrayToFile

    public static void writeByteArrayToFile(File file,
                                            byte[] data)
                                     throws IOException

  Writes a byte array to a file creating the file if it does not exist.

  NOTE: As from v1.3, the parent directories of the file will be created if they do not exist.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to write to
    `data` - the content to write to the file
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.1

### writeLines

    public static void writeLines(File file,
                                  String encoding,
                                  Collection<?> lines)
                           throws IOException

  Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to the specified `File` line by line. The specified character encoding and the default line ending will be used.

  NOTE: As from v1.3, the parent directories of the file will be created if they do not exist.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to write to
    `encoding` - the encoding to use, `null` means platform default
    `lines` - the lines to write, `null` entries produce blank lines
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
    `UnsupportedEncodingException` - if the encoding is not supported by the VM
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.1

### writeLines

    public static void writeLines(File file,
                                  Collection<?> lines)
                           throws IOException

  Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to the specified `File` line by line. The default VM encoding and the default line ending will be used.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to write to
    `lines` - the lines to write, `null` entries produce blank lines
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.3

### writeLines

    public static void writeLines(File file,
                                  String encoding,
                                  Collection<?> lines,
                                  String lineEnding)
                           throws IOException

  Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to the specified `File` line by line. The specified character encoding and the line ending will be used.

  NOTE: As from v1.3, the parent directories of the file will be created if they do not exist.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to write to
    `encoding` - the encoding to use, `null` means platform default
    `lines` - the lines to write, `null` entries produce blank lines
    `lineEnding` - the line separator to use, `null` is system default
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
    `UnsupportedEncodingException` - if the encoding is not supported by the VM
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.1

### writeLines

    public static void writeLines(File file,
                                  Collection<?> lines,
                                  String lineEnding)
                           throws IOException

  Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to the specified `File` line by line. The default VM encoding and the specified line ending will be used.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to write to
    `lines` - the lines to write, `null` entries produce blank lines
    `lineEnding` - the line separator to use, `null` is system default
  Throws:
    `IOException` - in case of an I/O error
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.3

### forceDelete

    public static void forceDelete(File file)
                            throws IOException

  Deletes a file. If file is a directory, delete it and all sub-directories.

  The difference between File.delete() and this method are:

  - A directory to be deleted does not have to be empty.
  - You get exceptions when a file or directory cannot be deleted. (java.io.File methods returns a boolean)

  Parameters:
    `file` - file or directory to delete, must not be `null`
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the directory is `null`
    `FileNotFoundException` - if the file was not found
    `IOException` - in case deletion is unsuccessful

### forceDeleteOnExit

    public static void forceDeleteOnExit(File file)
                                  throws IOException

  Schedules a file to be deleted when JVM exits. If file is directory delete it and all sub-directories.

  Parameters:
    `file` - file or directory to delete, must not be `null`
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the file is `null`
    `IOException` - in case deletion is unsuccessful

### forceMkdir

    public static void forceMkdir(File directory)
                           throws IOException

  Makes a directory, including any necessary but nonexistent parent directories. If a file already exists with specified name but it is not a directory then an IOException is thrown. If the directory cannot be created (or does not already exist) then an IOException is thrown.

  Parameters:
    `directory` - directory to create, must not be `null`
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the directory is `null`
    `IOException` - if the directory cannot be created or the file already exists but is not a directory

### sizeOf

    public static long sizeOf(File file)

  Returns the size of the specified file or directory. If the provided `File` is a regular file, then the file's length is returned. If the argument is a directory, then the size of the directory is calculated recursively. If a directory or subdirectory is security restricted, its size will not be included.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the regular file or directory to return the size of (must not be `null`).
  Returns:
    the length of the file, or recursive size of the directory, provided (in bytes).
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the file is `null`
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the file does not exist.
  Since:
    Commons IO 2.0

### sizeOfDirectory

    public static long sizeOfDirectory(File directory)

  Counts the size of a directory recursively (sum of the length of all files).

  Parameters:
    `directory` - directory to inspect, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    size of directory in bytes, 0 if directory is security restricted
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the directory is `null`

### isFileNewer

    public static boolean isFileNewer(File file,
                                      File reference)

  Tests if the specified `File` is newer than the reference `File`.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the `File` of which the modification date must be compared, must not be `null`
    `reference` - the `File` of which the modification date is used, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    true if the `File` exists and has been modified more recently than the reference `File`
  Throws:
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the file is `null`
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the reference file is `null` or doesn't exist

### isFileNewer

    public static boolean isFileNewer(File file,
                                      Date date)

  Tests if the specified `File` is newer than the specified `Date`.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the `File` of which the modification date must be compared, must not be `null`
    `date` - the date reference, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    true if the `File` exists and has been modified after the given `Date`.
  Throws:
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the file is `null`
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the date is `null`

### isFileNewer

    public static boolean isFileNewer(File file,
                                      long timeMillis)

  Tests if the specified `File` is newer than the specified time reference.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the `File` of which the modification date must be compared, must not be `null`
    `timeMillis` - the time reference measured in milliseconds since the epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970)
  Returns:
    true if the `File` exists and has been modified after the given time reference.
  Throws:
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the file is `null`

### isFileOlder

    public static boolean isFileOlder(File file,
                                      File reference)

  Tests if the specified `File` is older than the reference `File`.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the `File` of which the modification date must be compared, must not be `null`
    `reference` - the `File` of which the modification date is used, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    true if the `File` exists and has been modified before the reference `File`
  Throws:
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the file is `null`
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the reference file is `null` or doesn't exist

### isFileOlder

    public static boolean isFileOlder(File file,
                                      Date date)

  Tests if the specified `File` is older than the specified `Date`.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the `File` of which the modification date must be compared, must not be `null`
    `date` - the date reference, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    true if the `File` exists and has been modified before the given `Date`.
  Throws:
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the file is `null`
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the date is `null`

### isFileOlder

    public static boolean isFileOlder(File file,
                                      long timeMillis)

  Tests if the specified `File` is older than the specified time reference.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the `File` of which the modification date must be compared, must not be `null`
    `timeMillis` - the time reference measured in milliseconds since the epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970)
  Returns:
    true if the `File` exists and has been modified before the given time reference.
  Throws:
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the file is `null`

### checksumCRC32

    public static long checksumCRC32(File file)
                              throws IOException

  Computes the checksum of a file using the CRC32 checksum routine. The value of the checksum is returned.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to checksum, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    the checksum value
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the file or checksum is `null`
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the file is a directory
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs reading the file
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.3

### checksum

    public static Checksum checksum(File file,
                                    Checksum checksum)
                             throws IOException

  Computes the checksum of a file using the specified checksum object. Multiple files may be checked using one `Checksum` instance if desired simply by reusing the same checksum object. For example:

         long csum = FileUtils.checksum(file, new CRC32()).getValue();

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to checksum, must not be `null`
    `checksum` - the checksum object to be used, must not be `null`
  Returns:
    the checksum specified, updated with the content of the file
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the file or checksum is `null`
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the file is a directory
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs reading the file
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.3

### moveDirectory

    public static void moveDirectory(File srcDir,
                                     File destDir)
                              throws IOException

  Moves a directory.

  When the destination directory is on another file system, do a "copy and delete".

  Parameters:
    `srcDir` - the directory to be moved
    `destDir` - the destination directory
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs moving the file
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.4

### moveDirectoryToDirectory

    public static void moveDirectoryToDirectory(File src,
                                                File destDir,
                                                boolean createDestDir)
                                         throws IOException

  Moves a directory to another directory.

  Parameters:
    `src` - the file to be moved
    `destDir` - the destination file
    `createDestDir` - If `true` create the destination directory, otherwise if `false` throw an IOException
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs moving the file
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.4

### moveFile

    public static void moveFile(File srcFile,
                                File destFile)
                         throws IOException

  Moves a file.

  When the destination file is on another file system, do a "copy and delete".

  Parameters:
    `srcFile` - the file to be moved
    `destFile` - the destination file
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs moving the file
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.4

### moveFileToDirectory

    public static void moveFileToDirectory(File srcFile,
                                           File destDir,
                                           boolean createDestDir)
                                    throws IOException

  Moves a file to a directory.

  Parameters:
    `srcFile` - the file to be moved
    `destDir` - the destination file
    `createDestDir` - If `true` create the destination directory, otherwise if `false` throw an IOException
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs moving the file
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.4

### moveToDirectory

    public static void moveToDirectory(File src,
                                       File destDir,
                                       boolean createDestDir)
                                throws IOException

  Moves a file or directory to the destination directory.

  When the destination is on another file system, do a "copy and delete".

  Parameters:
    `src` - the file or directory to be moved
    `destDir` - the destination directory
    `createDestDir` - If `true` create the destination directory, otherwise if `false` throw an IOException
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if source or destination is `null`
    `IOException` - if source or destination is invalid
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs moving the file
  Since:
    Commons IO 1.4

### isSymlink

    public static boolean isSymlink(File file)
                             throws IOException

  Determines whether the specified file is a Symbolic Link rather than an actual file.

  Will not return true if there is a Symbolic Link anywhere in the path, only if the specific file is.

  Parameters:
    `file` - the file to check
  Returns:
    true if the file is a Symbolic Link
  Throws:
    `IOException` - if an IO error occurs while checking the file
  Since:
    Commons IO 2.0

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