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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>CSS Values and Units Module Level 3</title>
<style type="text/css">
code, small { white-space: nowrap }
.say { color: gray; }
pre.value { font: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
#propvalues td { text-align: right; }
#propvalues td + td { text-align: left; }
dt + dt::before { content: ", "; }
dt { display: inline; }
:not(code) var { font-style: normal; color: #005A9C; }
td > small { display: block; }
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../default.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-[STATUS].css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="head">
<!--logo-->
<h1>CSS Values and Units Module Level 3</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc">[LONGSTATUS] [DATE]</h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt>
<dd><a href="[VERSION]">[VERSION]</a></dd>
<dt>Latest version:</dt>
<dd><a href="[LATEST]">[LATEST]</a></dd>
<dt>Editor's draft:
<dd><a href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/[SHORTNAME]/">http://dev.w3.org/csswg/[SHORTNAME]/</a>
<dt>Previous version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-values-20120308/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-values-20120308/</a></dd>
<dt>Issue Tracking:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Tracker/products/33">http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Tracker/products/33</a>
<dt>Feedback:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">www-style@w3.org</a> with subject line “<kbd>[[SHORTNAME]] <var>… message topic …</var></kbd>”
<dt>Editors:</dt>
<dd><a href="mailto:howcome@opera.com">Håkon Wium Lie</a> (Opera Software)
<dd><a href="http://www.xanthir.com/contact">Tab Atkins</a> (Google)
<dd><a href="http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact">Elika J. Etemad</a> (Mozilla)
</dl>
<!--copyright-->
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This CSS3 module describes the common values and units that CSS
properties accept and the syntax used for describing them in CSS
property definitions.</p>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="status">Status of this document</h2>
<!--status-->
<p>All features described in this specification that also
exist in CSS 2.1 [[!CSS21]] are intended to be backwards compatible.
If you notice a conflict between this draft and CSS 2.1 [[!CSS21]],
please inform the editors!
<p>The following features are at-risk and may be dropped during the
CR period: ''calc()'', ''toggle()'', ''attr()''.
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="contents">Table of contents</h2>
<!--toc-->
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>The value definition field of each CSS property can contain keywords,
data types (which appear between ''<'' and ''>''), and information on how
they can be combined.
Generic data types (<var><length></var> being the most widely used)
that can be used by many properties are described in this specification,
while more specific data types (e.g., <var><spacing-limit></var>)
are described in the corresponding modules.
<h3 id="placement">
Module Interactions</h3>
<p>This module replaces and extends the data type defi
10BC8
nitions in [[!CSS21]]
sections
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/about.html#value-defs">1.4.2.1</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#values">4.3</a>,
and <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/aural.html#aural-intro">A.2</a>.
<h2 id="value-defs">
Value Definition Syntax</h2>
<p>The syntax described here is used to define the set of valid values
for CSS properties. A property value can have one or more components.
<h3 id="component-types">
Component value types</h3>
<p>Component value types are designated in several ways:
<ol>
<li><a href="#keywords">keyword</a> values (such as ''auto'', ''disc'', etc.),
which appear literally, without quotes (e.g. <code>auto</code>)
<li>basic data types, which appear between ''<'' and ''>''
(e.g., <var><length></var>, <var><percentage></var>, etc.).
<li>types that have the same range of values as a property bearing
the same name
(e.g., <var><'border-width'></var> <var><'background-attachment'></var>, etc.).
In this case, the type name is the property name (complete with quotes)
between the brackets. Such a type does <em>not</em>
include <a href="#common-keywords">CSS-wide keywords</a> such as ''inherit''.
<li>non-terminals that do not share the same name as a property. In this
case, the non-terminal name appears between ''<'' and ''>'', as in
<var><spacing-limit></var>. Notice the distinction between
<var><border-width></var> and <var><'border-width'></var>:
the latter is defined as the value of the 'border-width' property,
the former requires an explicit expansion elsewhere.
The definition of a non-terminal is located near its first appearance
in the specification.
</ol>
<p>Some property value definitions also include the slash (/) and/or the
comma (,) as literals. These represent their corresponding tokens.
<p>All CSS properties also accept the <a href="#common-keywords">CSS-wide keyword values</a>
''inherit'' and ''initial''
as the sole component of their property value.
For readability these are not listed explicitly in the property value syntax definitions.
For example, the full value definition of <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-background/#border-color">'border-color'</a>
is ''[ <color>{1,4} ] | inherit | initial''
(even though it is listed as ''<color>{1,4}'').
<p class="note">
Note: This implies that, in general,
combining these keywords with other component values in the same declaration
results in an invalid declaration.
For example,
''background: url(corner.png) no-repeat, inherit;'' is invalid.
<h3 id="component-combinators">
Component value combinators</h3>
<p>Component values can be arranged into property values as follows:
<ul>
<li>Several juxtaposed words mean that all of them must occur, in the
given order.
<li>A double ampersand (&&) separates two or more components,
all of which must occur, in any order.
<li>A double bar (||) separates two or more options:
one or more of them must occur, in any order.
<li>A bar (|) separates two or more alternatives:
exactly one of them must occur.
<li>Brackets ([ ]) are for grouping.
</ul>
<p>Juxtaposition is stronger than the double ampersand, the double
ampersand is stronger than the double bar, and the double bar
is stronger than the bar. Thus, the following lines are equivalent:
<pre>
<!----> a b | c || d && e f
<!---->[ a b ] | [ c || [ d && [ e f ]]]</pre>
<!--
<p>
White space is allowed, but optional, between components of a combination.
-->
<h3 id="component-multipliers">
Component value multipliers</h3>
<p>Every type, keyword, or bracketed group may be followed by one of
the following modifiers:</p>
<ul>
<li>An asterisk (*) indicates that the preceding type, word, or
group occurs zero or more times.
<li>A plus (+) indicates that the preceding type, word, or group
occurs one or more times.
<li>A question mark (?) indicates that the preceding type, word, or
group is optional.
<li>A pair of numbers in curly braces ({<var>A</var>,<var>B</var>})
indicates that the preceding type, word, or group occurs at least
<var>A</var> and at most <var>B</var> times.
<li>A hash mark (#) indicates that the preceding type, word, or
group occurs one or more times, separated by comma tokens.
</ul>
<!--
<p>
White space is allowed, but optional, between repetitions
and around the comma separator of ''#''-multiplied lists.
-->
<p>For repeated component values (indicated by ''*'', ''+'', or ''#''), UAs must support at least 20 repetitions of the component. If a property value contains more than the supported number of repetitions, the declaration must be ignored as if it were invalid.</p>
<h3 id="component-whitespace">
Component values and white space</h3>
<p>Unless otherwise specified,
white space and/or comments may appear before, after, and/or between
components in a property value
or subcomponents in a <a href="#functional-notation">functional notation</a>
that is defined using these component
<a href="#component-combinators">combinators</a> and
<a href="#component-multipliers">multipliers</a>.
<p class=note>Note: In many cases, spaces will in fact be
<em>required</em> between components in order to distinguish them from
each other. For example, the value ''1em2em'' would be parsed as a
single <code>DIMEN</code> token with the number ''1'' and the identifier
''em2em'', which is an invalid unit. In this case, a space would be
required before the ''2'' to get this parsed as the two lengths ''1em''
and ''2em''.
<h3 id="value-examples">
Property value examples</h3>
<p>Below are some examples of properties with their corresponding value
definition fields
<div class=example>
<table class="data" id="propvalues">
<thead>
<tr><th>Property
<th>Value definition field
<th>Example value
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>'orphans'
<td><integer>
<td>''3''
<tr><td>'text-align'
<td>left | right | center | justify
<td>''center''
<tr><td>'padding-top'
<td><length> | <percentage>
<td>''5%''
<tr><td>'outline-color'
<td><color> | invert
<td>''#fefefe''
<tr><td>'text-decoration'
<td>none | underline || overline || line-through || blink
<td>''overline underline''
<tr><td>'font-family'
<td>[ <family-name> | <generic-family> ]#
<td>''"Gill Sans", Futura, sans-serif''
<tr><td>'border-width'
<td>[ <length> | thick | medium | thin ]{1,4}
<td>''2px medium 4px''
<tr><td>'text-shadow'
<td>[ inset? && [ <length>{2,4} && <color>? ] ]# | none
<td>''3px 3px rgba(50%, 50%, 50%, 50%), lemonchiffon 0 0 4px inset''
<tr><td>'voice-pitch'
<td><pre class="value"><frequency> && absolute |
<!-- -->[[x-low | low | medium | high | x-high] ||
<!-- --> [<frequency> | <semitones> | <percentage>]]</pre>
<td>''-2st x-low''
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h2 id="textual-values">
Textual Data Types</h2>
<p>An <dfn>identifier</dfn> is a sequence of characters conforming to
the <code>IDENT</code> token in the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#tokenization">grammar</a>. [[!CSS21]]
Identifiers cannot be quoted; otherwise they would be interpreted
as a string.
<h3 id="keywords">
Pre-defined Keywords</h3>
<p>In the value definition fields, keywords with a pre-defined meaning
appear literally. Keywords are CSS <i>identifiers</i> and are interpreted
case-insensitively within the ASCII range (i.e., [a-z] and [A-Z] are
equivalent).</p>
<div class="example">
<p>For example, here is the value definition for the 'border-collapse'
property:</p>
<pre>Value: collapse | separate</pre>
<p>And here is an example of its use:</p>
<pre>table { border-collapse: separate }</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="common-keywords">
CSS-wide keywords: ''initial'' and ''inherit''</h4>
<p>As defined <a href="#component-types">above</a>,
all properties accept the ''initial'' and ''inherit'' keywords,
which represent value computations common to all CSS properties.
<p>The <dfn>''inherit''</dfn> keyword is
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/cascade.html#value-def-inherit">defined</a>
in [[!CSS21]].
<p>The <dfn>''initial''</dfn> keyword represents the specified value that
is designated as the property's initial value. [[CSS3CASCADE]]
<p class='note'>
Note, the <dfn>''default''</dfn> keyword is reserved for future use.
<h3 id="strings">
Quoted Strings: the ''<string>'' type</h3>
<p>Strings are denoted by <dfn id="string-value"><var><string></var></dfn>
and consist of a sequence of characters delimited by double quotes or
single quotes. They correspond to the <code>STRING</code> token in the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#tokenization">grammar</a>.
[[!CSS21]]
<div class=example>
<p>Double quotes cannot occur inside double quotes, unless escaped
(as <code>"\""</code> or as <code>"\22"</code>). Analogously for single quotes (<code>'\''</code> or <code>'\27'</code>).
<pre>
<!-- -->content: "this is a 'string'.";
<!-- -->content: "this is a \"string\".";
<!-- -->content: 'this is a "string".';
<!-- -->content: 'this is a \'string\'.';</pre>
</div>
<p>It is possible to break strings over several lines, for aesthetic or
other reasons, but in such a case the newline itself has to be escaped
with a backslash (\). The newline is subsequently removed from the
string. For instance, the following two selectors are exactly the
same:</p>
<div class="example">
<p style="display:none">Example(s):</p>
<pre>
<!-- -->a[title="a not s\
<!-- -->o very long title"] {/*...*/}
<!-- -->a[title="a not so very long title"] {/*...*/}</pre>
</div>
<p>Since a string cannot directly represent a newline, to include a
newline in a string, use the escape "\A". (Hexadecimal A is the line
feed character in Unicode (U+000A), but represents the generic notion
of "newline" in CSS.)</p>
<h3 id="urls">
Resource Locators: the ''<url>'' type</h3>
<p>A <dfn>URL</dfn> is a pointer to a resource and is a
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#uri">specially-parsed</a>
<a href="#functional-notation">functional notation</a> denoted by
<dfn id="url-value"><var><url></var></dfn>. It corresponds to the
<code>URI</code> token in the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#tokenization">grammar</a>.
[[!CSS21]]
<div class="example">
<p>Below is an example of a URL being used as a background image:
<pre>body { background: url("http://www.example.com/pinkish.gif") }</pre>
<p>The same example can be written without quotes:
<pre>body { background: url(http://www.example.com/pinkish.gif) }</pre>
</div>
<p class="note">Note that in some CSS syntactic contexts (as defined
by that context), a URL can be represented as a <var><string></var>
rather than by <var><URL></var>. An example of this is the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/cascade.html#at-import">''@import'' rule</a>.
<p>Parentheses, whitespace characters, single quotes (') and
double quotes (") appearing in a URL must be escaped with a backslash
so that the resulting value is a valid <code>URL</code> token,
e.g. ''url(open\(parens)'', ''url(close\)parens)''.
Depending on the type of URL, it might also be possible to write these
characters as URI-escapes (e.g. ''url(open%28parens)'' or
''url(close%29parens)'') as described in [[URI]].
Alternatively a URL containing such characters may be represented as
a quoted <a href="#strings">string</a> within the ''url()'' notation.
<p>In order to create modular style sheets that are not dependent on
the absolute location of a resource, authors should use relative URIs.
Relative URIs (as defined in [[!URI]]) are resolved to full URIs
using a base URI. RFC 3986, section 3, defines the normative
algorithm for this process. For CSS style sheets, the base URI is that
of the style sheet, not that of the source document.
<p>When a <i><url></i> appears in the computed value of a property,
it is resolved to an absolute URL, as described in the preceding
paragraph.
The computed value of a URI that the UA cannot resolve to an absolute
URI is the specified value.</p>
<div class="example">
<p>For example, suppose the following rule:
<pre>body { background: url("tile.png") }</pre>
<p>is located in a style sheet designated by the URL:</p>
<pre>http://www.example.org/style/basic.css</pre>
<p>The background of the source document's <var><body></var>
will be tiled with whatever image is described by the resource
designated by the URL:
<pre>http://www.example.org/style/tile.png</pre>
<p>The same image will be used regardless of the URL of the source
document containing the <var><body></var>.
</div>
<h2 id="numeric-types">
Numeric Data Types</h2>
<p>
Properties may restrict numeric values to some range.
If the value is outside the allowed range,
the declaration is invalid and must be <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#ignore">ignored</a>.
<p>
CSS theoretically supports infinite precision and infinite ranges for all value types;
however in reality implementations have finite capacity.
UAs should support reasonably useful ranges and precisions.
<!--
The recommended minimum ranges and precision,
and the required rounding and clamping rules,
are given in <a href="#required-ranges">Appendix A</a>.
-->
<h3 id="integers">
Integers: the ''<integer>'' type</h3>
<p>Integer values are denoted by
<dfn id="integer-value"><var><integer></var></dfn>.
An <dfn>integer</dfn> is one or more decimal digits ''0'' through ''9''
and corresponds to a subset of the <code>NUMBER</code> token in the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#tokenization">grammar</a>.
The first digit of an integer may be immediately preceded by ''-'' or ''+''
to indicate the integer's sign.
<h3 id="numbers">
Numbers: the ''<number>'' type</h3>
<p>Number values are denoted by
<dfn id="number-value"><var><number></var></dfn>.
A <dfn>number</dfn> is either an <integer> or
zero or more decimal digits followed by a dot (.) followed by one or more decimal digits.
It corresponds to the <code>NUMBER</code> token in the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#tokenization">grammar</a>.
As with integers, the first character of a number may be immediately preceded by ''-'' or ''+''
to indicate the number's sign.
<h3 id="percentages">
Percentages: the ''<percentage>'' type</h3>
<p>A <dfn>percentage</dfn> value is denoted by
<dfn id="percentage-value"><var><percentage></var></dfn>,
consists of a <i><number></i> immediately followed by a percent
sign ''%''. It corresponds to the <code>PERCENTAGE</code> token in the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#tokenization">grammar</a>.
<p>Percentage values are always relative to another value, for example a
length. Each property that allows percentages also defines the value to which
the percentage refers. The value may be that of another property for the same
element, a property for an ancestor element, or a value of the formatting
context (e.g., the width of a <i>containing block</i>). When a percentage
value is set for a property of the <i>root</i> element and the percentage
is defined as referring to the inherited value of some property, the
resultant value is the percentage times the <i>initial value</i> of that
property.</p>
<h2 id="lengths">
Distance Units: the ''<length>'' type</h2>
<p>Lengths refer to distance measurements and are denoted by
<dfn id="length-value"><var><length></var></dfn> in the
property definitions.
A length is a <i>dimension</i>. A zero length may be represented
instead as the <var><number></var> ''0''. (In other words,
for zero lengths the unit identifier is optional.)</p>
<p>A <dfn>dimension</dfn> is a <i>number</i> immediately followed by a
unit identifier. It corresponds to the <code>DIMENSION</code> token in the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#tokenization">grammar</a>.
[[!CSS21]] Like keywords, unit identifiers are case-insensitive within
the ASCII range.
<p>Properties may restrict the length value to some range.
If the value is outside the allowed range, the declaration is invalid
and must be <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#ignore">ignored</a>.
<p>While some properties allow negative length values, this may
complicate the formatting and there may be implementation-specific
limits. If a negative length value is allowed but cannot be supported,
it must be converted to the nearest value that can be supported.</p>
<p>In cases where the <!--FIXME: href--><a>used</a> length cannot be
supported, user agents must approximate it in the
<!--FIXME: href--><a>actual</a> value.
<p>There are two types of length units: relative and absolute.
<h3 id="relative-lengths">
Relative lengths</h3>
<p><dfn title="relative length">Relative length units</dfn> specify a
length relative to another length. Style sheets that use relative
units can more easily scale from one output environment to another.
<p>The relative units are:</p>
<table class="data">
<caption>Informative Summary of Relative Units</caption>
<thead>
<tr><th>unit<th>relative to
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>''em''
<td>font size of the element
<tr><td>''ex''
<td><i>x-height</i> of the element's font
<tr><td>''ch''
<td>width of the "0" (ZERO, U+0030) glyph in the element's font
<tr><td>''rem''
<td>font size of the root element
<tr><td>''vw''
<td>viewport's width
<tr><td>''vh''
<td>viewport's height
<tr><td>''vmin''
<td>minimum of the viewport's height and width
<tr><td>''vmax''
<td>maximum of the viewport's height and width
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Child elements do not inherit the relative values as specified for
their parent; they inherit the <!--FIXME: href--><a>computed values</a>.
<h4 id="font-relative-lengths">
Font-relative lengths: the ''em'', ''ex'', ''ch'', ''rem'' units</h4>
<p>Aside from ''rem'' (which refers to the font-size of the root element),
the font-relative lengths refer to the computed font metrics of the
element on which they are used.
The exception is when they occur in the value of the 'font-size' property
itself, in which case they refer to the computed font metrics of the parent element
(or the computed font metrics corresponding to the initial values of the 'font'
property, if the element has no parent).
<dl>
<dt><dfn title="em">em unit</dfn>
<dd><p>Equal to the computed value of the 'font-size' property of
the element on which it is used.
<div class="example">
<p>The rule:</p>
<pre>h1 { line-height: 1.2em }</pre>
<p>means that the line height of <code>h1</code> elements will be
20% greater than the font size of <code>h1</code> element. On the
other hand:
<pre>h1 { font-size: 1.2em }</pre>
<p>means that the font size of <code>h1</code> elements will be 20%
greater than the computed font size inherited by <code>h1</code> elements.</p>
</div>
<dt><dfn title="ex">ex unit</dfn>
<dd><p>Equal to the font's x-height. The x-height is so called because
it is often equal to the height of the lowercase "x". However, an
''ex'' is defined even for fonts that do not contain an "x".
<p>The x-height of a font can be found in different ways. Some fonts
contain reliable metrics for the x-height. If reliable font metrics
are not available, UAs may determine the x-height from the height
of a lowercase glyph. One possible heuristic is to look at how far
the glyph for the lowercase "o" extends below the baseline, and
subtract that value from the top of its bounding box. In the cases
where it is impossible or impractical to determine the x-height,
a value of 0.5em must be assumed.
<dt><dfn title="ch">ch unit</dfn>
<dd><p>Equal to the advance measure of the "0" (ZERO, U+0030) glyph
found in the font used to render it.
<dt><dfn title="rem">rem unit</dfn>
<dd><p>Equal to the computed value of 'font-size' on the root element.
<p>When specified on the 'font-size' property of the root element, the
</dl>
<h4 id="viewport-relative-lengths">
Viewport-percentage lengths: the ''vw'', ''vh'', ''vmin'', ''vmax'' units</h4>
<p>The viewport-percentage lengths are relative to the size of the initial
containing block. When the height or width of the viewport is changed,
they are scaled accordingly.
<dl>
<dt><dfn title="vw">vw unit</dfn>
<dd>Equal to 1% of the width of the initial containing block.
<div class="example">
<p>In the example below, if the width of the viewport is 200mm,
the font size of <code>h1</code> elements will be
16mm (i.e. (8×200mm)/100).
<pre>h1 { font-size: 8vw }</pre>
</div>
<dt><dfn title="vh">vh unit</dfn>
<dd>Equal to 1% of the height of the initial containing block.
<dt><dfn title="vmin">vmin unit</dfn>
<dd>Equal to the smaller of ''vw'' or ''vh''.
<dt><dfn title="vmax">vmax unit</dfn>
<dd>Equal to the larger of ''vw'' or ''vh''.
</dl>
<p class='note'>Note that Paged Media defines how the initial containing block
transforms across varying page widths. This also affects these units.</p>
<h3 id="absolute-lengths">
Absolute lengths: the ''cm'', ''mm'', ''in'', ''pt'', ''pc'', ''px'' units</h3>
<p>The <dfn>absolute length units</dfn> are fixed in relation to
each other and anchored to some physical measurement.
They are mainly useful when the output environment is known.
The absolute units consist of the physical units (in, cm, mm, pt, pc)
and the px unit:
<table class="data">
<thead>
<tr><th>unit<th>definition
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>''cm''
<td>centimeters
<tr><td>''mm''
<td>millimeters
<tr><td>''in''
<td>inches; 1in is equal to 2.54cm
<tr><td>''px''
<td>pixels; 1px is equal to 1/96th of 1in
<tr><td>''pt''
<td>points; 1pt is equal to 1/72nd of 1in
<tr><td>''pc''
<td>picas; 1pc is equal to 12pt
</tbody>
</table>
<pre class="example">
h1 { margin: 0.5in } /* inches */
h2 { line-height: 3cm } /* centimeters */
h3 { word-spacing: 4mm } /* millimeters */
h4 { font-size: 12pt } /* points */
h4 { font-size: 1pc } /* picas */
p { font-size: 12px } /* px */</pre>
<p>For a CSS device, these dimensions are either anchored (i) by
relating the physical units to their physical measurements, or
(ii) by relating the pixel unit to the <i>reference pixel</i>.
For print media and similar high-resolution devices, the anchor unit
should be one of the standard physical units (inches, centimeters, etc).
For lower-resolution devices, and devices with unusual viewing distances,
it is recommended instead that the anchor unit be the pixel unit. For
such devices it is recommended that the pixel unit refer to the whole
number of device pixels that best approximates the reference pixel.
<p class="note">Note that if the anchor unit is the pixel unit,
the physical units might not match their physical measurements.
Alternatively if the anchor unit is a physical unit, the pixel
unit might not map to a whole number of device pixels.</p>
<p class="note">Note that this definition of the pixel unit and
the physical units differs from previous versions of CSS. In
particular, in previous versions of CSS the pixel unit and the
physical units were not related by a fixed ratio: the physical
units were always tied to their physical measurements while the
pixel unit would vary to most closely match the reference pixel.
(This change was made because too much existing content relies
on the assumption of 96dpi, and breaking that assumption breaks
the content.)
<p>The <dfn>reference pixel</dfn> is the
visual angle of one pixel on a device with a pixel density of 96dpi
and a distance from the reader of an arm's length. For a nominal arm's
length of 28 inches, the visual angle is therefore about 0.0213
degrees. For reading at arm's length, 1px thus corresponds to about
0.26 mm (1/96 inch).
<p>The image below illustrates the effect of viewing distance on
the size of a reference pixel: a reading distance of 71 cm
(28 inches) results in a reference pixel of 0.26 mm,
while a reading distance of 3.5 m (12 feet) results in
a reference pixel of 1.3 mm.
<div class="figure">
<p><img src="pixel1.png"
alt="This diagram illustrates how the definition of a pixel
depends on the users distance from the viewing surface
(paper or screen).
The image depicts the user looking at two planes, one
28 inches (71 cm) from the user, the second 140 inches
(3.5 m) from the user. An expanding cone is projected
from the user's eye onto each plane. Where the cone
strikes the first plane, the projected pixel is 0.26 mm
high. Where the cone strikes the second plane, the
projected pixel is 1.4 mm high.">
<p class="caption">Showing that pixels must become larger if the
viewing distance increases
</div>
<p>This second image illustrates the effect of a device's resolution
on the pixel unit: an area of 1px by 1px is covered by a single dot
in a low-resolution device (e.g. a typical computer display), while
the same area is covered by 16 dots in a higher resolution device
(such as a printer).
<div class="figure">
<p><img src="pixel2.png"
alt='This diagram illustrates the relationship between the
reference pixel and device pixels (called "dots" below).
The image depicts a high resolution (large dot density)
laser printer output on the left and a low resolution
monitor screen on the right. For the laser printer, one
square reference pixel is implemented by 16 dots. For
the monitor screen, one square reference pixel is
implemented by a single dot.'>
<p class="caption">Showing that more device pixels (dots) are needed to
cover a 1px by 1px area on a high-resolution device than on a low-res one
</div>
<h2 id="other-units">
Other Units</h2>
<h3 id="angles">
Angles: the ''<angle>'' type and ''deg'', ''grad'', ''rad'', ''turn'' units</h3>
<p>Angle values are <i>dimensions</i> denoted by
<dfn id="angle-value"><angle></dfn>.
The angle unit identifiers are:
<dl>
<dt><dfn title="deg">deg</dfn>
<dd>Degrees. There are 360 degrees in a full circle.
<dt><dfn title="grad">grad</dfn>
<dd>Gradians, also known as "gons" or "grades". There are 400 gradians
in a full circle.
<dt><dfn title="rad">rad</dfn>
<dd>Radians. There are 2π radians in a full circle.
<dt><dfn title="turn">turn</dfn>
<dd>Turns. There is 1 turn in a full circle.
</dl>
<p>For example, a right angle is '90deg' or '100grad' or '0.25turn' or
approximately '1.570796326794897rad'.</p>
<h3 id="time">
Times: the ''<time>'' type and ''s'', ''ms'' units</h3>
<p>Time values are <i>dimensions</i> denoted by
<dfn id="time-value"><time></dfn>.
The time unit identifiers are:
<dl>
<dt><dfn title="s">s</dfn>
<dd>Seconds.
<dt><dfn title="ms">ms</dfn>
<dd>Milliseconds. There are 1000 milliseconds in a second.
</dl>
<p>Properties may restrict the time value to some range.
If the value is outside the allowed range, the declaration is invalid
and must be <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#ignore">ignored</a>.
<h3 id="frequency">
Frequencies: the ''<frequency>'' type and ''Hz'', ''kHz'' units</h3>
<p>Frequency values are <i>dimensions</i> denoted by
<dfn id="frequency-value"><frequency></dfn>.
The frequency unit identifiers are:</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn title="Hz">Hz</dfn>
<dd>Hertz. It represents the number of occurrences per second.
<dt><dfn title="kHz">kHz</dfn>
<dd>KiloHertz. A kiloHertz is 1000 Hertz.
</dl>
<p>For example, when representing sound pitches, 200Hz (or 200hz)
is a bass sound, and 6kHz (or 6khz) is a treble sound.</p>
<h3 id="resolution">
Resolutions: the <var><resolution></var> type and ''dpi'', ''dpcm'', ''dppx'' units</h3>
<p>Resolution units are <i>dimensions</i> denoted by <dfn id="resolution-value"><resolution></dfn>. The resolution unit identifiers are:</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn>dpi</dfn></dt>
<dd>dots per inch</dd>
<dt><dfn>dpcm</dfn></dt>
<dd>dots per centimeter</dd>
<dt><dfn>dppx</dfn></dt>
<dd>dots per ''px'' unit</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <var><resolution></var> unit represents the size of a single "dot" in a
graphical representation by indicating how many of these dots fit in a
CSS 'in', 'cm', or 'px'.
For uses, see e.g. the ''resolution'' media query in [[MEDIAQ]]
or the 'image-resolution' property defined in [[CSS3-IMAGES]].
<p class="note">Note that due to the 1:96 fixed ratio of CSS ''in'' to
CSS ''px'', ''1dppx'' is equivalent to ''96dpi''. This corresponds to
the default resolution of images displayed in CSS: see 'image-resolution'.
<div class="example">
<p>The following @media rule uses Media Queries [[MEDIAQ]] to assign
some special style rules to devices that use two or more device pixels
per CSS ''px'' unit:
<pre>@media (min-resolution: 2dppx) { ... }</pre>
</div>
<h2 id="defined-elsewhere">
Data Types Defined Elsewhere</h2>
<p>Some data types are defined in their own modules. The two common
ones are <var><color></var> and <var><image></var>.
<h3 id="colors">
Colors: the ''<color>'' type</h3>
<p>The <dfn id="color-value"><var><color></var></dfn> data type is
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#color-units">defined</a>
in [[!CSS21]] and
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#colorunits">extended</a> in [[!CSS3COLOR]].
UAs that support CSS Color Level 3 or its successor must interpret <var><color></var>
as defined therein.
<h3 id="images">
Images: the ''<image>'' type</h3>
<p>The <dfn id="image-value"><var><image></var></dfn> data type is
defined herein as equivalent to <var><url></var>.
It is <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-images/#image">extended</a> in
[[!CSS3-IMAGES]]: UAs that support CSS Image Values Level 3 or its successor must interpret
<var><image></var> as defined therein.
<h3 id="position">
2D Positioning: the ''<position>'' type</h3>
<p>The <dfn id="position-value"><var><position></var></dfn> data type is
defined herein as equivalent to the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/colors.html#propdef-background-position"><var><'background-position'></var></a> syntax defined in [[!CSS21]]. It specifies the position of a object area (e.g. background image) inside a positioning area (e.g. background positioning area).
It is <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-background/#the-background-position">extended</a> in
[[!CSS3BG]]: UAs that support CSS Backgrounds & Borders Level 3 or its successor must interpret
<var><position></var> as defined therein.
<h2 id="functional-notation">
Functional Notations</h2>
<p>
A <dfn>functional notation</dfn> is a type of component value
that can represent more complex types or invoke special processing.
The syntax starts with the name of the function
immediately followed by a left parenthesis
(i.e. a <code>FUNCTION</code> token)
followed by the argument(s) to the notation
followed by a right parenthesis.
White space is allowed, but optional, immediately inside the parentheses.
If a function takes a list of arguments,
the arguments are separated by a comma (',')
with optional whitespace before and after the comma.
<pre class="example">
<!-- -->background: url(http://www.example.org/image);
<!-- -->color: rgb(100, 200, 50 );
<!-- -->content: counter(list-item) ". ";
<!-- -->width: calc(50% - 2em);</pre>
<h3 id="calc-notation">
Mathematical Expressions: ''calc()''</h3>
<p>The <dfn>calc()</dfn> function
allows mathematical expressions with addition (''+''), subtraction (''-''),
multiplication (''*''), and division (''/'') to be used
as component values. The ''calc()'' expression represents the result of the
mathematical calculation it contains, using standard operator precedence
rules. It can be used wherever
<var><length></var>,
<var><frequency></var>,
<var><angle></var>,
<var><time></var>,
<var><number></var>, or
<var><integer></var>
values are allowed.
Components of a ''calc()'' expression can be literal values,
''attr()'' or ''calc()'' expressions, or <var><percentage></var> values
that resolve to one of the preceding types.
<div class="example">
<pre>
section {
float: left;
margin: 1em; border: solid 1px;
width: calc(100%/3 - 2*1em - 2*1px);
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="example">
<pre>
p {
margin: calc(1rem - 2px) calc(1rem - 1px);
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="example">
<p>The following sets the 'font-size' so that exactly 40em fits within the viewport, ensuring that roughly the same amount of text always fills the screen no matter the screen size.</p>
<pre>
:root {
font-size: calc(100vw / 40);
}</pre>
<p>If the rest of the design is specified using the ''rem'' unit, the entire layout will scale to match the viewport width.</p>
</div>
<div class='example'>
<p>
The following example stacks two centered background images,
with one offset slightly from the other.
<pre>
.foo {
background: url(top.png), url(bottom.png);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: calc(50% + 20px) calc(50% + 20px), 50% 50%;
}
</pre>
</div>
<div class='example'>
<p>
This example shows how to place color-stops on a gradient an equal distance from either end.
<pre>
.foo {
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, silver,
white 50px,
white calc(100% - 50px),
silver);
}
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id='calc-syntax'>
Syntax</h4>
<p>The expression language of these functions is described by
the grammar and prose below.
<pre>
math : calc S*;
calc : "calc(" S* sum S* ")";
sum : product [ S+ [ "+" | "-" ] S+ product ]*;
product : unit [ S* [ "*" S* unit | "/" S* NUMBER ] ]*;
attr : "attr(" S* wqname [ S+ type-keyword ]? S* [ "," [ unit | calc ] S* ]? ")";
unit : [ NUMBER | DIMENSION | PERCENTAGE | "(" S* sum S* ")" | calc | attr ];</pre>
<p class='note'>Note that the grammar requires spaces around binary ''+''
and ''-'' operators. The ''*'' and ''/'' operators do not require
spaces.</p>
<p>Additionally, the following redefinition is made to the informative
grammar appearing in
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/grammar.html">CSS 2.1 Appendix G</a>:</p>
<pre>
term
: unary_operator?
[ NUMBER S* | PERCENTAGE S* | LENGTH S* | EMS S* | EXS S* | ANGLE S* |
TIME S* | FREQ S* ]
| STRING S* | IDENT S* | URI S* | hexcolor | function<ins> | math</ins>
;</pre>
<p>
UAs must support ''calc()'' expressions of at least 20 terms,
where each <code>NUMBER</code>, <code>DIMENSION</code>, or <code>PERCENTAGE</code> is a term.