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<!DOCTYPE html public '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN'
'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd'>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>CSS Text Level 3</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="default.css">
<style type="text/css">
.data, .proptable {
margin: 1em auto;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: solid #005A9B;
}
.data caption {
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
}
.data td, .data th,
.proptable td, .proptable th {
border: thin solid;
padding: 0.2em;
text-align: center;
}
.data thead th[scope="row"],
.proptable thead th[scope="row"] {
text-align: right;
background: #A4C8E2;
color: inherit;
}
.data thead,
.proptable thead {
background: #EEEEEE;
color: inherit;
}
.data tbody th:first-child,
.proptable tbody th:first-child {
text-align: right;
background: #EEEEEE;
color: inherit;
}
.data thead,
.data tbody,
.data tfoot,
.data colgroup {
border: solid;
}
table.propdef {
table-layout: auto;
}
.propdef th {
font-style: italic;
font-weight: normal;
text-align: left;
width: 3em;
}
dt dfn code {
font-size: inherit;
}
</style>
<style type="text/css">
.egbidiwsaA,.egbidiwsbB,.egbidiwsaB,.egbidiwsbC
{ white-space:pre;font-size:80%;font-family:monospace; vertical-align:2px; margin:1px }
.egbidiwsaA { background:lime;padding:2px; }
.egbidiwsbB { border:2px solid blue }
.egbidiwsaB { background:yellow;border:2px dotted white }
.egbidiwsbC { border:2px dotted red }
.char { border: 1px dotted gray; }
tt[lang="ja"] { font-family: "MS Gothic", "Osaka", monospace }
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="head">
<!--logo-->
<h1>CSS Text Level 3</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc">[LONGSTATUS] [DATE]</h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-text/Overview.html">$Date$ (CVS $Revision$)</a>
<!--<dd><a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-text-20101005/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-text-20101005/</a></dd> -->
<dt>Latest version:</dt>
<dd><a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-text/">http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-text/</a></dd>
<dt>Previous version:</dt>
<dd><a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-text-20101005/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-text-20101005/</a></dd>
<dt>Editors:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact">Elika J. Etemad</a> (Invited Expert)</dd>
<dd><a href="mailto:kojiishi@gluesoft.co.jp">Koji Ishii</a> (<a href="http://www.antenna.co.jp/">Antenna House</a>)</dd>
<dd><a href="mailto:murakami@antenna.co.jp">Shinyu Murakami</a> (<a href="http://www.antenna.co.jp/">Antenna House</a>)</dd>
</dl>
<!--begin-copyright-->
<p>[Here will be included the file "../copyright.inc"]</p>
<!--end-copyright-->
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This CSS3 module defines properties for text manipulation and
specifies their processing model. It covers line breaking, justification
and alignment, white space handling, text decoration and text
transformation.</p>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="status">Status of This Document</h2>
<p><em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of
its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of
current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report
can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports
index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.</a></em>
<p>Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C
Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or
obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this
document as other than work in progress.
<p>This CSS module has been produced as a combined effort of the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/International/Activity">W3C Internationalization Activity</a>,
and the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/Activity">Style Activity</a> and is maintained
by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/members">CSS Working Group</a>. It also
includes contributions made by participants in the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Style/XSL/Group/">XSL Working Group</a> (<a
href="http://cgi.w3.org/MemberAccess/AccessRequest">members
only</a>).
<p>This document was produced by a group operating under the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February
2004 W3C Patent Policy</a>. W3C maintains a <a
href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32061/status"
rel=disclosure>public list of any patent disclosures</a> made in
connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual
knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>.</p>
<p>This Text module and a separate (upcoming) Writing Modes module
replace and obsolete the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/CR-css3-text-20030514/">May
2003 CSS3 Text Module Candidate Recommendation</a>. Since this is a
thorough overhaul of the previous CR, a <a href="#changes">list
of changes</a> has been provided.</p>
<p><strong>Feedback on this draft should be posted to the
(<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">archived</a>)
public mailing list <a href="mailto:www-style@w3.org">www-style@w3.org</a></strong>
(see <a href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request">instructions</a>) <strong>with
<kbd>[css3-text]</kbd> in the subject line.</strong>
You are strongly encouraged to complain if you see something stupid
in this draft. The editors will do their best to respond to all feedback.</p>
<p><strong>If you have implemented properties from the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/CR-css3-text-20030514/">May 2003
CSS3 Text CR</a></strong>
<em>please</em> let us know so we can take that into account as
we redraft the spec. You can post to
<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">www-style</a> (public),
post to the <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Member/w3c-css-wg/">CSS WG mailing list</a>
(<a href="http://cgi.w3.org/MemberAccess/AccessRequest">Member-restricted</a>),
or <a href="http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact">email fantasai directly</a> (personal).</p>
<p>The following features are at risk and may be cut from the spec during
its CR period: the 'text-outline' property, the ''unrestricted'' value
of 'text-wrap', the 'hanging-punctuation' and 'text-trim' properties</p>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="contents">Table of Contents</h2>
<!--toc-->
<h2 id="intro">
Introduction</h2>
<p>[document here]</p>
<h2 id="conformance">
Conformance</h2>
<p>Conformance requirements are expressed with a combination of
descriptive assertions and RFC 2119 terminology. The key words “MUST”,
“MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”,
“RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in the normative parts of this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
However, for readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase
letters in this specification. All of the text of this specification is
normative except sections explicitly marked as non-normative, examples,
and notes. [[!RFC2119]]</p>
<p>Examples in this specification are introduced with the words “for example”
or are set apart from the normative text with <code>class="example"</code>,
like this:
<div class="example">
<p>This is an example of an informative example.</p>
</div>
<p>Informative notes begin with the word “Note” and are set apart from the
normative text with <code>class="note"</code>, like this:
<p class="note">Note, this is an informative note.</p>
<p>Conformance to CSS Text Level 3 is defined for three classes:</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn title="style sheet!!as conformance class">style sheet</dfn>
<dd>A <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#style-sheet">CSS
style sheet</a>.
<dt><dfn>renderer</dfn></dt>
<dd>A UA that interprets the semantics of a style sheet and renders
<span>documents</span> that use them.
<dt><dfn id="authoring-tool">authoring tool</dfn></dt>
<dd>A UA that writes a style sheet.
</dl>
<p>A style sheet is conformant to CSS Text Level 3
if all of its declarations that use properties defined in this module
have values that are valid according to the generic CSS grammar and the
individual grammars of each property as given in this module.
<p>A renderer is conformant to CSS Text Level 3
if, in addition to interpreting the style sheet as defined by the
appropriate specifications, it supports all the properties defined
by CSS Text Level 3 by parsing them correctly
and rendering the document accordingly. However the inability of a
UA to correctly render a document due to limitations of the device
does not make the UA non-conformant. (For example, a UA is not
required to render color on a monochrome monitor.)
<p>An authoring tool is conformant to CSS Text
Level 3 if it writes syntactically correct style sheets, according
to the generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars of each
property in this module.</p>
<h3 id="partial-impl">
Partial and Experimental Implementations</h3>
<p>UAs must treat as invalid any properties or values they do not support.
Experimental implementations of a feature should support only a
vendor-prefixed syntax for the property/value.</p>
<h2 id="transforming">
Transforming Text</h2>
<h3 id="text-transform">
<a name="caps-prop"></a>
Transforming Text: the 'text-transform' property</h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td><dfn>text-transform</dfn></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Value:</th>
<td>none |
[ [ capitalize | uppercase | lowercase ] || fullwidth || large-kana ]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Initial:</th>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Applies to:</th>
<td>all elements</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Inherited:</th>
<td>yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Percentages:</th>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Media:</th>
<td>visual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed value:</th>
<td>as specified</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This property transforms text for the styling purpose.
Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn title="text-transform:none"><code>none</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>No effects.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="text-transform:capitalize"><code>capitalize</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Puts all words in titlecase.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="text-transform:uppercase"><code>uppercase</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Puts all characters in uppercase.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="text-transform:lowercase"><code>lowercase</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Puts all characters in lowercase.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="text-transform:fullwidth"><code>fullwidth</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Puts all characters in fullwidth form.
If the character does not have corresponding fullwidth form,
it is left as is.
This value is typically used to typeset Latin characters and digits
like ideographic characters.
<dt><dfn title="text-transform:large-kana"><code>large-kana</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Converts all small Kana characters to normal Kana.
This value is typically used for ruby annotation text,
where all small Kana should be drawn as large Kana.
<p class="note">Authors using this for ruby text may also
want to use ''font-variant: ruby''. [[CSS3FONTS]]</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Although limited, the case mapping process has some language dependencies.
Some well known examples are Turkish and Greek. If the content language
is known then any such language-specific rules must be used.</p>
<p>The case mapping rules for the character repertoire specified by the
Unicode Standard can be found on the Unicode Consortium Web site.
[[!UNICODE]] Only characters belonging to bicameral scripts are
affected.</p>
<p>The definition of fullwidth and halfwidth forms can be found on the
Unicode consortium web site at [[!UAX11]].</p>
<div class="example">
<p>The following example converts the ASCII characters in abbreviations
in Japanese to their fullwidth variants so that they lay out and line
break like ideographs:
<pre>abbr:lang(ja) { text-transform: fullwidth; }</pre>
</div>
<h2 id="white-space-processing">
White Space Processing</h2>
<p>The source text of a document often contains formatting that
is not relevant to the final rendering: for example, breaking
the source into segments (lines) for ease of editing or adding
white space characters such as tabs and spaces to indent the
source code. CSS white space processing allows the author to
control interpretation of such formatting: to preserve or
collapse it away when rendering the document.
<p>Segments in the document source can be separated by a carriage
return (U+000D), a linefeed (U+000A) or both (U+000D U+000A),
or by some other mechanism that identifies the beginning
and end of document segments, such as the SGML RECORD-START
and RECORD-END tokens.
If no segmentation rules are specified for the document language,
each line feed (U+000A), carriage return (U+000D) and CRLF sequence
(U+000D U+000A) in the text is considered a segment break. (This
default rule also applies to generated content.)
In CSS, each such segment break is treated as a single line feed
character (U+000A).
<p>White space processing in CSS interprets white space characters
for rendering: it has no effect on the underlying document data.
In the context of CSS, the document white space set is defined
to be any space characters (Unicode value U+0020), tab characters
(U+0009), and line feeds (U+000A).
<p class="note">Note that the document parser may have not only normalized
segment breaks, but also collapsed other space characters or
otherwise processed white space according to markup rules. Because CSS
processing occurs <em>after</em> the parsing stage, it is not possible
to restore these characters for styling. Therefore, some of the
behavior specified below can be affected by these limitations and
may be user agent dependent.</p>
<p>Control characters other than U+0009 (tab), U+000A (line feed),
U+0020 (space), and U+202x (bidi formatting characters) are treated
as characters to render in the same way as any normal character.
<span class="issue">Copied from CSS2.1 but this has got to be wrong.</span>
<h3 id="white-space-collapsing">
White Space Collapsing: the 'white-space-collapsing' property</h3>
<p class="issue">This section is still under discussion and may change in future drafts.</p>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td><dfn>white-space-collapsing</dfn></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Value:</th>
<td>collapse | discard | [ [preserve | preserve-breaks] && trim-inner ]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Initial:</th>
<td>collapse</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Applies to:</th>
<td>all elements</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Inherited:</th>
<td>yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Percentages:</th>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Media:</th>
<td>visual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed value:</th>
<td>specified value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="issue">Rename to white-space-trim or white-space-adjust? white-space-collapsing has an 'ing' and is confusing with XSL</p>
<p>This property declares whether and how
<a href="#white-space-processing">white space</a> inside the element is
collapsed. Values have the following meanings, which must be interpreted
according to the <a href="#white-space-rules">white space processing
rules</a>:</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn title="white-space-collapsing:collapse"><code>collapse</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>This value directs user agents to collapse sequences of white space
into a single character (or <a href="#line-break-transform">in some
cases</a>, no character).</dd>
<dt><dfn title="white-space-collapsing:preserve"><code>preserve</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>This value prevents user agents from collapsing sequences
of white space. Segment breaks are preserved as forced line breaks.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="white-space-collapsing:preserve-breaks"><code>preserve-breaks</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>This value collapses white space as for ''collapse'', but preserves
segment breaks as forced line breaks.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="white-space-collapsing:discard"><code>discard</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>This value directs user agents to "discard" all white space in the
element.
<dt><dfn title="white-space-collapsing:trim-inner"><code>trim-inner</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>This value directs UAs to discard all whitespace at the beginning of
a block up to and including the last line break before the first
non-white-space character in the block as well as to discard all white
space at the end of a block starting with the first line break after
the last non-white-space character in the block.</dd>
</dl>
<h3 id="white-space-rules">
The White Space Processing Rules</h3>
<p>For each inline (including anonymous inlines), white space
characters are handled as follows, ignoring bidi formatting
characters as if they were not there:</p>
<ul>
<li id="collapse"><p>If <span class="property">'white-space-collapsing'</span>
is set to 'collapse' or 'preserve-breaks', white space characters
are considered <dfn>collapsible</dfn> and are processed by
performing the following steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>All spaces and tabs immediately following a line feed character
are removed. (This has the effect of discarding all white space
at the start of a line but preserving a trailing space if one
exists at the end.)</li>
<li>If <span class="property">'white-space-collapsing'</span> is not
'preserve-breaks', line feed characters are transformed for
rendering according to the <a href="#line-break-transform">line
break transformation rules</a>.
</li>
<li>Every tab (U+0009) is converted to a space (U+0020)</li>
<li>Any space (U+0020) following another collapsible space
(U+0020)—even a space before the inline—is removed.
However, if removing this space would eliminate a line breaking
opportunity in the text, that opportunity is still considered
to exist.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><p>If <span class="property">'white-space-collapsing'</span> is set to
'preserve', any sequence of spaces (U+0020) unbroken by an element
boundary is treated as a sequence of non-breaking spaces. However,
a line breaking opportunity exists at the end of the sequence.</p></li>
<li><p>If <span class="property">'white-space-collapsing'</span> is set to
'discard', the first white space character in every white space
sequence is converted to a zero width non-joiner (U+200C) and
the rest of the sequence is removed.</p>
</ul>
<p>Then, the entire block is rendered. Inlines are laid out, taking bidi
reordering into account, and wrapping as specified by the
<span class="property">'text-wrap'</span> property.</p>
<p>As each line is laid out,</p>
<ol>
<li>A sequence of collapsible spaces (U+0020) at the beginning of a
line is removed.</li>
<li>Each tab (U+0009) is rendered as a horizontal shift that lines up
the start edge of the next glyph with the next tab stop.
Tab stops occur at points that are multiples of 8 times the width
of a space (U+0020) rendered in the block's font from the block's
starting content edge.</li>
<li>A sequence of collapsible spaces (U+0020) at the end of a line
is removed.</li>
<li>If spaces (U+0020) or tabs (U+0009) at the end of a line are
non-collapsible but have 'text-wrap' set to 'normal' or 'suppress'
the UA may visually collapse them.
</ol>
<div class="example">
<h4 id="egbidiwscollapse">
Example of bidirectionality with white space collapsing</h4>
<p>Consider the following markup fragment, taking special note of spaces
(with varied backgrounds and borders for emphasis and identification):
</p>
<pre><code><ltr>A<span class="egbidiwsaA"> </span><rtl><span class="egbidiwsbB"> </span>B<span class="egbidiwsaB"> </span></rtl><span class="egbidiwsbC"> </span>C</ltr></code></pre>
<p>where the <code><ltr></code> element represents a left-to-right
embedding and the <code><rtl></code> element represents a
right-to-left embedding. If the 'white-space-collapsing' property is set
to 'collapse', the above processing model would result in the
following:</p>
<ul style="line-height:1.3">
<li>The space before the B (<span class="egbidiwsbB"> </span>)
would collapse with the space after the A (<span
class="egbidiwsaA"> </span>).</li>
<li>The space before the C (<span class="egbidiwsbC"> </span>)
would collapse with the space after the B (<span
class="egbidiwsaB"> </span>).</li>
</ul>
<p>This would leave two spaces, one after the A in the left-to-right
embedding level, and one after the B in the right-to-left embedding
level. This is then ordered according to the Unicode bidirectional
algorithm, with the end result being:</p>
<pre>A<span class="egbidiwsaA"> </span><span class="egbidiwsaB"> </span>BC</pre>
<p>Note that there are two spaces between A and B, and none between B
and C. This is best avoided by putting spaces outside the element
instead of just inside the opening and closing tags and, where
practical, by relying on implicit bidirectionality instead of explicit
embedding levels.</p>
</div>
<h4 id="line-break-transform">
Line Break Transformation Rules</h4>
<p>When line feeds are <a href="#collapse">collapsible</a>, they are
either transformed into a space (U+0020) or removed depending on the
script context before and after the line break.</p>
<p>The script context is determined by the Unicode-given script value
[[!UAX24]] of the first character that side of the line feed. However,
characters such as punctuation that belong to the COMMON and INHERITED
scripts are ignored in this check; the next character is examined
instead. The UA must not examine characters outside the block and may
limit its examination to as few as four characters on each side of the
line feed. If the check fails to find an acceptable script value
(i.e. it has hit the check limits), then the script context is neutral.</p>
<p class="note">Note that the white space processing rules have already
removed any tabs and spaces after the line feed before these checks
take place.</p>
<ul>
<li>If the character immediately before or immediately after the line
feed is the zero width space character (U+200B), then the line feed
is removed.
<li>Otherwise, if the script context on one side of the line feed is
Hangul, then the line feed is converted to a space (U+0020).
<li>Otherwise, if the East Asian Width property [[!UAX11]] of both
the character before and after the line feed is F, W, or H (not A),
then the line feed is removed.
<li>Otherwise, if 'text-autospace' property is set to add extra spaces
for the combination of the character before the line feed and after,
then the line break is removed.
<li>Otherwise, the line feed is converted to a space (U+0020).
</ul>
<p class="issue">Comments on how well this would work in practice would
be very much appreciated, particularly from people who work with
Thai and similar scripts.</p>
<h4 id="white-space-summary">
Informative Summary of White Space Collapsing Effects</h4>
<ul>
<li>Consecutive white space collapses into a single space.
<li>A sequence of line breaks and other white space between
two ideographic characters collapses into nothing unless
there is a space before the first line break in the sequence.
<li>A zero width space immediately before or anywhere after
a line break causes the entire sequence of white space
beginning with the line break to collapse into a zero width
space.
</ul>
<h3 id="white-space">
White Space and Text Wrapping Shorthand: the 'white-space' property</h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td><dfn>white-space</dfn></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Value:</th>
<td>normal | pre | nowrap | pre-wrap | pre-line</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Initial:</th>
<td>not defined for shorthand properties</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Applies to:</th>
<td>all elements</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Inherited:</th>
<td>yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Percentages:</th>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Media:</th>
<td>visual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed value:</th>
<td>see individual properties</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The 'white-space' property is a shorthand for the
<a href="#white-space-collapsing">'white-space-collapsing'</a>
and <a href="#text-wrap">'text-wrap'</a> properties.
Not all combinations are represented.
Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn title="white-space:normal"><code>normal</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Sets 'white-space-collapsing' to 'collapse' and
'text-wrap' to 'normal'</dd>
<dt><dfn title="white-space:pre"><code>pre</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Sets 'white-space-collapsing' to 'preserve' and
'text-wrap' to 'none'</dd>
<dt><dfn title="white-space:nowrap"><code>nowrap</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Sets 'white-space-collapsing' to 'collapse' and
'text-wrap' to 'none'</dd>
<dt><dfn title="white-space:pre-wrap"><code>pre-wrap</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Sets 'white-space-collapsing' to 'preserve' and
'text-wrap' to 'normal'</dd>
<dt><dfn title="white-space:pre-line"><code>pre-line</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Sets 'white-space-collapsing' to 'preserve-breaks' and
'text-wrap' to 'normal'</dd>
</dl>
<p>The following informative table summarizes the behavior of various
'white-space' values:</p>
<table class="data">
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>New Lines</th>
<th>Spaces and Tabs</th>
<th>Text Wrapping</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>normal</th>
<td>Collapse</td>
<td>Collapse</td>
<td>Wrap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>pre</th>
<td>Preserve</td>
<td>Preserve</td>
<td>No wrap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>nowrap</th>
<td>Collapse</td>
<td>Collapse</td>
<td>No wrap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>pre-wrap</th>
<td>Preserve</td>
<td>Preserve</td>
<td>Wrap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>pre-line</th>
<td>Preserve</td>
<td>Collapse</td>
<td>Wrap</td>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="line-breaking">
Line Breaking and Word Boundaries</h2>
<p>For most scripts, in the absence of hyphenation a line break occurs
only at word boundaries. Many writing systems use spaces or
punctuation to explicitly separate words, and line break opportunities
can be identified by these characters. Scripts such as Thai, Lao, and
Khmer, however, do not use spaces or punctuation to separate words.
Although the zero width space (U+200B) can be used as an explicit word
delimiter in these scripts, this practice is not common. As a result,
a lexical resource is needed to correctly identify break points in such
texts.
<p>In several other writing systems, (including Chinese, Japanese, Yi,
and sometimes also Korean) a line break opportunities are based on
syllable boundaries, not words. In these systems a line can break
anywhere <em>except</em> between certain character combinations.
Additionally the level of strictness in these restrictions can vary
with the typesetting style.</p>
<p>CSS does not fully define where line breaking opportunities occur,
however some controls are provided to distinguish common variations.
<p class="note">Further information on line breaking conventions can be
found in
[[JIS4051]] for Japanese,
[[ZHMARK]] for Chinese, and [?] for Korean, and
in [[!UAX14]] for all scripts in Unicode.
<!-- The CSS Working Group notes that although UAX 14 contains a wealth of
information about line breaking conventions, a literal implementation
of its algorithm has been found to be inadequate in multiple situations. --></p>
<p class="issue">Any guidance for appropriate references here would be
much appreciated.</p>
<p>Floated and absolutely-positioned elements do not introduce a line
breaking opportunity. The line breaking behavior of a replaced element
is equivalent to that of a Latin character.</p>
<p class="issue">It is not clear whether this section handles Southeast Asian
scripts well. Additionally, some guidance should be provided on how to
break or not break Southeast Asian in the absence of a dictionary.</p>
<h3 id="line-break">
Line Breaking Restrictions Strictness: the 'line-break' property</h3>
<p>This property specifies the strictness of line-breaking rules:
particularly how line-breaking interacts with punctuation.</p>
<p>CSS distinguishes between three levels of strictness in the rules for
implicit line breaking. The precise set of rules in effect
for the ''strict'' and ''loose'' levels is up to the UA and should follow
language conventions. However, this specification does recommend that:</p>
<ul>
<li>Following breaks be forbidden in ''strict'' line breaking and
allowed in ''normal'':
<ul>
<li>breaks before Japanese small kana
<li>breaks before the KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK (U+30FC)
</ul>
Additionally, if the language is known to be Chinese or Japanese,
breaks before hyphens (U+2010, U+2013, U+301C, U+30A0) may be allowed
in ''normal''.
<li>Following breaks be forbidden in ''normal'' and ''strict'' line
breaking and allowed in ''loose'':
<ul>
<li>breaks before iteration marks (U+3005, U+303B, U+309D, U+309E, U+30FD, U+30FE)</li>
<li>breaks between inseparatable characters (U+2014, U+2025, U+2026, U+3033, U+3034, U+3035)</li>
</ul>
If the language is known to be Chinese or Japanese, then additionally
the following breaks may be allowed in ''loose'':
<ul>
<li>breaks before middle dots (U+003A, U+003B, U+30FB, U+FF1A, U+FF1B, U+FF65)</li>
<li>breaks before dividing punctuation marks (U+0021, U+003F, U+203C, U+2047, U+2048, U+2049, U+FF01, U+FF1F)</li>
<li>breaks before postfixes (U+0025, U+00A2, U+00B0, U+2030, U+2032, U+2033, U+2103, U+FF05, U+FFE0)</li>
<li>breaks after prefixes (U+0024, U+00A3, U+00A5, U+20AC, U+2116, U+FF04, U+FFE1, U+FFE5)</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td><dfn>line-break</dfn></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Value:</th>
<td>auto | loose | normal | strict</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Initial:</th>
<td>auto</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Applies to:</th>
<td>all elements</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Inherited:</th>
<td>yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Percentages:</th>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Media:</th>
<td>visual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed value:</th>
<td>specified value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This property specifies what set of line breaking restrictions are in
effect within the element.
Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn title="line-break:auto"><code>auto</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>The UA determines the set of line-breaking restrictions to use,
and it may vary the restrictions based on the length of the line; e.g.,
use a less restrictive set of line-break rules for short lines.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="line-break:loose"><code>loose</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Breaks text using the least restrictive set of line-breaking
rules. Typically used for short lines, such as in newspapers.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="line-break:normal"><code>normal</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Breaks text using the most common set of line-breaking rules.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="line-break:strict"><code>strict</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Breaks text using the most stringent set of line-breaking
rules.</dd>
</dl>
<h3 id="word-break">
Word Breaking Rules: the 'word-break' property</h3>
<p>This property specifies line break opportunities within words.</p>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td><dfn>word-break</dfn></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Value:</th>
<td>normal | keep-all | break-all | hyphenate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Initial:</th>
<td>normal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Applies to:</th>
<td>all elements</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Inherited:</th>
<td>yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Percentages:</th>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Media:</th>
<td>visual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed value:</th>
<td>specified value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl>
<dt><dfn title="word-break:normal"><code>normal</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Break words according to their usual rules.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="word-break:break-all"><code>break-all</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Words may break between any two grapheme clusters within words.
Hyphenation is not applied. This option is used mostly in a context where
the text is predominantly using CJK characters with few non-CJK excerpts
and it is desired that the text be better distributed on each line.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="line-break:keep-all"><code>keep-all</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Sequences of CJK characters can no longer break on implied break points.
This option should only be used where the presence of word separator
characters still creates line-breaking opportunities, as in Korean.</dd>
<dt><dfn title="word-break:hyphenate"><code>hyphenate</code></dfn></dt>
<dd>Words may be broken at an appropriate hyphenation point. This requires
that the user agent have an hyphenation resource appropriate to the
language of the text being broken.
<p class="issue">This value is proposed to replace 'hyphenate' property currently defined in
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/WD-css3-gcpm-20070205/#hyphenation">Generated
Content for Paged Media</a> draft. Note there are other values in
the editor's draft, which could be added as ''word-break: hyphenate-all''
and ''word-break: none''... are these needed?</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>When shaping scripts such as Arabic are allowed to break within words
due to 'break-all' or hyphenation, the characters must still be shaped
as if the word were not broken.</p>
<h2 id="hyphenation">Hyphenation</h2>
<p>Hyphenation allows the controlled splitting of words to improve the
layout of paragraphs. This specifications does not define the exact
rules for hyphenation, but defines six properties that influence
hyphenation.
<p>Hyphenation is can be turned on or off with the 'word-break' property.
<h3 id="hyphenate-character">
Hyphens: the 'hyphenate-character' property</h3>
<table class=propdef>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn>hyphenate-character</dfn>
<tr>
<th>Value:
<td>auto | <string> <string>?
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>auto
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>yes
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>specified value
</table>
<p>This property specifies strings that are shown between parts of
hyphenated words. The 'auto' value means that the user agent should
find an appropriate value. If one string is specified, it appears at
the end of lines. If two strings are specified, the second string
appears at the beginning of lines.
<p class=issue>Is the use of hyphenate charaters at the beginning of
lines common enough for this to be part of the specification?
<div class="example">
<p>In Latin scripts, the hyphen character (U+2010) is often used to
indicate that a word has been split. Normally, it will not be
necessary to set it explicitly. However, this can easily be done:
<pre>article { hyphenate-character: "\2010" }</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="hyphenate-char-limits">
Hyphenation Character Limits: the 'hyphenate-before' and 'hyphenate-after' properties</h3>
<table class=propdef>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn>hyphenate-limit-before</dfn>
<tr>
<th>Value:
<td><integer> | auto
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>auto
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>yes