org.apache.commons.lang3

## Class StringUtils

- java.lang.Object
- - org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils

-     public class StringUtils
      extends Object

  Operations on `String` that are `null` safe.

  - IsEmpty/IsBlank - checks if a String contains text
  - Trim/Strip - removes leading and trailing whitespace
  - Equals - compares two strings null-safe
  - startsWith - check if a String starts with a prefix null-safe
  - endsWith - check if a String ends with a suffix null-safe
  - IndexOf/LastIndexOf/Contains - null-safe index-of checks
  - IndexOfAny/LastIndexOfAny/IndexOfAnyBut/LastIndexOfAnyBut - index-of any of a set of Strings
  - ContainsOnly/ContainsNone/ContainsAny - does String contains only/none/any of these characters
  - Substring/Left/Right/Mid - null-safe substring extractions
  - SubstringBefore/SubstringAfter/SubstringBetween - substring extraction relative to other strings
  - Split/Join - splits a String into an array of substrings and vice versa
  - Remove/Delete - removes part of a String
  - Replace/Overlay - Searches a String and replaces one String with another
  - Chomp/Chop - removes the last part of a String
  - AppendIfMissing - appends a suffix to the end of the String if not present
  - PrependIfMissing - prepends a prefix to the start of the String if not present
  - LeftPad/RightPad/Center/Repeat - pads a String
  - UpperCase/LowerCase/SwapCase/Capitalize/Uncapitalize - changes the case of a String
  - CountMatches - counts the number of occurrences of one String in another
  - IsAlpha/IsNumeric/IsWhitespace/IsAsciiPrintable - checks the characters in a String
  - DefaultString - protects against a null input String
  - Reverse/ReverseDelimited - reverses a String
  - Abbreviate - abbreviates a string using ellipsis
  - Difference - compares Strings and reports on their differences
  - LevenshteinDistance - the number of changes needed to change one String into another

  The `StringUtils` class defines certain words related to String handling.

  - null - `null`
  - empty - a zero-length string (`""`)
  - space - the space character (`' '`, char 32)
  - whitespace - the characters defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`
  - trim - the characters <= 32 as in `String.trim()`

  `StringUtils` handles `null` input Strings quietly. That is to say that a `null` input will return `null`. Where a `boolean` or `int` is being returned details vary by method.

  A side effect of the `null` handling is that a `NullPointerException` should be considered a bug in `StringUtils`.

  Methods in this class give sample code to explain their operation. The symbol `*` is used to indicate any input including `null`.

  #ThreadSafe#

  Since:
    1.0
  Version:
    $Id: StringUtils.java 1583482 2014-03-31 22:54:57Z niallp $
  See Also:
    `String`

- - ### Field Summary

    Fields
    Modifier and Type | Field and Description
    --- | ---
    `static String` | `CR` A String for carriage return CR ("\r").
    `static String` | `EMPTY` The empty String `""`.
    `static int` | `INDEX_NOT_FOUND` Represents a failed index search.
    `static String` | `LF` A String for linefeed LF ("\n").
    `static String` | `SPACE` A String for a space character.

  - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Constructor and Description
    `StringUtils()` `StringUtils` instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.

  - ### Method Summary

    Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `static String` | `abbreviate(String str, int maxWidth)` Abbreviates a String using ellipses.
    `static String` | `abbreviate(String str, int offset, int maxWidth)` Abbreviates a String using ellipses.
    `static String` | `abbreviateMiddle(String str, String middle, int length)` Abbreviates a String to the length passed, replacing the middle characters with the supplied replacement String.
    `static String` | `appendIfMissing(String str, CharSequence suffix, CharSequence... suffixes)` Appends the suffix to the end of the string if the string does not already end with any the suffixes.
    `static String` | `appendIfMissingIgnoreCase(String str, CharSequence suffix, CharSequence... suffixes)` Appends the suffix to the end of the string if the string does not already end, case insensitive, with any of the suffixes.
    `static String` | `capitalize(String str)` Capitalizes a String changing the first letter to title case as per `Character.toTitleCase(char)`.
    `static String` | `center(String str, int size)` Centers a String in a larger String of size `size` using the space character (' ').
    `static String` | `center(String str, int size, char padChar)` Centers a String in a larger String of size `size`.
    `static String` | `center(String str, int size, String padStr)` Centers a String in a larger String of size `size`.
    `static String` | `chomp(String str)` Removes one newline from end of a String if it's there, otherwise leave it alone.
    `static String` | `chomp(String str, String separator)` Deprecated. This feature will be removed in Lang 4.0, use `removeEnd(String, String)` instead
    `static String` | `chop(String str)` Remove the last character from a String.
    `static boolean` | `contains(CharSequence seq, CharSequence searchSeq)` Checks if CharSequence contains a search CharSequence, handling `null`.
    `static boolean` | `contains(CharSequence seq, int searchChar)` Checks if CharSequence contains a search character, handling `null`.
    `static boolean` | `containsAny(CharSequence cs, char... searchChars)` Checks if the CharSequence contains any character in the given set of characters.
    `static boolean` | `containsAny(CharSequence cs, CharSequence searchChars)` Checks if the CharSequence contains any character in the given set of characters.
    `static boolean` | `containsIgnoreCase(CharSequence str, CharSequence searchStr)` Checks if CharSequence contains a search CharSequence irrespective of case, handling `null`.
    `static boolean` | `containsNone(CharSequence cs, char... searchChars)` Checks that the CharSequence does not contain certain characters.
    `static boolean` | `containsNone(CharSequence cs, String invalidChars)` Checks that the CharSequence does not contain certain characters.
    `static boolean` | `containsOnly(CharSequence cs, char... valid)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only certain characters.
    `static boolean` | `containsOnly(CharSequence cs, String validChars)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only certain characters.
    `static boolean` | `containsWhitespace(CharSequence seq)` Check whether the given CharSequence contains any whitespace characters.
    `static int` | `countMatches(CharSequence str, CharSequence sub)` Counts how many times the substring appears in the larger string.
    `static <T extends CharSequence> T` | `defaultIfBlank(T str, T defaultStr)` Returns either the passed in CharSequence, or if the CharSequence is whitespace, empty ("") or `null`, the value of `defaultStr`.
    `static <T extends CharSequence> T` | `defaultIfEmpty(T str, T defaultStr)` Returns either the passed in CharSequence, or if the CharSequence is empty or `null`, the value of `defaultStr`.
    `static String` | `defaultString(String str)` Returns either the passed in String, or if the String is `null`, an empty String ("").
    `static String` | `defaultString(String str, String defaultStr)` Returns either the passed in String, or if the String is `null`, the value of `defaultStr`.
    `static String` | `deleteWhitespace(String str)` Deletes all whitespaces from a String as defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.
    `static String` | `difference(String str1, String str2)` Compares two Strings, and returns the portion where they differ.
    `static boolean` | `endsWith(CharSequence str, CharSequence suffix)` Check if a CharSequence ends with a specified suffix.
    `static boolean` | `endsWithAny(CharSequence string, CharSequence... searchStrings)` Check if a CharSequence ends with any of an array of specified strings.
    `static boolean` | `endsWithIgnoreCase(CharSequence str, CharSequence suffix)` Case insensitive check if a CharSequence ends with a specified suffix.
    `static boolean` | `equals(CharSequence cs1, CharSequence cs2)` Compares two CharSequences, returning `true` if they represent equal sequences of characters.
    `static boolean` | `equalsIgnoreCase(CharSequence str1, CharSequence str2)` Compares two CharSequences, returning `true` if they represent equal sequences of characters, ignoring case.
    `static String` | `getCommonPrefix(String... strs)` Compares all Strings in an array and returns the initial sequence of characters that is common to all of them.
    `static double` | `getJaroWinklerDistance(CharSequence first, CharSequence second)` Find the Jaro Winkler Distance which indicates the similarity score between two Strings.
    `static int` | `getLevenshteinDistance(CharSequence s, CharSequence t)` Find the Levenshtein distance between two Strings.
    `static int` | `getLevenshteinDistance(CharSequence s, CharSequence t, int threshold)` Find the Levenshtein distance between two Strings if it's less than or equal to a given threshold.
    `static int` | `indexOf(CharSequence seq, CharSequence searchSeq)` Finds the first index within a CharSequence, handling `null`.
    `static int` | `indexOf(CharSequence seq, CharSequence searchSeq, int startPos)` Finds the first index within a CharSequence, handling `null`.
    `static int` | `indexOf(CharSequence seq, int searchChar)` Finds the first index within a CharSequence, handling `null`.
    `static int` | `indexOf(CharSequence seq, int searchChar, int startPos)` Finds the first index within a CharSequence from a start position, handling `null`.
    `static int` | `indexOfAny(CharSequence cs, char... searchChars)` Search a CharSequence to find the first index of any character in the given set of characters.
    `static int` | `indexOfAny(CharSequence str, CharSequence... searchStrs)` Find the first index of any of a set of potential substrings.
    `static int` | `indexOfAny(CharSequence cs, String searchChars)` Search a CharSequence to find the first index of any character in the given set of characters.
    `static int` | `indexOfAnyBut(CharSequence cs, char... searchChars)` Searches a CharSequence to find the first index of any character not in the given set of characters.
    `static int` | `indexOfAnyBut(CharSequence seq, CharSequence searchChars)` Search a CharSequence to find the first index of any character not in the given set of characters.
    `static int` | `indexOfDifference(CharSequence... css)` Compares all CharSequences in an array and returns the index at which the CharSequences begin to differ.
    `static int` | `indexOfDifference(CharSequence cs1, CharSequence cs2)` Compares two CharSequences, and returns the index at which the CharSequences begin to differ.
    `static int` | `indexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence str, CharSequence searchStr)` Case in-sensitive find of the first index within a CharSequence.
    `static int` | `indexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence str, CharSequence searchStr, int startPos)` Case in-sensitive find of the first index within a CharSequence from the specified position.
    `static boolean` | `isAllLowerCase(CharSequence cs)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only lowercase characters.
    `static boolean` | `isAllUpperCase(CharSequence cs)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only uppercase characters.
    `static boolean` | `isAlpha(CharSequence cs)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters.
    `static boolean` | `isAlphanumeric(CharSequence cs)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters or digits.
    `static boolean` | `isAlphanumericSpace(CharSequence cs)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters, digits or space (`' '`).
    `static boolean` | `isAlphaSpace(CharSequence cs)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters and space (' ').
    `static boolean` | `isAnyBlank(CharSequence... css)` Checks if any one of the CharSequences are blank ("") or null and not whitespace only..
    `static boolean` | `isAnyEmpty(CharSequence... css)` Checks if any one of the CharSequences are empty ("") or null.
    `static boolean` | `isAsciiPrintable(CharSequence cs)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only ASCII printable characters.
    `static boolean` | `isBlank(CharSequence cs)` Checks if a CharSequence is whitespace, empty ("") or null.
    `static boolean` | `isEmpty(CharSequence cs)` Checks if a CharSequence is empty ("") or null.
    `static boolean` | `isNoneBlank(CharSequence... css)` Checks if none of the CharSequences are blank ("") or null and whitespace only..
    `static boolean` | `isNoneEmpty(CharSequence... css)` Checks if none of the CharSequences are empty ("") or null.
    `static boolean` | `isNotBlank(CharSequence cs)` Checks if a CharSequence is not empty (""), not null and not whitespace only.
    `static boolean` | `isNotEmpty(CharSequence cs)` Checks if a CharSequence is not empty ("") and not null.
    `static boolean` | `isNumeric(CharSequence cs)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode digits.
    `static boolean` | `isNumericSpace(CharSequence cs)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode digits or space (`' '`).
    `static boolean` | `isWhitespace(CharSequence cs)` Checks if the CharSequence contains only whitespace.
    `static String` | `join(byte[] array, char separator)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(byte[] array, char separator, int startIndex, int endIndex)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(char[] array, char separator)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(char[] array, char separator, int startIndex, int endIndex)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(double[] array, char separator)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(double[] array, char separator, int startIndex, int endIndex)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(float[] array, char separator)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(float[] array, char separator, int startIndex, int endIndex)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(int[] array, char separator)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(int[] array, char separator, int startIndex, int endIndex)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(Iterable<?> iterable, char separator)` Joins the elements of the provided `Iterable` into a single String containing the provided elements.
    `static String` | `join(Iterable<?> iterable, String separator)` Joins the elements of the provided `Iterable` into a single String containing the provided elements.
    `static String` | `join(Iterator<?> iterator, char separator)` Joins the elements of the provided `Iterator` into a single String containing the provided elements.
    `static String` | `join(Iterator<?> iterator, String separator)` Joins the elements of the provided `Iterator` into a single String containing the provided elements.
    `static String` | `join(long[] array, char separator)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(long[] array, char separator, int startIndex, int endIndex)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(Object[] array, char separator)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(Object[] array, char separator, int startIndex, int endIndex)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(Object[] array, String separator)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(Object[] array, String separator, int startIndex, int endIndex)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(short[] array, char separator)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static String` | `join(short[] array, char separator, int startIndex, int endIndex)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static <T> String` | `join(T... elements)` Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
    `static int` | `lastIndexOf(CharSequence seq, CharSequence searchSeq)` Finds the last index within a CharSequence, handling `null`.
    `static int` | `lastIndexOf(CharSequence seq, CharSequence searchSeq, int startPos)` Finds the last index within a CharSequence, handling `null`.
    `static int` | `lastIndexOf(CharSequence seq, int searchChar)` Finds the last index within a CharSequence, handling `null`.
    `static int` | `lastIndexOf(CharSequence seq, int searchChar, int startPos)` Finds the last index within a CharSequence from a start position, handling `null`.
    `static int` | `lastIndexOfAny(CharSequence str, CharSequence... searchStrs)` Find the latest index of any of a set of potential substrings.
    `static int` | `lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence str, CharSequence searchStr)` Case in-sensitive find of the last index within a CharSequence.
    `static int` | `lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence str, CharSequence searchStr, int startPos)` Case in-sensitive find of the last index within a CharSequence from the specified position.
    `static int` | `lastOrdinalIndexOf(CharSequence str, CharSequence searchStr, int ordinal)` Finds the n-th last index within a String, handling `null`.
    `static String` | `left(String str, int len)` Gets the leftmost `len` characters of a String.
    `static String` | `leftPad(String str, int size)` Left pad a String with spaces (' ').
    `static String` | `leftPad(String str, int size, char padChar)` Left pad a String with a specified character.
    `static String` | `leftPad(String str, int size, String padStr)` Left pad a String with a specified String.
    `static int` | `length(CharSequence cs)` Gets a CharSequence length or `0` if the CharSequence is `null`.
    `static String` | `lowerCase(String str)` Converts a String to lower case as per `String.toLowerCase()`.
    `static String` | `lowerCase(String str, Locale locale)` Converts a String to lower case as per `String.toLowerCase(Locale)`.
    `static String` | `mid(String str, int pos, int len)` Gets `len` characters from the middle of a String.
    `static String` | `normalizeSpace(String str)` Similar to http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#function-normalize -space The function returns the argument string with whitespace normalized by using ``trim(String)`` to remove leading and trailing whitespace and then replacing sequences of whitespace characters by a single space.
    `static int` | `ordinalIndexOf(CharSequence str, CharSequence searchStr, int ordinal)` Finds the n-th index within a CharSequence, handling `null`.
    `static String` | `overlay(String str, String overlay, int start, int end)` Overlays part of a String with another String.
    `static String` | `prependIfMissing(String str, CharSequence prefix, CharSequence... prefixes)` Prepends the prefix to the start of the string if the string does not already start with any of the prefixes.
    `static String` | `prependIfMissingIgnoreCase(String str, CharSequence prefix, CharSequence... prefixes)` Prepends the prefix to the start of the string if the string does not already start, case insensitive, with any of the prefixes.
    `static String` | `remove(String str, char remove)` Removes all occurrences of a character from within the source string.
    `static String` | `remove(String str, String remove)` Removes all occurrences of a substring from within the source string.
    `static String` | `removeEnd(String str, String remove)` Removes a substring only if it is at the end of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.
    `static String` | `removeEndIgnoreCase(String str, String remove)` Case insensitive removal of a substring if it is at the end of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.
    `static String` | `removePattern(String source, String regex)` Removes each substring of the source String that matches the given regular expression using the DOTALL option.
    `static String` | `removeStart(String str, String remove)` Removes a substring only if it is at the beginning of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.
    `static String` | `removeStartIgnoreCase(String str, String remove)` Case insensitive removal of a substring if it is at the beginning of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.
    `static String` | `repeat(char ch, int repeat)` Returns padding using the specified delimiter repeated to a given length.
    `static String` | `repeat(String str, int repeat)` Repeat a String `repeat` times to form a new String.
    `static String` | `repeat(String str, String separator, int repeat)` Repeat a String `repeat` times to form a new String, with a String separator injected each time.
    `static String` | `replace(String text, String searchString, String replacement)` Replaces all occurrences of a String within another String.
    `static String` | `replace(String text, String searchString, String replacement, int max)` Replaces a String with another String inside a larger String, for the first `max` values of the search String.
    `static String` | `replaceChars(String str, char searchChar, char replaceChar)` Replaces all occurrences of a character in a String with another.
    `static String` | `replaceChars(String str, String searchChars, String replaceChars)` Replaces multiple characters in a String in one go.
    `static String` | `replaceEach(String text, String[] searchList, String[] replacementList)` Replaces all occurrences of Strings within another String.
    `static String` | `replaceEachRepeatedly(String text, String[] searchList, String[] replacementList)` Replaces all occurrences of Strings within another String.
    `static String` | `replaceOnce(String text, String searchString, String replacement)` Replaces a String with another String inside a larger String, once.
    `static String` | `replacePattern(String source, String regex, String replacement)` Replaces each substring of the source String that matches the given regular expression with the given replacement using the `Pattern.DOTALL` option.
    `static String` | `reverse(String str)` Reverses a String as per `StringBuilder.reverse()`.
    `static String` | `reverseDelimited(String str, char separatorChar)` Reverses a String that is delimited by a specific character.
    `static String` | `right(String str, int len)` Gets the rightmost `len` characters of a String.
    `static String` | `rightPad(String str, int size)` Right pad a String with spaces (' ').
    `static String` | `rightPad(String str, int size, char padChar)` Right pad a String with a specified character.
    `static String` | `rightPad(String str, int size, String padStr)` Right pad a String with a specified String.
    `static String[]` | `split(String str)` Splits the provided text into an array, using whitespace as the separator.
    `static String[]` | `split(String str, char separatorChar)` Splits the provided text into an array, separator specified.
    `static String[]` | `split(String str, String separatorChars)` Splits the provided text into an array, separators specified.
    `static String[]` | `split(String str, String separatorChars, int max)` Splits the provided text into an array with a maximum length, separators specified.
    `static String[]` | `splitByCharacterType(String str)` Splits a String by Character type as returned by `java.lang.Character.getType(char)`.
    `static String[]` | `splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase(String str)` Splits a String by Character type as returned by `java.lang.Character.getType(char)`.
    `static String[]` | `splitByWholeSeparator(String str, String separator)` Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified.
    `static String[]` | `splitByWholeSeparator(String str, String separator, int max)` Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified.
    `static String[]` | `splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(String str, String separator)` Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified.
    `static String[]` | `splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(String str, String separator, int max)` Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified.
    `static String[]` | `splitPreserveAllTokens(String str)` Splits the provided text into an array, using whitespace as the separator, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators.
    `static String[]` | `splitPreserveAllTokens(String str, char separatorChar)` Splits the provided text into an array, separator specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators.
    `static String[]` | `splitPreserveAllTokens(String str, String separatorChars)` Splits the provided text into an array, separators specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators.
    `static String[]` | `splitPreserveAllTokens(String str, String separatorChars, int max)` Splits the provided text into an array with a maximum length, separators specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators.
    `static boolean` | `startsWith(CharSequence str, CharSequence prefix)` Check if a CharSequence starts with a specified prefix.
    `static boolean` | `startsWithAny(CharSequence string, CharSequence... searchStrings)` Check if a CharSequence starts with any of an array of specified strings.
    `static boolean` | `startsWithIgnoreCase(CharSequence str, CharSequence prefix)` Case insensitive check if a CharSequence starts with a specified prefix.
    `static String` | `strip(String str)` Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String.
    `static String` | `strip(String str, String stripChars)` Strips any of a set of characters from the start and end of a String.
    `static String` | `stripAccents(String input)` Removes diacritics (~= accents) from a string.
    `static String[]` | `stripAll(String... strs)` Strips whitespace from the start and end of every String in an array.
    `static String[]` | `stripAll(String[] strs, String stripChars)` Strips any of a set of characters from the start and end of every String in an array.
    `static String` | `stripEnd(String str, String stripChars)` Strips any of a set of characters from the end of a String.
    `static String` | `stripStart(String str, String stripChars)` Strips any of a set of characters from the start of a String.
    `static String` | `stripToEmpty(String str)` Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String returning an empty String if `null` input.
    `static String` | `stripToNull(String str)` Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String returning `null` if the String is empty ("") after the strip.
    `static String` | `substring(String str, int start)` Gets a substring from the specified String avoiding exceptions.
    `static String` | `substring(String str, int start, int end)` Gets a substring from the specified String avoiding exceptions.
    `static String` | `substringAfter(String str, String separator)` Gets the substring after the first occurrence of a separator.
    `static String` | `substringAfterLast(String str, String separator)` Gets the substring after the last occurrence of a separator.
    `static String` | `substringBefore(String str, String separator)` Gets the substring before the first occurrence of a separator.
    `static String` | `substringBeforeLast(String str, String separator)` Gets the substring before the last occurrence of a separator.
    `static String` | `substringBetween(String str, String tag)` Gets the String that is nested in between two instances of the same String.
    `static String` | `substringBetween(String str, String open, String close)` Gets the String that is nested in between two Strings.
    `static String[]` | `substringsBetween(String str, String open, String close)` Searches a String for substrings delimited by a start and end tag, returning all matching substrings in an array.
    `static String` | `swapCase(String str)` Swaps the case of a String changing upper and title case to lower case, and lower case to upper case.
    `static String` | `toEncodedString(byte[] bytes, Charset charset)` Converts a `byte[]` to a String using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `toString(byte[] bytes, String charsetName)` Deprecated. use `toEncodedString(byte[], Charset)` instead of String constants in your code
    `static String` | `trim(String str)` Removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String, handling `null` by returning `null`.
    `static String` | `trimToEmpty(String str)` Removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String returning an empty String ("") if the String is empty ("") after the trim or if it is `null`.
    `static String` | `trimToNull(String str)` Removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String returning `null` if the String is empty ("") after the trim or if it is `null`.
    `static String` | `uncapitalize(String str)` Uncapitalizes a String changing the first letter to title case as per `Character.toLowerCase(char)`.
    `static String` | `upperCase(String str)` Converts a String to upper case as per `String.toUpperCase()`.
    `static String` | `upperCase(String str, Locale locale)` Converts a String to upper case as per `String.toUpperCase(Locale)`.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Field Detail

    - #### SPACE

          public static final String SPACE

      A String for a space character.
      Since:
        3.2
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### EMPTY

          public static final String EMPTY

      The empty String `""`.
      Since:
        2.0
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### LF

          public static final String LF

      A String for linefeed LF ("\n").
      Since:
        3.2
      See Also:
        JLF: Escape Sequences for Character and String Literals, Constant Field Values

    - #### CR

          public static final String CR

      A String for carriage return CR ("\r").
      Since:
        3.2
      See Also:
        JLF: Escape Sequences for Character and String Literals, Constant Field Values

    - #### INDEX_NOT_FOUND

          public static final int INDEX_NOT_FOUND

      Represents a failed index search.
      Since:
        2.1
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

  - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### StringUtils

          public StringUtils()

      `StringUtils` instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming. Instead, the class should be used as `StringUtils.trim(" foo ");`.

      This constructor is public to permit tools that require a JavaBean instance to operate.

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### isEmpty

          public static boolean isEmpty(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if a CharSequence is empty ("") or null.

           StringUtils.isEmpty(null)      = true
           StringUtils.isEmpty("")        = true
           StringUtils.isEmpty(" ")       = false
           StringUtils.isEmpty("bob")     = false
           StringUtils.isEmpty("  bob  ") = false

      NOTE: This method changed in Lang version 2.0. It no longer trims the CharSequence. That functionality is available in isBlank().

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence is empty or null
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from isEmpty(String) to isEmpty(CharSequence)

    - #### isNotEmpty

          public static boolean isNotEmpty(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if a CharSequence is not empty ("") and not null.

           StringUtils.isNotEmpty(null)      = false
           StringUtils.isNotEmpty("")        = false
           StringUtils.isNotEmpty(" ")       = true
           StringUtils.isNotEmpty("bob")     = true
           StringUtils.isNotEmpty("  bob  ") = true

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence is not empty and not null
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from isNotEmpty(String) to isNotEmpty(CharSequence)

    - #### isAnyEmpty

          public static boolean isAnyEmpty(CharSequence... css)

      Checks if any one of the CharSequences are empty ("") or null.

           StringUtils.isAnyEmpty(null)             = true
           StringUtils.isAnyEmpty(null, "foo")      = true
           StringUtils.isAnyEmpty("", "bar")        = true
           StringUtils.isAnyEmpty("bob", "")        = true
           StringUtils.isAnyEmpty("  bob  ", null)  = true
           StringUtils.isAnyEmpty(" ", "bar")       = false
           StringUtils.isAnyEmpty("foo", "bar")     = false

      Parameters:
        `css` - the CharSequences to check, may be null or empty
      Returns:
        `true` if any of the CharSequences are empty or null
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### isNoneEmpty

          public static boolean isNoneEmpty(CharSequence... css)

      Checks if none of the CharSequences are empty ("") or null.

           StringUtils.isNoneEmpty(null)             = false
           StringUtils.isNoneEmpty(null, "foo")      = false
           StringUtils.isNoneEmpty("", "bar")        = false
           StringUtils.isNoneEmpty("bob", "")        = false
           StringUtils.isNoneEmpty("  bob  ", null)  = false
           StringUtils.isNoneEmpty(" ", "bar")       = true
           StringUtils.isNoneEmpty("foo", "bar")     = true

      Parameters:
        `css` - the CharSequences to check, may be null or empty
      Returns:
        `true` if none of the CharSequences are empty or null
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### isBlank

          public static boolean isBlank(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if a CharSequence is whitespace, empty ("") or null.

           StringUtils.isBlank(null)      = true
           StringUtils.isBlank("")        = true
           StringUtils.isBlank(" ")       = true
           StringUtils.isBlank("bob")     = false
           StringUtils.isBlank("  bob  ") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence is null, empty or whitespace
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from isBlank(String) to isBlank(CharSequence)

    - #### isNotBlank

          public static boolean isNotBlank(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if a CharSequence is not empty (""), not null and not whitespace only.

           StringUtils.isNotBlank(null)      = false
           StringUtils.isNotBlank("")        = false
           StringUtils.isNotBlank(" ")       = false
           StringUtils.isNotBlank("bob")     = true
           StringUtils.isNotBlank("  bob  ") = true

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence is not empty and not null and not whitespace
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from isNotBlank(String) to isNotBlank(CharSequence)

    - #### isAnyBlank

          public static boolean isAnyBlank(CharSequence... css)

      Checks if any one of the CharSequences are blank ("") or null and not whitespace only..

           StringUtils.isAnyBlank(null)             = true
           StringUtils.isAnyBlank(null, "foo")      = true
           StringUtils.isAnyBlank(null, null)       = true
           StringUtils.isAnyBlank("", "bar")        = true
           StringUtils.isAnyBlank("bob", "")        = true
           StringUtils.isAnyBlank("  bob  ", null)  = true
           StringUtils.isAnyBlank(" ", "bar")       = true
           StringUtils.isAnyBlank("foo", "bar")     = false

      Parameters:
        `css` - the CharSequences to check, may be null or empty
      Returns:
        `true` if any of the CharSequences are blank or null or whitespace only
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### isNoneBlank

          public static boolean isNoneBlank(CharSequence... css)

      Checks if none of the CharSequences are blank ("") or null and whitespace only..

           StringUtils.isNoneBlank(null)             = false
           StringUtils.isNoneBlank(null, "foo")      = false
           StringUtils.isNoneBlank(null, null)       = false
           StringUtils.isNoneBlank("", "bar")        = false
           StringUtils.isNoneBlank("bob", "")        = false
           StringUtils.isNoneBlank("  bob  ", null)  = false
           StringUtils.isNoneBlank(" ", "bar")       = false
           StringUtils.isNoneBlank("foo", "bar")     = true

      Parameters:
        `css` - the CharSequences to check, may be null or empty
      Returns:
        `true` if none of the CharSequences are blank or null or whitespace only
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### trim

          public static String trim(String str)

      Removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String, handling `null` by returning `null`.

      The String is trimmed using `String.trim()`. Trim removes start and end characters <= 32. To strip whitespace use `strip(String)`.

      To trim your choice of characters, use the `strip(String, String)` methods.

           StringUtils.trim(null)          = null
           StringUtils.trim("")            = ""
           StringUtils.trim("     ")       = ""
           StringUtils.trim("abc")         = "abc"
           StringUtils.trim("    abc    ") = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to be trimmed, may be null
      Returns:
        the trimmed string, `null` if null String input

    - #### trimToNull

          public static String trimToNull(String str)

      Removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String returning `null` if the String is empty ("") after the trim or if it is `null`.

      The String is trimmed using `String.trim()`. Trim removes start and end characters <= 32. To strip whitespace use `stripToNull(String)`.

           StringUtils.trimToNull(null)          = null
           StringUtils.trimToNull("")            = null
           StringUtils.trimToNull("     ")       = null
           StringUtils.trimToNull("abc")         = "abc"
           StringUtils.trimToNull("    abc    ") = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to be trimmed, may be null
      Returns:
        the trimmed String, `null` if only chars <= 32, empty or null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### trimToEmpty

          public static String trimToEmpty(String str)

      Removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String returning an empty String ("") if the String is empty ("") after the trim or if it is `null`.

      The String is trimmed using `String.trim()`. Trim removes start and end characters <= 32. To strip whitespace use `stripToEmpty(String)`.

           StringUtils.trimToEmpty(null)          = ""
           StringUtils.trimToEmpty("")            = ""
           StringUtils.trimToEmpty("     ")       = ""
           StringUtils.trimToEmpty("abc")         = "abc"
           StringUtils.trimToEmpty("    abc    ") = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to be trimmed, may be null
      Returns:
        the trimmed String, or an empty String if `null` input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### strip

          public static String strip(String str)

      Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String.

      This is similar to `trim(String)` but removes whitespace. Whitespace is defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.

      A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.strip(null)     = null
           StringUtils.strip("")       = ""
           StringUtils.strip("   ")    = ""
           StringUtils.strip("abc")    = "abc"
           StringUtils.strip("  abc")  = "abc"
           StringUtils.strip("abc  ")  = "abc"
           StringUtils.strip(" abc ")  = "abc"
           StringUtils.strip(" ab c ") = "ab c"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to remove whitespace from, may be null
      Returns:
        the stripped String, `null` if null String input

    - #### stripToNull

          public static String stripToNull(String str)

      Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String returning `null` if the String is empty ("") after the strip.

      This is similar to `trimToNull(String)` but removes whitespace. Whitespace is defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.

           StringUtils.stripToNull(null)     = null
           StringUtils.stripToNull("")       = null
           StringUtils.stripToNull("   ")    = null
           StringUtils.stripToNull("abc")    = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripToNull("  abc")  = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripToNull("abc  ")  = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripToNull(" abc ")  = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripToNull(" ab c ") = "ab c"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to be stripped, may be null
      Returns:
        the stripped String, `null` if whitespace, empty or null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### stripToEmpty

          public static String stripToEmpty(String str)

      Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String returning an empty String if `null` input.

      This is similar to `trimToEmpty(String)` but removes whitespace. Whitespace is defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.

           StringUtils.stripToEmpty(null)     = ""
           StringUtils.stripToEmpty("")       = ""
           StringUtils.stripToEmpty("   ")    = ""
           StringUtils.stripToEmpty("abc")    = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripToEmpty("  abc")  = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripToEmpty("abc  ")  = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripToEmpty(" abc ")  = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripToEmpty(" ab c ") = "ab c"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to be stripped, may be null
      Returns:
        the trimmed String, or an empty String if `null` input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### strip

          public static String strip(String str,
                     String stripChars)

      Strips any of a set of characters from the start and end of a String. This is similar to `String.trim()` but allows the characters to be stripped to be controlled.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. An empty string ("") input returns the empty string.

      If the stripChars String is `null`, whitespace is stripped as defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`. Alternatively use `strip(String)`.

           StringUtils.strip(null, *)          = null
           StringUtils.strip("", *)            = ""
           StringUtils.strip("abc", null)      = "abc"
           StringUtils.strip("  abc", null)    = "abc"
           StringUtils.strip("abc  ", null)    = "abc"
           StringUtils.strip(" abc ", null)    = "abc"
           StringUtils.strip("  abcyx", "xyz") = "  abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to remove characters from, may be null
        `stripChars` - the characters to remove, null treated as whitespace
      Returns:
        the stripped String, `null` if null String input

    - #### stripStart

          public static String stripStart(String str,
                          String stripChars)

      Strips any of a set of characters from the start of a String.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. An empty string ("") input returns the empty string.

      If the stripChars String is `null`, whitespace is stripped as defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.

           StringUtils.stripStart(null, *)          = null
           StringUtils.stripStart("", *)            = ""
           StringUtils.stripStart("abc", "")        = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripStart("abc", null)      = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripStart("  abc", null)    = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripStart("abc  ", null)    = "abc  "
           StringUtils.stripStart(" abc ", null)    = "abc "
           StringUtils.stripStart("yxabc  ", "xyz") = "abc  "

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to remove characters from, may be null
        `stripChars` - the characters to remove, null treated as whitespace
      Returns:
        the stripped String, `null` if null String input

    - #### stripEnd

          public static String stripEnd(String str,
                        String stripChars)

      Strips any of a set of characters from the end of a String.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. An empty string ("") input returns the empty string.

      If the stripChars String is `null`, whitespace is stripped as defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.

           StringUtils.stripEnd(null, *)          = null
           StringUtils.stripEnd("", *)            = ""
           StringUtils.stripEnd("abc", "")        = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripEnd("abc", null)      = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripEnd("  abc", null)    = "  abc"
           StringUtils.stripEnd("abc  ", null)    = "abc"
           StringUtils.stripEnd(" abc ", null)    = " abc"
           StringUtils.stripEnd("  abcyx", "xyz") = "  abc"
           StringUtils.stripEnd("120.00", ".0")   = "12"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to remove characters from, may be null
        `stripChars` - the set of characters to remove, null treated as whitespace
      Returns:
        the stripped String, `null` if null String input

    - #### stripAll

          public static String[] stripAll(String... strs)

      Strips whitespace from the start and end of every String in an array. Whitespace is defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.

      A new array is returned each time, except for length zero. A `null` array will return `null`. An empty array will return itself. A `null` array entry will be ignored.

           StringUtils.stripAll(null)             = null
           StringUtils.stripAll([])               = []
           StringUtils.stripAll(["abc", "  abc"]) = ["abc", "abc"]
           StringUtils.stripAll(["abc  ", null])  = ["abc", null]

      Parameters:
        `strs` - the array to remove whitespace from, may be null
      Returns:
        the stripped Strings, `null` if null array input

    - #### stripAll

          public static String[] stripAll(String[] strs,
                          String stripChars)

      Strips any of a set of characters from the start and end of every String in an array.

      Whitespace is defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.

      A new array is returned each time, except for length zero. A `null` array will return `null`. An empty array will return itself. A `null` array entry will be ignored. A `null` stripChars will strip whitespace as defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.

           StringUtils.stripAll(null, *)                = null
           StringUtils.stripAll([], *)                  = []
           StringUtils.stripAll(["abc", "  abc"], null) = ["abc", "abc"]
           StringUtils.stripAll(["abc  ", null], null)  = ["abc", null]
           StringUtils.stripAll(["abc  ", null], "yz")  = ["abc  ", null]
           StringUtils.stripAll(["yabcz", null], "yz")  = ["abc", null]

      Parameters:
        `strs` - the array to remove characters from, may be null
        `stripChars` - the characters to remove, null treated as whitespace
      Returns:
        the stripped Strings, `null` if null array input

    - #### stripAccents

          public static String stripAccents(String input)

      Removes diacritics (~= accents) from a string. The case will not be altered.

      For instance, 'à' will be replaced by 'a'.

      Note that ligatures will be left as is.

           StringUtils.stripAccents(null)                = null
           StringUtils.stripAccents("")                  = ""
           StringUtils.stripAccents("control")           = "control"
           StringUtils.stripAccents("éclair")     = "eclair"

      Parameters:
        `input` - String to be stripped
      Returns:
        input text with diacritics removed
      Since:
        3.0

    - #### equals

          public static boolean equals(CharSequence cs1,
                       CharSequence cs2)

      Compares two CharSequences, returning `true` if they represent equal sequences of characters.

      `null`s are handled without exceptions. Two `null` references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case sensitive.

           StringUtils.equals(null, null)   = true
           StringUtils.equals(null, "abc")  = false
           StringUtils.equals("abc", null)  = false
           StringUtils.equals("abc", "abc") = true
           StringUtils.equals("abc", "ABC") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs1` - the first CharSequence, may be `null`
        `cs2` - the second CharSequence, may be `null`
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequences are equal (case-sensitive), or both `null`
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from equals(String, String) to equals(CharSequence, CharSequence)
      See Also:
        `Object.equals(Object)`

    - #### equalsIgnoreCase

          public static boolean equalsIgnoreCase(CharSequence str1,
                                 CharSequence str2)

      Compares two CharSequences, returning `true` if they represent equal sequences of characters, ignoring case.

      `null`s are handled without exceptions. Two `null` references are considered equal. Comparison is case insensitive.

           StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase(null, null)   = true
           StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase(null, "abc")  = false
           StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("abc", null)  = false
           StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("abc", "abc") = true
           StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("abc", "ABC") = true

      Parameters:
        `str1` - the first CharSequence, may be null
        `str2` - the second CharSequence, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence are equal, case insensitive, or both `null`
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from equalsIgnoreCase(String, String) to equalsIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### indexOf

          public static int indexOf(CharSequence seq,
                    int searchChar)

      Finds the first index within a CharSequence, handling `null`. This method uses `String.indexOf(int, int)` if possible.

      A `null` or empty ("") CharSequence will return `INDEX_NOT_FOUND (-1)`.

           StringUtils.indexOf(null, *)         = -1
           StringUtils.indexOf("", *)           = -1
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'a') = 0
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b') = 2

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChar` - the character to find
      Returns:
        the first index of the search character, -1 if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOf(String, int) to indexOf(CharSequence, int)

    - #### indexOf

          public static int indexOf(CharSequence seq,
                    int searchChar,
                    int startPos)

      Finds the first index within a CharSequence from a start position, handling `null`. This method uses `String.indexOf(int, int)` if possible.

      A `null` or empty ("") CharSequence will return `(INDEX_NOT_FOUND) -1`. A negative start position is treated as zero. A start position greater than the string length returns `-1`.

           StringUtils.indexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.indexOf("", *, *)            = -1
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 0)  = 2
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 3)  = 5
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 9)  = -1
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', -1) = 2

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChar` - the character to find
        `startPos` - the start position, negative treated as zero
      Returns:
        the first index of the search character (always ≥ startPos), -1 if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOf(String, int, int) to indexOf(CharSequence, int, int)

    - #### indexOf

          public static int indexOf(CharSequence seq,
                    CharSequence searchSeq)

      Finds the first index within a CharSequence, handling `null`. This method uses `String.indexOf(String, int)` if possible.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`.

           StringUtils.indexOf(null, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.indexOf(*, null)          = -1
           StringUtils.indexOf("", "")           = 0
           StringUtils.indexOf("", *)            = -1 (except when * = "")
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "a")  = 0
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b")  = 2
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "ab") = 1
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "")   = 0

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchSeq` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
      Returns:
        the first index of the search CharSequence, -1 if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOf(String, String) to indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### indexOf

          public static int indexOf(CharSequence seq,
                    CharSequence searchSeq,
                    int startPos)

      Finds the first index within a CharSequence, handling `null`. This method uses `String.indexOf(String, int)` if possible.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`. A negative start position is treated as zero. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches. A start position greater than the string length only matches an empty search CharSequence.

           StringUtils.indexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.indexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.indexOf("", "", 0)           = 0
           StringUtils.indexOf("", *, 0)            = -1 (except when * = "")
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 0)  = 0
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 0)  = 2
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 0) = 1
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 3)  = 5
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 9)  = -1
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", -1) = 2
           StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 2
           StringUtils.indexOf("abc", "", 9)        = 3

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchSeq` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
        `startPos` - the start position, negative treated as zero
      Returns:
        the first index of the search CharSequence (always ≥ startPos), -1 if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOf(String, String, int) to indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)

    - #### ordinalIndexOf

          public static int ordinalIndexOf(CharSequence str,
                           CharSequence searchStr,
                           int ordinal)

      Finds the n-th index within a CharSequence, handling `null`. This method uses `String.indexOf(String)` if possible.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`.

           StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("", "", *)           = 0
           StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 1)  = 0
           StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 2)  = 1
           StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 1)  = 2
           StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 2)  = 5
           StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 1) = 1
           StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 2) = 4
           StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 1)   = 0
           StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 0

      Note that 'head(CharSequence str, int n)' may be implemented as:

             str.substring(0, lastOrdinalIndexOf(str, "\n", n))

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchStr` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
        `ordinal` - the n-th `searchStr` to find
      Returns:
        the n-th index of the search CharSequence, `-1` (`INDEX_NOT_FOUND`) if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.1, 3.0 Changed signature from ordinalIndexOf(String, String, int) to ordinalIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)

    - #### indexOfIgnoreCase

          public static int indexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence str,
                              CharSequence searchStr)

      Case in-sensitive find of the first index within a CharSequence.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`. A negative start position is treated as zero. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches. A start position greater than the string length only matches an empty search CharSequence.

           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(null, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(*, null)          = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("", "")           = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "a")  = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "b")  = 2
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "ab") = 1

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchStr` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
      Returns:
        the first index of the search CharSequence, -1 if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.5, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfIgnoreCase(String, String) to indexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### indexOfIgnoreCase

          public static int indexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence str,
                              CharSequence searchStr,
                              int startPos)

      Case in-sensitive find of the first index within a CharSequence from the specified position.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`. A negative start position is treated as zero. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches. A start position greater than the string length only matches an empty search CharSequence.

           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(null, *, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(*, null, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("", "", 0)           = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A", 0)  = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 0)  = 2
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "AB", 0) = 1
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 3)  = 5
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 9)  = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", -1) = 2
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 2
           StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("abc", "", 9)        = 3

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchStr` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
        `startPos` - the start position, negative treated as zero
      Returns:
        the first index of the search CharSequence (always ≥ startPos), -1 if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.5, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfIgnoreCase(String, String, int) to indexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)

    - #### lastIndexOf

          public static int lastIndexOf(CharSequence seq,
                        int searchChar)

      Finds the last index within a CharSequence, handling `null`. This method uses `String.lastIndexOf(int)` if possible.

      A `null` or empty ("") CharSequence will return `-1`.

           StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *)         = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("", *)           = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'a') = 7
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b') = 5

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChar` - the character to find
      Returns:
        the last index of the search character, -1 if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOf(String, int) to lastIndexOf(CharSequence, int)

    - #### lastIndexOf

          public static int lastIndexOf(CharSequence seq,
                        int searchChar,
                        int startPos)

      Finds the last index within a CharSequence from a start position, handling `null`. This method uses `String.lastIndexOf(int, int)` if possible.

      A `null` or empty ("") CharSequence will return `-1`. A negative start position returns `-1`. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string. The search starts at the startPos and works backwards; matches starting after the start position are ignored.

           StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("", *,  *)           = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 8)  = 5
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 4)  = 2
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 0)  = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 9)  = 5
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', -1) = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'a', 0)  = 0

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChar` - the character to find
        `startPos` - the start position
      Returns:
        the last index of the search character (always ≤ startPos), -1 if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOf(String, int, int) to lastIndexOf(CharSequence, int, int)

    - #### lastIndexOf

          public static int lastIndexOf(CharSequence seq,
                        CharSequence searchSeq)

      Finds the last index within a CharSequence, handling `null`. This method uses `String.lastIndexOf(String)` if possible.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`.

           StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf(*, null)          = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("", "")           = 0
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a")  = 7
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b")  = 5
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab") = 4
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "")   = 8

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchSeq` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
      Returns:
        the last index of the search String, -1 if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOf(String, String) to lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### lastOrdinalIndexOf

          public static int lastOrdinalIndexOf(CharSequence str,
                               CharSequence searchStr,
                               int ordinal)

      Finds the n-th last index within a String, handling `null`. This method uses `String.lastIndexOf(String)`.

      A `null` String will return `-1`.

           StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("", "", *)           = 0
           StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 1)  = 7
           StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 2)  = 6
           StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 1)  = 5
           StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 2)  = 2
           StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 1) = 4
           StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 2) = 1
           StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 1)   = 8
           StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 8

      Note that 'tail(CharSequence str, int n)' may be implemented as:

             str.substring(lastOrdinalIndexOf(str, "\n", n) + 1)

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchStr` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
        `ordinal` - the n-th last `searchStr` to find
      Returns:
        the n-th last index of the search CharSequence, `-1` (`INDEX_NOT_FOUND`) if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.5, 3.0 Changed signature from lastOrdinalIndexOf(String, String, int) to lastOrdinalIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)

    - #### lastIndexOf

          public static int lastIndexOf(CharSequence seq,
                        CharSequence searchSeq,
                        int startPos)

      Finds the last index within a CharSequence, handling `null`. This method uses `String.lastIndexOf(String, int)` if possible.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`. A negative start position returns `-1`. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches unless the start position is negative. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string. The search starts at the startPos and works backwards; matches starting after the start position are ignored.

           StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 8)  = 7
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 8)  = 5
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 8) = 4
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 9)  = 5
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", -1) = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 0)  = 0
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 0)  = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 1)  = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 2)  = 2
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ba", 2)  = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ba", 2)  = 2

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchSeq` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
        `startPos` - the start position, negative treated as zero
      Returns:
        the last index of the search CharSequence (always ≤ startPos), -1 if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOf(String, String, int) to lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)

    - #### lastIndexOfIgnoreCase

          public static int lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence str,
                                  CharSequence searchStr)

      Case in-sensitive find of the last index within a CharSequence.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`. A negative start position returns `-1`. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches unless the start position is negative. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string.

           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(null, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(*, null)          = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A")  = 7
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B")  = 5
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "AB") = 4

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchStr` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
      Returns:
        the first index of the search CharSequence, -1 if no match or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.5, 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(String, String) to lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### lastIndexOfIgnoreCase

          public static int lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence str,
                                  CharSequence searchStr,
                                  int startPos)

      Case in-sensitive find of the last index within a CharSequence from the specified position.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`. A negative start position returns `-1`. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches unless the start position is negative. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string. The search starts at the startPos and works backwards; matches starting after the start position are ignored.

           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(null, *, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(*, null, *)          = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A", 8)  = 7
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 8)  = 5
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "AB", 8) = 4
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 9)  = 5
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", -1) = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A", 0)  = 0
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 0)  = -1

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchStr` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
        `startPos` - the start position
      Returns:
        the last index of the search CharSequence (always ≤ startPos), -1 if no match or `null` input
      Since:
        2.5, 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(String, String, int) to lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)

    - #### contains

          public static boolean contains(CharSequence seq,
                         int searchChar)

      Checks if CharSequence contains a search character, handling `null`. This method uses `String.indexOf(int)` if possible.

      A `null` or empty ("") CharSequence will return `false`.

           StringUtils.contains(null, *)    = false
           StringUtils.contains("", *)      = false
           StringUtils.contains("abc", 'a') = true
           StringUtils.contains("abc", 'z') = false

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChar` - the character to find
      Returns:
        true if the CharSequence contains the search character, false if not or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from contains(String, int) to contains(CharSequence, int)

    - #### contains

          public static boolean contains(CharSequence seq,
                         CharSequence searchSeq)

      Checks if CharSequence contains a search CharSequence, handling `null`. This method uses `String.indexOf(String)` if possible.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `false`.

           StringUtils.contains(null, *)     = false
           StringUtils.contains(*, null)     = false
           StringUtils.contains("", "")      = true
           StringUtils.contains("abc", "")   = true
           StringUtils.contains("abc", "a")  = true
           StringUtils.contains("abc", "z")  = false

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchSeq` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
      Returns:
        true if the CharSequence contains the search CharSequence, false if not or `null` string input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from contains(String, String) to contains(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### containsIgnoreCase

          public static boolean containsIgnoreCase(CharSequence str,
                                   CharSequence searchStr)

      Checks if CharSequence contains a search CharSequence irrespective of case, handling `null`. Case-insensitivity is defined as by `String.equalsIgnoreCase(String)`.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `false`.

           StringUtils.contains(null, *) = false
           StringUtils.contains(*, null) = false
           StringUtils.contains("", "") = true
           StringUtils.contains("abc", "") = true
           StringUtils.contains("abc", "a") = true
           StringUtils.contains("abc", "z") = false
           StringUtils.contains("abc", "A") = true
           StringUtils.contains("abc", "Z") = false

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchStr` - the CharSequence to find, may be null
      Returns:
        true if the CharSequence contains the search CharSequence irrespective of case or false if not or `null` string input
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from containsIgnoreCase(String, String) to containsIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### containsWhitespace

          public static boolean containsWhitespace(CharSequence seq)

      Check whether the given CharSequence contains any whitespace characters.
      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check (may be `null`)
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence is not empty and contains at least 1 whitespace character
      Since:
        3.0
      See Also:
        `Character.isWhitespace(char)`

    - #### indexOfAny

          public static int indexOfAny(CharSequence cs,
                       char... searchChars)

      Search a CharSequence to find the first index of any character in the given set of characters.

      A `null` String will return `-1`. A `null` or zero length search array will return `-1`.

           StringUtils.indexOfAny(null, *)                = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("", *)                  = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, null)                = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, [])                  = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx",['z','a']) = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx",['b','y']) = 3
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("aba", ['z'])           = -1

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChars` - the chars to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfAny(String, char[]) to indexOfAny(CharSequence, char...)

    - #### indexOfAny

          public static int indexOfAny(CharSequence cs,
                       String searchChars)

      Search a CharSequence to find the first index of any character in the given set of characters.

      A `null` String will return `-1`. A `null` search string will return `-1`.

           StringUtils.indexOfAny(null, *)            = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("", *)              = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, null)            = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, "")              = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", "za") = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", "by") = 3
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("aba","z")          = -1

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChars` - the chars to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfAny(String, String) to indexOfAny(CharSequence, String)

    - #### containsAny

          public static boolean containsAny(CharSequence cs,
                            char... searchChars)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains any character in the given set of characters.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `false`. A `null` or zero length search array will return `false`.

           StringUtils.containsAny(null, *)                = false
           StringUtils.containsAny("", *)                  = false
           StringUtils.containsAny(*, null)                = false
           StringUtils.containsAny(*, [])                  = false
           StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx",['z','a']) = true
           StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx",['b','y']) = true
           StringUtils.containsAny("aba", ['z'])           = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChars` - the chars to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the `true` if any of the chars are found, `false` if no match or null input
      Since:
        2.4, 3.0 Changed signature from containsAny(String, char[]) to containsAny(CharSequence, char...)

    - #### containsAny

          public static boolean containsAny(CharSequence cs,
                            CharSequence searchChars)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains any character in the given set of characters.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `false`. A `null` search CharSequence will return `false`.

           StringUtils.containsAny(null, *)            = false
           StringUtils.containsAny("", *)              = false
           StringUtils.containsAny(*, null)            = false
           StringUtils.containsAny(*, "")              = false
           StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", "za") = true
           StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", "by") = true
           StringUtils.containsAny("aba","z")          = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChars` - the chars to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the `true` if any of the chars are found, `false` if no match or null input
      Since:
        2.4, 3.0 Changed signature from containsAny(String, String) to containsAny(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### indexOfAnyBut

          public static int indexOfAnyBut(CharSequence cs,
                          char... searchChars)

      Searches a CharSequence to find the first index of any character not in the given set of characters.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`. A `null` or zero length search array will return `-1`.

           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(null, *)                              = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("", *)                                = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, null)                              = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, [])                                = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("zzabyycdxx", new char[] {'z', 'a'} ) = 3
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("aba", new char[] {'z'} )             = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("aba", new char[] {'a', 'b'} )        = -1

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChars` - the chars to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfAnyBut(String, char[]) to indexOfAnyBut(CharSequence, char...)

    - #### indexOfAnyBut

          public static int indexOfAnyBut(CharSequence seq,
                          CharSequence searchChars)

      Search a CharSequence to find the first index of any character not in the given set of characters.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`. A `null` or empty search string will return `-1`.

           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(null, *)            = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("", *)              = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, null)            = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, "")              = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("zzabyycdxx", "za") = 3
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("zzabyycdxx", "")   = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("aba","ab")         = -1

      Parameters:
        `seq` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChars` - the chars to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfAnyBut(String, String) to indexOfAnyBut(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### containsOnly

          public static boolean containsOnly(CharSequence cs,
                             char... valid)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only certain characters.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `false`. A `null` valid character array will return `false`. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) always returns `true`.

           StringUtils.containsOnly(null, *)       = false
           StringUtils.containsOnly(*, null)       = false
           StringUtils.containsOnly("", *)         = true
           StringUtils.containsOnly("ab", '')      = false
           StringUtils.containsOnly("abab", 'abc') = true
           StringUtils.containsOnly("ab1", 'abc')  = false
           StringUtils.containsOnly("abz", 'abc')  = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the String to check, may be null
        `valid` - an array of valid chars, may be null
      Returns:
        true if it only contains valid chars and is non-null
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from containsOnly(String, char[]) to containsOnly(CharSequence, char...)

    - #### containsOnly

          public static boolean containsOnly(CharSequence cs,
                             String validChars)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only certain characters.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `false`. A `null` valid character String will return `false`. An empty String (length()=0) always returns `true`.

           StringUtils.containsOnly(null, *)       = false
           StringUtils.containsOnly(*, null)       = false
           StringUtils.containsOnly("", *)         = true
           StringUtils.containsOnly("ab", "")      = false
           StringUtils.containsOnly("abab", "abc") = true
           StringUtils.containsOnly("ab1", "abc")  = false
           StringUtils.containsOnly("abz", "abc")  = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `validChars` - a String of valid chars, may be null
      Returns:
        true if it only contains valid chars and is non-null
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from containsOnly(String, String) to containsOnly(CharSequence, String)

    - #### containsNone

          public static boolean containsNone(CharSequence cs,
                             char... searchChars)

      Checks that the CharSequence does not contain certain characters.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `true`. A `null` invalid character array will return `true`. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) always returns true.

           StringUtils.containsNone(null, *)       = true
           StringUtils.containsNone(*, null)       = true
           StringUtils.containsNone("", *)         = true
           StringUtils.containsNone("ab", '')      = true
           StringUtils.containsNone("abab", 'xyz') = true
           StringUtils.containsNone("ab1", 'xyz')  = true
           StringUtils.containsNone("abz", 'xyz')  = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchChars` - an array of invalid chars, may be null
      Returns:
        true if it contains none of the invalid chars, or is null
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from containsNone(String, char[]) to containsNone(CharSequence, char...)

    - #### containsNone

          public static boolean containsNone(CharSequence cs,
                             String invalidChars)

      Checks that the CharSequence does not contain certain characters.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `true`. A `null` invalid character array will return `true`. An empty String ("") always returns true.

           StringUtils.containsNone(null, *)       = true
           StringUtils.containsNone(*, null)       = true
           StringUtils.containsNone("", *)         = true
           StringUtils.containsNone("ab", "")      = true
           StringUtils.containsNone("abab", "xyz") = true
           StringUtils.containsNone("ab1", "xyz")  = true
           StringUtils.containsNone("abz", "xyz")  = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `invalidChars` - a String of invalid chars, may be null
      Returns:
        true if it contains none of the invalid chars, or is null
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from containsNone(String, String) to containsNone(CharSequence, String)

    - #### indexOfAny

          public static int indexOfAny(CharSequence str,
                       CharSequence... searchStrs)

      Find the first index of any of a set of potential substrings.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`. A `null` or zero length search array will return `-1`. A `null` search array entry will be ignored, but a search array containing "" will return `0` if `str` is not null. This method uses `String.indexOf(String)` if possible.

           StringUtils.indexOfAny(null, *)                     = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, null)                     = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, [])                       = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["ab","cd"])   = 2
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["cd","ab"])   = 2
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["mn","op"])   = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["zab","aby"]) = 1
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", [""])          = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("", [""])                    = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfAny("", ["a"])                   = -1

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchStrs` - the CharSequences to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the first index of any of the searchStrs in str, -1 if no match
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from indexOfAny(String, String[]) to indexOfAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...)

    - #### lastIndexOfAny

          public static int lastIndexOfAny(CharSequence str,
                           CharSequence... searchStrs)

      Find the latest index of any of a set of potential substrings.

      A `null` CharSequence will return `-1`. A `null` search array will return `-1`. A `null` or zero length search array entry will be ignored, but a search array containing "" will return the length of `str` if `str` is not null. This method uses `String.indexOf(String)` if possible

           StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(null, *)                   = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(*, null)                   = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(*, [])                     = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(*, [null])                 = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["ab","cd"]) = 6
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["cd","ab"]) = 6
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["mn","op"]) = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["mn","op"]) = -1
           StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["mn",""])   = 10

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchStrs` - the CharSequences to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the last index of any of the CharSequences, -1 if no match
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOfAny(String, String[]) to lastIndexOfAny(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### substring

          public static String substring(String str,
                         int start)

      Gets a substring from the specified String avoiding exceptions.

      A negative start position can be used to start `n` characters from the end of the String.

      A `null` String will return `null`. An empty ("") String will return "".

           StringUtils.substring(null, *)   = null
           StringUtils.substring("", *)     = ""
           StringUtils.substring("abc", 0)  = "abc"
           StringUtils.substring("abc", 2)  = "c"
           StringUtils.substring("abc", 4)  = ""
           StringUtils.substring("abc", -2) = "bc"
           StringUtils.substring("abc", -4) = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to get the substring from, may be null
        `start` - the position to start from, negative means count back from the end of the String by this many characters
      Returns:
        substring from start position, `null` if null String input

    - #### substring

          public static String substring(String str,
                         int start,
                         int end)

      Gets a substring from the specified String avoiding exceptions.

      A negative start position can be used to start/end `n` characters from the end of the String.

      The returned substring starts with the character in the `start` position and ends before the `end` position. All position counting is zero-based -- i.e., to start at the beginning of the string use `start = 0`. Negative start and end positions can be used to specify offsets relative to the end of the String.

      If `start` is not strictly to the left of `end`, "" is returned.

           StringUtils.substring(null, *, *)    = null
           StringUtils.substring("", * ,  *)    = "";
           StringUtils.substring("abc", 0, 2)   = "ab"
           StringUtils.substring("abc", 2, 0)   = ""
           StringUtils.substring("abc", 2, 4)   = "c"
           StringUtils.substring("abc", 4, 6)   = ""
           StringUtils.substring("abc", 2, 2)   = ""
           StringUtils.substring("abc", -2, -1) = "b"
           StringUtils.substring("abc", -4, 2)  = "ab"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to get the substring from, may be null
        `start` - the position to start from, negative means count back from the end of the String by this many characters
        `end` - the position to end at (exclusive), negative means count back from the end of the String by this many characters
      Returns:
        substring from start position to end position, `null` if null String input

    - #### left

          public static String left(String str,
                    int len)

      Gets the leftmost `len` characters of a String.

      If `len` characters are not available, or the String is `null`, the String will be returned without an exception. An empty String is returned if len is negative.

           StringUtils.left(null, *)    = null
           StringUtils.left(*, -ve)     = ""
           StringUtils.left("", *)      = ""
           StringUtils.left("abc", 0)   = ""
           StringUtils.left("abc", 2)   = "ab"
           StringUtils.left("abc", 4)   = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to get the leftmost characters from, may be null
        `len` - the length of the required String
      Returns:
        the leftmost characters, `null` if null String input

    - #### right

          public static String right(String str,
                     int len)

      Gets the rightmost `len` characters of a String.

      If `len` characters are not available, or the String is `null`, the String will be returned without an an exception. An empty String is returned if len is negative.

           StringUtils.right(null, *)    = null
           StringUtils.right(*, -ve)     = ""
           StringUtils.right("", *)      = ""
           StringUtils.right("abc", 0)   = ""
           StringUtils.right("abc", 2)   = "bc"
           StringUtils.right("abc", 4)   = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to get the rightmost characters from, may be null
        `len` - the length of the required String
      Returns:
        the rightmost characters, `null` if null String input

    - #### mid

          public static String mid(String str,
                   int pos,
                   int len)

      Gets `len` characters from the middle of a String.

      If `len` characters are not available, the remainder of the String will be returned without an exception. If the String is `null`, `null` will be returned. An empty String is returned if len is negative or exceeds the length of `str`.

           StringUtils.mid(null, *, *)    = null
           StringUtils.mid(*, *, -ve)     = ""
           StringUtils.mid("", 0, *)      = ""
           StringUtils.mid("abc", 0, 2)   = "ab"
           StringUtils.mid("abc", 0, 4)   = "abc"
           StringUtils.mid("abc", 2, 4)   = "c"
           StringUtils.mid("abc", 4, 2)   = ""
           StringUtils.mid("abc", -2, 2)  = "ab"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to get the characters from, may be null
        `pos` - the position to start from, negative treated as zero
        `len` - the length of the required String
      Returns:
        the middle characters, `null` if null String input

    - #### substringBefore

          public static String substringBefore(String str,
                               String separator)

      Gets the substring before the first occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.

      A `null` string input will return `null`. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. A `null` separator will return the input string.

      If nothing is found, the string input is returned.

           StringUtils.substringBefore(null, *)      = null
           StringUtils.substringBefore("", *)        = ""
           StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "a")   = ""
           StringUtils.substringBefore("abcba", "b") = "a"
           StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "c")   = "ab"
           StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "d")   = "abc"
           StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "")    = ""
           StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", null)  = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to get a substring from, may be null
        `separator` - the String to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring before the first occurrence of the separator, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### substringAfter

          public static String substringAfter(String str,
                              String separator)

      Gets the substring after the first occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.

      A `null` string input will return `null`. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. A `null` separator will return the empty string if the input string is not `null`.

      If nothing is found, the empty string is returned.

           StringUtils.substringAfter(null, *)      = null
           StringUtils.substringAfter("", *)        = ""
           StringUtils.substringAfter(*, null)      = ""
           StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "a")   = "bc"
           StringUtils.substringAfter("abcba", "b") = "cba"
           StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "c")   = ""
           StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "d")   = ""
           StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "")    = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to get a substring from, may be null
        `separator` - the String to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring after the first occurrence of the separator, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### substringBeforeLast

          public static String substringBeforeLast(String str,
                                   String separator)

      Gets the substring before the last occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.

      A `null` string input will return `null`. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. An empty or `null` separator will return the input string.

      If nothing is found, the string input is returned.

           StringUtils.substringBeforeLast(null, *)      = null
           StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("", *)        = ""
           StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("abcba", "b") = "abc"
           StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("abc", "c")   = "ab"
           StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", "a")     = ""
           StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", "z")     = "a"
           StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", null)    = "a"
           StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", "")      = "a"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to get a substring from, may be null
        `separator` - the String to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring before the last occurrence of the separator, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### substringAfterLast

          public static String substringAfterLast(String str,
                                  String separator)

      Gets the substring after the last occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.

      A `null` string input will return `null`. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. An empty or `null` separator will return the empty string if the input string is not `null`.

      If nothing is found, the empty string is returned.

           StringUtils.substringAfterLast(null, *)      = null
           StringUtils.substringAfterLast("", *)        = ""
           StringUtils.substringAfterLast(*, "")        = ""
           StringUtils.substringAfterLast(*, null)      = ""
           StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abc", "a")   = "bc"
           StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abcba", "b") = "a"
           StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abc", "c")   = ""
           StringUtils.substringAfterLast("a", "a")     = ""
           StringUtils.substringAfterLast("a", "z")     = ""

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to get a substring from, may be null
        `separator` - the String to search for, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring after the last occurrence of the separator, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### substringBetween

          public static String substringBetween(String str,
                                String tag)

      Gets the String that is nested in between two instances of the same String.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. A `null` tag returns `null`.

           StringUtils.substringBetween(null, *)            = null
           StringUtils.substringBetween("", "")             = ""
           StringUtils.substringBetween("", "tag")          = null
           StringUtils.substringBetween("tagabctag", null)  = null
           StringUtils.substringBetween("tagabctag", "")    = ""
           StringUtils.substringBetween("tagabctag", "tag") = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String containing the substring, may be null
        `tag` - the String before and after the substring, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring, `null` if no match
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### substringBetween

          public static String substringBetween(String str,
                                String open,
                                String close)

      Gets the String that is nested in between two Strings. Only the first match is returned.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. A `null` open/close returns `null` (no match). An empty ("") open and close returns an empty string.

           StringUtils.substringBetween("wx[b]yz", "[", "]") = "b"
           StringUtils.substringBetween(null, *, *)          = null
           StringUtils.substringBetween(*, null, *)          = null
           StringUtils.substringBetween(*, *, null)          = null
           StringUtils.substringBetween("", "", "")          = ""
           StringUtils.substringBetween("", "", "]")         = null
           StringUtils.substringBetween("", "[", "]")        = null
           StringUtils.substringBetween("yabcz", "", "")     = ""
           StringUtils.substringBetween("yabcz", "y", "z")   = "abc"
           StringUtils.substringBetween("yabczyabcz", "y", "z")   = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String containing the substring, may be null
        `open` - the String before the substring, may be null
        `close` - the String after the substring, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring, `null` if no match
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### substringsBetween

          public static String[] substringsBetween(String str,
                                   String open,
                                   String close)

      Searches a String for substrings delimited by a start and end tag, returning all matching substrings in an array.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. A `null` open/close returns `null` (no match). An empty ("") open/close returns `null` (no match).

           StringUtils.substringsBetween("[a][b][c]", "[", "]") = ["a","b","c"]
           StringUtils.substringsBetween(null, *, *)            = null
           StringUtils.substringsBetween(*, null, *)            = null
           StringUtils.substringsBetween(*, *, null)            = null
           StringUtils.substringsBetween("", "[", "]")          = []

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String containing the substrings, null returns null, empty returns empty
        `open` - the String identifying the start of the substring, empty returns null
        `close` - the String identifying the end of the substring, empty returns null
      Returns:
        a String Array of substrings, or `null` if no match
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### split

          public static String[] split(String str)

      Splits the provided text into an array, using whitespace as the separator. Whitespace is defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.

      The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

      A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.split(null)       = null
           StringUtils.split("")         = []
           StringUtils.split("abc def")  = ["abc", "def"]
           StringUtils.split("abc  def") = ["abc", "def"]
           StringUtils.split(" abc ")    = ["abc"]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be null
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String input

    - #### split

          public static String[] split(String str,
                       char separatorChar)

      Splits the provided text into an array, separator specified. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer.

      The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

      A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.split(null, *)         = null
           StringUtils.split("", *)           = []
           StringUtils.split("a.b.c", '.')    = ["a", "b", "c"]
           StringUtils.split("a..b.c", '.')   = ["a", "b", "c"]
           StringUtils.split("a:b:c", '.')    = ["a:b:c"]
           StringUtils.split("a b c", ' ')    = ["a", "b", "c"]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be null
        `separatorChar` - the character used as the delimiter
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### split

          public static String[] split(String str,
                       String separatorChars)

      Splits the provided text into an array, separators specified. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer.

      The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. A `null` separatorChars splits on whitespace.

           StringUtils.split(null, *)         = null
           StringUtils.split("", *)           = []
           StringUtils.split("abc def", null) = ["abc", "def"]
           StringUtils.split("abc def", " ")  = ["abc", "def"]
           StringUtils.split("abc  def", " ") = ["abc", "def"]
           StringUtils.split("ab:cd:ef", ":") = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be null
        `separatorChars` - the characters used as the delimiters, `null` splits on whitespace
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String input

    - #### split

          public static String[] split(String str,
                       String separatorChars,
                       int max)

      Splits the provided text into an array with a maximum length, separators specified.

      The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. A `null` separatorChars splits on whitespace.

      If more than `max` delimited substrings are found, the last returned string includes all characters after the first `max - 1` returned strings (including separator characters).

           StringUtils.split(null, *, *)            = null
           StringUtils.split("", *, *)              = []
           StringUtils.split("ab cd ef", null, 0)   = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.split("ab   cd ef", null, 0) = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.split("ab:cd:ef", ":", 0)    = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.split("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)    = ["ab", "cd:ef"]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be null
        `separatorChars` - the characters used as the delimiters, `null` splits on whitespace
        `max` - the maximum number of elements to include in the array. A zero or negative value implies no limit
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String input

    - #### splitByWholeSeparator

          public static String[] splitByWholeSeparator(String str,
                                       String separator)

      Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified.

      The separator(s) will not be included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. A `null` separator splits on whitespace.

           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("", *)                 = []
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab de fg", null)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab   de fg", null)    = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab:cd:ef", ":")       = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-") = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be null
        `separator` - String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, `null` splits on whitespace
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String was input

    - #### splitByWholeSeparator

          public static String[] splitByWholeSeparator(String str,
                                       String separator,
                                       int max)

      Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified. Returns a maximum of `max` substrings.

      The separator(s) will not be included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. A `null` separator splits on whitespace.

           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator(null, *, *)               = null
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("", *, *)                 = []
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab de fg", null, 0)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab   de fg", null, 0)    = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)       = ["ab", "cd:ef"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 5) = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 2) = ["ab", "cd-!-ef"]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be null
        `separator` - String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, `null` splits on whitespace
        `max` - the maximum number of elements to include in the returned array. A zero or negative value implies no limit.
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String was input

    - #### splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens

          public static String[] splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(String str,
                                                        String separator)

      Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified.

      The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. A `null` separator splits on whitespace.

           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("", *)                 = []
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab de fg", null)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null)    = ["ab", "", "", "de", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":")       = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-") = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be null
        `separator` - String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, `null` splits on whitespace
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String was input
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens

          public static String[] splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(String str,
                                                        String separator,
                                                        int max)

      Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified. Returns a maximum of `max` substrings.

      The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. A `null` separator splits on whitespace.

           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(null, *, *)               = null
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("", *, *)                 = []
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab de fg", null, 0)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 0)    = ["ab", "", "", "de", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)       = ["ab", "cd:ef"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 5) = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 2) = ["ab", "cd-!-ef"]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be null
        `separator` - String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, `null` splits on whitespace
        `max` - the maximum number of elements to include in the returned array. A zero or negative value implies no limit.
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String was input
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### splitPreserveAllTokens

          public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(String str)

      Splits the provided text into an array, using whitespace as the separator, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer. Whitespace is defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.

      The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

      A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null)       = null
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("")         = []
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc def")  = ["abc", "def"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc  def") = ["abc", "", "def"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(" abc ")    = ["", "abc", ""]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be `null`
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### splitPreserveAllTokens

          public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(String str,
                                        char separatorChar)

      Splits the provided text into an array, separator specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer.

      The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

      A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null, *)         = null
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("", *)           = []
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a.b.c", '.')    = ["a", "b", "c"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a..b.c", '.')   = ["a", "", "b", "c"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a:b:c", '.')    = ["a:b:c"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a\tb\nc", null) = ["a", "b", "c"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a b c", ' ')    = ["a", "b", "c"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a b c ", ' ')   = ["a", "b", "c", ""]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a b c  ", ' ')   = ["a", "b", "c", "", ""]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(" a b c", ' ')   = ["", a", "b", "c"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("  a b c", ' ')  = ["", "", a", "b", "c"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(" a b c ", ' ')  = ["", a", "b", "c", ""]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be `null`
        `separatorChar` - the character used as the delimiter, `null` splits on whitespace
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### splitPreserveAllTokens

          public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(String str,
                                        String separatorChars)

      Splits the provided text into an array, separators specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer.

      The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the split use the StrTokenizer class.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. A `null` separatorChars splits on whitespace.

           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null, *)           = null
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("", *)             = []
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc def", null)   = ["abc", "def"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc def", " ")    = ["abc", "def"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc  def", " ")   = ["abc", "", def"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":")   = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef:", ":")  = ["ab", "cd", "ef", ""]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef::", ":") = ["ab", "cd", "ef", "", ""]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab::cd:ef", ":")  = ["ab", "", cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(":cd:ef", ":")     = ["", cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("::cd:ef", ":")    = ["", "", cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(":cd:ef:", ":")    = ["", cd", "ef", ""]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be `null`
        `separatorChars` - the characters used as the delimiters, `null` splits on whitespace
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### splitPreserveAllTokens

          public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(String str,
                                        String separatorChars,
                                        int max)

      Splits the provided text into an array with a maximum length, separators specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators.

      The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator.

      A `null` input String returns `null`. A `null` separatorChars splits on whitespace.

      If more than `max` delimited substrings are found, the last returned string includes all characters after the first `max - 1` returned strings (including separator characters).

           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null, *, *)            = null
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("", *, *)              = []
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab de fg", null, 0)   = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 0) = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":", 0)    = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)    = ["ab", "cd:ef"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 2) = ["ab", "  de fg"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 3) = ["ab", "", " de fg"]
           StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 4) = ["ab", "", "", "de fg"]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to parse, may be `null`
        `separatorChars` - the characters used as the delimiters, `null` splits on whitespace
        `max` - the maximum number of elements to include in the array. A zero or negative value implies no limit
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### splitByCharacterType

          public static String[] splitByCharacterType(String str)

      Splits a String by Character type as returned by `java.lang.Character.getType(char)`. Groups of contiguous characters of the same type are returned as complete tokens.

           StringUtils.splitByCharacterType(null)         = null
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("")           = []
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ab de fg")   = ["ab", " ", "de", " ", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ab   de fg") = ["ab", "   ", "de", " ", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ab:cd:ef")   = ["ab", ":", "cd", ":", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("number5")    = ["number", "5"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("fooBar")     = ["foo", "B", "ar"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("foo200Bar")  = ["foo", "200", "B", "ar"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ASFRules")   = ["ASFR", "ules"]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to split, may be `null`
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase

          public static String[] splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase(String str)

      Splits a String by Character type as returned by `java.lang.Character.getType(char)`. Groups of contiguous characters of the same type are returned as complete tokens, with the following exception: the character of type `Character.UPPERCASE_LETTER`, if any, immediately preceding a token of type `Character.LOWERCASE_LETTER` will belong to the following token rather than to the preceding, if any, `Character.UPPERCASE_LETTER` token.

           StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase(null)         = null
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("")           = []
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ab de fg")   = ["ab", " ", "de", " ", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ab   de fg") = ["ab", "   ", "de", " ", "fg"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ab:cd:ef")   = ["ab", ":", "cd", ":", "ef"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("number5")    = ["number", "5"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("fooBar")     = ["foo", "Bar"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("foo200Bar")  = ["foo", "200", "Bar"]
           StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ASFRules")   = ["ASF", "Rules"]

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to split, may be `null`
      Returns:
        an array of parsed Strings, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### join

          public static <T> String join(T... elements)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No separator is added to the joined String. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null)            = null
           StringUtils.join([])              = ""
           StringUtils.join([null])          = ""
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"]) = "abc"
           StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"]) = "a"

      Type Parameters:
        `T` - the specific type of values to join together
      Parameters:
        `elements` - the values to join together, may be null
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature to use varargs

    - #### join

          public static String join(Object[] array,
                    char separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], ';')  = "a;b;c"
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null) = "abc"
           StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ';')  = ";;a"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### join

          public static String join(long[] array,
                    char separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(int[] array,
                    char separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(short[] array,
                    char separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(byte[] array,
                    char separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(char[] array,
                    char separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(float[] array,
                    char separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(double[] array,
                    char separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(Object[] array,
                    char separator,
                    int startIndex,
                    int endIndex)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], ';')  = "a;b;c"
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null) = "abc"
           StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ';')  = ";;a"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
        `startIndex` - the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
        `endIndex` - the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### join

          public static String join(long[] array,
                    char separator,
                    int startIndex,
                    int endIndex)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
        `startIndex` - the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
        `endIndex` - the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(int[] array,
                    char separator,
                    int startIndex,
                    int endIndex)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
        `startIndex` - the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
        `endIndex` - the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(byte[] array,
                    char separator,
                    int startIndex,
                    int endIndex)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
        `startIndex` - the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
        `endIndex` - the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(short[] array,
                    char separator,
                    int startIndex,
                    int endIndex)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
        `startIndex` - the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
        `endIndex` - the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(char[] array,
                    char separator,
                    int startIndex,
                    int endIndex)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
        `startIndex` - the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
        `endIndex` - the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(double[] array,
                    char separator,
                    int startIndex,
                    int endIndex)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
        `startIndex` - the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
        `endIndex` - the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(float[] array,
                    char separator,
                    int startIndex,
                    int endIndex)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
           StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
        `startIndex` - the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
        `endIndex` - the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### join

          public static String join(Object[] array,
                    String separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. A `null` separator is the same as an empty String (""). Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *)                = null
           StringUtils.join([], *)                  = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *)              = ""
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--")  = "a--b--c"
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null)  = "abc"
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "")    = "abc"
           StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ',')   = ",,a"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use, null treated as ""
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input

    - #### join

          public static String join(Object[] array,
                    String separator,
                    int startIndex,
                    int endIndex)

      Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. A `null` separator is the same as an empty String (""). Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.

           StringUtils.join(null, *, *, *)                = null
           StringUtils.join([], *, *, *)                  = ""
           StringUtils.join([null], *, *, *)              = ""
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--", 0, 3)  = "a--b--c"
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--", 1, 3)  = "b--c"
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--", 2, 3)  = "c"
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--", 2, 2)  = ""
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null, 0, 3)  = "abc"
           StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "", 0, 3)    = "abc"
           StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ',', 0, 3)   = ",,a"

      Parameters:
        `array` - the array of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use, null treated as ""
        `startIndex` - the first index to start joining from.
        `endIndex` - the index to stop joining from (exclusive).
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null array input; or the empty string if `endIndex - startIndex <= 0`. The number of joined entries is given by `endIndex - startIndex`
      Throws:
        `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - ife
        `startIndex < 0` or
        `startIndex >= array.length()` or
        `endIndex < 0` or
        `endIndex > array.length()`

    - #### join

          public static String join(Iterator<?> iterator,
                    char separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided `Iterator` into a single String containing the provided elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the iteration are represented by empty strings.

      See the examples here: `join(Object[],char)`.

      Parameters:
        `iterator` - the `Iterator` of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null iterator input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### join

          public static String join(Iterator<?> iterator,
                    String separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided `Iterator` into a single String containing the provided elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. A `null` separator is the same as an empty String ("").

      See the examples here: `join(Object[],String)`.

      Parameters:
        `iterator` - the `Iterator` of values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use, null treated as ""
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null iterator input

    - #### join

          public static String join(Iterable<?> iterable,
                    char separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided `Iterable` into a single String containing the provided elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the iteration are represented by empty strings.

      See the examples here: `join(Object[],char)`.

      Parameters:
        `iterable` - the `Iterable` providing the values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null iterator input
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### join

          public static String join(Iterable<?> iterable,
                    String separator)

      Joins the elements of the provided `Iterable` into a single String containing the provided elements.

      No delimiter is added before or after the list. A `null` separator is the same as an empty String ("").

      See the examples here: `join(Object[],String)`.

      Parameters:
        `iterable` - the `Iterable` providing the values to join together, may be null
        `separator` - the separator character to use, null treated as ""
      Returns:
        the joined String, `null` if null iterator input
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### deleteWhitespace

          public static String deleteWhitespace(String str)

      Deletes all whitespaces from a String as defined by `Character.isWhitespace(char)`.

           StringUtils.deleteWhitespace(null)         = null
           StringUtils.deleteWhitespace("")           = ""
           StringUtils.deleteWhitespace("abc")        = "abc"
           StringUtils.deleteWhitespace("   ab  c  ") = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to delete whitespace from, may be null
      Returns:
        the String without whitespaces, `null` if null String input

    - #### removeStart

          public static String removeStart(String str,
                           String remove)

      Removes a substring only if it is at the beginning of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.

      A `null` source string will return `null`. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A `null` search string will return the source string.

           StringUtils.removeStart(null, *)      = null
           StringUtils.removeStart("", *)        = ""
           StringUtils.removeStart(*, null)      = *
           StringUtils.removeStart("www.domain.com", "www.")   = "domain.com"
           StringUtils.removeStart("domain.com", "www.")       = "domain.com"
           StringUtils.removeStart("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
           StringUtils.removeStart("abc", "")    = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the source String to search, may be null
        `remove` - the String to search for and remove, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring with the string removed if found, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### removeStartIgnoreCase

          public static String removeStartIgnoreCase(String str,
                                     String remove)

      Case insensitive removal of a substring if it is at the beginning of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.

      A `null` source string will return `null`. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A `null` search string will return the source string.

           StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase(null, *)      = null
           StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("", *)        = ""
           StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase(*, null)      = *
           StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "www.")   = "domain.com"
           StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "WWW.")   = "domain.com"
           StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("domain.com", "www.")       = "domain.com"
           StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
           StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("abc", "")    = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the source String to search, may be null
        `remove` - the String to search for (case insensitive) and remove, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring with the string removed if found, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### removeEnd

          public static String removeEnd(String str,
                         String remove)

      Removes a substring only if it is at the end of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.

      A `null` source string will return `null`. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A `null` search string will return the source string.

           StringUtils.removeEnd(null, *)      = null
           StringUtils.removeEnd("", *)        = ""
           StringUtils.removeEnd(*, null)      = *
           StringUtils.removeEnd("www.domain.com", ".com.")  = "www.domain.com"
           StringUtils.removeEnd("www.domain.com", ".com")   = "www.domain"
           StringUtils.removeEnd("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
           StringUtils.removeEnd("abc", "")    = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the source String to search, may be null
        `remove` - the String to search for and remove, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring with the string removed if found, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### removeEndIgnoreCase

          public static String removeEndIgnoreCase(String str,
                                   String remove)

      Case insensitive removal of a substring if it is at the end of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.

      A `null` source string will return `null`. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A `null` search string will return the source string.

           StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase(null, *)      = null
           StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("", *)        = ""
           StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase(*, null)      = *
           StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", ".com.")  = "www.domain.com"
           StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", ".com")   = "www.domain"
           StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
           StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("abc", "")    = "abc"
           StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", ".COM") = "www.domain")
           StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.COM", ".com") = "www.domain")

      Parameters:
        `str` - the source String to search, may be null
        `remove` - the String to search for (case insensitive) and remove, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring with the string removed if found, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### remove

          public static String remove(String str,
                      String remove)

      Removes all occurrences of a substring from within the source string.

      A `null` source string will return `null`. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A `null` remove string will return the source string. An empty ("") remove string will return the source string.

           StringUtils.remove(null, *)        = null
           StringUtils.remove("", *)          = ""
           StringUtils.remove(*, null)        = *
           StringUtils.remove(*, "")          = *
           StringUtils.remove("queued", "ue") = "qd"
           StringUtils.remove("queued", "zz") = "queued"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the source String to search, may be null
        `remove` - the String to search for and remove, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring with the string removed if found, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### remove

          public static String remove(String str,
                      char remove)

      Removes all occurrences of a character from within the source string.

      A `null` source string will return `null`. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string.

           StringUtils.remove(null, *)       = null
           StringUtils.remove("", *)         = ""
           StringUtils.remove("queued", 'u') = "qeed"
           StringUtils.remove("queued", 'z') = "queued"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the source String to search, may be null
        `remove` - the char to search for and remove, may be null
      Returns:
        the substring with the char removed if found, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### replaceOnce

          public static String replaceOnce(String text,
                           String searchString,
                           String replacement)

      Replaces a String with another String inside a larger String, once.

      A `null` reference passed to this method is a no-op.

           StringUtils.replaceOnce(null, *, *)        = null
           StringUtils.replaceOnce("", *, *)          = ""
           StringUtils.replaceOnce("any", null, *)    = "any"
           StringUtils.replaceOnce("any", *, null)    = "any"
           StringUtils.replaceOnce("any", "", *)      = "any"
           StringUtils.replaceOnce("aba", "a", null)  = "aba"
           StringUtils.replaceOnce("aba", "a", "")    = "ba"
           StringUtils.replaceOnce("aba", "a", "z")   = "zba"

      Parameters:
        `text` - text to search and replace in, may be null
        `searchString` - the String to search for, may be null
        `replacement` - the String to replace with, may be null
      Returns:
        the text with any replacements processed, `null` if null String input
      See Also:
        `replace(String text, String searchString, String replacement, int max)`

    - #### replacePattern

          public static String replacePattern(String source,
                              String regex,
                              String replacement)

      Replaces each substring of the source String that matches the given regular expression with the given replacement using the `Pattern.DOTALL` option. DOTALL is also know as single-line mode in Perl. This call is also equivalent to:
      - `source.replaceAll(&quot;(?s)&quot; + regex, replacement)`
      - `Pattern.compile(regex, Pattern.DOTALL).matcher(source).replaceAll(replacement)`
      Parameters:
        `source` - the source string
        `regex` - the regular expression to which this string is to be matched
        `replacement` - the string to be substituted for each match
      Returns:
        The resulting `String`
      Since:
        3.2
      See Also:
        `String.replaceAll(String, String)`, `Pattern.DOTALL`

    - #### removePattern

          public static String removePattern(String source,
                             String regex)

      Removes each substring of the source String that matches the given regular expression using the DOTALL option.
      Parameters:
        `source` - the source string
        `regex` - the regular expression to which this string is to be matched
      Returns:
        The resulting `String`
      Since:
        3.2
      See Also:
        `String.replaceAll(String, String)`, `Pattern.DOTALL`

    - #### replace

          public static String replace(String text,
                       String searchString,
                       String replacement)

      Replaces all occurrences of a String within another String.

      A `null` reference passed to this method is a no-op.

           StringUtils.replace(null, *, *)        = null
           StringUtils.replace("", *, *)          = ""
           StringUtils.replace("any", null, *)    = "any"
           StringUtils.replace("any", *, null)    = "any"
           StringUtils.replace("any", "", *)      = "any"
           StringUtils.replace("aba", "a", null)  = "aba"
           StringUtils.replace("aba", "a", "")    = "b"
           StringUtils.replace("aba", "a", "z")   = "zbz"

      Parameters:
        `text` - text to search and replace in, may be null
        `searchString` - the String to search for, may be null
        `replacement` - the String to replace it with, may be null
      Returns:
        the text with any replacements processed, `null` if null String input
      See Also:
        `replace(String text, String searchString, String replacement, int max)`

    - #### replace

          public static String replace(String text,
                       String searchString,
                       String replacement,
                       int max)

      Replaces a String with another String inside a larger String, for the first `max` values of the search String.

      A `null` reference passed to this method is a no-op.

           StringUtils.replace(null, *, *, *)         = null
           StringUtils.replace("", *, *, *)           = ""
           StringUtils.replace("any", null, *, *)     = "any"
           StringUtils.replace("any", *, null, *)     = "any"
           StringUtils.replace("any", "", *, *)       = "any"
           StringUtils.replace("any", *, *, 0)        = "any"
           StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", null, -1) = "abaa"
           StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "", -1)   = "b"
           StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", 0)   = "abaa"
           StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", 1)   = "zbaa"
           StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", 2)   = "zbza"
           StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", -1)  = "zbzz"

      Parameters:
        `text` - text to search and replace in, may be null
        `searchString` - the String to search for, may be null
        `replacement` - the String to replace it with, may be null
        `max` - maximum number of values to replace, or `-1` if no maximum
      Returns:
        the text with any replacements processed, `null` if null String input

    - #### replaceEach

          public static String replaceEach(String text,
                           String[] searchList,
                           String[] replacementList)

      Replaces all occurrences of Strings within another String.

      A `null` reference passed to this method is a no-op, or if any "search string" or "string to replace" is null, that replace will be ignored. This will not repeat. For repeating replaces, call the overloaded method.

            StringUtils.replaceEach(null, *, *)        = null
            StringUtils.replaceEach("", *, *)          = ""
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", null, null) = "aba"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[0], null) = "aba"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", null, new String[0]) = "aba"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{"a"}, null)  = "aba"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{"a"}, new String[]{""})  = "b"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{null}, new String[]{"a"})  = "aba"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"w", "t"})  = "wcte"
            (example of how it does not repeat)
            StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "t"})  = "dcte"

      Parameters:
        `text` - text to search and replace in, no-op if null
        `searchList` - the Strings to search for, no-op if null
        `replacementList` - the Strings to replace them with, no-op if null
      Returns:
        the text with any replacements processed, `null` if null String input
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the lengths of the arrays are not the same (null is ok, and/or size 0)
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### replaceEachRepeatedly

          public static String replaceEachRepeatedly(String text,
                                     String[] searchList,
                                     String[] replacementList)

      Replaces all occurrences of Strings within another String.

      A `null` reference passed to this method is a no-op, or if any "search string" or "string to replace" is null, that replace will be ignored.

            StringUtils.replaceEach(null, *, *, *) = null
            StringUtils.replaceEach("", *, *, *) = ""
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", null, null, *) = "aba"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[0], null, *) = "aba"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", null, new String[0], *) = "aba"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{"a"}, null, *) = "aba"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{"a"}, new String[]{""}, *) = "b"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{null}, new String[]{"a"}, *) = "aba"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"w", "t"}, *) = "wcte"
            (example of how it repeats)
            StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "t"}, false) = "dcte"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "t"}, true) = "tcte"
            StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "ab"}, true) = IllegalStateException
            StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "ab"}, false) = "dcabe"

      Parameters:
        `text` - text to search and replace in, no-op if null
        `searchList` - the Strings to search for, no-op if null
        `replacementList` - the Strings to replace them with, no-op if null
      Returns:
        the text with any replacements processed, `null` if null String input
      Throws:
        `IllegalStateException` - if the search is repeating and there is an endless loop due to outputs of one being inputs to another
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the lengths of the arrays are not the same (null is ok, and/or size 0)
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### replaceChars

          public static String replaceChars(String str,
                            char searchChar,
                            char replaceChar)

      Replaces all occurrences of a character in a String with another. This is a null-safe version of `String.replace(char, char)`.

      A `null` string input returns `null`. An empty ("") string input returns an empty string.

           StringUtils.replaceChars(null, *, *)        = null
           StringUtils.replaceChars("", *, *)          = ""
           StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", 'b', 'y') = "aycya"
           StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", 'z', 'y') = "abcba"

      Parameters:
        `str` - String to replace characters in, may be null
        `searchChar` - the character to search for, may be null
        `replaceChar` - the character to replace, may be null
      Returns:
        modified String, `null` if null string input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### replaceChars

          public static String replaceChars(String str,
                            String searchChars,
                            String replaceChars)

      Replaces multiple characters in a String in one go. This method can also be used to delete characters.

      For example:
      `replaceChars("hello", "ho", "jy") = jelly`.

      A `null` string input returns `null`. An empty ("") string input returns an empty string. A null or empty set of search characters returns the input string.

      The length of the search characters should normally equal the length of the replace characters. If the search characters is longer, then the extra search characters are deleted. If the search characters is shorter, then the extra replace characters are ignored.

           StringUtils.replaceChars(null, *, *)           = null
           StringUtils.replaceChars("", *, *)             = ""
           StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", null, *)       = "abc"
           StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", "", *)         = "abc"
           StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", "b", null)     = "ac"
           StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", "b", "")       = "ac"
           StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", "bc", "yz")  = "ayzya"
           StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", "bc", "y")   = "ayya"
           StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", "bc", "yzx") = "ayzya"

      Parameters:
        `str` - String to replace characters in, may be null
        `searchChars` - a set of characters to search for, may be null
        `replaceChars` - a set of characters to replace, may be null
      Returns:
        modified String, `null` if null string input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### overlay

          public static String overlay(String str,
                       String overlay,
                       int start,
                       int end)

      Overlays part of a String with another String.

      A `null` string input returns `null`. A negative index is treated as zero. An index greater than the string length is treated as the string length. The start index is always the smaller of the two indices.

           StringUtils.overlay(null, *, *, *)            = null
           StringUtils.overlay("", "abc", 0, 0)          = "abc"
           StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", null, 2, 4)     = "abef"
           StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "", 2, 4)       = "abef"
           StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "", 4, 2)       = "abef"
           StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 2, 4)   = "abzzzzef"
           StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 4, 2)   = "abzzzzef"
           StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", -1, 4)  = "zzzzef"
           StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 2, 8)   = "abzzzz"
           StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", -2, -3) = "zzzzabcdef"
           StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 8, 10)  = "abcdefzzzz"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to do overlaying in, may be null
        `overlay` - the String to overlay, may be null
        `start` - the position to start overlaying at
        `end` - the position to stop overlaying before
      Returns:
        overlayed String, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### chomp

          public static String chomp(String str)

      Removes one newline from end of a String if it's there, otherwise leave it alone. A newline is "`\n`", "`\r`", or "`\r\n`".

      NOTE: This method changed in 2.0. It now more closely matches Perl chomp.

           StringUtils.chomp(null)          = null
           StringUtils.chomp("")            = ""
           StringUtils.chomp("abc \r")      = "abc "
           StringUtils.chomp("abc\n")       = "abc"
           StringUtils.chomp("abc\r\n")     = "abc"
           StringUtils.chomp("abc\r\n\r\n") = "abc\r\n"
           StringUtils.chomp("abc\n\r")     = "abc\n"
           StringUtils.chomp("abc\n\rabc")  = "abc\n\rabc"
           StringUtils.chomp("\r")          = ""
           StringUtils.chomp("\n")          = ""
           StringUtils.chomp("\r\n")        = ""

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to chomp a newline from, may be null
      Returns:
        String without newline, `null` if null String input

    - #### chomp

          @Deprecated
          public static String chomp(String str,
                                String separator)

      Deprecated. This feature will be removed in Lang 4.0, use `removeEnd(String, String)` instead

      Removes `separator` from the end of `str` if it's there, otherwise leave it alone.

      NOTE: This method changed in version 2.0. It now more closely matches Perl chomp. For the previous behavior, use `substringBeforeLast(String, String)`. This method uses `String.endsWith(String)`.

           StringUtils.chomp(null, *)         = null
           StringUtils.chomp("", *)           = ""
           StringUtils.chomp("foobar", "bar") = "foo"
           StringUtils.chomp("foobar", "baz") = "foobar"
           StringUtils.chomp("foo", "foo")    = ""
           StringUtils.chomp("foo ", "foo")   = "foo "
           StringUtils.chomp(" foo", "foo")   = " "
           StringUtils.chomp("foo", "foooo")  = "foo"
           StringUtils.chomp("foo", "")       = "foo"
           StringUtils.chomp("foo", null)     = "foo"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to chomp from, may be null
        `separator` - separator String, may be null
      Returns:
        String without trailing separator, `null` if null String input

    - #### chop

          public static String chop(String str)

      Remove the last character from a String.

      If the String ends in `\r\n`, then remove both of them.

           StringUtils.chop(null)          = null
           StringUtils.chop("")            = ""
           StringUtils.chop("abc \r")      = "abc "
           StringUtils.chop("abc\n")       = "abc"
           StringUtils.chop("abc\r\n")     = "abc"
           StringUtils.chop("abc")         = "ab"
           StringUtils.chop("abc\nabc")    = "abc\nab"
           StringUtils.chop("a")           = ""
           StringUtils.chop("\r")          = ""
           StringUtils.chop("\n")          = ""
           StringUtils.chop("\r\n")        = ""

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to chop last character from, may be null
      Returns:
        String without last character, `null` if null String input

    - #### repeat

          public static String repeat(String str,
                      int repeat)

      Repeat a String `repeat` times to form a new String.

           StringUtils.repeat(null, 2) = null
           StringUtils.repeat("", 0)   = ""
           StringUtils.repeat("", 2)   = ""
           StringUtils.repeat("a", 3)  = "aaa"
           StringUtils.repeat("ab", 2) = "abab"
           StringUtils.repeat("a", -2) = ""

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to repeat, may be null
        `repeat` - number of times to repeat str, negative treated as zero
      Returns:
        a new String consisting of the original String repeated, `null` if null String input

    - #### repeat

          public static String repeat(String str,
                      String separator,
                      int repeat)

      Repeat a String `repeat` times to form a new String, with a String separator injected each time.

           StringUtils.repeat(null, null, 2) = null
           StringUtils.repeat(null, "x", 2)  = null
           StringUtils.repeat("", null, 0)   = ""
           StringUtils.repeat("", "", 2)     = ""
           StringUtils.repeat("", "x", 3)    = "xxx"
           StringUtils.repeat("?", ", ", 3)  = "?, ?, ?"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to repeat, may be null
        `separator` - the String to inject, may be null
        `repeat` - number of times to repeat str, negative treated as zero
      Returns:
        a new String consisting of the original String repeated, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### repeat

          public static String repeat(char ch,
                      int repeat)

      Returns padding using the specified delimiter repeated to a given length.

           StringUtils.repeat('e', 0)  = ""
           StringUtils.repeat('e', 3)  = "eee"
           StringUtils.repeat('e', -2) = ""

      Note: this method doesn't not support padding with Unicode Supplementary Characters as they require a pair of `char`s to be represented. If you are needing to support full I18N of your applications consider using `repeat(String, int)` instead.

      Parameters:
        `ch` - character to repeat
        `repeat` - number of times to repeat char, negative treated as zero
      Returns:
        String with repeated character
      See Also:
        `repeat(String, int)`

    - #### rightPad

          public static String rightPad(String str,
                        int size)

      Right pad a String with spaces (' ').

      The String is padded to the size of `size`.

           StringUtils.rightPad(null, *)   = null
           StringUtils.rightPad("", 3)     = "   "
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 3)  = "bat"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5)  = "bat  "
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 1)  = "bat"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", -1) = "bat"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to pad out, may be null
        `size` - the size to pad to
      Returns:
        right padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, `null` if null String input

    - #### rightPad

          public static String rightPad(String str,
                        int size,
                        char padChar)

      Right pad a String with a specified character.

      The String is padded to the size of `size`.

           StringUtils.rightPad(null, *, *)     = null
           StringUtils.rightPad("", 3, 'z')     = "zzz"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 3, 'z')  = "bat"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, 'z')  = "batzz"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 1, 'z')  = "bat"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", -1, 'z') = "bat"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to pad out, may be null
        `size` - the size to pad to
        `padChar` - the character to pad with
      Returns:
        right padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### rightPad

          public static String rightPad(String str,
                        int size,
                        String padStr)

      Right pad a String with a specified String.

      The String is padded to the size of `size`.

           StringUtils.rightPad(null, *, *)      = null
           StringUtils.rightPad("", 3, "z")      = "zzz"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 3, "yz")  = "bat"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, "yz")  = "batyz"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 8, "yz")  = "batyzyzy"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 1, "yz")  = "bat"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", -1, "yz") = "bat"
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, null)  = "bat  "
           StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, "")    = "bat  "

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to pad out, may be null
        `size` - the size to pad to
        `padStr` - the String to pad with, null or empty treated as single space
      Returns:
        right padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, `null` if null String input

    - #### leftPad

          public static String leftPad(String str,
                       int size)

      Left pad a String with spaces (' ').

      The String is padded to the size of `size`.

           StringUtils.leftPad(null, *)   = null
           StringUtils.leftPad("", 3)     = "   "
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 3)  = "bat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5)  = "  bat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 1)  = "bat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", -1) = "bat"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to pad out, may be null
        `size` - the size to pad to
      Returns:
        left padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, `null` if null String input

    - #### leftPad

          public static String leftPad(String str,
                       int size,
                       char padChar)

      Left pad a String with a specified character.

      Pad to a size of `size`.

           StringUtils.leftPad(null, *, *)     = null
           StringUtils.leftPad("", 3, 'z')     = "zzz"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 3, 'z')  = "bat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, 'z')  = "zzbat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 1, 'z')  = "bat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", -1, 'z') = "bat"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to pad out, may be null
        `size` - the size to pad to
        `padChar` - the character to pad with
      Returns:
        left padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### leftPad

          public static String leftPad(String str,
                       int size,
                       String padStr)

      Left pad a String with a specified String.

      Pad to a size of `size`.

           StringUtils.leftPad(null, *, *)      = null
           StringUtils.leftPad("", 3, "z")      = "zzz"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 3, "yz")  = "bat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, "yz")  = "yzbat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 8, "yz")  = "yzyzybat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 1, "yz")  = "bat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", -1, "yz") = "bat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, null)  = "  bat"
           StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, "")    = "  bat"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to pad out, may be null
        `size` - the size to pad to
        `padStr` - the String to pad with, null or empty treated as single space
      Returns:
        left padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, `null` if null String input

    - #### length

          public static int length(CharSequence cs)

      Gets a CharSequence length or `0` if the CharSequence is `null`.
      Parameters:
        `cs` - a CharSequence or `null`
      Returns:
        CharSequence length or `0` if the CharSequence is `null`.
      Since:
        2.4, 3.0 Changed signature from length(String) to length(CharSequence)

    - #### center

          public static String center(String str,
                      int size)

      Centers a String in a larger String of size `size` using the space character (' ').

      If the size is less than the String length, the String is returned. A `null` String returns `null`. A negative size is treated as zero.

      Equivalent to `center(str, size, " ")`.

           StringUtils.center(null, *)   = null
           StringUtils.center("", 4)     = "    "
           StringUtils.center("ab", -1)  = "ab"
           StringUtils.center("ab", 4)   = " ab "
           StringUtils.center("abcd", 2) = "abcd"
           StringUtils.center("a", 4)    = " a  "

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to center, may be null
        `size` - the int size of new String, negative treated as zero
      Returns:
        centered String, `null` if null String input

    - #### center

          public static String center(String str,
                      int size,
                      char padChar)

      Centers a String in a larger String of size `size`. Uses a supplied character as the value to pad the String with.

      If the size is less than the String length, the String is returned. A `null` String returns `null`. A negative size is treated as zero.

           StringUtils.center(null, *, *)     = null
           StringUtils.center("", 4, ' ')     = "    "
           StringUtils.center("ab", -1, ' ')  = "ab"
           StringUtils.center("ab", 4, ' ')   = " ab "
           StringUtils.center("abcd", 2, ' ') = "abcd"
           StringUtils.center("a", 4, ' ')    = " a  "
           StringUtils.center("a", 4, 'y')    = "yayy"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to center, may be null
        `size` - the int size of new String, negative treated as zero
        `padChar` - the character to pad the new String with
      Returns:
        centered String, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### center

          public static String center(String str,
                      int size,
                      String padStr)

      Centers a String in a larger String of size `size`. Uses a supplied String as the value to pad the String with.

      If the size is less than the String length, the String is returned. A `null` String returns `null`. A negative size is treated as zero.

           StringUtils.center(null, *, *)     = null
           StringUtils.center("", 4, " ")     = "    "
           StringUtils.center("ab", -1, " ")  = "ab"
           StringUtils.center("ab", 4, " ")   = " ab "
           StringUtils.center("abcd", 2, " ") = "abcd"
           StringUtils.center("a", 4, " ")    = " a  "
           StringUtils.center("a", 4, "yz")   = "yayz"
           StringUtils.center("abc", 7, null) = "  abc  "
           StringUtils.center("abc", 7, "")   = "  abc  "

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to center, may be null
        `size` - the int size of new String, negative treated as zero
        `padStr` - the String to pad the new String with, must not be null or empty
      Returns:
        centered String, `null` if null String input
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if padStr is `null` or empty

    - #### upperCase

          public static String upperCase(String str)

      Converts a String to upper case as per `String.toUpperCase()`.

      A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.upperCase(null)  = null
           StringUtils.upperCase("")    = ""
           StringUtils.upperCase("aBc") = "ABC"

      Note: As described in the documentation for `String.toUpperCase()`, the result of this method is affected by the current locale. For platform-independent case transformations, the method `lowerCase(String, Locale)` should be used with a specific locale (e.g. `Locale.ENGLISH`).

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to upper case, may be null
      Returns:
        the upper cased String, `null` if null String input

    - #### upperCase

          public static String upperCase(String str,
                         Locale locale)

      Converts a String to upper case as per `String.toUpperCase(Locale)`.

      A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.upperCase(null, Locale.ENGLISH)  = null
           StringUtils.upperCase("", Locale.ENGLISH)    = ""
           StringUtils.upperCase("aBc", Locale.ENGLISH) = "ABC"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to upper case, may be null
        `locale` - the locale that defines the case transformation rules, must not be null
      Returns:
        the upper cased String, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### lowerCase

          public static String lowerCase(String str)

      Converts a String to lower case as per `String.toLowerCase()`.

      A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.lowerCase(null)  = null
           StringUtils.lowerCase("")    = ""
           StringUtils.lowerCase("aBc") = "abc"

      Note: As described in the documentation for `String.toLowerCase()`, the result of this method is affected by the current locale. For platform-independent case transformations, the method `lowerCase(String, Locale)` should be used with a specific locale (e.g. `Locale.ENGLISH`).

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to lower case, may be null
      Returns:
        the lower cased String, `null` if null String input

    - #### lowerCase

          public static String lowerCase(String str,
                         Locale locale)

      Converts a String to lower case as per `String.toLowerCase(Locale)`.

      A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.lowerCase(null, Locale.ENGLISH)  = null
           StringUtils.lowerCase("", Locale.ENGLISH)    = ""
           StringUtils.lowerCase("aBc", Locale.ENGLISH) = "abc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to lower case, may be null
        `locale` - the locale that defines the case transformation rules, must not be null
      Returns:
        the lower cased String, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### capitalize

          public static String capitalize(String str)

      Capitalizes a String changing the first letter to title case as per `Character.toTitleCase(char)`. No other letters are changed.

      For a word based algorithm, see `WordUtils.capitalize(String)`. A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.capitalize(null)  = null
           StringUtils.capitalize("")    = ""
           StringUtils.capitalize("cat") = "Cat"
           StringUtils.capitalize("cAt") = "CAt"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to capitalize, may be null
      Returns:
        the capitalized String, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0
      See Also:
        `WordUtils.capitalize(String)`, `uncapitalize(String)`

    - #### uncapitalize

          public static String uncapitalize(String str)

      Uncapitalizes a String changing the first letter to title case as per `Character.toLowerCase(char)`. No other letters are changed.

      For a word based algorithm, see `WordUtils.uncapitalize(String)`. A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.uncapitalize(null)  = null
           StringUtils.uncapitalize("")    = ""
           StringUtils.uncapitalize("Cat") = "cat"
           StringUtils.uncapitalize("CAT") = "cAT"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to uncapitalize, may be null
      Returns:
        the uncapitalized String, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0
      See Also:
        `WordUtils.uncapitalize(String)`, `capitalize(String)`

    - #### swapCase

          public static String swapCase(String str)

      Swaps the case of a String changing upper and title case to lower case, and lower case to upper case.

      - Upper case character converts to Lower case
      - Title case character converts to Lower case
      - Lower case character converts to Upper case

      For a word based algorithm, see `WordUtils.swapCase(String)`. A `null` input String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.swapCase(null)                 = null
           StringUtils.swapCase("")                   = ""
           StringUtils.swapCase("The dog has a BONE") = "tHE DOG HAS A bone"

      NOTE: This method changed in Lang version 2.0. It no longer performs a word based algorithm. If you only use ASCII, you will notice no change. That functionality is available in org.apache.commons.lang3.text.WordUtils.

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to swap case, may be null
      Returns:
        the changed String, `null` if null String input

    - #### countMatches

          public static int countMatches(CharSequence str,
                         CharSequence sub)

      Counts how many times the substring appears in the larger string.

      A `null` or empty ("") String input returns `0`.

           StringUtils.countMatches(null, *)       = 0
           StringUtils.countMatches("", *)         = 0
           StringUtils.countMatches("abba", null)  = 0
           StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "")    = 0
           StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "a")   = 2
           StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "ab")  = 1
           StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "xxx") = 0

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `sub` - the substring to count, may be null
      Returns:
        the number of occurrences, 0 if either CharSequence is `null`
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from countMatches(String, String) to countMatches(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### isAlpha

          public static boolean isAlpha(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters.

      `null` will return `false`. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return `false`.

           StringUtils.isAlpha(null)   = false
           StringUtils.isAlpha("")     = false
           StringUtils.isAlpha("  ")   = false
           StringUtils.isAlpha("abc")  = true
           StringUtils.isAlpha("ab2c") = false
           StringUtils.isAlpha("ab-c") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if only contains letters, and is non-null
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from isAlpha(String) to isAlpha(CharSequence), 3.0 Changed "" to return false and not true

    - #### isAlphaSpace

          public static boolean isAlphaSpace(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters and space (' ').

      `null` will return `false` An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return `true`.

           StringUtils.isAlphaSpace(null)   = false
           StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("")     = true
           StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("  ")   = true
           StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("abc")  = true
           StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("ab c") = true
           StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("ab2c") = false
           StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("ab-c") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if only contains letters and space, and is non-null
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from isAlphaSpace(String) to isAlphaSpace(CharSequence)

    - #### isAlphanumeric

          public static boolean isAlphanumeric(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters or digits.

      `null` will return `false`. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return `false`.

           StringUtils.isAlphanumeric(null)   = false
           StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("")     = false
           StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("  ")   = false
           StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("abc")  = true
           StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab c") = false
           StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab2c") = true
           StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab-c") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if only contains letters or digits, and is non-null
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from isAlphanumeric(String) to isAlphanumeric(CharSequence), 3.0 Changed "" to return false and not true

    - #### isAlphanumericSpace

          public static boolean isAlphanumericSpace(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters, digits or space (`' '`).

      `null` will return `false`. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return `true`.

           StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace(null)   = false
           StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("")     = true
           StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("  ")   = true
           StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("abc")  = true
           StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("ab c") = true
           StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("ab2c") = true
           StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("ab-c") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if only contains letters, digits or space, and is non-null
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from isAlphanumericSpace(String) to isAlphanumericSpace(CharSequence)

    - #### isAsciiPrintable

          public static boolean isAsciiPrintable(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only ASCII printable characters.

      `null` will return `false`. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return `true`.

           StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable(null)     = false
           StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("")       = true
           StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable(" ")      = true
           StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("Ceki")   = true
           StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("ab2c")   = true
           StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("!ab-c~") = true
           StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable(" ") = true
           StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("!") = true
           StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("~") = true
           StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("") = false
           StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("Ceki Gülcü") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if every character is in the range 32 thru 126
      Since:
        2.1, 3.0 Changed signature from isAsciiPrintable(String) to isAsciiPrintable(CharSequence)

    - #### isNumeric

          public static boolean isNumeric(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode digits. A decimal point is not a Unicode digit and returns false.

      `null` will return `false`. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return `false`.

      Note that the method does not allow for a leading sign, either positive or negative. Also, if a String passes the numeric test, it may still generate a NumberFormatException when parsed by Integer.parseInt or Long.parseLong, e.g. if the value is outside the range for int or long respectively.

           StringUtils.isNumeric(null)   = false
           StringUtils.isNumeric("")     = false
           StringUtils.isNumeric("  ")   = false
           StringUtils.isNumeric("123")  = true
           StringUtils.isNumeric("12 3") = false
           StringUtils.isNumeric("ab2c") = false
           StringUtils.isNumeric("12-3") = false
           StringUtils.isNumeric("12.3") = false
           StringUtils.isNumeric("-123") = false
           StringUtils.isNumeric("+123") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if only contains digits, and is non-null
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from isNumeric(String) to isNumeric(CharSequence), 3.0 Changed "" to return false and not true

    - #### isNumericSpace

          public static boolean isNumericSpace(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only Unicode digits or space (`' '`). A decimal point is not a Unicode digit and returns false.

      `null` will return `false`. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return `true`.

           StringUtils.isNumericSpace(null)   = false
           StringUtils.isNumericSpace("")     = true
           StringUtils.isNumericSpace("  ")   = true
           StringUtils.isNumericSpace("123")  = true
           StringUtils.isNumericSpace("12 3") = true
           StringUtils.isNumericSpace("ab2c") = false
           StringUtils.isNumericSpace("12-3") = false
           StringUtils.isNumericSpace("12.3") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if only contains digits or space, and is non-null
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from isNumericSpace(String) to isNumericSpace(CharSequence)

    - #### isWhitespace

          public static boolean isWhitespace(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only whitespace.

      `null` will return `false`. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return `true`.

           StringUtils.isWhitespace(null)   = false
           StringUtils.isWhitespace("")     = true
           StringUtils.isWhitespace("  ")   = true
           StringUtils.isWhitespace("abc")  = false
           StringUtils.isWhitespace("ab2c") = false
           StringUtils.isWhitespace("ab-c") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if only contains whitespace, and is non-null
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from isWhitespace(String) to isWhitespace(CharSequence)

    - #### isAllLowerCase

          public static boolean isAllLowerCase(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only lowercase characters.

      `null` will return `false`. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return `false`.

           StringUtils.isAllLowerCase(null)   = false
           StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("")     = false
           StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("  ")   = false
           StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("abc")  = true
           StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("abC") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if only contains lowercase characters, and is non-null
      Since:
        2.5, 3.0 Changed signature from isAllLowerCase(String) to isAllLowerCase(CharSequence)

    - #### isAllUpperCase

          public static boolean isAllUpperCase(CharSequence cs)

      Checks if the CharSequence contains only uppercase characters.

      `null` will return `false`. An empty String (length()=0) will return `false`.

           StringUtils.isAllUpperCase(null)   = false
           StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("")     = false
           StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("  ")   = false
           StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("ABC")  = true
           StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("aBC") = false

      Parameters:
        `cs` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if only contains uppercase characters, and is non-null
      Since:
        2.5, 3.0 Changed signature from isAllUpperCase(String) to isAllUpperCase(CharSequence)

    - #### defaultString

          public static String defaultString(String str)

      Returns either the passed in String, or if the String is `null`, an empty String ("").

           StringUtils.defaultString(null)  = ""
           StringUtils.defaultString("")    = ""
           StringUtils.defaultString("bat") = "bat"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to check, may be null
      Returns:
        the passed in String, or the empty String if it was `null`
      See Also:
        `ObjectUtils.toString(Object)`, `String.valueOf(Object)`

    - #### defaultString

          public static String defaultString(String str,
                             String defaultStr)

      Returns either the passed in String, or if the String is `null`, the value of `defaultStr`.

           StringUtils.defaultString(null, "NULL")  = "NULL"
           StringUtils.defaultString("", "NULL")    = ""
           StringUtils.defaultString("bat", "NULL") = "bat"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to check, may be null
        `defaultStr` - the default String to return if the input is `null`, may be null
      Returns:
        the passed in String, or the default if it was `null`
      See Also:
        `ObjectUtils.toString(Object,String)`, `String.valueOf(Object)`

    - #### defaultIfBlank

          public static <T extends CharSequence> T defaultIfBlank(T str,
                                                  T defaultStr)

      Returns either the passed in CharSequence, or if the CharSequence is whitespace, empty ("") or `null`, the value of `defaultStr`.

           StringUtils.defaultIfBlank(null, "NULL")  = "NULL"
           StringUtils.defaultIfBlank("", "NULL")    = "NULL"
           StringUtils.defaultIfBlank(" ", "NULL")   = "NULL"
           StringUtils.defaultIfBlank("bat", "NULL") = "bat"
           StringUtils.defaultIfBlank("", null)      = null

      Type Parameters:
        `T` - the specific kind of CharSequence
      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `defaultStr` - the default CharSequence to return if the input is whitespace, empty ("") or `null`, may be null
      Returns:
        the passed in CharSequence, or the default
      See Also:
        `defaultString(String, String)`

    - #### defaultIfEmpty

          public static <T extends CharSequence> T defaultIfEmpty(T str,
                                                  T defaultStr)

      Returns either the passed in CharSequence, or if the CharSequence is empty or `null`, the value of `defaultStr`.

           StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty(null, "NULL")  = "NULL"
           StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty("", "NULL")    = "NULL"
           StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty(" ", "NULL")   = " "
           StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty("bat", "NULL") = "bat"
           StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty("", null)      = null

      Type Parameters:
        `T` - the specific kind of CharSequence
      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `defaultStr` - the default CharSequence to return if the input is empty ("") or `null`, may be null
      Returns:
        the passed in CharSequence, or the default
      See Also:
        `defaultString(String, String)`

    - #### reverse

          public static String reverse(String str)

      Reverses a String as per `StringBuilder.reverse()`.

      A `null` String returns `null`.

           StringUtils.reverse(null)  = null
           StringUtils.reverse("")    = ""
           StringUtils.reverse("bat") = "tab"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to reverse, may be null
      Returns:
        the reversed String, `null` if null String input

    - #### reverseDelimited

          public static String reverseDelimited(String str,
                                char separatorChar)

      Reverses a String that is delimited by a specific character.

      The Strings between the delimiters are not reversed. Thus java.lang.String becomes String.lang.java (if the delimiter is `'.'`).

           StringUtils.reverseDelimited(null, *)      = null
           StringUtils.reverseDelimited("", *)        = ""
           StringUtils.reverseDelimited("a.b.c", 'x') = "a.b.c"
           StringUtils.reverseDelimited("a.b.c", ".") = "c.b.a"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to reverse, may be null
        `separatorChar` - the separator character to use
      Returns:
        the reversed String, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### abbreviate

          public static String abbreviate(String str,
                          int maxWidth)

      Abbreviates a String using ellipses. This will turn "Now is the time for all good men" into "Now is the time for..."

      Specifically:

      - If `str` is less than `maxWidth` characters long, return it.
      - Else abbreviate it to `(substring(str, 0, max-3) + "...")`.
      - If `maxWidth` is less than `4`, throw an `IllegalArgumentException`.
      - In no case will it return a String of length greater than `maxWidth`.

           StringUtils.abbreviate(null, *)      = null
           StringUtils.abbreviate("", 4)        = ""
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 6) = "abc..."
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 7) = "abcdefg"
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 8) = "abcdefg"
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 4) = "a..."
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 3) = IllegalArgumentException

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to check, may be null
        `maxWidth` - maximum length of result String, must be at least 4
      Returns:
        abbreviated String, `null` if null String input
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the width is too small
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### abbreviate

          public static String abbreviate(String str,
                          int offset,
                          int maxWidth)

      Abbreviates a String using ellipses. This will turn "Now is the time for all good men" into "...is the time for..."

      Works like `abbreviate(String, int)`, but allows you to specify a "left edge" offset. Note that this left edge is not necessarily going to be the leftmost character in the result, or the first character following the ellipses, but it will appear somewhere in the result.

      In no case will it return a String of length greater than `maxWidth`.

           StringUtils.abbreviate(null, *, *)                = null
           StringUtils.abbreviate("", 0, 4)                  = ""
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", -1, 10) = "abcdefg..."
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 0, 10)  = "abcdefg..."
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 1, 10)  = "abcdefg..."
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 4, 10)  = "abcdefg..."
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 5, 10)  = "...fghi..."
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 6, 10)  = "...ghij..."
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 8, 10)  = "...ijklmno"
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 10, 10) = "...ijklmno"
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 12, 10) = "...ijklmno"
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghij", 0, 3)        = IllegalArgumentException
           StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghij", 5, 6)        = IllegalArgumentException

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to check, may be null
        `offset` - left edge of source String
        `maxWidth` - maximum length of result String, must be at least 4
      Returns:
        abbreviated String, `null` if null String input
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the width is too small
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### abbreviateMiddle

          public static String abbreviateMiddle(String str,
                                String middle,
                                int length)

      Abbreviates a String to the length passed, replacing the middle characters with the supplied replacement String.

      This abbreviation only occurs if the following criteria is met:

      - Neither the String for abbreviation nor the replacement String are null or empty
      - The length to truncate to is less than the length of the supplied String
      - The length to truncate to is greater than 0
      - The abbreviated String will have enough room for the length supplied replacement String and the first and last characters of the supplied String for abbreviation

      Otherwise, the returned String will be the same as the supplied String for abbreviation.

           StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle(null, null, 0)      = null
           StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abc", null, 0)      = "abc"
           StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abc", ".", 0)      = "abc"
           StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abc", ".", 3)      = "abc"
           StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abcdef", ".", 4)     = "ab.f"

      Parameters:
        `str` - the String to abbreviate, may be null
        `middle` - the String to replace the middle characters with, may be null
        `length` - the length to abbreviate `str` to.
      Returns:
        the abbreviated String if the above criteria is met, or the original String supplied for abbreviation.
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### difference

          public static String difference(String str1,
                          String str2)

      Compares two Strings, and returns the portion where they differ. More precisely, return the remainder of the second String, starting from where it's different from the first. This means that the difference between "abc" and "ab" is the empty String and not "c".

      For example, `difference("i am a machine", "i am a robot") -> "robot"`.

           StringUtils.difference(null, null) = null
           StringUtils.difference("", "") = ""
           StringUtils.difference("", "abc") = "abc"
           StringUtils.difference("abc", "") = ""
           StringUtils.difference("abc", "abc") = ""
           StringUtils.difference("abc", "ab") = ""
           StringUtils.difference("ab", "abxyz") = "xyz"
           StringUtils.difference("abcde", "abxyz") = "xyz"
           StringUtils.difference("abcde", "xyz") = "xyz"

      Parameters:
        `str1` - the first String, may be null
        `str2` - the second String, may be null
      Returns:
        the portion of str2 where it differs from str1; returns the empty String if they are equal
      Since:
        2.0
      See Also:
        `indexOfDifference(CharSequence,CharSequence)`

    - #### indexOfDifference

          public static int indexOfDifference(CharSequence cs1,
                              CharSequence cs2)

      Compares two CharSequences, and returns the index at which the CharSequences begin to differ.

      For example, `indexOfDifference("i am a machine", "i am a robot") -> 7`

           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(null, null) = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference("", "") = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference("", "abc") = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abc", "") = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abc", "abc") = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference("ab", "abxyz") = 2
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abcde", "abxyz") = 2
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abcde", "xyz") = 0

      Parameters:
        `cs1` - the first CharSequence, may be null
        `cs2` - the second CharSequence, may be null
      Returns:
        the index where cs1 and cs2 begin to differ; -1 if they are equal
      Since:
        2.0, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfDifference(String, String) to indexOfDifference(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### indexOfDifference

          public static int indexOfDifference(CharSequence... css)

      Compares all CharSequences in an array and returns the index at which the CharSequences begin to differ.

      For example, `indexOfDifference(new String[] {"i am a machine", "i am a robot"}) -> 7`

           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(null) = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {}) = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc"}) = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {null, null}) = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"", ""}) = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"", null}) = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", null, null}) = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {null, null, "abc"}) = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"", "abc"}) = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", ""}) = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", "abc"}) = -1
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", "a"}) = 1
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"ab", "abxyz"}) = 2
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abcde", "abxyz"}) = 2
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abcde", "xyz"}) = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"xyz", "abcde"}) = 0
           StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"i am a machine", "i am a robot"}) = 7

      Parameters:
        `css` - array of CharSequences, entries may be null
      Returns:
        the index where the strings begin to differ; -1 if they are all equal
      Since:
        2.4, 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfDifference(String...) to indexOfDifference(CharSequence...)

    - #### getCommonPrefix

          public static String getCommonPrefix(String... strs)

      Compares all Strings in an array and returns the initial sequence of characters that is common to all of them.

      For example, `getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"i am a machine", "i am a robot"}) -> "i am a "`

           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(null) = ""
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {}) = ""
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc"}) = "abc"
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {null, null}) = ""
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"", ""}) = ""
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"", null}) = ""
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", null, null}) = ""
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {null, null, "abc"}) = ""
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"", "abc"}) = ""
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", ""}) = ""
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", "abc"}) = "abc"
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", "a"}) = "a"
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"ab", "abxyz"}) = "ab"
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abcde", "abxyz"}) = "ab"
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abcde", "xyz"}) = ""
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"xyz", "abcde"}) = ""
           StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"i am a machine", "i am a robot"}) = "i am a "

      Parameters:
        `strs` - array of String objects, entries may be null
      Returns:
        the initial sequence of characters that are common to all Strings in the array; empty String if the array is null, the elements are all null or if there is no common prefix.
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### getLevenshteinDistance

          public static int getLevenshteinDistance(CharSequence s,
                                   CharSequence t)

      Find the Levenshtein distance between two Strings.

      This is the number of changes needed to change one String into another, where each change is a single character modification (deletion, insertion or substitution).

      The previous implementation of the Levenshtein distance algorithm was from http://www.merriampark.com/ld.htm

      Chas Emerick has written an implementation in Java, which avoids an OutOfMemoryError which can occur when my Java implementation is used with very large strings.
      This implementation of the Levenshtein distance algorithm is from http://www.merriampark.com/ldjava.htm

           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(null, *)             = IllegalArgumentException
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(*, null)             = IllegalArgumentException
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("","")               = 0
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("","a")              = 1
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("aaapppp", "")       = 7
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("frog", "fog")       = 1
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("fly", "ant")        = 3
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("elephant", "hippo") = 7
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hippo", "elephant") = 7
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hippo", "zzzzzzzz") = 8
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hello", "hallo")    = 1

      Parameters:
        `s` - the first String, must not be null
        `t` - the second String, must not be null
      Returns:
        result distance
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if either String input `null`
      Since:
        3.0 Changed signature from getLevenshteinDistance(String, String) to getLevenshteinDistance(CharSequence, CharSequence)

    - #### getLevenshteinDistance

          public static int getLevenshteinDistance(CharSequence s,
                                   CharSequence t,
                                   int threshold)

      Find the Levenshtein distance between two Strings if it's less than or equal to a given threshold.

      This is the number of changes needed to change one String into another, where each change is a single character modification (deletion, insertion or substitution).

      This implementation follows from Algorithms on Strings, Trees and Sequences by Dan Gusfield and Chas Emerick's implementation of the Levenshtein distance algorithm from http://www.merriampark.com/ld.htm

           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(null, *, *)             = IllegalArgumentException
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(*, null, *)             = IllegalArgumentException
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(*, *, -1)               = IllegalArgumentException
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("","", 0)               = 0
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("aaapppp", "", 8)       = 7
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("aaapppp", "", 7)       = 7
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("aaapppp", "", 6))      = -1
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("elephant", "hippo", 7) = 7
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("elephant", "hippo", 6) = -1
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hippo", "elephant", 7) = 7
           StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hippo", "elephant", 6) = -1

      Parameters:
        `s` - the first String, must not be null
        `t` - the second String, must not be null
        `threshold` - the target threshold, must not be negative
      Returns:
        result distance, or `-1` if the distance would be greater than the threshold
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if either String input `null` or negative threshold

    - #### getJaroWinklerDistance

          public static double getJaroWinklerDistance(CharSequence first,
                                      CharSequence second)

      Find the Jaro Winkler Distance which indicates the similarity score between two Strings.

      The Jaro measure is the weighted sum of percentage of matched characters from each file and transposed characters. Winkler increased this measure for matching initial characters.

      This implementation is based on the Jaro Winkler similarity algorithm from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaro%E2%80%93Winkler_distance.

           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance(null, null)          = IllegalArgumentException
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("","")               = 0.0
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("","a")              = 0.0
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("aaapppp", "")       = 0.0
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("frog", "fog")       = 0.93
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("fly", "ant")        = 0.0
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("elephant", "hippo") = 0.44
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("hippo", "elephant") = 0.44
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("hippo", "zzzzzzzz") = 0.0
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("hello", "hallo")    = 0.88
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("ABC Corporation", "ABC Corp") = 0.91
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("D N H Enterprises Inc", "D & H Enterprises, Inc.") = 0.93
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("My Gym Children's Fitness Center", "My Gym. Childrens Fitness") = 0.94
           StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("PENNSYLVANIA", "PENNCISYLVNIA")    = 0.9

      Parameters:
        `first` - the first String, must not be null
        `second` - the second String, must not be null
      Returns:
        result distance
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if either String input `null`
      Since:
        3.3

    - #### startsWith

          public static boolean startsWith(CharSequence str,
                           CharSequence prefix)

      Check if a CharSequence starts with a specified prefix.

      `null`s are handled without exceptions. Two `null` references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case sensitive.

           StringUtils.startsWith(null, null)      = true
           StringUtils.startsWith(null, "abc")     = false
           StringUtils.startsWith("abcdef", null)  = false
           StringUtils.startsWith("abcdef", "abc") = true
           StringUtils.startsWith("ABCDEF", "abc") = false

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `prefix` - the prefix to find, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence starts with the prefix, case sensitive, or both `null`
      Since:
        2.4, 3.0 Changed signature from startsWith(String, String) to startsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence)
      See Also:
        `String.startsWith(String)`

    - #### startsWithIgnoreCase

          public static boolean startsWithIgnoreCase(CharSequence str,
                                     CharSequence prefix)

      Case insensitive check if a CharSequence starts with a specified prefix.

      `null`s are handled without exceptions. Two `null` references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case insensitive.

           StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase(null, null)      = true
           StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase(null, "abc")     = false
           StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", null)  = false
           StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", "abc") = true
           StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase("ABCDEF", "abc") = true

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `prefix` - the prefix to find, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence starts with the prefix, case insensitive, or both `null`
      Since:
        2.4, 3.0 Changed signature from startsWithIgnoreCase(String, String) to startsWithIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)
      See Also:
        `String.startsWith(String)`

    - #### startsWithAny

          public static boolean startsWithAny(CharSequence string,
                              CharSequence... searchStrings)

      Check if a CharSequence starts with any of an array of specified strings.

           StringUtils.startsWithAny(null, null)      = false
           StringUtils.startsWithAny(null, new String[] {"abc"})  = false
           StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", null)     = false
           StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {""}) = false
           StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {"abc"}) = true
           StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {null, "xyz", "abc"}) = true

      Parameters:
        `string` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchStrings` - the CharSequences to find, may be null or empty
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence starts with any of the the prefixes, case insensitive, or both `null`
      Since:
        2.5, 3.0 Changed signature from startsWithAny(String, String[]) to startsWithAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...)

    - #### endsWith

          public static boolean endsWith(CharSequence str,
                         CharSequence suffix)

      Check if a CharSequence ends with a specified suffix.

      `null`s are handled without exceptions. Two `null` references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case sensitive.

           StringUtils.endsWith(null, null)      = true
           StringUtils.endsWith(null, "def")     = false
           StringUtils.endsWith("abcdef", null)  = false
           StringUtils.endsWith("abcdef", "def") = true
           StringUtils.endsWith("ABCDEF", "def") = false
           StringUtils.endsWith("ABCDEF", "cde") = false

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `suffix` - the suffix to find, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence ends with the suffix, case sensitive, or both `null`
      Since:
        2.4, 3.0 Changed signature from endsWith(String, String) to endsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence)
      See Also:
        `String.endsWith(String)`

    - #### endsWithIgnoreCase

          public static boolean endsWithIgnoreCase(CharSequence str,
                                   CharSequence suffix)

      Case insensitive check if a CharSequence ends with a specified suffix.

      `null`s are handled without exceptions. Two `null` references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case insensitive.

           StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase(null, null)      = true
           StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase(null, "def")     = false
           StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", null)  = false
           StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", "def") = true
           StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("ABCDEF", "def") = true
           StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("ABCDEF", "cde") = false

      Parameters:
        `str` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `suffix` - the suffix to find, may be null
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence ends with the suffix, case insensitive, or both `null`
      Since:
        2.4, 3.0 Changed signature from endsWithIgnoreCase(String, String) to endsWithIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)
      See Also:
        `String.endsWith(String)`

    - #### normalizeSpace

          public static String normalizeSpace(String str)

      Similar to http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#function-normalize -space

      The function returns the argument string with whitespace normalized by using ``trim(String)`` to remove leading and trailing whitespace and then replacing sequences of whitespace characters by a single space.

      In XML Whitespace characters are the same as those allowed by the S production, which is S ::= (#x20 | #x9 | #xD | #xA)+

      Java's regexp pattern \s defines whitespace as [ \t\n\x0B\f\r]

      For reference:

      - \x0B = vertical tab
      - \f = #xC = form feed
      - #x20 = space
      - #x9 = \t
      - #xA = \n
      - #xD = \r

      The difference is that Java's whitespace includes vertical tab and form feed, which this functional will also normalize. Additionally ``trim(String)`` removes control characters (char <= 32) from both ends of this String.

      Parameters:
        `str` - the source String to normalize whitespaces from, may be null
      Returns:
        the modified string with whitespace normalized, `null` if null String input
      Since:
        3.0
      See Also:
        `Pattern`, `trim(String)`, http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#function-normalize-space

    - #### endsWithAny

          public static boolean endsWithAny(CharSequence string,
                            CharSequence... searchStrings)

      Check if a CharSequence ends with any of an array of specified strings.

           StringUtils.endsWithAny(null, null)      = false
           StringUtils.endsWithAny(null, new String[] {"abc"})  = false
           StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", null)     = false
           StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {""}) = true
           StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {"xyz"}) = true
           StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {null, "xyz", "abc"}) = true

      Parameters:
        `string` - the CharSequence to check, may be null
        `searchStrings` - the CharSequences to find, may be null or empty
      Returns:
        `true` if the CharSequence ends with any of the the prefixes, case insensitive, or both `null`
      Since:
        3.0

    - #### appendIfMissing

          public static String appendIfMissing(String str,
                               CharSequence suffix,
                               CharSequence... suffixes)

      Appends the suffix to the end of the string if the string does not already end with any the suffixes.

           StringUtils.appendIfMissing(null, null) = null
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", null) = "abc"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("", "xyz") = "xyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", "xyz") = "abcxyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcxyz", "xyz") = "abcxyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcXYZ", "xyz") = "abcXYZxyz"

      With additional suffixes,

           StringUtils.appendIfMissing(null, null, null) = null
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", null, null) = "abc"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("", "xyz", null) = "xyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", "xyz", new CharSequence[]{null}) = "abcxyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", "xyz", "") = "abc"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", "xyz", "mno") = "abcxyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcxyz", "xyz", "mno") = "abcxyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcmno", "xyz", "mno") = "abcmno"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcXYZ", "xyz", "mno") = "abcXYZxyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcMNO", "xyz", "mno") = "abcMNOxyz"

      Parameters:
        `str` - The string.
        `suffix` - The suffix to append to the end of the string.
        `suffixes` - Additional suffixes that are valid terminators.
      Returns:
        A new String if suffix was appened, the same string otherwise.
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### appendIfMissingIgnoreCase

          public static String appendIfMissingIgnoreCase(String str,
                                         CharSequence suffix,
                                         CharSequence... suffixes)

      Appends the suffix to the end of the string if the string does not already end, case insensitive, with any of the suffixes.

           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase(null, null) = null
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", null) = "abc"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("", "xyz") = "xyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz") = "abcxyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcxyz", "xyz") = "abcxyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcXYZ", "xyz") = "abcXYZ"

      With additional suffixes,

           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase(null, null, null) = null
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", null, null) = "abc"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("", "xyz", null) = "xyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", new CharSequence[]{null}) = "abcxyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", "") = "abc"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", "mno") = "axyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcxyz", "xyz", "mno") = "abcxyz"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcmno", "xyz", "mno") = "abcmno"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcXYZ", "xyz", "mno") = "abcXYZ"
           StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcMNO", "xyz", "mno") = "abcMNO"

      Parameters:
        `str` - The string.
        `suffix` - The suffix to append to the end of the string.
        `suffixes` - Additional suffixes that are valid terminators.
      Returns:
        A new String if suffix was appened, the same string otherwise.
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### prependIfMissing

          public static String prependIfMissing(String str,
                                CharSequence prefix,
                                CharSequence... prefixes)

      Prepends the prefix to the start of the string if the string does not already start with any of the prefixes.

           StringUtils.prependIfMissing(null, null) = null
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", null) = "abc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("", "xyz") = "xyz"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", "xyz") = "xyzabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("xyzabc", "xyz") = "xyzabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("XYZabc", "xyz") = "xyzXYZabc"

      With additional prefixes,

           StringUtils.prependIfMissing(null, null, null) = null
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", null, null) = "abc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("", "xyz", null) = "xyz"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", "xyz", new CharSequence[]{null}) = "xyzabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", "xyz", "") = "abc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("xyzabc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("mnoabc", "xyz", "mno") = "mnoabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("XYZabc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzXYZabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissing("MNOabc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzMNOabc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - The string.
        `prefix` - The prefix to prepend to the start of the string.
        `prefixes` - Additional prefixes that are valid.
      Returns:
        A new String if prefix was prepended, the same string otherwise.
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### prependIfMissingIgnoreCase

          public static String prependIfMissingIgnoreCase(String str,
                                          CharSequence prefix,
                                          CharSequence... prefixes)

      Prepends the prefix to the start of the string if the string does not already start, case insensitive, with any of the prefixes.

           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase(null, null) = null
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", null) = "abc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("", "xyz") = "xyz"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz") = "xyzabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("xyzabc", "xyz") = "xyzabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("XYZabc", "xyz") = "XYZabc"

      With additional prefixes,

           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase(null, null, null) = null
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", null, null) = "abc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("", "xyz", null) = "xyz"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", new CharSequence[]{null}) = "xyzabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", "") = "abc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("xyzabc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("mnoabc", "xyz", "mno") = "mnoabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("XYZabc", "xyz", "mno") = "XYZabc"
           StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("MNOabc", "xyz", "mno") = "MNOabc"

      Parameters:
        `str` - The string.
        `prefix` - The prefix to prepend to the start of the string.
        `prefixes` - Additional prefixes that are valid (optional).
      Returns:
        A new String if prefix was prepended, the same string otherwise.
      Since:
        3.2

    - #### toString

          @Deprecated
          public static String toString(byte[] bytes,
                                   String charsetName)
                                 throws UnsupportedEncodingException

      Deprecated. use `toEncodedString(byte[], Charset)` instead of String constants in your code
      Converts a `byte[]` to a String using the specified character encoding.
      Parameters:
        `bytes` - the byte array to read from
        `charsetName` - the encoding to use, if null then use the platform default
      Returns:
        a new String
      Throws:
        `UnsupportedEncodingException` - If the named charset is not supported
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
      Since:
        3.1

    - #### toEncodedString

          public static String toEncodedString(byte[] bytes,
                               Charset charset)

      Converts a `byte[]` to a String using the specified character encoding.
      Parameters:
        `bytes` - the byte array to read from
        `charset` - the encoding to use, if null then use the platform default
      Returns:
        a new String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if `bytes` is null
      Since:
        3.2, 3.3 No longer throws `UnsupportedEncodingException`.

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