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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>
CSS Paged Media Module Level 3
</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<link href="../default.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED.css">
<style type="text/css">
.keyword { font-weight:bold }
.equation { padding: 2% }
table.equation {text-align:center}
td, th { vertical-align: top }
pre { font-size: 1em; }
#margin-values { border-collapse: collapse; }
#margin-values td,
#margin-values th
{
padding: 0.2em;
border: thin solid black;
}
.property-list
{
border: 1px solid black;
padding: .2em;
margin-top: 2em;
}
.property-list td
{
border: 1px solid black;
padding: .1em;
}
.editorial
{
display: block;
font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 80%;
margin-left: .5in;
margin-right: 1in ;
padding: 0.125in;
background: #FFFFDD ;
}
.editorial:after { content: "Ed."}
.RFC2119
{
text-transform: lowercase;
font-style: italic
}
em em.RFC2119
{
text-transform: lowercase;
font-style: normal
}
table.page-sizes
{
border: thin solid;
margin-top: 1.5em;
}
table.page-sizes td
{
border: thin solid;
padding: .5em;
}
table.page-sizes th
{
border: thin solid;
padding: .5em;
background: #ffffaa;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<div class="head">
<!--logo-->
<h1>CSS Paged Media Module Level 3</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="w3c-working">[LONGSTATUS] [DATE]</h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt> <dd><a href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-page/">http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-page/</a></dd>
<!-- <dd><a href="[VERSION]">http://www.w3.org/TR/[YEAR]/WD-[SHORTNAME]-[CDATE]</a></dd> -->
<dt>Latest version:</dt> <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-page">http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-page</a></dd>
<dt>Previous version:</dt> <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/CR-css3-page-20040225/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/CR-css3-page-20040225/</a></dd>
<dt>Editors:</dt> <dd>Melinda Grant, Hewlett-Packard</dd>
<dd>Håkon Wium Lie, Opera Software</dd>
<dd>Elika J. Etemad, Hewlett-Packard</dd>
</dl>
<!--copyright-->
</div>
<hr title="Separator for header">
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This module describes the page model that partitions a flow into pages. It
builds on the <a href="/TR/CSS21/box.html">Box model module</a> and introduces
and defines the page model and paged media. It adds functionality for
pagination, page margins, page size and orientation, headers and footers,
widows and orphans, and image orientation. Finally it extends generated content
to enable page numbering and running headers / footers.</p>
<!-- "Status of this document" -->
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="status">Status of this Document</h2>
<!--status-->
<p>This document contains the <abbr title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS3</abbr>
Paged Media Module W3C Last Call <a href="/2005/10/Process-20051014/tr.html#RecsWD">Working Draft</a> of [DATE]. The
Last Call period ends on <span class="fudge">TBD</span>.</p>
<p>Relative to the previous Last Call Working Draft, this version incorporates
changes to the formerly named 'fit' and 'fit-position' properties; they are
renamed to 'image-fit' and 'image-position' and redefined to enable additional
use cases. The margin-box sizing algorithm has been reworded to be a bit
simpler, and many miscellaneous clarifications and editorial improvements have
been incorporated.</p>
<p>The 'image-fit' and 'image-position' properties are explicitly identified as at
risk, and may be removed in the next version of the specification.</p>
<p>Expected next revision to this document is another LCWD, driven by the change
in definition of 'image-fit' and 'image-position'.</p>
<p>The <a href="lc2_issues.htm">Disposition of Comments</a>
document contains the current issues list and responses to input received
during this Last Call period.</p>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="contents">Table of Contents</h2><!--begin-toc-->
<!--end-toc-->
<!-- "Introduction" -->
<h2 id="intro">Introduction</h2>
<p>Paged media (e.g., paper, transparencies, photo album pages, pages
displayed on computer screens as printed output simulations) differ from
<a href="/TR/CSS2/media.html#continuous-media-group">continuous media</a>
in that the content of the document is split into one or more discrete
static display surfaces. To handle pages, CSS3 Paged Media describes how:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#page-breaks">page breaks</a> are created and avoided;</li>
<li>the page properties such as size, orientation, margins, border, and
padding are specified;</li>
<li>headers and footers are established within the page margins;</li>
<li>content such as page counters are placed in the headers and footers; and</li>
<li>orphans and widows can be controlled.</li>
</ul>
<p>This module defines a <a href="#page-model">page model</a> that specifies how a
document is formatted within a rectangular area, called the
<a href="#page-box-page-rule">page box</a>, that has finite width and height.
<p>Although CSS3 does not specify how user agents transfer page boxes to sheets,
it does include certain mechanisms for telling user agents about the intended
page sheet <a href="#page-size">size and orientation</a>. In the general case,
CSS3 assumes that one page box will be transferred to one surface of similar
size.</p>
<h2 id="conformance">Conformance</h2>
<p>The keywords "<em class="RFC2119">MUST</em>", "<em class="RFC2119">SHALL</em>",
"<em class="RFC2119">MUST NOT</em>", "<em class="RFC2119">SHALL NOT</em>",
"<em class="RFC2119">REQUIRED</em>", "<em class="RFC2119">SHOULD</em>",
"<em class="RFC2119">SHOULD NOT</em>", "<em class="RFC2119">RECOMMENDED</em>",
"<em class="RFC2119">MAY</em>", and "<em class="RFC2119">OPTIONAL</em>" when
used in this document are to be interpreted as described in <cite>RFC
2119</cite> [[!RFC2119]]. However, for readability, these words do not appear
in all uppercase letters in this specification. All of the text in this
specification is normative except sections explicitly marked as non-normative,
examples, and notes.</p>
<p>Examples in this specification are introduced with the words "for example"
or are set apart from the normative text with <code>class="example"</code>,
like this:
<div class="example">
<p>This is an example of an informative example.</p>
</div>
<p>Informative notes begin with the word "Note" and are set apart from the
normative text with <code>class="note"</code>, like this:
<p class="note">Note, this is an informative note.</p>
<h2 id="page-terms">Page Terminology</h2>
<p>The following terminology and accompanying diagrams help to describe the
page model:</p>
<dl>
<dt id="page-sheet">Page sheet</dt>
<dd><img src="PageSheet.png" style="float: right;" alt="The corner of a page sheet with the non-printable area at the edge and printable area inside it"
height="148" width="194">The page sheet is one surface of the physical
medium. The illustration to the right shows a representation of the upper-left
corner of a page sheet.</dd>
<dt id="printable-area">Printable and non-printable areas</dt>
<dd>The non-printable area is the area of a page sheet that a physical device such
as a printer is not capable of marking reliably, usually due to the printer's
paper handling mechanism. This value is printer dependent and is usually a
small region along each edge of the page sheet. The printable area is the area
of page sheet that a printer <em>is</em> capable of marking reliably. The size
of the printable area is the size of the page sheet reduced by the size of the
non-printable area. A user agent may not know the dimensions of this area for a
particular printing device; but when its dimensions are known, user agents
<em class="RFC2119">MAY</em> adjust the formatting of the document so that
content falls within the printable area. How this adjustment is accomplished is
device dependent within the constraints expressed in the sections <a href="#renderingpages">Rendering page boxes that do not fit a page sheet</a> and
<a href="#content-outside-box">Content outside the page box</a>.</dd>
<dt id="page-orientation">Page Orientation</dt>
<dd>The page orientation is defined by comparing the length of the edges of a
<a href="#page-box">page box</a>. The page box is a rectangle with two
perpendicular edges called the long edge and the short edge. The length of the
long edge is always greater than or equal to the length of the short edge. When
the page box is square, the two edges are of the same length and either can be
used as the long edge with the other being the short edge. This specification
defines page orientations of 'portrait' and 'landscape'.</dd>
<dt id="portrait">Portrait Orientation</dt>
<dd>A portrait page's height is greater than or equal to its width. Horizontal
elements are parallel to the short edge and vertical elements to the long edge.</dd>
<dt id="landscape">Landscape Orientation</dt>
<dd>A landscape page's width is greater than or equal to its height. Horizontal
elements are parallel to the long edge and vertical elements to the short edge.</dd>
<dt id="duplex-printing">Duplex Printing</dt>
<dd>Duplex printing prints one page box per side of a page sheet and uses both
sides of the page sheet. This module provides no ability to specify whether a
document is duplex printed, but the concept of left and right pages is based on
the assumption that the document is duplex printed, regardless of whether or
not it actually is.</dd>
<dt id="binding-edge">Binding Edge</dt>
<dd>The binding edge is the edge of the page box that is toward the binding if the
material is bound. The binding edge often has a larger margin than the opposite
edge to provide for the space used by the binding. The binding edge can be any
of the four edges. However, page sheets are customarily bound so that the
binding edge of page boxes with portrait orientation is vertical. This module
provides no method to specify the binding edge. In duplex printing, the binding
edge is on opposite sides of the page box for the left and right pages.</dd>
<dt id="facing-pages">Facing Pages</dt>
<dd>Facing pages are two sequential pages such that when the document is duplex
printed they are on separate sheets of paper. Typically, the earlier page will
be the back side of one sheet and the later page will be the front side of
another. They are usually laid out so that the binding edges of facing pages
are vertical and adjacent when the pages are placed in their normal reading
orientation.</dd>
<dt id="left-page">Left Page</dt>
<dd>A page that would be on the left if it is part of a pair of facing pages as
typically laid out. Page layouts for documents using a left-to-right page
progression have the earlier of the facing pages on the left. Rules specific to
the left page can be specified using the <span class="css">':left'</span> page
selector.</dd>
<dt id="right-page">Right Page</dt>
<dd>A page that would be on the right if it is part of a pair of facing pages as
typically laid out. Page layouts for documents using a right-to-left page
progression have the earlier of the facing pages on the right. Rules specific
to the right page can be specified using the <span class="css">':right'</span>
page selector.</dd>
</dl>
<h2 id="page-box-page-rule">The Page Model</h2>
<p>In the paged media formatting model, the document is transferred into one
or more page boxes. The <dfn id="page-box">page box</dfn> is a specialized CSS
box that maps to a rectangular print media surface, such as a page of paper.
It is roughly analogous to the <a href="/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#viewport">viewport</a>.
<img src="PageBox.png" style="float: right;" alt="" height="266" width="267">
As with other CSS <a href="/TR/CSS21/box.html">boxes</a>, a page box consists
of margin, border, padding, and content areas. The containing block of the page
box is the rectangle that coincides with its margin edges.
<p>The content and margin areas of a page box have special functions:</p>
<ul>
<li>The content area of a page box is called the <dfn id="page-area">page
area</dfn>. The content of the document is flowed into one or more page boxes.
The page area acts as a container for all the boxes generated by the root
element and its descendants that are laid out within a given page box. The
edges of the page area on the first page establish the rectangle that is the
initial <a href="/TR/CSS21/visudet.html#containing-block-details">containing block</a>
of the document.</li>
<li>The margin area of a page box is divided into 16 <dfn>margin boxes</dfn>.
Each margin box has its own margin, border, padding and content areas. Margin
boxes are typically used to display running headers and footers.</li>
</ul>
<p>The properties of a <dfn>page box</dfn> are determined by properties <a href="/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#declaration">declared</a> within the <dfn><a href="#page-context">page context</a></dfn>, which is the <a href="/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#x14">declaration block</a> of the <code>@page</code>
rule. Page boxes differ from other boxes in that the <span class="property">'width'</span> and <span class="property">'height'</span> properties
do not apply to a page box. The size of the page box is specified using the
<span class="property">'size'</span> property in the page context.</p>
<p>Declarations in the page context affect the page box and/or can inherit
to the margin boxes, but they do not apply to or inherit into the
document's root element or other content.</p>
<h3 id="content-outside-box">Content outside the page box</h3>
<p>When formatting content in the page model, some content may end up outside the
page box. For example, an element whose <span class="property">'white-space'</span> property has the value <span class="css">'pre'</span> can generate a box that is wider than the page box. Also,
when boxes are positioned absolutely, they may end up in "inconvenient"
locations. For example, images may be placed on the edge of the page box.
Similarly, when boxes use fixed or relative positioning, they can end up
outside of the page box.</p>
<p>A specification for the exact formatting of such elements lies outside the
scope of this document. However, it is recommended that authors and user agents
observe the following general principles concerning content outside the page
box:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>User agents <em class="RFC2119">SHOULD</em> avoid generating a large
number of content-empty pages to honor the positioning of elements (e.g.,
printing 100 blank pages is probably neither the author's nor the user's
intent).
A <dfn id="content-empty">Content-empty page</dfn> is a page box whose page
area contains no printable content other than backgrounds and/or borders. A
page box whose page area contains generated content, or content whose
visibility is 'hidden', or invisible content such as a zero-width space is
not a content-empty page. On the other hand, a page containing only a
background and/or borders and/or margin-box content <em>is</em> a
content-empty page.
<p class="note">Note, however, that generating a small number of empty page
boxes is sometimes necessary to honor the <span class="css">'left'</span> and
<span class="css">'right'</span> values for <span class="property">'page-break-before'</span>
and <span class="property">'page-break-after'</span>.</li>
<li><p>Authors <em class="RFC2119">SHOULD NOT</em> position elements in
inconvenient locations just to avoid rendering them. Instead:
<ul>
<li>To suppress box generation entirely, set the <span class="property">'display'</span> property to <span class="css">'none'</span>.</li>
<li>To make a box invisible, set the <span class="property">'visibility'</span>
property.</li>
</ul></li>
<li><p>This specification does not define how boxes positioned outside the page
box are handled. Possibilities include discarding them or creating page boxes
for them at the end of the document.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="painting">Page Backgrounds and Painting Order</h3>
<p>When drawing a page of content, the page background and borders are painted
first (underneath). Margin-boxes are painted over (on top of) the page box.
The root element then paints the canvas and the document contents within the
page padding box.</p>
<p>The exact painting order of margin boxes is not specified, however it is
<em class="RFC2119">recommended</em> that when margin boxes overlap, paint
order should place center/middle margin boxes on top of corner margin boxes,
which are in turn painted on top of other boxes. More precisely, in terms of
the algorithm in <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/zindex.html">CSS2.1
Appendix E</a> the exact "tree order" of margin boxes is not defined, but it
is recommended that center/middle boxes be after corner boxes, which should
themselves be after other boxes.</p>
<p>The UA may support the <code>z-index</code> property for margin boxes. In
this case the root element, together with the canvas background and all of
the document contents, are treated as a single element with a <code>z-index</code>
value of '0': the margin boxes never interleave with parts of the document
content, they may only paint in front of or behind the document content and
its canvas. The page box itself generates a new stacking context and is treated
as the parent of all the margin boxes as well as the document content. In
other words, nothing ever paints behind the page box backgrounds or borders.
Since the <code>position</code> property does not apply to margin boxes,
<code>z-index</code> always affects margin boxes as if they were positioned
elements regardless of the <code>position</code> property's value.
<span class="issue">Mark this at-risk.</span></p>
<h3 id="progression">Page Progression</h3>
<p>CSS distinguishes between left pages and right pages on all documents,
whether they are printed duplex or not. Each left page is followed by a
right page and vice versa. Left and right pages can be styled differently
with the <a href="#left-right-first"><code>:left</code> and <code>:right</code>
pseudo-classes</a>.
<p>Whether the first page of a document is a left page or a right page
depends on the page progression of the document. The <dfn>page progression</dfn>
is the direction in which the printed pages of a document would be sequenced
when laid out side-to-side. For example, English and horizontally-set Japanese
typically progress from left to right, whereas Arabic and vertically-set
Japanese pages typically progress from right to left. In documents with with
a left-to-right page progression the first page of the document is a right
page, and vice versa.</p>
<p>The page progression direction is determined as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li>If text is laid out in horizontal lines, the page progression is the
same as the inline progression.</li>
<li>If text is laid out in vertical lines, the page progression is the
same as the block progression.</li>
</ul>
<p>If the UA supports the 'direction' and 'block-progression' properties
from the CSS 3 Text Layout Module [[CSS3TEXTLAYOUT]], it must determine
whether the first page is a left or right page from the values of those
properties on the root element.</p>
<p>To explicitly force a document to begin printing on a left or right page,
authors can <a href="#page-break-before">insert a page break before</a> the
first generated box. The UA must suppress the first (empty) page(s) in this
case (and the <code>:first</code> selector applies to the first printed
page).</p>
<h2 id="page-selector-and-context">Page Selectors and the Page Context</h2>
<h3 id="at-page-rule">The @page Rule</h3>
<p>Authors can specify various aspects of a page box, such as its dimensions,
orientation, and margins, within an <span class="css">@page</span> rule. An
<span class="css">@page</span> rule consists of the keyword <span class="css">'@page'</span>, an <em class="RFC2119">OPTIONAL</em> page name followed
with no intervening space by an <em class="RFC2119">OPTIONAL</em> page
pseudo-class, and a block of declarations (said to be in the <dfn id="page-context">page context</dfn>).
<a href="#margin-at-rules">Margin at-rules</a> may be interleaved with the
declarations in the page context.
<p>The <em class="RFC2119">OPTIONAL</em> page name and <em class="RFC2119">OPTIONAL</em> page pseudo-class constitute the <dfn id="page-selector">page selector</dfn>. The page selector specifies for which
pages the declarations apply. In CSS3, page selectors can designate the first page of a document, all left pages, all
right pages, or <a href="#using-named-pages">pages with specific names</a>.</p>
<p>Properties declared within the page context apply to the page box.</p>
<p>If an error is encountered during the processing of a declaration block within
a page or a margin context, the <a href="/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#parsing-errors">Rules for handling parsing errors</a>
apply; that is, valid declarations within the block are applied.</p>
<h3 id="left-right-first">Page pseudo-classes: :left, :right, and :first</h3>
<p>When printing double-sided documents, left and right pages are often formatted
differently. This can be expressed through CSS pseudo-classes defined in the
<a href="#page-context">page context</a>.</p>
<p>All pages are automatically classified by user agents as either left pages or
right pages. The <span class="css">':left'</span> and <span class="css">':right'</span>
page pseudo-classes can be used to selectively apply rules to only the left or right
pages, respectively.</p>
<div class="example">
The following example creates left and right binding edges using these pseudo-classes:
<pre>
@page :left {
margin-left: 3cm;
margin-right: 4cm;
}
@page :right {
margin-left: 4cm;
margin-right: 3cm;
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>If different declarations have been given for left and right pages, the user
agent <em class="RFC2119">MUST</em> honor these declarations even if the user
agent does not transfer the page boxes to left and right sheets (i.e., a
printer that only prints on one side of the medium must nevertheless produce
correctly formatted output).</p>
<p>Authors can also specify style for the first page of a document with the
<span class="css">':first'</span> pseudo-class. Such style rules are applied only
to the first printed page of a document.</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>
@page { margin: 2cm } /* All margins set to 2cm */
@page :first {
margin-top: 10cm /* Top margin on first page 10cm */
}
</pre>
</div>
<div class="example">
<pre>
html {page-break-before: always;}
</pre>
<p>For an XHTML document with a left-to-right page progression, the above style
rule will cause the first page of the document to print on a ':right' page</p>
</div>
<div class="note">
<p><em><strong>Note.</strong> Adding declarations to the <span class="css">':left'</span> or <span class="css">':right'</span> pseudo-class does not
necessarily influence whether the document comes out of the printer double- or
single-sided (which is outside the scope of this specification).</em></p>
</div>
<div class="note">
<p><em><strong>Note.</strong> Future versions of CSS may include other page
pseudo-classes.</em></p>
</div>
<h3 id="syntax-page-selector">@page rule grammar</h3>
<p>The syntax for the @page rule is a specialization of the generic at-rule
defined by CSS 2.1. This grammar extends the at-rule syntax to allow @page rules
nested inside @media rules. User agents <em class="RFC2119">MUST</em> adhere
to the following grammar:</p>
<p>See [[!CSS21]], Section 4.1.1 and Appendix G for the expansion of missing
productions:</p>
<p id="specializatons-of-ATKEYWORD">
All new lexical tokens are specializations of the ATKEYWORD lexical token:</p>
<pre class="lexical">
PAGE_SYM ::= "@page"
TOPLEFTCORNER_SYM ::= "@top-left-corner"
TOPLEFT_SYM ::= "@top-left"
TOPCENTER_SYM ::= "@top-center"
TOPRIGHT_SYM ::= "@top-right"
TOPRIGHTCORNER_SYM ::= "@top-right-corner"
BOTTOMLEFTCORNER_SYM ::= "@bottom-left-corner"
BOTTOMLEFT_SYM ::= "@bottom-left"
BOTTOMCENTER_SYM ::= "@bottom-center"
BOTTOMRIGHT_SYM ::= "@bottom-right"
BOTTOMRIGHTCORNER_SYM ::= "@bottom-right-corner"
LEFTTOP_SYM ::= "@left-top"
LEFTMIDDLE_SYM ::= "@left-middle"
LEFTBOTTOM_SYM ::= "@left-bottom"
RIGHTTOP_SYM ::= "@right-top"
RIGHTMIDDLE_SYM ::= "@right-middle"
RIGHTBOTTOM_SYM ::= "@right-bottom"
<span id="syntax-prod-media">media</span> :
MEDIA_SYM S* medium [ COMMA S* medium ]* LBRACE S* [ page | ruleset ]* '}' S*
;
<span id="syntax-prod-page">page</span> :
PAGE_SYM S* IDENT? S* pseudo_page? S*
'{' S* [ margin_box | ruleset ]? [ ';' S* [ margin_box | ruleset ]? ]* '}' S*
;
<span class="issue">Space should not be allowed between name and pseudo.</span>
<span id="syntax-prod-pseudo-page">pseudo_page</span> :
':' [ "left" | "right" | "first" ]
;
<span id="syntax-prod-margin">margin_box</span> :
margin_sym S* '{' ruleset* '}' S*
;
<span id="syntax-prod-margin-sym">margin_sym</span> :
TOPLEFTCORNER_SYM |
TOPLEFT_SYM |
TOPCENTER_SYM |
TOPRIGHT_SYM |
TOPRIGHTCORNER_SYM |
BOTTOMLEFTCORNER_SYM |
BOTTOMLEFT_SYM |
BOTTOMCENTER_SYM |
BOTTOMRIGHT_SYM |
BOTTOMRIGHTCORNER_SYM |
LEFTTOP_SYM |
LEFTMIDDLE_SYM |
LEFTBOTTOM_SYM |
RIGHTTOP_SYM |
RIGHTMIDDLE_SYM |
RIGHTBOTTOM_SYM
;
</pre>
<p id="page-selector-syntax-restrict">
The value 'auto' <em class="RFC2119">must not</em> be used as a page name
and <em class="RFC2119">MUST</em> be treated as a syntax error.
<span class="issue">Is this necessary? Can't it just not match?</span>
<div class="example">
<p>The following are examples of page selectors (declaration block intentionally
left blank)</p>
<pre>
@page { ... }
@page :left { ... }
@page :right { ... }
@page LandscapeTable { ... }
@page CompanyLetterHead:first { ... } /* identifier and pseudo page. */
@page:first { ... };
</pre>
<p>The following are examples of margin boxes where the declaration blocks are
intentionally left blank.</p>
<pre>
@page {
@top-left { ... /* document name */ }
@bottom-center { ... /* page number */}
}
@page :left { @left-middle { ... /* page number in left margin */ }}
@page :right{ @right-middle { ... /* page number in right margins of right pages */}}
@page :left { @bottom-left-corner { ... /* left page numbers */ }}
@page :right { @bottom-right-corner { ... /* right page numbers */ }}
@page :first { @bottom-left-corner { ... /* empty footer on 1st page */ }
@bottom-right-corner { ... /* empty footer */ } }
</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="cascading-and-page-context">Cascading in the page context</h3>
<p>Declarations in page and margin contexts <a href="/TR/CSS21/cascade.html">cascade</a> just like declarations in <a href="/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#rule-sets">rule sets</a>.</p>
<p>The specificity of @page rules is computed in a manner analogous to the
computations defined in the <a href="/TR/CSS21/selector.html">Selectors</a>
module:</p>
<ul>
<li>if the @page rule has a named page, f=1; else f=0</li>
<li>if the @page rule has a ':first' pseudo-class, g=1; else g=0</li>
<li>if the @page rule has a ':left' or ':right' pseudo-class, h=1; else h=0</li>
</ul>
<p>Concatenating the three numbers f-g-h gives the specificity.</p>
<p>Properties that are not explicitly set within the page or margin context take
their initial values and do not inherit from any element.</p>
<div class="example">
<p>Some page specificity calculation examples follow:</p>
<pre>
@page { } /* f=0 g=0 h=0 -> specificity = 000 */
@page :left { } /* f=0 g=0 h=1 -> specificity = 001 */
@page :first { } /* f=0 g=1 h=0 -> specificity = 010 */
@page artsy { } /* f=1 g=0 h=0 -> specificity = 100 */
@page artsy:left { } /* f=1 g=0 h=1 -> specificity = 101 */
@page artsy:first { } /* f=1 g=1 h=0 -> specificity = 110 */
</pre>
</div>
<div class="example">
<p>Consider the following usage example:</p>
<pre>
@page {
margin-left: 3cm;
}
@page :left {
margin-left: 4cm;
}
</pre>
<p>Due to the higher specificity of the pseudo-class selector, the left margin on
left pages will be 4cm and all other pages
(the right-facing pages) will have a left margin of 3cm.</p>
</div>
<div class="example">
<p>In this example, the higher specificity of the green rules wins over the red
rule. Therefore the first page will have blue text in the top-left margin box
and green text in the top-right margin box, while subsequent pages will have
red text in the margin boxes.</p>
<pre>
@page :first {
color: green;
@top-left {
content: "foo";
color: blue;
}
@top-right {
content: "bar";
}
}
@page { color: red;
@top-center {
content: "Page " counter(page);
}
}
</pre>
</div>
<div class="example">
<p>Page contexts cascade, so the following stylesheet would style pages with 25
millimeter margins and 14 point type in the margin boxes:</p>
<pre>
@page { margin: 25mm;}
@page { font-size: 14pt;}
</pre>
</div>
<h2 id="margin-boxes">Margin Boxes</h2>
<p>Margin boxes are boxes within the page margin that, like pseudo-elements,
can contain generated content.</p>
<p>Margin boxes can be used to create page headers and footers, which are portions
of the page set aside for supplementary information such as the page number or
document title.</p>
<div class="example">
<p>Typically, a <dfn>page header</dfn> is located at the top of the page in
documents with a predominately horizontal writing direction and on the side
opposite the <a href="#binding-edge">binding edge</a> for documents with a
predominately vertical writing direction. One possible design of page headers
for horizontally written documents uses the <span class="css">'top-left-corner'</span>, <span class="css">'top-left'</span>,
<span class="css">'top-center'</span>, <span class="css">'top-right'</span> and
<span class="css">'top-right-corner'</span> margin boxes. Another design, for
vertically written documents, could use the <span class="css">'right-top'</span>, <span class="css">'right-middle'</span>, and
<span class="css">'right-bottom'</span> margin boxes for <a href="#right-page">right facing pages</a> and <span class="css">'left-top'</span>,
<span class="css">'left-middle'</span>, and <span class="css">'left-bottom'</span> for <a href="#left-page">left facing pages</a>.</p>
<p>The <dfn>page footer</dfn> is typically at the opposite end of the page from
the page header. For example, the design of a horizontally written document with
a page header at the top of the page could use the <span class="css">'bottom-left-corner'</span>, <span class="css">'bottom-left'</span>,
<span class="css">'bottom-center'</span>, <span class="css">'bottom-right'</span> and <span class="css">'bottom-right-corner'</span>
margin boxes as the page footer. The design of a vertically written document
could use the margin boxes of the binding edge of the page for the page footer.</p>
</div>
<p>Margin boxes are oriented with respect to the content and are independent of
page orientation, for example the top margin boxes are above the page area in
both portrait and landscape orientation. The various margin boxes are defined
and illustrated in the diagram below:
<table id="margin-box-def" class="data" summary="defintion of each of the margin boxes">
<caption>Table 1 Margin Box Definitions</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Box</th>
<th>Description</th>
<th>Placement</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr id="top-margin-boxes-def">
<th id="top-left-corner-box-def">top-left-corner</th>
<td>a fixed-size box defined by the intersection of the top and left margins of the
page box</td>
<td><img src="TopLeftCornerBox.png" alt="the top left corner box with margin, border, and padding, nested within intersection of the page's top and left margins"
height="47" width="181"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="top-left-box-def">
<th>top-left</th>
<td>a variable-width box filling the top page margin between the top-left-corner
and top-center margin boxes</td>
<td><img src="TopLeftMarginBox.png" alt="the top left box with margin, border, and padding, nested in the page's top margin next to the top left corner box"
height="47" width="181"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="top-center-box-def">
<th>top-center</th>
<td>a variable-width box centered horizontally between the page's left and right
border edges and filling the page top margin between the top-left and top-right
margin boxes</td>
<td><img src="TopCenterMarginBox.png" alt="the top center box with margin, border, and padding, centered within the page's top margin"
height="47" width="181"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="top-right-box-def">
<th>top-right</th>
<td>a variable-width box filling the top page margin between the top-center and
top-right-corner margin boxes</td>
<td><img src="TopRightMarginBox.png" alt="the top right box with margin, border, and padding, nested within the page's top margin"
height="47" width="181"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="top-right-corner-box-def">top-right-corner</th>
<td>a fixed-size box defined by the intersection of the top and right margins of
the page box</td>
<td><img src="TopRightCornerMarginBox.png" alt="the top right corner box with margin, border, and padding, nested within the intersection of the page's top and right margin"
height="47" width="181"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="left-margin-boxes-def">
<th id="left-top-box-def">left-top</th>
<td>a variable-height box filling the left page margin between the top-left-corner
and left-middle margin boxes</td>
<td rowspan="3"><img src="LeftMarginBoxes.png" alt="left-top, left-middle, and left-bottom margin boxes in the page box's left margin"
height="226" width="181"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="left-middle-box-def">
<th>left-middle</th>
<td>a variable-height box centered vertically between the page's top and bottom
border edges and filling the left page margin between the left-top and
left-bottom margin boxes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="left-bottom-box-def">
<th>left-bottom</th>
<td>a variable-height box filling the left page margin between the left-middle and
bottom-left-corner margin boxes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="right-margin-boxes-def">
<th id="right-top-box-def">right-top</th>
<td>a variable-height box filling the right page margin between the
top-right-corner and right-middle margin boxes</td>
<td rowspan="3"><img src="RightMarginBoxes.png" alt="right-top, right-middle, and right-bottom margin boxes in the page box's right margin"
height="226" width="181"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="right-middle-box-def">
<th>right-middle</th>
<td>a variable-height box centered vertically between the page's top and bottom
border edges and filling the right page margin between the right-top and
right-bottom margin boxes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="right-bottom-box-def">
<th>right-bottom</th>
<td>a variable-height box filling the right page margin between the right-middle
and bottom-right-corner margin boxes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="bottom-margin-boxes-def">
<th id="bottom-left-corner-box-def">bottom-left-corner</th>
<td>a fixed-size box defined by the intersection of the bottom and left margins of
the page box</td>
<td><img src="BottomLeftCornerBox.png" alt="bottom left corner box with margin, border, and padding, nested within the page margin at the intersection of the left and bottom page margins"
height="48" width="181"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="bottom-left-box-def">
<th>bottom-left</th>
<td>a variable-width box filling the bottom page margin between the
bottom-left-corner and bottom-center margin boxes</td>
<td><img src="BottomLeftMarginBox.png" alt="bottom left margin box with margin, border, and padding, nested within the page's bottom margin next to the bottom-left-corner box"
height="48" width="181"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="bottom-center-box-def">
<th>bottom-center</th>
<td>a variable-width box centered horizontally between the page's left and right
border edges and filling the bottom page margin between the bottom-left and
bottom-right margin boxes</td>
<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><img src="BottomCenterMarginBox.png" alt="bottom center box with margin, border, and padding, nested within the page's bottom margin and centered on the page"
height="48" width="181"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="bottom-right-box-def">
<th>bottom-right</th>
<td>a variable-width box filling the bottom page margin between the bottom-center
and bottom-right-corner margin boxes</td>
<td><img src="BottomRightMarginBox.png" alt="bottom right margin box with margin, border, and padding, nested within the page's bottom margin and next to the bottom-right-corner box"
height="48" width="181"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="bottom-right-corner-box-def">
<th>bottom-right-corner</th>
<td>a fixed-size box defined by the intersection of the bottom and right margins of
the page box</td>
<td><img src="BottomRightCornerBox.png" alt="bottom right corner box with margin, border, and padding, nested within the page margin at the intersection of the right and bottom page margins"
height="48" width="181"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="margin-at-rules">At-rules for margin boxes</h3>
<p>Margin boxes are created by <a href="#margin-at-rules">margin at-rules</a>
inside the <a href="#page-context">page context</a>.</p>
<p>A <dfn id="margin-at-rule">margin at-rule</dfn> consists of an <a href="#specializatons-of-ATKEYWORD">ATKEYWORD</a> that identifies the margin box
(e.g. <span class="css">'@top-left'</span>) and a block of declarations (said
to be in the <dfn id="margin-context">margin context</dfn>).</p>
<div class="example">
<p>The following style sheet establishes a page header containing the title
("Hamlet") on the left side and the page number, preceded by "Page ", on the
right side:</p>
<pre>
@page {
size: 8.5in 11in;
margin: 10%;
@top-left {
content: "Hamlet";
}
@top-right {
content: "Page " counter(page);
}
}
</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="populating-margin-boxes">Populating margin boxes</h3>
<p>A margin box is instantiated if a margin context is established the
computed value of <span class="property">'content'</span> is not
<span class="css">'none'</span>.
<div class="example">
<p>The following style sheet creates a green box in each corner of the page
except the bottom-left corner.</p>
<pre>
@page {
@top-left-corner { content: " "; border: solid green; }
@top-right-corner { content: ''; border: solid green; }
@bottom-right-corner { width: 1em; height 1em; border: solid green; }
@bottom-left-corner { content: normal; border: solid green; }
}
</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="margin-box-dimensions">Computing Margin Box Dimensions</h3>
<p>The width and height of each margin box is determined by the rules
below.</p>
<h4 id="max-margin-dimension">Margin Box Layout Terminology</h4>
<p>In addition to the box model definitions in CSS2.1 [[!CSS21]], the following
terms are defined for use in the subsequent margin box calculations:</p>
<dl>
<dt id="MaxBoxWidth">max box width</dt>
<dd>the sum of the page's left border width, left padding,
<a href="#page-box">page area</a> width, right padding, and right border width.
In other words, it is the distance between the <a href="#page-box">page
box</a>'s left border edge and right border edge</a>. This quantity is used
when calculating dimensions of the top and bottom margin boxes.</dd>
<dt id="MaxBoxHeight">max box height</dt>
<dd>the sum of the page's top border width, top padding,
<a href="#page-box">page area</a> height, bottom padding, and bottom border
width. In other words, it is the distance between the <a href="#page-box">page
box</a>'s top border edge and bottom border edge. This quantity is used when
calculating dimensions of the left and right margin boxes.</dd>
<dt>outer width</dt>
<dd>the sum of a margin box's left and right margins, left and right border
widths, left and right padding, and content-box width.</dd>
<dt>outer height</dt>
<dd>the sum of a margin box's top and bottom margins, top and bottom border
widths, used top and bottom padding, and content-box height.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <dfn>containing block</dfn> for a corner margin box is the rectangle
defined by the intersection of the two page margins meeting at that corner.</p>
<p>For all other margin boxes, the <dfn>containing block</dfn> is the rectangle
formed by the encapsulating page margin minus the containing blocks of the
adjacent corners' margin boxes. Note that the size of this containing block is
given in one dimension by the used page margin and in the other dimension by
the <a href="#MaxBoxWidth">max box width</a> (for top and bottom margin boxes)
or <a href="#MaxBoxHeight">max box height</a> (for left and right margin
boxes) for the other.</p>
<h4 id="margin-dimension">Margin Box Variable Dimension Computation Rules</h4>
<p>The following rules apply to 'top-left', 'top-center' and 'top-right' margin
boxes, which are referred to as A, B, and C, respectively, in the expression
below.</p>
<ul>
<li>The UA chooses used values for each box's width, left and right margin,
left and right border thickness, and left and right padding. It chooses them in
such a way that the sum of the squares of the boxes' left and right margins,
i.e. the value of:
<div class="equation">
margin-left<sub>A</sub>² + margin-left<sub>B</sub>² + margin-left<sub>C</sub>² + margin-right<sub>A</sub>² + margin-right<sub>B</sub>² + margin-right<sub>C</sub>²
</div>
is as small as possible under the constraints below.
<ol>
<li>The sum of the outer widths of the three boxes is equal to max box width.
(Margin box margins do not collapse.)</li>
<li>If the center box is not empty or if its computed width is not 'auto', then
the outer widths of the other two boxes are equal to each other (i.e., the
center box is centered in that case).</li>
<li>If a box is empty and its computed width is 'auto', then the used values of
its left and right padding width and left and right border width are all 0.
(This makes such a box invisible, because, by item 5, its width is also 0.)</li>
<li>The used values of the margin boxes' left and right margins are their
respective computed values, unless the respective computed value is 'auto'.</li>
<li>If a box's computed width is 'auto', then its used width must be greater
than or equal to its <a href="/TR/CSS21/visudet.html#float-width">preferred
minimum width</a>.</li>
<li>If a box's computed width is 'auto', then its used width must also be less
than or equal to its <a href="/TR/CSS21/visudet.html#float-width">preferred
width</a>.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>If the above constraints are contradictory ("over-constrained"), then drop
rule 6 above. If they are still contradictory, then the right margin of the
left box and the left margin of the right box are treated as if their computed
values were 'auto'.</li>
</ul>
<p class="note">
Note: By their definitions, margins can be negative, but widths cannot.</p>
<p>The used values for 'bottom-left', 'bottom-center' and 'bottom-right' margin
boxes are established by the same rules as for 'top-left', 'top-center', and
'top-right', respectively.</p>
<p>The used values for 'left-top', 'left-middle' and 'left-bottom' boxes are
established by the same rules, with "width" replaced by "height", "left" by
"top", "right" by "bottom" and "center" by "middle".</p>
<p>The used values for 'right-top', 'right-middle' and 'right-bottom' margin boxes