Overview.bs

<h1>CSS Writing Modes Level 3</h1>

<pre class='metadata'>
Shortname: css-writing-modes
Level: 3
Status: ED
Date: 2014-03-20
Deadline: 2014-09-20
Group: csswg
ED: http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-writing-modes-3/
TR: http://www.w3.org/TR/css-writing-modes-3/
Previous Version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css-writing-modes-3-20131126/
!Issue Tracking: <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Tracker/products/30">http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Tracker/products/30</a>
Editor: fantasai, Invited Expert, http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact
Editor: Koji Ishii, Invited Expert, kojiishi@gluesoft.co.jp
Former Editor: Shinyu Murakami, <a href="http://www.antenna.co.jp/">Antenna House</a>, murakami@antenna.co.jp
Former Editor: Paul Nelson, <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/">Microsoft</a>, paulnel@microsoft.com
Former Editor: Michel Suignard, <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/">Microsoft</a>, michelsu@microsoft.com
Abstract: CSS Writing Modes Level 3 defines CSS support for various international writing modes, such as left-to-right (e.g. Latin or Indic), right-to-left (e.g. Hebrew or Arabic), bidirectional (e.g. mixed Latin and Arabic) and vertical (e.g. Asian scripts).
At Risk: The ''use-glyph-orientation'' of 'text-orientation'
At Risk: The ''digits'' value of 'text-combine-upright'.
At Risk: The look-ahead/look-behind sequencing rules for 'text-combine-upright'.
Ignored Terms: glyph orientation, *-left, *-right, *-top, *-bottom, block containers, text-combine-mode
Link Defaults: css21 (property) display/min-height/max-height/min-width/max-width/clip, css-text-3 (property) letter-spacing, css-text-decor-3 (property) text-decoration, svg2 (property) glyph-orientation-vertical/glyph-orientation-horizontal
</pre>

<style>
object { vertical-align: middle; }
.sidebar { float: right; background: #eee; border: solid gray; margin: 1em; }
.sidebar .figure { margin: 1em; }
.sidebar object { margin: 0 auto; display: block; }
.figurepair { display: table; margin: 1em auto; }
.figurepair .figure { display: table-cell; padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; }
h2, .example { clear: both; }
.figure img,
.figure object,
.example img,
dd img { max-width: 100%; display: block; margin: 1em auto; }
div.figure table {
  margin:auto;
}
</style>


<h2 id="text-flow">
Introduction to Writing Modes</h2>

  <p>CSS Writing Modes Level 3 defines CSS features to support for various international
    writing modes, such as left-to-right (e.g. Latin or Indic), right-to-left
    (e.g. Hebrew or Arabic), bidirectional (e.g. mixed Latin and Arabic) and
    vertical (e.g. Asian scripts).</p>

  <p>A <dfn export>writing mode</dfn> in CSS is determined by the 'writing-mode',
    'direction', and 'text-orientation' properties. It is defined primarily
    in terms of its <i>inline base direction</i> and <i>block flow direction</i>:

  <div class="sidebar">
    <div class="figure right">
      <a href="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-tb.svg">
        <img src="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-tb.png" class="landscape"
          alt="Latin-based writing mode"></a>
      <p class="caption">Latin-based writing mode
    </div>
    <div class="figure left">
      <a href="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-lr-reverse.svg">
        <img src="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-lr-reverse.png" class="landscape"
          alt="Mongolian-based writing mode"></a>
      <p class="caption">Mongolian-based writing mode
    </div>
    <div class="figure right">
      <a href="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-tb.svg">
        <img src="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-tb.png" class="landscape"
          alt="Han-based writing mode"></a>
      <a href="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-rl.svg">
        <img src="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-rl.png" class="landscape"
          alt="Han-based writing mode"></a>
      <p class="caption">Han-based writing mode
    </div>
  </div>

  <p>The <dfn export>inline base direction</dfn> is the primary direction in which
    content is ordered on a line and defines on which sides the “start”
    and “end” of a line are. The 'direction' property specifies the
    inline base direction of a box and, together with the 'unicode-bidi'
    property and the inherent directionality of any text content, determines
    the ordering of inline-level content within a line.

  <p>The <dfn export>block flow direction</dfn> is the direction in which
    block-level boxes stack  and the direction in which line boxes stack
    within a block container. The 'writing-mode' property determines the
    block flow direction.</p>

  <p>A <dfn export>horizontal writing mode</dfn> is one with horizontal lines of
    text, i.e. a downward or upward block flow.
    A <dfn export>vertical writing mode</dfn> is one with vertical lines of text,
    i.e. a leftward or rightward block flow.

  <p class="note">These terms should not be confused with
    <dfn>vertical block flow</dfn> (which is a downward or
    upward block flow) and <dfn>horizontal block flow</dfn> (which is
    leftward or rightward block flow). To avoid confusion, CSS
    specifications avoid this latter set of terms.</p>

  <p>Writing systems typically have one or two native writing modes. Some
    examples are:
  <ul>
    <li>Latin-based systems are typically written using a left-to-right inline
      direction with a downward (top-to-bottom) block flow direction.
    <li>Arabic-based systems are typically written using a right-to-left
      inline direction with a downward (top-to-bottom) block flow direction.
    <li>Mongolian-based systems are typically written using a top-to-bottom
      inline direction with a rightward (left-to-right) block flow direction.
    <li>Han-based systems are commonly written using a left-to-right inline direction
      with a downward (top-to-bottom) block flow direction, <strong>or</strong>
      a top-to-bottom inline direction with a leftward (right-to-left) block
      flow direction. Many magazines and newspapers will mix these two writing
      modes on the same page.
  </ul>

  <p>The 'text-orientation' component of the writing mode determines the
    <i>line orientation</i>, and controls
    details of text layout such as the <i>glyph orientation</i>.

  <p class="note">See Unicode Technical Note #22 [[UTN22]]
    (<a href="http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/style/discuss/vertical-text/paper">HTML version</a>)
    for a more in-depth introduction to writing modes and vertical text.

<h3 id="placement">
Module Interactions</h3>

  <p>This module replaces and extends the 'unicode-bidi' and 'direction'
  features defined in [[!CSS21]] sections 8.6 and 9.10.

<h3 id="values">
Values</h3>

  <p>This specification follows the
  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/about.html#property-defs">CSS property
  definition conventions</a> from [[!CSS21]]. Value types not defined in
  this specification are defined in CSS Level 2 Revision 1 [[!CSS21]].
  Other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types: for
  example [[CSS3COLOR]], when combined with this module, expands the
  definition of the &lt;color&gt; value type as used in this specification.</p>

  <p>In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions,
  all properties defined in this specification also accept the
  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/cascade.html#value-def-inherit">inherit</a>
  keyword as their property value. For readability it has not been repeated
  explicitly.


<a id="bidi" title=''></a>
<h2 id="text-direction">
Inline Direction and Bidirectionality</h2>

  <p>While the characters in most scripts are written from left to right,
    certain scripts are written from right to left. In some documents,
    in particular those written with the Arabic  or Hebrew script, and in
    some mixed-language contexts, text in a single (visually displayed)
    block may appear with mixed directionality. This phenomenon is called
    <dfn export>bidirectionality</dfn>, or "bidi" for short.</p>

  <div class="figure">
    <p><img src="diagrams/bidi.png"
            alt="An example of bidirectional text is a Latin name in an Arabic
                 sentence. The sentence overall is typeset right-to-left, but
                 the letters in the Latin word in the middle are typeset
                 left-to-right.">
    <p class="caption">Bidirectionality</p>
  </div>

  <p>The Unicode standard (<a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/">Unicode Standard Annex #9</a>) defines a complex
    algorithm for determining the proper ordering of bidirectional text. The
    algorithm consists of an implicit part based on character properties,
    as well as explicit controls for embeddings and overrides. CSS relies
    on this algorithm to achieve proper bidirectional rendering.

  <p>User agents that support bidirectional text must apply the Unicode
    bidirectional algorithm to every sequence of inline-level boxes uninterrupted
    by any block boundary or
    &ldquo;<a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Bidirectional_Character_Types">bidi type B</a>&rdquo;
    <dfn export>forced paragraph break</dfn>.
    This sequence forms the <dfn export title="bidi paragraph">paragraph</dfn> unit
    in the bidirectional algorithm.

  <p>Two CSS properties, 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi',
    provide explicit embedding, isolation, and override controls in the CSS layer.
    Because the base directionality of a text depends on the structure and
    semantics of the document, the 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties
    should in most cases be used only to map bidi information in the markup
    to its corresponding CSS styles.
    <strong>If a document language provides markup features to control
    bidi, authors and users should use those features instead</strong> and not
    specify CSS rules to override them.</p>

  <p>In CSS,
    the paragraph embedding level must be set
    (following <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#HL1">UAX9 clause HL1</a>)
    according to the 'direction' property of the paragraph's containing block
    rather than by the heuristic given in steps
    <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#P2">P2</a> and
    <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#P2">P3</a>
    of the Unicode algorithm.
    There is, however, one exception:
    when the computed 'unicode-bidi' of the paragraph's containing block is ''plaintext'',
    the Unicode heuristics in P2 and P3 are used as described in [[!UAX9]],
    without the HL1 override.

  <p>The HTML specifications ([[HTML401]], section 8.2, and [[HTML5]], section 10.3.5) define
    bidirectionality behavior for HTML elements.</p>

  <p class="note">Because HTML UAs can turn off CSS styling, we advise HTML
    authors to use the HTML <code>dir</code> attribute and &lt;bdo&gt; element to
    ensure correct bidirectional layout in the absence of a style sheet.</p>

<h3 id="direction">
Specifying Directionality: the 'direction' property</h3>

  <pre class='propdef'>
  Name: direction
  Value: ltr | rtl
  Initial: ltr
  Applies to: all elements
  Inherited: yes
  Percentages: n/a
  Media: visual
  Computed value: specified value
  Animatable: no
  Canonical order: n/a
  </pre>

  <p>This property specifies the inline base direction or directionality
    of any bidi paragraph, embedding, isolate, or override established by the box.
    (See 'unicode-bidi'.) <!-- except plaintext -->
    In addition, it informs the ordering of
    <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/tables.html">table</a> column layout,
    the direction of horizontal <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visufx.html#overflow">overflow</a>,
    and the default alignment of text within a line, and other layout effects
    that depend on the box's inline base direction.</p>

  <p>Values for this property have the following meanings:</p>

  <dl dfn-for=direction dfn-type=value>
   <dt><dfn>ltr</dfn></dt>
   <dd>Left-to-right directionality.</dd>
   <dt><dfn>rtl</dfn></dt>
   <dd>Right-to-left directionality.</dd>
  </dl>

  <p class="note">The 'direction' property has no effect on bidi reordering
    when specified on inline boxes whose 'unicode-bidi' property's
    value is ''normal'', because the box does not open an additional level
    of embedding with respect to the bidirectional algorithm.</p>

  <p>The value of the 'direction' property on the root element is also
    propagated to the initial containing block and, together with the
    'writing-mode' property, determines the document's principal writing
    mode. (See <a href="#principal-writing-mode">below</a>.)

  <p class="note">Note that the 'direction' property of the HTML BODY
    element is <em>not</em> propagated to the viewport. That special
    behavior only applies to the background and overflow properties.

  <p class="note">The 'direction'
     property, when specified for table column boxes, is not inherited by
     cells in the column since columns are not the ancestors of the cells in
     the document tree. Thus, CSS cannot easily capture the "dir" attribute
     inheritance rules described in [[HTML401]], section 11.3.2.1.

<h3 id="unicode-bidi">
Embeddings and Overrides: the 'unicode-bidi' property</h3>

  <pre class='propdef'>
  Name: unicode-bidi
  Value: normal | embed | isolate | bidi-override | isolate-override | plaintext
  Initial: normal
  Applies to: all elements, but see prose
  Inherited: no
  Percentages: n/a
  Media: visual
  Computed value: specified value
  </pre>

  <p>Normally (i.e. when 'unicode-bidi' is ''normal'')
    an inline box is transparent to the unicode bidi algorithm;
    content is ordered as if the box's boundaries were not there.
    Other values of the 'unicode-bidi' property cause inline boxes
    to create scopes within the algorithm,
    and to override the intrinsic directionality of text.

  <p>The following informative table summarizes the box-internal and
    box-external effects of 'unicode-bidi':

  <table class="data">
    <caption>Effect of non-''normal'' values of 'unicode-bidi' on inline boxes</caption>
    <colgroup span=2></colgroup>
    <colgroup span=2></colgroup>
    <thead>
      <tr><th colspan=2 rowspan=2>
          <th colspan=2 scope=rowgroup><abbr title="To surrounding contents, the box behaves as if its boundary were...">Outside</abbr>
      <tr><th><abbr title="a strong character of the box's 'direction'.">strong</abbr>
          <th><abbr title="a neutral character.">neutral</abbr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
      <tr><th rowspan=3 scope=colgroup><abbr title="Within the box, content is ordered as if...">Inside</abbr>
          <th><abbr title="the box's boundaries were strong characters of the box's 'direction'.">scoped</abbr>
          <td>''embed''
          <td>''isolate''
      <tr><th><abbr title="all text consisted of strong characters of the box's 'direction'.">override</abbr>
          <td>''bidi-override''
          <td>''isolate-override''
      <tr><th><abbr title="the box were a standalone paragraph ordered using UAX9 heuristics.">plaintext</abbr>
          <td>&mdash;
          <td>''plaintext''
    </tbody>
  </table>

  <p>Values for this property have the following (normative) meanings:</p>

  <dl>
    <dt><dfn value for=unicode-bidi>normal</dfn></dt>
    <dd>The box does not open an additional level of embedding with
      respect to the bidirectional algorithm. For inline boxes,
      implicit reordering works across box boundaries.</dd>

    <dt><dfn value for=unicode-bidi>embed</dfn></dt>
    <dd>If the box is inline, this value creates a <dfn export>directional embedding</dfn>
      by opening an additional level of embedding with respect to the bidirectional algorithm.
      The direction of this embedding level is given by the 'direction'
      property. Inside the box, reordering is done implicitly.

      <p>Following clause <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#HL3">HL3</a> [[!UAX9]],
      this corresponds to inserting
      a LRE (U+202A), for ''direction: ltr'',
      or RLE (U+202B), for ''direction: rtl'',
      at the start of the inline box
      and a PDF (U+202C) at the end of the box.

      <p class="note">This value has no effect on boxes that are not inline.

    <dt><dfn value for=unicode-bidi>isolate</dfn></dt>
    <dd>On an inline box, this <dfn export id=bidi-isolate title="bidi-isolate|bidi-isolated|bidi isolation|isolation">bidi-isolates</dfn> its contents.
      This is similar to a directional embedding (and increases the embedding level accordingly)
      except that each sequence of inline-level boxes
      uninterrupted by any block boundary or <i>forced paragraph break</i>
      is treated as an <dfn>isolated sequence</dfn>:
      <ul>
        <li>the content within the sequence is ordered
          as if inside an independent paragraph
          with the base directionality specified by the box's 'direction' property.
        <li>for the purpose of bidi resolution in its containing bidi paragraph,
          the sequence is treated as if it were a single Object Replacement Character (U+FFFC).
      </ul>
      In effect, neither is the content inside the box bidi-affected
      by the content surrounding the box,
      nor is the content surrounding the box bidi-affected by the
      content or specified directionality of the box.
      However, <i>forced paragraph breaks</i> within the box still create
      a corresponding break in the containing paragraph.

      <p>Following clause <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#HL3">HL3</a> [[!UAX9]],
      this corresponds to inserting
      an LRI (U+2066), for ''direction: ltr'',
      or RLI (U+2067), for ''direction: rtl'',
      at the start of the inline box,
      and a PDI (U+2069) at the end of the box. [[!UAX9]]

      <p class="note">This value has no effect on boxes that are not inline.

    <dt><dfn value for=unicode-bidi>bidi-override</dfn></dt>
    <dd>This value puts the box's immediate inline content in a <dfn export>directional override</dfn>.
      For an inline, this means that the box acts like a <i>directional embedding</i>
      in the bidirectional algorithm,
      except that reordering within it is strictly in sequence according to the
      'direction' property; the implicit part of the bidirectional algorithm
      is ignored.
      For a block container, the override is applied
      to an anonymous inline box that surrounds all of its content.

      <p>Following clause <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#HL3">HL3</a> [[!UAX9]],
      this corresponds to inserting
      an LRO (U+202D), for ''direction: ltr'',
      or RLO (U+202E), for ''direction: rtl'',
      at the start of the inline box
      and a PDF (U+202C) at the end of the box. [[!UAX9]]

    <dt><dfn value for=unicode-bidi>isolate-override</dfn></dt>
    <dd>This combines the <i>isolation</i> behavior of ''isolate''
      with the <i>directional override</i> behavior of ''bidi-override'':
      to surrounding content, it is equivalent to ''isolate'',
      but within the box content is ordered as if ''bidi-override'' were specified.

      <p>Following clause <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#HL3">HL3</a> [[!UAX9]],
      for inline boxes this corresponds to inserting
      an FSI (U+2068) followed by
      an LRO (U+202D), for ''direction: ltr'',
      or RLO (U+202E), for ''direction: rtl'' at the start of the box,
      and a PDF (U+202C) followed by PDI (U+2069) at the end of the box. [[!UAX9]]
      For other boxes, this value is exactly equivalent to ''bidi-override''.

    <dt><dfn value for=unicode-bidi>plaintext</dfn></dt>
    <dd><p>This value behaves as ''isolate'' except that for the purposes of
      the Unicode bidirectional algorithm, the base directionality of each
      of the box's <i>bidi paragraphs</i> (if a block container)
      or <i>isolated sequences</i> (if an inline)
      is determined by following the heuristic in rules P2 and P3
      of the Unicode bidirectional algorithm
      (rather than by using the 'direction' property of the box).

      <p>Following cause <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#HL3">HL3</a> [[!UAX9]],
      for inline boxes this corresponds to inserting
      an FSI (U+2068) at the start of the box,
      and a PDI (U+2069) at the end of the box. [[!UAX9]]
  </dl>

  <p class=note>Because the 'unicode-bidi' property does not inherit,
  setting ''bidi-override'' or ''plaintext'' on a block box will
  not affect any descendant blocks. Therefore these values are best
  used on blocks and inlines that do not contain any block-level
  structures.

  <p class=note>Note that 'unicode-bidi' does not affect the 'direction'
    property even in the case of ''plaintext'', and thus does not affect
    'direction'-dependent layout calculations.

  <p>The final order of characters within each <i>bidi paragraph</i> is the
    same as if the bidi control codes had been added as described above,
    markup had been stripped, and the resulting character sequence had
    been passed to an implementation of the Unicode bidirectional
    algorithm for plain text that produced the same line-breaks as the
    styled text.

  <p>In this process, replaced elements with ''display: inline''
    are treated as neutral characters,
    unless their 'unicode-bidi' property is either ''embed'' or ''bidi-override'',
    in which case they are treated as strong characters
    in the 'direction' specified for the element.
    All other atomic inline-level boxes are treated as neutral characters
    always.</p>

  <p>If an inline box is broken around a <i>bidi paragraph</i> boundary
    (e.g. if split by a block or <i>forced paragraph break</i>),
    then the <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#HL3">HL3</a> bidi control codes assigned to the end of the box
    are also added before the interruption
    and the codes assigned to the start of the box are also added after it.
    (In other words, any embedding levels, isolates, or overrides started by the box
    are closed at the paragraph break and reopened on the other side of it.)

  <div class="example">
    <p>For example, where &lt;BR/&gt; is a <i>forced paragraph break</i>
    the bidi ordering is identical between
    <pre>&lt;para>...&lt;i1>&lt;i2>...&lt;BR/>...&lt;/i2>&lt;/i1>...&lt;/para></pre>
    <p>and
    <pre>&lt;para>...&lt;i1>&lt;i2>...&lt;/i2>&lt;i1>&lt;BR/>&lt;i1>&lt;i2>...&lt;/i2>&lt;/i1>...&lt;/para></pre>
    <p>for all values of 'unicode-bidi' on inline elements &lt;i1&gt; and &lt;i2&gt;.
  </div>

  <p class="note">
    Because the Unicode algorithm has a limit of 125 levels of embedding,
    care should be taken not to use 'unicode-bidi'
    with a value other than ''normal'' unless appropriate.
    In particular, a value of ''inherit''
    should be used with extreme caution. However, for elements that are,
    in general, intended to be displayed as blocks, a setting of
    ''unicode-bidi: isolate'' is preferred to keep the element together
    in case the 'display' is changed to ''inline''
    (see example below).</p>

<h3 id="bidi-example">
Example of Bidirectional Text</h3>

  <p>The following example shows an XML document with bidirectional
    text. It illustrates an important design principle: document language
    designers should take bidi into account both in the language proper
    (elements and attributes) and in any accompanying style sheets. The
    style sheets should be designed so that bidi rules are separate from
    other style rules, and such rules should not be overridden by other
    style sheets so that the document language's bidi behavior is preserved.</p>

  <div class="example">
    <p>In this example, lowercase letters stand for inherently left-to-right
      characters and uppercase letters represent inherently right-to-left
      characters. The text stream is shown in logical backing store order.</p>

    <pre class="xml-example"><code class="xml">
&lt;section dir=rtl&gt;
  &lt;para&gt;HEBREW1 HEBREW2 english3 HEBREW4 HEBREW5&lt;/para&gt;
  &lt;para&gt;HEBREW6 &lt;emphasis&gt;HEBREW7&lt;/emphasis&gt; HEBREW8&lt;/para&gt;
&lt;/section&gt;
&lt;section dir=ltr&gt;
  &lt;para&gt;english9 english10 english11 HEBREW12 HEBREW13&lt;/para&gt;
  &lt;para&gt;english14 english15 english16&lt;/para&gt;
  &lt;para&gt;english17 &lt;quote dir=rtl&gt;HEBREW18 english19 HEBREW20&lt;/quote&gt;&lt;/para&gt;
&lt;/section&gt;
    </code></pre>

    <p>Since this is arbitrary XML, the style sheet is responsible for
      setting the writing direction. This is the style sheet:</p>

    <pre>
/* Rules for bidi */
[dir=ltr] {direction: rtl;}
[dir=rtl] {direction: ltr;}
quote     {unicode-bidi: isolate;}

/* Rules for presentation */
section, para  {display: block;}
emphasis       {font-weight: bold;}
    </pre>

    <p>The first <code>&lt;section></code> element is a block with a right-to-left base direction,
      the second <code>&lt;section></code> element is a block with a left-to-right base direction.
      The <code>&lt;para></code>s are blocks that inherit the base direction from their parents.
      Thus, the first two <code>&lt;para></code>s are read starting at the top right,
      the final three are read starting at the top left.</p>

    <p>The <code>&lt;emphasis></code> element is inline-level,
      and since its value for 'unicode-bidi' is ''normal'' (the initial value),
      it has no effect on the ordering of the text.
      The <code>&lt;quote></code> element, on the other hand,
      creates an <i>isolated sequence</i> with the given internal directionality.

    <p>The formatting of this text might look like this if the line length
      is long:</p>

    <pre class="ascii-art">
               5WERBEH 4WERBEH english3 2WERBEH 1WERBEH

                                8WERBEH <b>7WERBEH</b> 6WERBEH

english9 english10 english11 13WERBEH 12WERBEH

english14 english15 english16

english17 20WERBEH english19 18WERBEH
    </pre>

    <p>Note that the <code>&lt;quote></code> embedding causes
      <samp>HEBREW18</samp> to be to the right of <samp>english19</samp>.

    <p>If lines have to be broken, it might be more like this:</p>

    <pre class="ascii-art">
       2WERBEH 1WERBEH
  -EH 4WERBEH english3
                 5WERB

   -EH <b>7WERBEH</b> 6WERBEH
                 8WERB

english9 english10 en-
glish11 12WERBEH
13WERBEH

english14 english15
english16

english17 18WERBEH
20WERBEH english19
    </pre>

    <p>Because <samp>HEBREW18</samp> must be read before english19,
      it is on the line above <samp>english19</samp>.
      Just breaking the long line from the earlier formatting would not have worked.
      Note also that the first syllable from <samp>english19</samp>
      might have fit on the previous line,
      but hyphenation of left-to-right words in a right-to-left context, and vice versa,
      is usually suppressed to avoid having to display a hyphen in the middle of a line.

  </div><!-- example -->

<h3 id="bidi-box-model">
Box model for inline boxes in bidirectional context</h3>

  <p>Since bidi reordering can split apart and reorder text that is
    logically contiguous, bidirectional text can cause an inline box
    to be split and reordered within a line.

  <p class="note">Note that in order to be able to flow inline boxes in a
    uniform direction (either entirely left-to-right or entirely
    right-to-left), anonymous inline boxes may have to be created.</p>

<!-- CSS2.1 8.6 -->
  <p>For each line box, UAs must take the fragments of each inline box
    and render the margins, borders and padding in visual order (not logical order).
    The <i>start</i>-most fragment on the first line box in which the box appears
    has the <i>start</i> edge's margin, border, and padding;
    and the end-most fragment on the last line box in which the box appears
    has the <i>end</i> edge's margin, border, and padding.
    For example, in the ''horizontal-tb'' writing mode:
    <ul>
      <li>When the parent's 'direction' property is ''ltr'',
      the left-most box fragment on the first line box in which the box appears
      has the left margin, left border and left padding,
      and the right-most box fragment on the last line box in which the box appears
      has the right padding, right border and right margin.
      <li>When the parent's 'direction' property is ''rtl'',
      the right-most fragment of the first line box in which the box appears
      has the right padding, right border and right margin,
      and the left-most fragment of the last line box in which the box appears
      has the left margin, left border and left padding.
    </ul>
    <p>Analogous rules hold for vertical writing modes.</p>

  <p class="note">The 'box-decoration-break' property can override this behavior
  to draw box decorations on both sides of each fragment. [[!CSS3-BREAK]]

<h2 id="vertical-intro">
Introduction to Vertical Text</h2>

  <p><em>This subsection is non-normative.</em></p>

  <p>In addition to extensions to CSS2.1&rsquo;s support for bidirectional text,
    this module introduces the rules and properties needed to support vertical
    text layout in CSS.

  <p>Unlike languages that use the Latin script which are primarily laid out
    horizontally, Asian languages such as Chinese and Japanese can be laid out
    vertically.  The Japanese example below shows the same text laid out
    horizontally and vertically. In the horizontal case, text is read
    from left to right, top to bottom. For the vertical case, the text is
    read top to bottom, right to left.
    Indentation from the left edge in the left-to-right horizontal case
    translates to indentation from the top edge in the top-to-bottom vertical
    case.

  <div class="figure">
    <p><img src="vert-horiz-comparison.png"
            alt="A comparison of horizontal and vertical Japanese shows that
                 although the lines rotate, the characters remain upright.
                 Some glyphs, however change: a period mark shifts from the
                 bottom left of its glyph box to the top right. Running
                 headers, however, may remain
                 laid out horizontally across the top of the page."></p>
    <p class="caption">Comparison of vertical and horizontal Japanese: iBunko application (iOS)</p>
  </div>

  <p class="note">For Chinese and Japanese lines are ordered either right
    to left or top to bottom, while for Mongolian and Manchu lines are
    ordered left to right.</p>

  <p>The change from horizontal to vertical writing can affect not just the
    layout, but also the typesetting. For example, the position of a punctuation
    mark within its spacing box can change from the horizontal to the
    vertical case, and in some cases alternate glyphs are used.

  <p>Vertical text that includes Latin script text or text from other scripts
    normally displayed horizontally can display that text in a number of
    ways. For example, Latin words can be rotated sideways, or each letter
    can be oriented upright:

  <div class="figure">
    <p><img src="vert-latin-layouts.png"
            alt="A dictionary definition for &#x30F4;&#x30A3;&#x30EB;&#x30B9;
                 might write the English word 'virus' rotated 90&deg; clockwise,
                 but stack the letters of the initialisms 'RNA' and 'DNA' upright."></p>
    <p class="caption">Examples of Latin in vertical Japanese: Daijirin Viewer 1.4 (iOS)
  </div>

  <p>In some special cases such as two-digit numbers in dates, text is fit
    compactly into a single vertical character box:

  <div class="figure" id="fig-mac">
    <p><img src="vert-number-layouts.png"
            alt="An excerpt from MacFan shows several possible vertical layouts
                 for numbers: the two-digit month and day are written as
                 horizontal-in-vertical blocks; the years are written with
                 each character upright; except in the English phrase
                 &ldquo;for Mac 2011&rdquo;, where the date is rotated to
                 match the rotated Latin."></p>
    <p class="caption">Mac Fan, December 2010, p.49</p>
  </div>

  <p>Layouts often involve a mixture of vertical and horizontal elements:

  <div class="figure">
    <p><img src="vert-horiz-combination.png"
            alt="Magazines often mix horizontal and vertical layout; for
                 example, using one orientation for the main article text
                 and a different one for sidebar or illustrative content."></p>
    <p class="caption">Mixture of vertical and horizontal elements</p>
  </div>

  <p>Vertical text layouts also need to handle bidirectional text layout;
    clockwise-rotated Arabic, for example, is laid out bottom-to-top.


<h3 id="writing-mode">
Block Flow Direction: the 'writing-mode' property</h3>

  <pre class='propdef'>
  Name: writing-mode
  Value: horizontal-tb | vertical-rl | vertical-lr
  Initial: horizontal-tb
  Applies to: All elements except table row groups, table column groups, table rows, and table columns
  Inherited: yes
  Percentages: n/a
  Media: visual
  Computed value: specified value
  Animatable: no
  Canonical order: n/a
  </pre>

  <p>This property specifies whether lines of text are laid out horizontally
    or vertically and the direction in which blocks progress. Possible
    values:</p>

  <dl dfn-for=writing-mode dfn-type=value>
    <dt><dfn>horizontal-tb</dfn></dt>
    <dd>Top-to-bottom <i>block flow direction</i>.
        The <i>writing mode</i> is horizontal.</dd>
    <dt><dfn>vertical-rl</dfn></dt>
    <dd>Right-to-left <i>block flow direction</i>.
        The <i>writing mode</i> is vertical.</dd>
    <dt><dfn>vertical-lr</dfn></dt>
    <dd>Left-to-right <i>block flow direction</i>.
        The <i>writing mode</i> is vertical.</dd>
  </dl>

  <p>The 'writing-mode' property specifies the <i>block flow direction</i>,
    which determines the progression of block-level boxes in a block formatting
    context; the progression of line boxes in a block container that contains
    inlines; the progression of rows in a table; etc. By virtue of determining
    the stacking direction of line boxes, the 'writing-mode' property also
    determines whether the line boxes' orientation (and thus the <i>writing mode</i>)
    is horizontal or vertical. The 'text-orientation' property then determines
    how text is laid out within the line box.

  <p>The <dfn export id="principal-writing-mode">principal writing mode</dfn> of the
    document is determined by the 'writing-mode' and 'direction' values
    specified on the root element. This writing mode is used, for example,
    to determine the default page progression direction. (See [[CSS3PAGE]].)
    Like 'direction', the 'writing-mode' value of the root element is also
    propagated to the initial containing block and sets the block flow
    direction of the initial block formatting context.

  <p class="note">Note that the 'writing-mode' property of the HTML BODY
    element is <em>not</em> propagated to the viewport. That special
    behavior only applies to the background and overflow properties.

  <p>If a box has a different block flow direction than its containing
    block:
  <ul>
   <li>If the box has a specified 'display' of ''inline'', its 'display'
     computes to ''inline-block''. [[!CSS21]]
   <li>If the box has a specified 'display' of ''run-in'', its 'display'
     computes to ''block''. [[!CSS21]]
   <li>If the box is a block container, then it establishes a new block
     formatting context.
  </ul>

  <p>The content of replaced elements do not rotate due to the writing mode:
    images, for example, remain upright. However replaced content
    involving text (such as MathML content or form elements) should match
    the replaced element's writing mode and line orientation if the UA
    supports such a vertical writing mode for the replaced content.

  <div class="example">
    <p>In the following example, two block elements (1 and 3) separated
      by an image (2) are presented in various flow writing modes.</p>

    <p>Here is a diagram of horizontal writing mode (<code>writing-mode: horizontal-tb</code>):</p>

    <p><img alt="Diagram of horizontal layout: blocks 1, 2, and 3 are stacked top-to-bottom"
            src="horizontal.png" width="219" height="300" ></p>

    <p>Here is a diagram for the right-to-left vertical writing mode commonly
      used in East Asia (<code>writing-mode: vertical-rl</code>):</p>

    <p><img alt="Diagram of a right-to-left vertical layout: blocks 1, 2,
                  and 3 are arranged side by side from right to left"
              src="vertical-rl.png" height="191" width="297" ></p>

    <p>And finally, here is a diagram for the left-to-right vertical
      writing mode used for Manchu and Mongolian (<code>writing-mode: vertical-lr</code>):</p>

    <p><img alt="Diagram of left-to-right vertical layout: blocks 1, 2,
                  and 3 are arranged side by side from left to right"
            src="vertical-lr.png" height="191" width="300" ></p>
  </div>

  <div class="example">
    <p>In the following example, some form controls are rendered inside
      a block with ''vertical-rl'' writing mode. The form controls are
      rendered to match the writing mode.
    <pre>
<!-- -->&lt;style>
<!-- -->  form { writing-mode: vertical-rl; }
<!-- -->&lt;/style>
<!-- -->...
<!-- -->&lt;form>
<!-- -->&lt;p>&lt;label>姓名&#x3000;&lt;input value="艾俐俐">&lt;/label>
<!-- -->&lt;p>&lt;label>语言&#x3000;&lt;select>&lt;option>English
<!-- -->                       &lt;option>français
<!-- -->                       &lt;option>فارسی
<!-- -->                       &lt;option>中文
<!-- -->                       &lt;option>日本語&lt;/select>&lt;/label>
<!-- -->&lt;/form></pre>

    <p><img alt="Screenshot of vertical layout: the input element is
                laid lengthwise from top to bottom and its contents
                rendered in a vertical writing mode, matching the
                labels outside it. The drop-down selection control
                after it slides out to the side (towards the after
                edge of the block) rather than downward as it would
                in horizontal writing modes."
            src="vertical-form.png"></p>
  </div>

  <div class="example">
    <p>In this example, 'writing-mode' sets the list markers upright
      using the ''::marker'' pseudo-element. Vertical alignment ensures
      that longer numbers will still align with the right of the first
      line of text. [[CSS3LIST]]
    <pre>::marker { writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
<!-- -->            vertical-align: text-top;
<!-- -->            color: blue; }</pre>
    <div class="figure">
      <p><img alt="Diagram showing list markers of '1.', '2.', '3.' sitting
                   upright atop sideways vertical Latin list item text."
              class="example" src="vertical-horizontal-list-markers.png">
      <p class="caption">Example of horizontal list markers in a vertical list</p>
    </div>
  </div>

<h4 id="svg-writing-mode">
SVG1.1 'writing-mode' Values</h4>

  <p>SVG1.1 [[!SVG11]] defines some additional values: ''lr'',
    ''lr-tb'', ''rl'', ''rl-tb'', ''tb'', and ''tb-rl''.

  <p>These values are <em>deprecated</em> in any context except SVG1 documents.
    Implementations that wish to support these values in the context of CSS
    must treat them as follows:

  <table class="data">
    <thead>
      <tr><th>SVG1/Obsolete</th> <th>CSS</th></tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
      <tr><td>''lr''</td> <td rowspan=3>''horizontal-tb''</td></tr>
      <tr><td>''lr-tb''</td></tr>
      <tr><td>''rl''</td></tr>
      <tr><td>''tb''</td> <td rowspan=2>''vertical-rl''</td></tr>
      <tr><td>''tb-rl''</td></tr>
    </tbody>
  </table>

  <p class="note">The SVG1.1 values were also present in an older revision
    of the CSS 'writing-mode' specification, which is obsoleted by this
    specification. The additional ''tb-lr'' value of that revision is
    replaced by ''vertical-lr''.

  <p>In SVG1.1, these values set the <dfn>inline progression direction</dfn>,
    in other words, the direction the current text position
    advances each time a glyph is added. This is a geometric process that
    happens <em>after</em> bidi reordering, and thus has no effect on the
    interpretation of the 'direction' property (which is independent of
    'writing-mode'). (See <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/text.html#RelationshipWithBiDirectionality">Relationship
    with bidirectionality</a>. [[!SVG11]])
  <p class="note">There are varying interpretations
    on whether this process causes "writing-mode: rl" to merely shift the
    text string or reverse the order of all glyphs in the text.</p>

<h2 id="inline-alignment">
Inline-level Alignment</h2>

  <p>When different kinds of inline-level content are placed together on a
    line, the baselines of the content and the settings of the 'vertical-align'
    property control how they are aligned in the transverse direction of the
    line box. This section discusses what baselines are, how to find them,
    and how they are used together with the 'vertical-align' property to
    determine the alignment of inline-level content.

<h3 id="intro-baselines">
Introduction to Baselines</h3>

  <p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>

  <p>A <dfn>baseline</dfn> is a line along the <i>inline axis</i> of a line box
    along which individual glyphs of text are aligned. Baselines guide the
    design of glyphs in a font (for example, the bottom of most alphabetic
    glyphs typically align with the alphabetic baseline), and they guide
    the alignment of glyphs from different fonts or font sizes when typesetting.

  <div class="figure">
    <p><img alt="Picture of alphabetic text in two font sizes with the baseline and em-boxes"
            width="480"
            src="alphabetic-baseline-in-two-font-sizes.svg"></p>
    <p class="caption">Alphabetic text in two font sizes with the baseline and em-boxes</p>
  </div>

  <p>Different writing systems prefer different baseline tables.</p>

  <div class="figure">
    <p><img alt="Latin prefers the alphabetic baseline, on top of which most
                 letters rest, though some have descenders that dangle below it.
                 Indic scripts are sometimes typeset with a hanging baseline,
                 since their glyph shapes appear to be hanging from a
                 horizontal line.
                 Han-based systems, whose glyphs are designed to fill a square,
                 tend to align on their bottoms."
            src="script-preferred-baselines.gif"></p>
    <p class="caption">Preferred baselines in various writing systems</p>
  </div>

  <p>A well-constructed font contains a <dfn>baseline table</dfn>, which
    indicates the position of one or more baselines within the font's
    design coordinate space. (The design coordinate space is scaled with
    the font size.)

  <div class="figure">
    <p><img alt=""
            src="baselines.gif"></p>
    <p class="caption">In a well-designed mixed-script font, the glyphs are
    positioned in the coordinate space to harmonize with one another
    when typeset together. The baseline table is then constructed to
    match the shape of the glyphs, each baseline positioned to match
    the glyphs from its preferred scripts.</p>
  </div>

  <p>The baseline table is a property of the font, and the positions
    of the various baselines apply to all glyphs in the font.

  <p>Different baseline tables can be provided for alignment in
    horizontal and vertical text. UAs should use the vertical
    tables in vertical writing modes and the horizontal tables
    otherwise.

<h3 id="text-baselines">
Text Baselines</h3>

  <p>In this specification, only the following baselines are considered:

  <dl>
    <dt>alphabetic</dt>
    <dd>The <dfn>alphabetic baseline</dfn>, which typically aligns with the
      bottom of uppercase Latin glyphs.

    </dd>
    <dt>central</dt>
    <dd>The <dfn>central baseline</dfn>, which typically crosses the center
      of the em box. If the font is missing this baseline,
      it is assumed to be halfway between the ascender (<i>over</i>)
      and descender (<i>under</i>) edges of the em box.
    </dd>
  </dl>

  <p>In vertical writing mode, the <i>central baseline</i> is used as the
    dominant baseline when 'text-orientation' is ''mixed'' or ''upright''.
    Otherwise the <i>alphabetic baseline</i> is used.

  <p class="note">A future CSS module will deal with baselines in more
    detail and allow the choice of other dominant baselines and alignment
    options.</p>

<h3 id="replaced-baselines">
Atomic Inline Baselines</h3>

  <p>If an <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#inline-boxes">atomic
    inline</a> (such as an inline-block, inline-table, or replaced inline element)
    is not capable of providing its own baseline information, then the
    UA synthesizes a baseline table thus:

  <dl>
    <dt>alphabetic</dt>
    <dd>The alphabetic baseline is assumed to be at the <i>under</i> margin edge.</dd>
    <dt>central</dt>
    <dd>The central baseline is assumed to be halfway between the
    <i>under</i> and <i>over</i> margin edges of the box.
  </dl>

<h3 id="baseline-alignment">
Baseline Alignment</h3>

  <p>The <dfn>dominant baseline</dfn>
    (which <a href="#text-baselines">can change</a> based on the writing mode)
    is used in CSS for alignment in two cases:
  <ul>
    <li><strong>Aligning glyphs from different fonts within the same inline box.</strong>
      The glyphs are aligned by matching up the positions of the dominant
      baseline in their corresponding fonts.
    <li><strong>Aligning a child inline-level box within its parent.</strong>
      For the 'vertical-align' value of ''baseline'', child is aligned to
      the parent by matching the parent's dominant baseline to the same
      baseline in the child. (E.g. if the parent's dominant baseline is
      alphabetic, then the child's alphabetic baseline is matched to the
      parent's alphabetic baseline, even if the child's dominant baseline
      is something else.)
      For values of ''sub'', ''super'', ''&lt;length&gt;'', and
      ''&lt;percentage&gt;'', the baselines are aligned as for ''baseline'',
      but the child is shifted according to the offset given by its
      'vertical-align' value.
      <div class="example">
        <p>Given following sample markup:
        <pre>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="outer"&gt;Ap &lt;span class="inner"&gt;<i title=''>ji</i>&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</pre>
        <p>And the following style rule:
        <pre>span.inner { font-size: .75em; }</pre>
        <p>The baseline tables of the parent (<code>.outer</code>) and the child
          (<code>.inner</code>) will not match up due to the font size difference.
          Since the dominant baseline is the alphabetic baseline, the child box
          is aligned to its parent by matching up their alphabetic baselines.
        <div class="figure">
          <p><img alt="" src="baseline-align-sizes.gif">
        </div>
      </div>

    <div class="example">
      <p>If we assign ''vertical-align: super'' to the <code>.inner</code>
        element from the example above, the same rules are used to align
        the <code>.inner</code> child to its parent; the only difference
        is in addition to the baseline alignment, the child is shifted to
        the superscript position.
      <pre>span.inner { vertical-align: super; font-size: .75em; }</pre>
      <div class="figure">
        <p><img alt="In this example, the resulting alignment is equivalent
                     to shifting the parent baseline table upwards by the
                     superscript offset, and then aligning the child's
                     alphabetic baseline to the shifted position of the
                     parent's alphabetic baseline."
                src="baseline-align-super.gif">
      </div>
    </div>
  </ul>

<h2 id="intro-text-layout">
Introduction to Vertical Text Layout</h2>

  <p>Each writing system has one or more native orientations. Modern scripts
    can therefore be classified into three orientational categories:</p>

  <dl>
    <dt><dfn>horizontal-only</dfn>
      <dd>Scripts that have horizontal, but not vertical, native orientation.
        Includes: Latin, Arabic, Hebrew, Devanagari
    <dt><dfn>vertical-only</dfn>
      <dd>Scripts that have vertical, but not horizontal, native orientation.
        Includes: Mongolian, Phags Pa
    <dt><dfn>bi-orientational</dfn>
      <dd>Scripts that have both vertical and horizontal native orientation.
        Includes: Han, Hangul, Japanese Kana
  </dl>

  <p>A <dfn>vertical script</dfn> is one that has a native vertical orientation:
    i.e. one that is either vertical-only or that is bi-orientational.
    A <dfn>horizontal script</dfn> is one that has a native horizontal orientation:
    i.e. one that is either horizontal-only or that is bi-orientational.
    (See <a href="#script-orientations">Appendix B</a> for a categorization of
    scripts by native orientation.)

  <div class="figure">
        <p><img alt="A Venn diagram of these distinctions would show two circles:
                     one labelled 'vertical', the other 'horizontal'. The overlapped
                     region would represent the bi-orientational scripts, while
                     horizontal-only and vertical-only scripts would occupy their
                     respective circles' exclusive regions."
                src="baseline-align-super.gif">
  </div>

  <p>In modern typographic systems, all glyphs are assigned a horizontal
    orientation, which is used when laying out text horizontally.
    To lay out vertical text, the UA needs to transform the text from its
    horizontal orientation. This transformation is the <dfn>bi-orientational
    transform</dfn>, and there are two types:

  <dl>
    <dt>rotate</dt>
      <dd>Rotate the glyph from horizontal to vertical
      <a href="diagrams/glyph-right.svg">
        <img src="diagrams/glyph-right.png" class="figure"
          alt="Rotate the glyph from horizontal to vertical"></a>

    <dt>translate</dt>
      <dd>Translate the glyph from horizontal to vertical
      <a href="diagrams/glyph-upright.svg">
        <img src="diagrams/glyph-upright.png" class="figure"
          alt="Translate the glyph from horizontal to vertical"></a>
  </dl>

  <p>Scripts with a native vertical orientation have an
    intrinsic bi-orientational transform, which orients them correctly in
    vertical text: most CJK (Chinese/Japanese/Korean) characters translate,
    that is, they are always upright. Characters from other scripts,
    such as Mongolian, rotate.

  <p>Scripts without a native vertical orientation can be either rotated
    (set sideways) or translated (set upright): the transform used is a
    stylistic preference depending on the text's usage, rather than a
    matter of correctness.
    The 'text-orientation' property's ''mixed'' and ''upright'' values
    are provided to specify rotation vs. translation of horizontal-only text.

  <p class="note">The ''sideways-left'', ''sideways-right'', and ''sideways''
    values of 'text-orientation' are provided for decorative layout effects
    and to work around limitations in CSS support for bottom-to-top scripts.

<h3 id="text-orientation">
Orienting Text: the 'text-orientation' property</h3>

  <pre class='propdef'>
  Name: text-orientation
  Value: mixed | upright | sideways-right | sideways-left | sideways | use-glyph-orientation
  Initial: mixed
  Applies to: all elements except table row groups, rows, column groups, and columns
  Inherited: yes
  Percentages: n/a
  Media: visual
  Computed value: specified value
  Animatable: no
  Canonical order: n/a
  </pre>

  <p>This property specifies the orientation of text
    within a line. Current values only have an effect in vertical writing
    modes; the property has no effect on boxes in horizontal writing modes.

  <p>For readability, the term <i>character</i> is used in place of
    <em>extended grapheme cluster</em> in this section.
    See <a href="#character-properties">Characters and Properties</a>
    for further details.

  <p>Values have the following meanings:</p>

  <dl dfn-for=text-orientation dfn-type=value>
    <dt><dfn>mixed</dfn></dt>
    <dd><p>In vertical writing modes, characters from horizontal-only
      scripts are set sideways, i.e. 90&deg; clockwise from their standard
      orientation in horizontal text.
      Characters from vertical scripts are set with their intrinsic orientation.
      See <a href="#vertical-orientations">Vertical Orientations</a> for further details.
    <p>This value is typical for layout of primarily vertical-script text.
    <dt><dfn>upright</dfn></dt>
    <dd><p>In vertical writing modes, characters from horizontal-only
      scripts are rendered upright, i.e. in their standard horizontal
      orientation.
      Characters from vertical scripts are set with their intrinsic orientation
      and shaped normally.
      See <a href="#vertical-orientations">Vertical Orientations</a> for further details.
      <p>For the purposes of bidi reordering, this value causes all
      characters to be treated as strong LTR.
      This value causes the used value of 'direction' to be ''ltr''.
    <dt><dfn>sideways-right</dfn></dt>
    <dd><p>In vertical writing modes, this causes text to be set as if
      in a horizontal layout, but rotated 90&deg; clockwise.
    <dt><dfn>sideways-left</dfn></dt>
    <dd><p>In vertical writing modes, this causes text to be set as if
      in a horizontal layout, but rotated 90&deg; counter-clockwise.
      <p>If set on a non-replaced inline whose parent is not ''sideways-left'',
      this forces bidi isolation: the ''normal'' and ''embed'' values of
      'unicode-bidi' compute to ''isolate'', and ''bidi-override'' computes
      to ''isolate-override''.
      Layout of text is exactly as for ''sideways-right'' except that the
      baseline table of each of the inline box's fragments
      is mirrored around a vertical axis along the center of its content box
      and text layout is rotated 180&deg; to match.
      The positions of text decorations propagated from an ancestor inline
      (including the block container's root inline) are not mirrored, but any
      text decorations introduced by the box are positioned using the
      mirrored baseline table.
      <p>Similarly, if an inline child of the box has a 'text-orientation'
      value other than ''sideways-left'', an analogous transformation (and
      bidi isolation) is applied.
    <dt><dfn>sideways</dfn></dt>
    <dd><p>This value is equivalent to ''sideways-right'' in ''vertical-rl''
      writing mode and equivalent to ''sideways-left'' in ''vertical-lr''
      writing mode. It can be useful when setting horizontal script text
      vertically in a primarily horizontal-only document.
    <dt><dfn>use-glyph-orientation</dfn></dt>
    <dd><p>[[!SVG11]] defines 'glyph-orientation-vertical' and
      'glyph-orientation-horizontal' properties that were intended to control
      text orientation. These properties are <em>deprecated</em> and do not
      apply to non-SVG elements. If an implementation supports these properties,
      the ''use-glyph-orientation'' value when set on SVG elements indicates
      that the SVG
      'glyph-orientation-vertical' and 'glyph-orientation-horizontal'
      behavior control the layout of text. Such UAs must set
      ''text-orientation: use-glyph-orientation'' on all
      <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/intro.html#TermTextContentElement">SVG
      text content elements</a> in their default UA style sheet for SVG.
      <p>In all other contexts, and for implementations that do not support
      the glyph orientation properties, the ''use-glyph-orientation'' behavior
      is the same as for ''mixed''.
      <p class="note">This value is at-risk and may be dropped during CR.
  </dl>

  <div class="figure" id="fig-text-orientation">
    <table class=data>
      <tr>
        <td>
          <img
            alt="text-orientation: mixed"
            src="text-orientation-vr.png" width="64" height="160" >
        </td>
        <td>
          <img
            alt="text-orientation: upright"
            src="text-orientation-up.png" width="64" height="160" >
        </td>
        <td>
          <img
            alt="text-orientation: sideways-left"
            src="text-orientation-sl.png" width="64" height="160" >
        </td>
        <td>
          <img
            alt="text-orientation: sideways-right"
            src="text-orientation-sr.png" width="64" height="160" >
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>''mixed''</td>
        <td>''upright''</td>
        <td>''sideways-left''</td>
        <td>''sideways-right''</td>
      </tr>
    </table>
    <p class="caption">'text-orientation' values ('writing-mode' is ''vertical-rl'')</p>
  </div>

  <div class="example">
    <p>In the following example, the root element of a horizontal-only document
      is set to use ''sideways''. In the rest of the document, the author
      can just set 'writing-mode' without worrying about whether the text is
      ''vertical-rl'' or ''vertical-lr''.
    <pre>
      :root { text-orientation: sideways; }
      caption { caption-side: left; writing-mode: vertical-lr; }
      thead th { writing-mode: vertical-lr; }
      h1.banner { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; writing-mode: vertical-rl; }
    </pre>
  </div>

  <p class="note">Changing the value of this property may affect inline-level alignment.
    Refer to <a href="#text-baselines">Text Baselines</a> for more details.</p>

<h4 id='vertical-font-features'>
Vertical Typesetting and Font Features</h4>

  <p>When typesetting text in ''mixed'' and ''upright'' orientations:

  <dl>
    <dt id='typeset-upright'>upright characters
    <dd>
      Are typeset upright with vertical font metrics.
      The UA must synthesize vertical font metrics for fonts that lack them.
      (This specification does not define heuristics for synthesizing such metrics.)
      Additionally, font features (such as alternate glyphs and other transformation)
      intended for use in vertical typesetting must be used.
      (E.g. the OpenType ''vert'' feature must be enabled.)
      Furthermore, characters from horizontal cursive scripts (such as Arabic)
      are shaped in their isolated forms when typeset upright.

      <p class="note">Note that even when typeset "upright",
        some glyphs should appear rotated.
        For example, dashes and enclosing punctuation
        should be oriented relative to the inline axis.
        In OpenType, this is typically handled by glyph substitution,
        although not all fonts have alternate glyphs for all relevant codepoints.
        (East Asian fonts usually provide alternates for East Asian codepoints,
        but Western fonts typically lack any vertical typesetting features
        and East Asian fonts typically lack vertical substitutions for Western codepoints.)
        Unicode published draft data on which <i>characters</i> should appear sideways
        as the SVO property in <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr50/tr50-6.Orientation.txt">this data file</a>;
        however, this property has been abandoned for the current revision of [[!UTR50]].

      <p><i>Characters</i> which are classified as <code>Tr</code> or <code>Tu</code> in [[!UTR50]]
      are expected to have alternate glyphs or positioning for typesetting upright in vertical text.
      In the case of <code>Tr</code> <i>characters</i>,
      if such vertical alternate glyphs are missing from the font,
      the UA <em>may wish to</em> [[!RFC6919]] (but is not expected to)
      synthesize the missing glyphs by <a href="#typeset-sideways">typesetting them sideways</a> etc.

    <dt id='typeset-sideways'>sideways characters
    <dd>
      Are typeset rotated 90&deg; sideways with horizontal metrics,
      and vertical typesetting features are not used.
      However, if the font has features meant to be enabled
      for sideways text that is typeset in vertical lines
      (e.g. to adjust brush stroke angles or alignment),
      those features are used.
      (An example of such a feature would be the proposed
      <a href="http://blogs.adobe.com/CCJKType/2013/08/tale-of-three-features.html"><code>vrtr</code> OpenType font feature</a>.)
  </dl>

  <p>
    All text in ''sideways'', ''sideways-right'', and ''sideways-left'' orientations is
    typeset using horizontal font metrics and the normal set of features
    used for horizontal text runs.
    Vertical metrics, vertical glyph variations, and any other features meant
    for text typeset in vertical lines are <em>not</em> used.

<h4 id='vertical-orientations'>
Mixed Vertical Orientations</h4>

  <p>
    [[!UTR50]] defines the <code>Vertical_Orientation</code> property
    for the default character orientation of mixed-orientation vertical text.
    To typeset a <i>character</i> when 'text-orientation' is ''mixed'',
    the UA must <a href="#typeset-upright">typeset it upright</a>
    if its orientation property is <code>U</code>, <code>Tu</code>, or <code>Tr</code>;
    or <a href="#typeset-sideways">typeset it sideways</a> (90&deg; clockwise from horizontal)
    if its orientation property is <code>R</code>.

  <p class="note">
    Note that UTR50 does not handle inherently bottom-to-top scripts,
    so they will not be typeset correctly with ''mixed'' orientation.
    Use ''sideways-left'' for such scripts.

  <p class="note">
    The OpenType ''vrt2'' feature, which is intended for mixed-orientation typesetting,
    is not used by CSS.
    It delegates the responsibility for orienting glyphs to the font designer.
    CSS instead dictates the orientation through [[!UTR50]]
    and orients glyphs by typesetting them sideways or upright as appropriate.

<!-- random notes
  Property to customize text-orientation (and line breaking class) of various
  characters (yes, the name is horrible, we need a better one):
    text-symbolize: latin ||
                    greek ||
                    cyrillic ||
                    letter-symbols || /* letterlike symbols and math letters */
                    arrows || /* and math relation operators?? */
                    currency || /* Sc */
                    rotate-symbols || /* other So */

  Do symbols NFC-fold to Latin/Greek? If so we might have a problem there.

  Roman numerals are poorly handled right now. If we make them upright, we
  get the right behavior in most cases. But as soon as you get to 13, you
  have a problem.
-->

<h2 id="abstract-box">
Abstract Box Terminology</h2>

  <p>CSS2.1 [[!CSS21]] defines the box layout model of CSS in detail,
    but only for the ''horizontal-tb'' writing mode. Layout is analogous
    in writing modes other than ''horizontal-tb''; however directional
    and dimensional terms in CSS2.1 must be abstracted and remapped
    appropriately.

  <p>This section defines abstract directional and dimensional terms and
    their mappings in order to define box layout for other writing modes,
    and to provide terminology for future specs to define their layout
    concepts abstractly. (The next section explains how to apply them to
    CSS2.1 layout calculations and how to handle
    <a href="#orthogonal-flows">orthogonal flows</a>.)
    Although they derive from the behavior of text, these abstract
    mappings exist even for boxes that do not contain any line boxes:
    they are calculated directly from the values of the 'writing-mode',
    'text-orientation', and 'direction' properties.

  <p>There are three sets of directional terms in CSS:

  <dl export>
  <dt><dfn>physical</dfn>
    <dd>Interpreted relative to the page, independent of writing mode.
    The <dfn title="physical direction">physical directions</dfn> are <dfn>left</dfn>, <dfn>right</dfn>, <dfn>top</dfn>, and
    <dfn>bottom</dfn>.
  <dt><dfn><a href="#logical-directions">flow-relative</a></dfn>
    <dd>Interpreted relative to the flow of content.
    The flow-relative directions are <i>start</i> and <i>end</i>,
    or <i>block-start</i>, <i>block-end</i>, <i>inline-start</i>, and <i>inline-end</i>
    if the dimension is also ambiguous.
  <dt><dfn><a href="#line-directions">line-relative</a></dfn>
    <dd>Interpreted relative to the orientation of the line box.
    The line-relative directions are <i>line-left</i>, <i>line-right</i>,
    <i>line-over</i>, and <i>line-under</i>.
  </dl>

  <p export>The <dfn>physical dimensions</dfn> are <dfn>width</dfn> and <dfn>height</dfn>,
    which correspond to measurements along the <dfn title="x-axis|horizontal axis">x-axis</dfn>
    (<dfn>horizontal dimension</dfn>) and <dfn title="y-axis|vertical axis">y-axis</dfn> (<dfn>vertical dimension</dfn>),
    respectively. <a href="#abstract-dimensions">Abstract dimensions</a>
    are identical in both flow-relative and line-relative terms, so there
    is only one set of these terms.

  <p class="note">
    Note: [[CSS3-FLEXBOX]] also defines <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-flexbox/#box-model">flex-relative terms</a>,
    which are used in describing flex layout.

<h3 id="abstract-dimensions">
Abstract Dimensions</h3>

  <p>The <dfn export>abstract dimensions</dfn> are defined below:

  <dl export>
    <dt><dfn>block dimension</dfn></dt>
      <dd>The dimension perpendicular to the flow of text within a line, i.e.
        the <i>vertical dimension</i> in horizontal writing modes, and
        the <i>horizontal dimension</i> in vertical writing modes.</dd>
    <dt><dfn>inline dimension</dfn></dt>
      <dd>The dimension parallel to the flow of text within a line, i.e.
        the <i>horizontal dimension</i> in horizontal writing modes, and
        the <i>vertical dimension</i> in vertical writing modes.</dd>
    <dt><dfn title="block axis | block-axis">block axis</dfn></dt>
      <dd>The axis in the block dimension,
      i.e. the <i>vertical axis</i> in horizontal writing modes
      and the <i>horizontal axis</i> in vertical writing modes.</dd>
    <dt><dfn title="inline axis | inline-axis">inline axis</dfn></dt>
      <dd>The axis in the inline dimension, i.e. the <i>horizontal
        axis</i> in horizontal writing modes and the <i>vertical axis</i>
        in vertical writing modes.</dd>
    <dt><dfn>extent</dfn> or <dfn>logical height</dfn><dt>
      <dd>A measurement in the block dimension: refers to the
        physical height (vertical dimension) in horizontal writing
        modes, and to the physical width (horizontal dimension) in
        vertical writing modes.</dd>
    <dt><dfn>measure</dfn> or <dfn>logical width</dfn><dt>
      <dd>A measurement in the inline dimension: refers to the
        physical width (horizontal dimension) in horizontal writing
        modes, and to the physical height (vertical dimension) in
        vertical writing modes. (The term <i>measure</i> derives
        from its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_%28typography%29">use
        in typography</a>.)</dd>
  </dl>

<h3 id="logical-directions">
Flow-relative Directions</h3>

  <p>The <dfn export title="flow-relative direction">flow-relative directions</dfn>,
    <i>block-start</i>, <i>block-end</i>, <i>inline-start</i>, and <i>inline-end</i>,
    are defined relative to the flow of content on the page.
    In an <abbr title="left-to-right">LTR</abbr>
    ''horizontal-tb'' writing mode, they correspond to the
    top, bottom, left, and right directions, respectively.
    They are defined as follows:

  <dl export>
  <dt><dfn>block-start</dfn>
    <dd>The side that comes earlier in the block progression,
    as determined by the 'writing-mode' property:
    the physical top in ''horizontal-tb'' mode,
    the right in ''vertical-rl'', and the left in ''vertical-lr''.
  <dt><dfn>block-end</dfn>
    <dd>The side opposite <i>block-start</i>.
  <dt><dfn>inline-start</dfn>
    <dd>The side from which text of the inline base direction would start.
    For boxes with a used 'direction' value of ''ltr'', this means the <i>line-left</i> side.
    For boxes with a used 'direction'  value of ''rtl'', this means the <i>line-right</i> side.
  <dt><dfn>inline-end</dfn>
    <dd>The side opposite <i>start</i>.
  </dl>

  <p>Where contextually unambiguous or encompassing both meanings,
    the terms <dfn export>start</dfn> and <dfn export>end</dfn>
    are used in place of <i>block-start</i>/<i>inline-start</i>
    and <i>block-end</i>/<i>inline-end</i>, respectively.

  <p class="note">Note that while determining the <i>block-start</i> and
    <i>block-end</i> sides of a box depends only on the 'writing-mode' property,
    determining the <i>inline-start</i> and <i>inline-end</i> sides of a box depends
    not only on the 'writing-mode' property but also the 'direction' <em>and</em>
    'text-orientation' properties.</p>

  <div class="example">
    <p>An English (LTR-TB) block:</p>
    <pre class="ascii-art">
                  &lt;----- width / measure  -----&gt;

                             top side/
                          block-start side
                  +------------------------------+                  A
      left side/  |   ---inline direction --->   |  right side/     |
inline-start side |  |                           |  inline-end side |
                  |  | block      * horizontal * |                height/
                  |  | direction  *writing mode* |                extent
                  |  V                           |                  |
                  +------------------------------+                  V
                             bottom side/
                            block-end side
    </pre>
  </div>
  <div class="example">
    <p>A vertical Japanese block (TTB-RL):</p>
    <pre class="ascii-art">
                  &lt;----- width / extent ------&gt;

                             top side/
                         inline-start side
                  +------------------------------+                  A
      left side/  |    &lt;---block direction---    |  right side/     |
  block-end side  |                           |  | block-start side |
                  |  *  vertical  *     inline|  |                height/
                  |  *writing mode*  direction|  |                measure
                  |                           V  |                  |
                  +------------------------------+                  V
                            bottom side/
                           inline-end side
    </pre>
  </div>

<h3 id="line-directions">
Line-relative Directions</h3>

  <p>The <dfn export>line orientation</dfn> determines which side of a line
    box is the logical “top” (ascender side). It is given by a combination
    of 'text-orientation' and 'writing-mode'. Usually the line-relative “top”
    corresponds to the <i>block-start</i> side, but this is not always the case:
    in Mongolian typesetting (and thus by default in ''vertical-lr'' writing
    modes), the line-relative “top” corresponds to the <i>block-end</i> side.
    Hence the need for distinct terminology.

  <div class="figure">
    <img src="mongolian-lr.jpg" alt="Mongolian mixed with English">
    <p class="caption">A primarily Mongolian document, such as the one above, is written in
    vertical lines stacking left to right, but lays its Latin text with
    the tops of the glyphs towards the right. This makes the text run in
    the same inline direction as Mongolian (top-to-bottom) and face the
    same direction it does in other East Asian layouts (which have vertical
    lines stacking right to left), but the glyphs' tops are facing the
    bottom of the line stack rather than the top, which in an English
    paragraph would be upside-down. (See this
    <a href="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-lr-reverse.svg">Diagram of Mongolian
    Text Layout</a>.)
  </div>

  <p>In addition to a line-relative “top” and “bottom” to map things like
    'vertical-align: top', CSS also needs to refer to a line-relative
    “left” and “right” in order to map things like ''text-align: left''.
    Thus there are four <dfn export title="line-relative direction">line-relative directions</dfn>, which are
    defined relative to the <i>line orientation</i> as follows:

  <dl export>
  <dt><dfn>over</dfn> or <dfn>line-over</dfn>
    <dd>Nominally the side that corresponds to the ascender side or “top”
      side of a line box. (The side overlines are typically drawn on.)
  <dt><dfn>under</dfn> or <dfn>line-under</dfn>
    <dd>Opposite of <i>over</i>: the line-relative “bottom” or descender side.
    (The side underlines are typically drawn on.)
  <dt><dfn>line-left</dfn>
    <dd>Nominally the side from which <abbr title="left-to-right">LTR</abbr>
    text would start.
  <dt><dfn>line-right</dfn>
    <dd>Nominally the side from which <abbr title="right-to-left">RTL</abbr>
    text would start. (Opposite of <i>line-left</i>.)
  </dl>

  <p>See the <a href="#logical-to-physical">table below</a> for the exact
    mappings between physical and line-relative directions.

  <div class="figure">
    <a href="diagrams/line-orient-up.svg">
      <img src="diagrams/line-orient-up.png" class="landscape"
        alt="Line orientation compass"></a>
    <p class="caption">Line orientation compass</p>
  </div>

  <div class="figurepair">
    <div class="figure">
    <a href="diagrams/line-orient-right.svg">
      <img src="diagrams/line-orient-right.png" class="portrait"
        alt="Typical orientation in vertical"></a>
      <p class="caption">Typical orientation in vertical</p>
    </div>

    <div class="figure">
    <a href="diagrams/line-orient-left.svg">
      <img src="diagrams/line-orient-left.png" class="portrait"
        alt="Line orientation with ‘text-orientation: sideways-left’"></a>
      <p class="caption">Line orientation with ''text-orientation: sideways-left''</p>
    </div>
  </div>

<h3 id="logical-to-physical">
Abstract-to-Physical Mappings</h3>

  <p>The following table summarizes the abstract-to-physical mappings:</p>

  <table class="complex data">
    <caption>Abstract-Physical Mapping</caption>
    <colgroup class="header"></colgroup>
    <colgroup span=10></colgroup>
    <thead>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">'writing-mode'</th>
        <th colspan="2">''horizontal-tb''</th>
        <th colspan="4">''vertical-rl''</th>
        <th colspan="4">''vertical-lr''</th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">'text-orientation'</th>
        <th colspan="2">&mdash;</th>
        <th colspan="2">''sideways-left''</th>
        <th colspan="2"><abbr title="mixed, upright, sideways-right">*right</abbr></th>
        <th colspan="2">''sideways-left''</th>
        <th colspan="2"><abbr title="mixed, upright, sideways-right">*right</abbr></th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">'direction'</th>
        <th>''ltr''</th>
        <th>''rtl''</th>
        <th>''ltr''</th>
        <th>''rtl''</th>
        <th>''ltr''</th>
        <th>''rtl''</th>
        <th>''ltr''</th>
        <th>''rtl''</th>
        <th>''ltr''</th>
        <th>''rtl''</th>
      </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">extent</th>
        <td colspan="2">height</td>
        <td colspan="8">width</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">measure</th>
        <td colspan="2">width</td>
        <td colspan="8">height</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">block-start</th>
        <td colspan="2">top</td>
        <td colspan="4">right</td>
        <td colspan="4">left</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">block-end</th>
        <td colspan="2">bottom</td>
        <td colspan="4">left</td>
        <td colspan="4">right</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">inline-start</th>
        <td>left</td>
        <td>right</td>
        <td>bottom</td>
        <td>top</td>
        <td>top</td>
        <td>bottom</td>
        <td>bottom</td>
        <td>top</td>
        <td>top</td>
        <td>bottom</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">inline-end</th>
        <td>right</td>
        <td>left</td>
        <td>top</td>
        <td>bottom</td>
        <td>bottom</td>
        <td>top</td>
        <td>top</td>
        <td>bottom</td>
        <td>bottom</td>
        <td>top</td>
      </tr>
    </tbody>
    <tbody>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">over</th>
        <td colspan="2">top</td>
        <td colspan="2">left</td>
        <td colspan="2">right</td>
        <td colspan="2">left</td>
        <td colspan="2">right</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">under</th>
        <td colspan="2">bottom</td>
        <td colspan="2">right</td>
        <td colspan="2">left</td>
        <td colspan="2">right</td>
        <td colspan="2">left</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">line-left</th>
        <td colspan="2">left</td>
        <td colspan="2">bottom</td>
        <td colspan="2">top</td>
        <td colspan="2">bottom</td>
        <td colspan="2">top</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th scope="row">line-right</th>
        <td colspan="2">right</td>
        <td colspan="2">top</td>
        <td colspan="2">bottom</td>
        <td colspan="2">top</td>
        <td colspan="2">bottom</td>
      </tr>
    </tbody>
  </table>

<h2 id="abstract-layout">
Abstract Box Layout</h2>

<h3 id="vertical-layout">
Principles of Layout in Vertical Writing Modes</h3>

  <p>CSS box layout in vertical writing modes is analogous to layout in
    the horizontal writing modes, following the principles outlined below:

  <p>Layout calculation rules (such as those in CSS2.1, Section 10.3)
     that apply to the horizontal dimension in horizontal writing modes
     instead apply to the vertical dimension in vertical writing modes.
     Likewise, layout calculation rules (such as those in CSS2.1, Section 10.6)
     that apply to the vertical dimension in horizontal writing modes
     instead apply to the horizontal dimension in vertical writing modes.
     Thus:
  <ul>
    <li><p>Layout rules that refer to the width use the height instead,
        and vice versa.
    <li><p>Layout rules that refer to the '*-left' and '*-right' box
        properties (border, margin, padding) use '*-top' and '*-bottom'
        instead, and vice versa. Which side of the
        box the property applies to doesn't change: only which values
        are inputs to which layout calculations changes. The 'margin-left'
        property still affects the lefthand margin, for example; however
        in a ''vertical-rl'' writing mode it takes part in margin collapsing
        in place of 'margin-bottom'.</p>
    <li><p>Layout rules that depend on the 'direction' property to choose between
        left and right (e.g. overflow, overconstraint resolution, the initial
        value for 'text-align', table column ordering)
        are abstracted to the <i>start</i> and <i>end</i> sides
        and applied appropriately.</li>
  </ul>

  <div class="example">
    <p>For example, in vertical writing modes,
       table rows are vertical and table columns are horizontal.
      In a ''vertical-rl'' ''mixed'' ''rtl'' table,
      the first column would be on the bottom (the <i>inline-start</i> side),
      and the first row on the right (the <i>block-start</i> side).
      The table's 'margin-right' and 'margin-left' would collapse
      with margins before (on the right) and after (on the left) the table, respectively,
      and if the table had ''auto'' values for 'margin-top' and 'margin-bottom'
      it would be centered vertically within its block flow.
    <div class="figure">
      <p><a href="diagrams/vertical-table.svg">
        <img alt="Diagram of a vertical-rl mixed rtl table in a
        vertical block formatting context, showing the ordering of rows,
        cells, and columns as described above."
              class="example" src="diagrams/vertical-table.png"></a>
      <p class="caption">Table in ''vertical-rl'' RTL writing mode</p>
    </div>

  </div>

  <p>For features such as text alignment, floating, and list marker positioning,
    that primarily reference the left or right sides of the line box or
    its longitudinal parallels and therefore have no top or bottom equivalent,
    the <a href="#line-left">line left</a> and <a href="#line-right">line
    right</a> sides are used as the reference for the left and right sides
    respectively.

  <p>Likewise for features such as underlining, overlining, and baseline alignment
    (the unfortunately-named 'vertical-align'), that primarily reference the
    top or bottom sides of the linebox or its transversal parallels and
    therefore have no left or right equivalent, the <a href="#over">line-over</a>
    and <a href="#under">line-under</a> sides are used as the reference for the
    top and bottom sides respectively.

  <p>The details of these mappings are provided below.

<h3 id="dimension-mapping">
Dimensional Mapping</h3>

<!--
  <p>Properties that are named in terms of the x and y axes are
    logical with respect to the block flow direction rather than absolute
    with respect to the page. Specifically:

  <ul>
    <li>The ''repeat-x'' keyword of 'background-repeat' tiles in the
      inline dimension of the element, which is not necessarily the
      horizontal dimension. [[!CSS21]] [[!CSS3BG]]
    <li>The ''repeat-y'' keyword of 'background-repeat' tiles in the
      block flow dimension of the element, which is not necessarily
      the vertical dimension. [[!CSS21]] [[!CSS3BG]]
    <li>The 'overflow-x' property controls overflow in the inline
      dimension of the element. [[!CSS3UI]]
    <li>The 'overflow-y' property controls overflow in the block
      flow dimension of the element. [[!CSS3UI]]
  </ul>
-->

  <p>Certain properties behave logically as follows:
  <ul>
    <li>The first and second values of the 'border-spacing' property
      represent spacing between columns and rows respectively, not
      necessarily the horizontal and vertical spacing respectively.
      [[!CSS21]]
    <li>The 'line-height' property always refers to the logical
      height. [[!CSS21]]
  </ul>

  <p>The height properties ('height', 'min-height', and 'max-height')
    refer to the physical height, and the width properties ('width',
    'min-width', and 'max-width') refer to the physical width. However,
    the rules used to calculate box dimensions and positions are logical.

  <p>For example, the calculation rules in
    <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visudet.html#Computing_widths_and_margins">CSS2.1 Section 10.3</a>
    are used for the inline dimension measurements:
    they apply to the measure (which could be either the physical width or physical height)
    and to the <i>inline-start</i> and <i>inline-end</i> margins, padding, and border.
    Likewise the calculation rules in
        <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visudet.html#Computing_heights_and_margins">CSS2.1 Section 10.6</a>
    are used in the block dimension: they apply to the <i>extent</i> and to
    the <i>block-start</i> and <i>block-end</i> margins, padding, and border. [[!CSS21]]

  <p>As a corollary, percentages on the margin and padding properties,
    which are always calculated with respect to the containing block
    width in CSS2.1, are calculated with respect to the <em>measure</em>
    of the containing block in CSS3.

<h3 id="orthogonal-flows">
Orthogonal Flows</h3>


  <div class="note">
  	We appreciate feedback in general,
  	but we are particularly interested in feedback
    on this particularly complicated section.
  </div>

  <p>When a box has a different 'writing-mode' from its
    containing block two cases are possible:

  <ul>
    <li>The two writing modes are parallel to each other. (For example,
      ''vertical-rl'' and ''vertical-lr'').</li>
    <li>The two writing modes are perpendicular to each other. (For
      example, ''horizontal-tb'' and ''vertical-rl'').</li>
  </ul>

  <p>
    When a box has a writing mode that is perpendicular to its containing block
    it is said to be in, or establish, an <dfn export title="establish an orthogonal flow | orthogonal flow | orthogonal">orthogonal flow</dfn>.

  <p>
    To handle this case, CSS layout calculations are divided into
    two phases: sizing a box, and positioning the box within its flow.

  <ul>
    <li>
      In the sizing phase—calculating the width and height of the
      box—the dimensions of the box and the containing block
      are mapped to the measure and extent and calculations are performed
      accordingly using the writing mode of the <em>box</em>.
    <li>
      In the positioning phase—calculating the positioning offsets,
      margins, borders, and padding—the dimensions of the box and
      its containing block are mapped to the measure and extent and
      calculations are performed according to the writing mode of the
      <em>containing block</em>.
  </ul>

  <p>Since ''auto'' margins are resolved consistent with the containing
    block's writing mode, a box establishing an <i>orthogonal flow</i> can,
    once sized, be aligned or centered within its containing block just
    like other block-level boxes by using auto margins.

  <div class='example'>
    <div class="sidefigure">
      <p><img alt="Diagram of a vertical flow box appearing in between two horizontal flow boxes."
              src="orthogonal.svg"
              width=180>
      <p class="caption">An example of orthogonal flow</p>
    </div>

    <p>
      For example, if a vertical block is placed inside a horizontal
      block, then when calculating the physical height (which is the
      measure) of the child block the physical height of the parent
      block is used as the child's containing block measure, even
      though the physical height is the extent, not the measure, of
      the parent block.

    <p>
      On the other hand,
      because the containing block is in a horizontal writing mode,
      the vertical margins on the child participate in margin-collapsing,
      even though they are in the inline-axis of the child,
      and horizontal auto margins will expand to fill the containing block,
      even though they are in the block-axis of the child.
  </div>

<h4 id="orthogonal-auto">
Auto-sizing in Orthogonal Flows</h4>

  <p>It is common in CSS for a containing block to have a definite
    measure, but not a definite extent. This typically happens in
    CSS2.1 when a containing block has an ''auto'' height, for
    example: its width is given by the calculations in
    <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visudet.html#blockwidth">10.3.3</a>,
    but its extent depends on its contents. In such cases the
    <i>available measure</i> is defined as the measure of the
    containing block; but the <i>available extent</i>, which
    would otherwise be the extent of the containing block, is
    infinite.

  <p>Putting a box in an <i>orthogonal flow</i> allows the opposite to happen:
    for the <i>available extent</i> to be defined, but the <i>available
    measure</i> to be indefinite. In such cases a percentage of the
    containing block measure cannot be defined, and inline-axis
    computations cannot be resolved. In these cases, the initial
    containing block's size is used as a <i>fallback</i> variable
    in place of the <i>available measure</i> for calculations that
    require a definite <i>available measure</i>.

<h4 id=auto-multicol>
Auto-sizing Block Containers in Orthogonal Flows</h4>

  <p>
    If a box establishing an orthogonal flow is a block container or multi-column element,
    for the case where the box's extent or available extent is
    <i>definite</i> but the box's measure is ''auto'':

  <ol>
    <li>
      If 'column-count' and 'column-width' are both ''auto'',
      calculate the used 'column-width' as:
      <code>min(<var>max-content</var>, max(<var>min-content</var>, min(<var>fill-available</var>, <var>fill-fallback</var>)))</code>,
      where:
      <dl>
        <dt><var>min-content</var>
        <dd>the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-sizing/#min-content-measure">min-content measure</a> of the box

        <dt><var>max-content</var>
        <dd>the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-sizing/#max-content-measure">max-content measure</a> of the box

        <dt><var>fill-available</var>
        <dd>the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-sizing/#terms">fill-available fit</a> into the box's containing block's size in the box's inline axis

        <dt><var>fill-fallback</var>
        <dd>the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-sizing/#terms">fill-available fit</a> into the initial containing block's size in the box's inline axis
      </dl>

      <p>
        See [[!CSS3-SIZING]] for further details.

    <li>
      If the columns' extent is <i>indefinite</i>,
      the <i>fill-available extent</i> of the box is used.
    <li>
      The used 'column-count' then follows from filling the resulting columns with the box's content.
  </ol>

  <p>
    The used measure of the resulting multi-column element is then calculated:
    if the content neither line-wraps nor fragments within the multi-column element,
    then the used measure is the <i>max-content measure</i> of the box's contents;
    else it is calculated from the used 'column-width', 'column-count', and 'column-gap'.

  <p>
    The used extent of the box is either the used column extent
    (if multiple columns were used)
    or the <i>max-content extent</i> of the content.

  <div class="note">
    <div class=sidefigure>
      <img src="auto-multicol.svg" width=200
        alt="Diagram of automatically triggered multi-column preventing T-shaped documents">
    </div>
    This automatically triggers multi-column flow
    so that overflowing content, instead of continuing off the side of the containing block,
    is wrapped into columns in the flow direction of the containing block,
    thus avoiding T-shaped documents.
    <br style="clear:both;">
  </div>

  <!-- Should this maybe trigger on the first block container descendant of
       an orthogonal flow root? Or (as here) just on orthogonal flow roots
       that happen to be block containers? -->

  <p>
    If the UA does not support CSS Multi-column Layout [[!CSS3COL]],
    the UA may instead calculate the box's measure assuming an infinite extent,
    thus laying out its contents into a single column.
    Note that this can, however, result in content that is clipped
    or otherwise inaccessible.

<h4 id="orthogonal-layout">
Auto-sizing Orthogonal Flows</h4>

  <p>In order to limit the length of lines,
  block containers have special auto-sizing behavior
  when their <i>available measure</i> is infinite
  (which typically occurs when they establish an orthogonal flow).

  <p>Other layout models simply shrink-wrap (as floats do) into the infinite <i>available measure</i>;
  but pass through the infinite limit to block containers they contain:

  <ul>
    <li>A table or flex container establishing an orthogonal flow is laid out into the given <i>available space</i>.
    If the <i>available measure</i> is infinite, this effectively lays the box out at its max-content size.
    However, any table cells or <i>flex items</i> that are <i>block containers</i> are laid out assuming infinite <i>available space</i>
    and so behave accordingly, possibly limiting their <i>measure</i> to the size of the initial containing block
    or triggering multi-column layout so that they grow in the direction of the infinite measure.
  </ul>


<h4 id="orthogonal-pagination">
Fragmenting Orthogonal Flows</h4>

  <p><em>This section is informative.</em></p>

  <p>With regards to fragmentation, the rules in CSS2.1 still hold in
    vertical writing modes and orthogonal flows: break opportunities
    do not occur inside line boxes, only between them.
    UAs that support [[!CSS3COL]] may break in the (potentially zero-width)
    gap between columns, however.

  <p>Note that if content spills outside the pagination stream
    established by the root element, the UA is not required to print
    such content. Authors wishing to mix writing modes with long streams
    of text are thus encouraged to use CSS columns to keep all content
    flowing in the document's pagination direction.

  <div class="note">
    <p>In other words, if your document would require two scrollbars on
    the screen it probably won't all print. Fix your layout, e.g. by
    using <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-multicol/">columns</a> so
    that it all scrolls (and therefore paginates) in one direction if
    you want to make sure it'll all print. T-shaped documents tend not
    to print well.
  </div>

<h3 id="logical-direction-layout">
Flow-Relative Mappings</h3>

  <p>Flow-relative directions are calculated with respect to
    the writing mode of the <em>containing block</em> of the
    box and used to abstract layout rules related to the
    box properties (margins, borders, padding) and any properties
    related to positioning the box within its containing block
    ('float', 'clear', 'top', 'bottom', 'left', 'right')
    For inline-level boxes, the writing mode of the <em>parent
    box</em> is used instead.

  <p>For example, the margin that is dropped when a box's inline
    dimension is
    <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visudet.html#blockwidth">over-constrained</a>
    is the end margin as determined by the writing mode of the
    containing block.

  <p>The <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/box.html#collapsing-margins">margin
    collapsing rules</a> apply exactly with the <em><i>block-start</i>
    margin</em> substituted for the top margin and the
    <em><i>block-end</i> margin</em> substituted for the bottom margin.
    Similarly the <i>block-start</i> padding and border are substituted
    for the top padding and border, and the <i>block-end</i> padding and
    border substituted for the bottom padding and border.
    Note this means only <i>block-start</i> and <i>block-end</i> margins ever collapse.

  <p>Flow-relative directions are calculated with respect to
    the writing mode of the box and used to abstract layout
    related to the box's contents:

  <ul>
    <li>The initial value of the 'text-align' property
      aligns to the <i>start</i> edge of the line box.
    <li>The 'text-indent' property indents from the <i>start</i>
      edge of the line box.
    <li>For tables, the ordering of columns begins on the <i>inline-start</i>
      side of the table, and the ordering of rows begins on the
      <i>block-start</i> side of the table.
  </ul>

<h3 id="line-mappings">
Line-Relative Mappings</h3>

  <p>The <a>line-relative directions</a> are
    <a href="#over">over</a>,
    <a href="#under">under</a>,
    <a href="#line-left">line-left</a>, and
    <a href="#line-right">line-right</a>. In an
    <abbr title="left-to-right">LTR</abbr>
    ''horizontal-tb'' writing mode, they correspond to the
    top, bottom, left, and right directions, respectively.

  <p>The line-right and line-left directions are calculated
    with respect to the writing mode of the box and used
    to interpret the ''left'' and ''right'' values of the
    following properties:
  <ul>
    <li>the 'text-align' property [[!CSS21]]
  </ul>

  <p>The line-right and line-left directions are calculated
    with respect to the writing mode of the <em>containing
    block</em> of the box and used to interpret the ''left''
    and ''right'' values of the following properties:
  <ul>
    <li>the 'float' property [[!CSS21]]
    <li>the 'clear' property [[!CSS21]]
  </ul>

  <p>The <i>over</i> and <i>under</i> directions are calculated with respect to
    the writing mode of the box and used to define the
    interpretation of the "top" (over) and "bottom" (under)
    sides of the line box as follows:

  <ul>
    <li>For the 'vertical-align' property,
      the "top" of the line box is its <i>over</i> edge;
      the "bottom" of the line box is its under edge.
      Positive length and percentage values
      shift the baseline towards the <i>line-over</i> edge. [[!CSS21]]
    <li>For the 'text-decoration' property,
      the underline is drawn on the <i>under</i> side of the text;
      the overline is drawn on the <i>over</i> side of the text. [[!CSS21]]
      <span class="note">Note that the CSS Text Decoration Module defines
      this in more detail and provides additional controls for
      controlling the position of underlines and overlines.
      [[CSS3-TEXT-DECOR]]</span>
  </ul>

<h3 id="physical-only">
Purely Physical Mappings</h3>

  <p>The following values are purely physical in their definitions
    and do not respond to changes in writing mode:

  <ul>
    <li>the ''rect()'' notation of the 'clip' property [[!CSS21]]
    <li>the background properties [[!CSS21]] [[!CSS3BG]]
    <li>the border-image properties [[!CSS3BG]]
    <li>the offsets of the 'box-shadow' and 'text-shadow' properties
  </ul>

<h3 id="caption-side">
Table Caption Mappings: the 'caption-side' keywords</h3>

  <pre class='propdef'>
  Name: caption-side
  New values: block-start | block-end
  </pre>

  <p>This module introduces two new values to the 'caption-side' property:
    <dfn value for='caption-side'>block-start</dfn> and <dfn value for='caption-side'>block-end</dfn>,
    which position the caption before and after the table box, respectively.
    For tables with ''horizontal-tb'' writing mode,
    they are equivalent to the existing ''top'' and ''bottom'' values, respectively. [[!CSS21]]

  <p class='note'>For implementations that support the ''top-outside''
    and ''bottom-outside'' model, corresponding ''start-outside'' and
    ''end-outside'' are similarly introduced.

  <p>Implementations that support the ''top'' and ''bottom'' values
    of the 'caption-side' property but do not support side captions
    (i.e. ''left'' and ''right'' captions in horizontal writing modes)
    must treat both ''top'' and ''bottom'' as <a value>block-start</a>,
    when the table is in a vertical writing mode.

  <p>For implementations that do support side captions
    (i.e. the ''left'' and ''right'' values from the obsolete CSS&nbsp;2.0 specification [[CSS2]]),
    this module also introduces the ''inline-start'' and ''inline-end'' values,
    which behave similarly and which position the
    caption on the <i>inline-start</i> and <i>inline-end</i> sides of the table box,
    calculated with respect to the writing mode of the table box.
    For such implementations, the ''top'' and ''bottom'' values must place the
    caption on the top and bottom sides of the table box, respectively.

  <p class="note">The CSS2.0 side caption model had some
    <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/2002Dec/0142.html">problems</a>
    and will likely have a different definition in CSS3.</p>

<!--
<h3 id="html-attributes">HTML Attributes</h3>

  <p>This section defines the mapping of HTML presentational attributes
    in CSS. This section is normative for user agents supporting HTML
    in addition to the 'writing-mode' property. [[!HTML40]] [[!HTML5]]

  <h4 id="width-height-attributes">The <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> attributes</h4>

  <p>The HTML <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> attributes refer
    to the physical width and height for elements that that are replaced,
    i.e.
    <code>&lt;applet&gt;</code>,
    <code>&lt;embed&gt;</code>,
    <code>&lt;iframe&gt;</code>,
    <code>&lt;img&gt;</code>,
    <code>&lt;object&gt;</code>,
    <code>&lt;canvas&gt;</code>,
    and
    <code>&lt;video&gt;</code>

  <p>Form elements elements contain text, therefore their contents should be
    affected by writing mode, in which case these attributes refer to the
    <em>logical</em> width and height. The UA may, however, choose not
    to rotate nor flip these elements in vertical writing modes if it is not
    capable, and in that case, these attributes remain physical.</p>
    <p class="issue">when not to rotate form elements/MathML,
      should treat them as images (always upright)
      or to force writing-mode to always calculate to horizontal-tb?</p>

  <p>On table-related elements (<code>&lt;table&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;colgroup&gt;</code>,
    <code>&lt;col&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;tr&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;th&gt;</code>,
    <code>&lt;td&gt;</code>) the <code>width</code> and <code>height</code>
    attributes are always logical.

  <p>The <code>size</code> attribute of the <code>&lt;hr&gt;</code> element
    is also logical (refers to the logical height).

  <h4 id="alignment-attributes">Alignment, Float and Clear Attributes</h4>

  <p>The following attributes behave the same way as their corresponding
    CSS properties:</p>

  <ul>
    <li><code>align</code> as 'float' or 'text-align'</li>
    <li><code>clear</code> as 'clear'</li>
    <li><code>valign</code> as 'vertical-align'</li>
  </ul>

  <h4 id="spacing-attributes">Spacing Attributes</h4>

  <p>The following attributes are logical and, as margins, are logical
    with respect to the writing mode of the <em>parent</em> element.</p>

  <ul>
    <li><code>hspace</code> as inline-start and inline-end margins</li>
    <li><code>vspace</code> as block-start and block-end margins</li>
    <li>marginwidth</li>
    <li>marginheight</li>
  </ul>
-->

<h2 id="page-direction">
Page Flow: the page progression direction</h2>

  <p>In paged media CSS2.1 classifies all pages as either left or right pages.
    The page progression direction, which determines whether the left or right
    page in a spread is first in the flow and whether the first page is by
    default a left or right page, depends on the writing direction as follows:

  <ul>
    <li>The page progression is right-to-left if the root element's
      'writing-mode' is ''vertical-rl'' or if the root element's 'writing-mode'
      is ''horizontal-tb'' and its 'direction' is ''rtl''.
    <li>The page progression is left-to-right if the root element's
      'writing-mode' is ''vertical-lr'' or if the root element's 'writing-mode'
      is ''horizontal-tb'' and its 'direction' is ''ltr''.
  </ul>

  <p>(Unless otherwise overridden, the first page of a document begins on the
    second half of a spread, e.g. on the right page in a left-to-right page
    progression.)

<h2 id="text-combine">
Glyph Composition</h2>

<span id="text-combine-horizontal"></span>
<h3 id="text-combine-upright">
Horizontal-in-Vertical Composition: the 'text-combine-upright' property</h3>

  <pre class='propdef'>
  Name: text-combine-upright
  Value: none | all | [ digits &lt;integer&gt;? ]
  Initial: none
  Applies to: non-replaced inline elements
  Inherited: yes
  Percentages: n/a
  Media: visual
  Computed value: specified keyword, plus integer if ''digits''
  Animatable: no
  Canonical order: n/a
  </pre>

  <p>This property specifies the combination of multiple characters into the space of a single character.
    If the combined text is wider than 1em, the UA must fit the contents within 1em, see below.
    The resulting composition is treated as a single upright glyph for the purposes of layout and decoration.
    This property only has an effect in vertical writing modes. Values have the following meanings:

  <dl>
    <dt><dfn value for=text-combine-upright>none</dfn>
    <dd>No special processing.</dd>

    <dt><dfn value for=text-combine-upright>all</dfn>
    <dd>Attempt to typeset horizontally
      all consecutive <i>characters</i> within the box
      such that they take up the space of a single character
      within the vertical line box.
    <dt><dfn value for=text-combine-upright>digits <var>&lt;integer></var>?</dfn>
    <dd>Attempt to typeset horizontally
      each maximal sequence of consecutive ASCII digits (U+0030&ndash;U+0039)
      that has as many or fewer characters than the specified integer
      such that it takes up the space of a single character
      within the vertical line box.
      If the integer is omitted, it computes to 2.
      Integers outside the range 2-4 are invalid.
  </dl>

  <div class="example">
    <p>In East Asian documents, the ''text-combine-upright'' effect is often
      used to display Latin-based strings such as components of a date or
      letters of an initialism, always in a horizontal writing mode
      regardless of the writing mode of the line:</p>

    <div class="figure">
      <p><img alt="Diagram of tate-chu-yoko, showing the two digits of a date
                   set halfwidth side-by-side in a vertical column of text"
              class="example" src="tate-chu-yoko.png">
      <p class="caption">Example of horizontal-in-vertical <i lang="ja" title=''>tate-chu-yoko</i></p>
    </div>

    <p>The figure is the result of the rules</p>
    <pre>
<!-- -->date { text-combine-upright: digits 2; }
    </pre>
    <p>and the following markup:</p>
    <pre>
<!-- -->&lt;date&gt;&#x5E73;&#x6210;20&#x5E74;4&#x6708;16&#x65E5;&#x306B;&lt;/date&gt;
    </pre>

    <p>In Japanese, this effect is known as <i lang="ja" title=''>tate-chu-yoko</i>.
  </div>

  <div class="example">
    <p>The following example shows that applying ''text-combine-upright: digits 2''
      to an entire document, rather than to a segment with a known type of
      numeric content, can have unintended consequences:
    <pre>&lt;p>あれは10,000円ですよ！&lt;/p></pre>
    <div class="figure">
      <p><img alt="Rendering of the above markup with 'text-combine-upright: digits':
                   the first two digits of the number are rendered as tate-chu-yoko
                   while the rest of the number is rendered sideways."
              class="example" src="bad-tate-chu-yoko.png">
      <p class="caption">Example of mis-applied <i lang="ja" title=''>tate-chu-yoko</i></p>
    </div>
  </div>

<h4 id="text-combine-runs">
Text Run Rules</h4>

  <p>To avoid complexity in the rendering and layout,
    'text-combine-upright' can only combine plain text:
    consecutive <i>characters</i> that are not interrupted by a box boundary.

  <p>However, because the property inherits,
    the UA must ensure that the contents of the box effecting the combination
    are not part of an otherwise-combinable sequence
    that happens to begin or end outside the box;
    if so, then the text is laid out normally, as if 'text-combine-upright' were ''none''.
    To avoid combining only part of a sequence:
    if the boundary of a potentially-combinable run
    is due only to one or more inline box boundaries,
    the UA must inspect any <i>characters</i> that appear
    immediately before and immediately after the run,
    and if these characters would, without the intervening box,
    form a sequence that would (if it were not too long) combine,
    then the candidate run does not combine.

  <p class="note">The above paragraph is at-risk. Comments from implementors are welcome.</p>

  <div class="example">
    <p>For example, given the rule
    <pre>tcy { text-combine-upright: digits 4; }</pre>
    <p>if the following markup were given:
    <pre>&lt;tcy&gt;12&lt;span>34&lt;/span>&lt;/tcy></pre>
    <p>no text would combine: the 12 and 34 both share an ancestor with the same 'text-combine-upright' value,
    and therefore are considered part of a sequence of four combinable digits interrupted by a box boundary.
    However in these cases:
    <pre>12&lt;tcy&gt;&lt;span>34&gt;&lt;/span>&lt;/tcy>
12&lt;tcy&gt;&lt;span>&lt;/span>34&lt;/tcy>
12&lt;tcy&gt;34&lt;span>&lt;/span>&lt;/tcy></pre>
    <p>The 34 would combine, because the 12 immediately previous does not share with the 34 an ancestor with a common 'text-combine-upright',
    and therefore the 34 is considered to be the entirety of a sequence of two combinable digits.
    <p>If we used the rule
    <pre>tcy { text-combine-upright: all; }</pre>
    the same results would occur:
    the first case not combining because 1234 forms a sequence of four combinable characters interrupted by a box boundary,
    and the second combining 34 because it forms the entirety of a sequence of two combinable characters.
  </div>

  <p class="note">
    Note that the value of 'text-combine-upright' (''all'' or ''digits'')
    only affects which types of <i>characters</i> can be combined
    and what is the maximum length of a combinable sequence.
    It does not otherwise change behavior.

<h4 id="text-combine-layout">
Layout Rules</h4>

  <p>When combining text as for ''text-combine-upright: all'',
    the glyphs of the combined text are composed horizontally
    (ignoring 'letter-spacing' and any forced line breaks, but using the specified font settings),
    similar to the contents of an inline-box with a horizontal writing mode and a line-height of 1em.
    The effective size of the composition is assumed to be 1em square;
    anything outside the square is not measured for layout purposes.
    The UA should center the glyphs horizontally and vertically within the measured 1em square.

  <p>The baseline of the resulting composition must be chosen such that the square is centered
    between the text-over and text-under baselines of its parent inline box prior to any baseline alignment shift ('vertical-align').
    For bidi reordering, the composition is treated the same as a character with ''text-orientation: upright''.
    For line breaking before and after the composition, it is treated as a regular inline with its actual contents.
    For other text layout purposes,
    e.g. emphasis marks, text-decoration, spacing,
    etc. the resulting composition is treated as a single glyph
    representing the Object Replacement Character U+FFFC.

<h4 id="text-combine-compression">
Compression Rules</h4>

  <p>The UA must ensure that the combined advance width of the composition
    fits within 1em by compressing the combined text if necessary.
    (This does not necessarily mean that the glyphs will fit within 1em,
    as some glyphs are designed to draw outside their geometric boundaries.)
    OpenType implementations <em>must</em> use width-specific variants
    (OpenType features <code>hwid</code>/<code>twid</code>/<code>qwid</code>;
    other glyph-width features such as <code>fwid</code> or <code>pwid</code> are not included)
    to compress text
    in cases where those variants are available for all <i>characters</i> in the composition.
    Otherwise, the UA may use any means to compress the text,
    including substituting half-width, third-width, and/or quarter-width glyphs provided by the font,
    using other font features designed to compress text horizontally,
    scaling the text geometrically,
    or any combination thereof.

  <div class="example">
    <p>For example, a simple OpenType-based implementation might compress the text as follows:
    <ol>
      <li>Enable 1/<var>n</var>-width glyphs for combined text of <var>n</var> <i>characters</i>
        (i.e. use OpenType <code>hwid</code> for 2 <i>characters</i>, <code>twid</code> for 3 <i>characters</i>, etc.)
        if the number of <i>characters</i> &gt; 1.
        Note that the number of <i>characters</i> &ne; number of Unicode codepoints!
      <li>If the result is wider than 1em, horizontally scale the result to 1em.
    </ol>
    <p>A different implementation that utilizes OpenType layout features
    might compose the text first with normal glyphs to see if that fits,
    then substitute in half-width or third-width forms as available and necessary,
    possibly adjusting its approach or combining it with scaling operations
    depending on the available glyph substitutions.
  </div>

  <p>In some fonts, the ideographic glyphs are given a compressed design
    such that they are 1em wide but shorter than 1em tall.
    To accommodate such fonts, the UA may vertically scale the the composition
    to match the advance height of 水 U+6C34.
  <!-- 水 U+6C34 was chosen because it is a very basic character common to
    all Han-based scripts, so would have to appear in any usable ideographic
    font; and its shape is very full in both dimensions, so it would be
    unlikely to be shortened in a proportional font -->

<h5 id="text-combine-fullwidth">
Full-width Characters</h5>

  <p>In order to preserve typographic color when compressing the text to 1em,
    when the combined text consists of more than one <i>character</i>,
    then any full-width <i>characters</i> must first be converted to their non-full-width equivalents
    by reversing the algorithm defined for ''text-transform: full-width'' in [[!CSS3TEXT]]
    before applying other compression techniques.

  <div class="example">
    <p>For example, an author might apply both 'text-transform' and 'text-combine-upright'
    to a date set in vertical text.
    <pre>date { text-combine-upright: digits 2; text-transform: full-width; }</pre>
    <p>Suppose this style rule is applied to a date such as.
    <pre>&lt;date>2010年2月23日&lt;/date></pre>
    <p>The "2010" is too long to be combined (4 digits), but the "2" and "23" will be affected.
    Since "23" is more than one character, it will not be affected by ''text-transform: full-width''.
    However since the "2" is only one character, it will be transformed to a fullwidth "２".
    Since the "2010" was not combined, its digits, too, will be transformed to fullwidth "２０１０";
    and being fullwidth, they will be typeset upright, giving the following result:
    <pre style="text-align: center">
<!-- -->２
<!-- -->０
<!-- -->１
<!-- -->０
<!-- -->年
<!-- -->２
<!-- -->月
<!-- -->23
<!-- -->日</pre>
  </div>
<!--
    Also, a <a property>font-variant</a> value of ''full-width'' must be ignored in such cases:
    whether applied via ''@font-face'' descriptor or property declaration,
    within the combined text this value does not not cause the UA to enable that font feature. [[!CSS3-FONTS]]
    http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/2013Sep/0091.html
-->

  <p class="note">
    Properties that affect glyph selection,
    such as the <a property>font-variant</a> and <a property>font-feature-settings</a> properties defined in [CSS3-FONTS],
    can potentially affect the selection of variants for characters included in combined text runs.
    Authors are advised to use these properties with care when 'text-combine-upright' is also used.

<h2 class="no-num" id="changes">Changes</h2>
  <h3 class="no-num" id="changes-201311">
  Changes since the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css-writing-modes-3-20131126/">November
  2013 CSS Writing Modes Module Level 3 <abbr title="Last Call Working Draft">LCWD</abbr></a></h3>
  <ul>
    <li>Changed to use boxes rather than elements where its use is more accurate or appropriate.
    <li>Increased the maximum level of embedding to 125 to match to Unicode 6.3.
    <li>Clarified handling of bidi control codes.
    <li>Clarified <a href="#text-combine-compression">compression rules</a> of 'text-combine-upright'.
  </ul>

  <h3 class="no-num" id="changes-201211">
  Changes since the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-writing-modes-20121115/">November
  2012 CSS Writing Modes Module Level 3 <abbr title="Working Draft">WD</abbr></a></h3>
  <ul>
    <li>Added back ''digits'' value of 'text-combine-upright' and tightened up rules for compressing text.
    <li>Defined better analysis of text to be combined.
    <li>Various fixes/clarifications to orthogonal flows.
    <li>Updated references to UTR50 and how this specification use its values.
  </ul>

  <h3 class="no-num" id="changes-201205">
  Changes since the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-writing-modes-20120501/">May
  2012 CSS Writing Modes Module Level 3 <abbr title="Working Draft">WD</abbr></a></h3>

  <p>Major changes include:</p>
  <ul>
    <li>Replaced 'unicode-bidi' value of ''isolate bidi-override'' with single keyword ''isolate-override''.
    <li>Clarified that bidi isolated content does not affect plaintext heuristics of the containing paragraph.
    <li>Lots of other clarifications to bidi.
    <li>Renamed ''mixed-right'' value of 'text-orientation' to ''mixed''.
    <li>Updated references to UTR50 for orientation of characters in Unicode
        and improved text defining vertical typesetting rules.
    <li>Fixed errors and clarified auto-sizing rules for orthogonal flows.
    <li>Replaced Appendix D with references to the new [[!CSS3-SIZING]] module.
    <li>Removed 'text-combine-mode' property.
    <li>Removed all 'text-combine-upright' values except ''none'' and ''all''.
    <li>Defined effect of 'text-combine-upright' on line-breaking.
  </ul>

  <h3 class="no-num" id="changes-201109">
  Changes since the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-writing-modes-20110901/">September
  2011 CSS Writing Modes Module Level 3 <abbr title="Working Draft">WD</abbr></a></h3>

  <p>Major changes include:</p>
  <ul>
    <li>Hooked up vertical typesetting details to UTR50.
    <li>Removed concept of "typographic modes".
    <li>Altered <a href="#orthogonal-auto">orthogonal sizing</a>
      to take into account the fill-available size; now the minimum of the
      fill-available and ICB size is used to resolve ''auto'' sizes.
    <li>Renamed ''digits'' to ''numeric'' and ''ascii-digits'' to ''digits'' for 'text-combine-upright'.
    <li>Defined interaction of 'text-combine-upright' and 'text-transform'.
  </ul>


<h2 class="no-num" id="acknowledgements">
Acknowledgements</h2>

<p>John Daggett, Martin Heijdra, Laurentiu Iancu,
Yasuo Kida, Tatsuo Kobayashi, Toshi Kobayashi,
Ken Lunde, Nat McCully, Eric Muller,
Paul Nelson, Kenzou Onozawa, Dwayne Robinson,
Michel Suignard, Taro Yamamoto, Steve Zilles</p>

<h2 id="character-properties" class="no-num">Appendix A.
Characters and Properties</h2>

  <p>Unicode defines three codepoint-level properties that are referenced
    in CSS Writing Modes:
  <dl>
    <dt><a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/#General_Category_Values">General Category</a>
    <dd>Defined in [[!UAX44]] and given as the General_Category property
      in the Unicode Character Database [[!UAX44]].
    <dt><a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr24/#Values">Script</a>
    <dd>Defined in [[!UAX24]] and given as the Script property
      in the Unicode Character Database [[!UAX44]]. (UAs should
      include any ScriptExtensions.txt assignments in this mapping.)
    <dt><a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr50/">Vertical Orientation</a>
    <dd>Defined in [[!UTR50]] as the Vertical_Orientation property
      and given in the UTR50 data file.
  </dl>

  <p id=grapheme-cluster>In several sections (as noted), the term
    <dfn>character</dfn> is defined as <em>extended grapheme cluster</em>
    per [[!UAX29]]. It is roughly equivalent to what a language user
    considers to be a character or a basic unit of the script (which
    might not be a single Unicode codepoint).
    The UA may further tailor this definition as appropriate to match
    typographic convention. For example, when typesetting ''upright'',
    Tibetan tsek and shad marks are kept with the preceding letters,
    rather than treated as an independent cluster.

<h2 id="bidi-html" class=no-num>
Appendix B: Bidi Rules for HTML 4</h2>

<p>The style sheet rules that would achieve the bidi behaviors specified
in [[HTML401]] for the HTML Strict doctype are given below:
  <pre>
/* HTML dir attribute creates an embedding */
*[dir="ltr"]    { direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; }
*[dir="rtl"]    { direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; }

/* BDO element creates an override */
bdo[dir="ltr"]  { direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; }
bdo[dir="rtl"]  { direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; }

/* HTML4.01:8.2.6 - preserve bidi behavior if 'display' is changed */
html, body,
div, address, blockquote, p,
ul, ol, li, dl, dt, dd,
fieldset, form,
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
{ unicode-bidi: isolate; }
  </pre>

<h2 class="no-num" id="script-orientations">Appendix C:
Vertical Scripts in Unicode</h2>
  <p><em>This section is informative.</em></p>

  <p>This appendix lists the vertical and bi-orientational scripts in Unicode 6.0
    [[!UNICODE]] and their transformation from horizontal to vertical orientation.
    Any script not listed explicitly is assumed to be <i>horizontal-only</i>.
    The script classification of Unicode characters is given by [[!UAX24]].

  <table class="data">
    <caption>Vertical Scripts in Unicode</caption>
    <thead>
      <tr><th>Code	<th>Name                	<th>Transform (Clockwise)	<th>Vertical Intrinsic Direction
    </thead>
    <tbody>
      <tr><td>Bopo	<td>Bopomofo            	<th>0&deg;  	<th>ttb
      <tr><td>Egyp	<td>Egyptian Hieroglyphs	<th>0&deg;  	<th>ttb
      <tr><td>Hira	<td>Hiragana            	<th>0&deg;  	<th>ttb
      <tr><td>Kana	<td>Katakana            	<th>0&deg;  	<th>ttb
      <tr><td>Hani	<td>Han                 	<th>0&deg;  	<th>ttb
      <tr><td>Hang	<td>Hangul              	<th>0&deg;  	<th>ttb
      <tr><td>Merc	<td>Meroitic Cursive    	<th>0&deg;  	<th>ttb
      <tr><td>Mero	<td>Meroitic Hieroglyphs	<th>0&deg;  	<th>ttb
      <tr><td>Mong	<td>Mongolian           	<th>90&deg; 	<th>ttb
      <tr><td>Ogam	<td>Ogham               	<th>-90&deg;	<th>btt
      <tr><td>Orkh	<td>Old Turkic          	<th>-90&deg;	<th>ttb
      <tr><td>Phag	<td>Phags Pa            	<th>90&deg; 	<th>ttb
      <tr><td>Yiii	<td>Yi                  	<th>0&deg;  	<th>ttb
    </tbody>
  </table>

  <p><strong>Exceptions:</strong>
    For the purposes of this specification, all fullwidth (F) and wide (W) characters
    are treated as belonging to a vertical script,
    and halfwidth characters (H) are treated as belonging ot a horizontal script.
    [[!UAX11]]

  <p class="note">
    CSS3 Writing Modes cannot correctly handle either Ogham or Old Turkic.
    It is recommended that ''text-orientation: sideways-left'' be used to typeset these scripts.
    A future version of CSS may define automatic handling of these scripts.

  <p class="note">Note that for vertical-only characters (such as Mongolian and Phags Pa letters),
    the glyphs in the Unicode code charts are shown in their vertical orientation.
    In horizontal text, they are typeset in a 90&deg; counter-clockwise
    rotation from this orientation.