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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang=en><head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv=Content-Type>
<title>CSS Text Module Level 3</title>
<link href=../default.css rel=stylesheet type=text/css>
<link href=../csslogo.ico rel="shortcut icon" type=image/x-icon>
<style>
body {
background: url("https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/logo-ED") top left no-repeat white;
background-attachment: fixed;
color: black;
font-family: sans-serif;
margin: 0 auto;
max-width: 50em;
padding: 2em 1em 2em 70px;
}
:link { color: #00C; background: transparent }
:visited { color: #609; background: transparent }
a[href]:active { color: #C00; background: transparent }
a[href]:hover { background: #ffa }
a[href] img { border-style: none }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { text-align: left }
h1, h2, h3 { color: #005A9C; }
h1 { font: 170% sans-serif }
h2 { font: 140% sans-serif }
h3 { font: 120% sans-serif }
h4 { font: bold 100% sans-serif }
h5 { font: italic 100% sans-serif }
h6 { font: small-caps 100% sans-serif }
.hide { display: none }
div.head { margin-bottom: 1em }
div.head h1 { margin-top: 2em; clear: both }
div.head table { margin-left: 2em; margin-top: 2em }
p.copyright { font-size: small }
p.copyright small { font-size: small }
pre { margin-left: 2em }
dt { font-weight: bold }
ul.toc, ol.toc {
list-style: none;
}
</style>
<script defer src=//test.csswg.org/harness/annotate.js#css-text-3_dev type=text/javascript></script>
<style type=text/css>
img { vertical-align: middle; }
span[lang] { font-size: 125%; line-height: 1; vertical-align: middle;}
/* Bidi & spaces example */
.egbidiwsaA,.egbidiwsbB,.egbidiwsaB,.egbidiwsbC
{ white-space:pre;font-size:80%;font-family:monospace; vertical-align:2px; margin:1px }
.egbidiwsaA { background:lime;padding:2px; }
.egbidiwsbB { border:2px solid blue }
.egbidiwsaB { background:yellow;border:2px dotted white }
.egbidiwsbC { border:2px dotted red }
.hyphens-ex {
border: thin solid black;
display: inline-block;
padding: 4pt;
}
/* Start Letter-spacing Tutorial */
.ls-ex {
font-size: 200%;
margin-left: 1em;
margin-right: 1em;
}
.ls-fixed-width {
width: 10em;
}
.color-box { background: rgb(224, 203, 82); }
.bad { color: red; }
.good { color: green; }
/* End Letter-spacing Tutorial */
.char { border: 1px dotted gray; }
.quarter { font-size: 25%; }
tt[lang="ja"] { font-family: "MS Gothic", "Osaka", monospace }
div.figure table {
margin :auto;
}
.feedback {
background: #FFEECC;
border-color: orange;
}
.feedback:before {
content: "Info Needed";
color: #FF8800;
}
</style>
</head>
<body class=h-entry>
<div class=head>
<p data-fill-with=logo><a class=logo href=http://www.w3.org/>
<img alt=W3C height=48 src=https://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home width=72>
</a>
</p>
<h1 class="p-name no-ref" id=title>CSS Text Module Level 3</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled heading" id=subtitle><span class=content>Editor’s Draft,
<span class=dt-updated><span class=value-title title=20140708>8 July 2014</span></span></span></h2>
<div data-fill-with=spec-metadata><dl>
<dt>This version:
<dd><a class=u-url href=http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-text-3/>http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-text-3/</a>
<dt>Latest version:
<dd><a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-3/>http://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-3/</a>
<dt>Previous Versions:
<dd><dd><a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-text-20121113/ rel=previous>http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-text-20121113/</a>
<dt>Feedback:
<dd><a href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?subject=%5Bcss-text%5D%20feedback">www-style@w3.org</a>
with subject line
“<kbd>[css-text] <var>… message topic …</var></kbd>”(<a href=http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/ rel=discussion>archives</a>)
<dt>Test Suite:
<dd><a href=http://test.csswg.org/suites/css3-text/nightly-unstable/>http://test.csswg.org/suites/css3-text/nightly-unstable/</a>
<dt>Editors:
<dd><dd class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-url url" href=http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact>fantasai</a> (<span class="p-org org">Invited Expert</span>)
<dd><dd class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href=mailto:kojiishi@gluesoft.co.jp>Koji Ishii</a> (<span class="p-org org">Invited Expert</span>)
<dt>Issue Tracking:
<dd><a href=http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Tracker/products/10>http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Tracker/products/10</a>
</dl>
</div>
<div data-fill-with=warning></div>
<p class=copyright data-fill-with=copyright><a href=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright>Copyright</a> © 2014 <a href=http://www.w3.org/><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup> (<a href=http://www.csail.mit.edu/><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>, <a href=http://www.ercim.eu/><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>, <a href=http://www.keio.ac.jp/>Keio</a>, <a href=http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/>Beihang</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a href=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer>liability</a>, <a href=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks>trademark</a> and <a href=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents>document use</a> rules apply.
</p>
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled heading" id=abstract><span class=content>Abstract</span></h2>
<div class=p-summary data-fill-with=abstract><p>This CSS3 module defines properties for text manipulation and specifies their processing model. It covers line breaking, justification and alignment, white space handling, and text transformation.</p>
<a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/>CSS</a> is a language for describing the rendering of structured documents
(such as HTML and XML)
on screen, on paper, in speech, etc.</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled heading" id=status><span class=content>Status of this document</span></h2>
<div data-fill-with=status><p>
This is a public copy of the editors’ draft.
It is provided for discussion only and may change at any moment.
Its publication here does not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C.
Don’t cite this document other than as work in progress.
<p>
The (<a href=http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/>archived</a>) public mailing list
<a href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?Subject=%5Bcss-text%5D%20PUT%20SUBJECT%20HERE">www-style@w3.org</a>
(see <a href=http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request>instructions</a>)
is preferred for discussion of this specification.
When sending e-mail,
please put the text “css-text” in the subject,
preferably like this:
“[css-text] <em>…summary of comment…</em>”
<p>
This document was produced by the <a href=http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/members>CSS Working Group</a>
(part of the <a href=http://www.w3.org/Style/>Style Activity</a>).
<p>
This document was produced by a group operating under
the <a href=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/>5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy</a>.
W3C maintains a <a href=http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32061/status rel=disclosure>public list of any patent disclosures</a>
made in connection with the deliverables of the group;
that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent.
An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a href=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential>Essential Claim(s)</a>
must disclose the information in accordance with <a href=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure>section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>.</div>
<div data-fill-with=at-risk><p>The following features are at-risk, and may be dropped during the CR period:
<ul><li>the <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-full-width title=full-width>full-width</a> value of <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-text-transform title=text-transform>text-transform</a><li>the <length> values of the <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-tab-size title=tab-size>tab-size</a> property<li>the <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-text-justify title=text-justify>text-justify</a> property<li>the percentage values of <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-word-spacing title=word-spacing>word-spacing</a><li>the <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-hanging-punctuation title=hanging-punctuation>hanging-punctuation</a> property</ul></div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled heading" id=contents><span class=content>Table of Contents</span></h2>
<div data-fill-with=table-of-contents><ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#intro><span class=secno>1</span> Introduction</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#placement><span class=secno>1.1</span> Module Interactions</a>
<li><a href=#values><span class=secno>1.2</span> Values</a>
<li><a href=#terms><span class=secno>1.3</span> Terminology</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#characters><span class=secno>1.3.1</span> Characters and Letters</a>
<li><a href=#languages><span class=secno>1.3.2</span> Languages and Typesetting</a></ul></ul>
<li><a href=#transforming><span class=secno>2</span> Transforming Text</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#text-transform-property><span class=secno>2.1</span> <span name=caps-prop></span> Case Transforms: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=text-transform>text-transform</span> property</a></ul>
<li><a href=#white-space-property><span class=secno>3</span> <span></span><span></span> White Space and Wrapping: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=white-space>white-space</span> property</a>
<li><a href=#white-space-processing><span class=secno>4</span> White Space Processing Details</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#white-space-rules><span class=secno>4.1</span> The White Space Processing Rules</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#white-space-phase-1><span class=secno>4.1.1</span> Phase I: Collapsing and Transformation</a>
<li><a href=#line-break-transform><span class=secno>4.1.2</span> Segment Break Transformation Rules</a>
<li><a href=#white-space-phase-2><span class=secno>4.1.3</span> Phase II: Trimming and Positioning</a></ul>
<li><a href=#tab-size-property><span class=secno>4.2</span> Tab Character Size: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=tab-size>tab-size</span> property</a></ul>
<li><a href=#line-breaking><span class=secno>5</span> Line Breaking and Word Boundaries</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#line-break-details><span class=secno>5.1</span> Line Breaking Details</a>
<li><a href=#word-break-property><span class=secno>5.2</span> Breaking Rules for Letters: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=word-break>word-break</span> property</a>
<li><a href=#line-break-property><span class=secno>5.3</span> Breaking Rules for Punctuation: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=line-break>line-break</span> property</a></ul>
<li><a href=#hyphenation><span class=secno>6</span> Breaking Within Words</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#hyphens-property><span class=secno>6.1</span> Hyphenation Control: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=hyphens>hyphens</span> property</a>
<li><a href=#overflow-wrap-property><span class=secno>6.2</span> Overflow Wrapping: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=overflow-wrap>overflow-wrap</span>/<span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=word-wrap>word-wrap</span> property</a></ul>
<li><a href=#justification><span class=secno>7</span> Alignment and Justification</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#text-align-property><span class=secno>7.1</span> Text Alignment: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=text-align>text-align</span> shorthand</a>
<li><a href=#text-align-all-property><span class=secno>7.2</span> Default Text Alignment: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=text-align-all>text-align-all</span> property</a>
<li><a href=#text-align-last-property><span class=secno>7.3</span> Last Line Alignment: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=text-align-last>text-align-last</span> property</a>
<li><a href=#text-justify-property><span class=secno>7.4</span> Justification Method: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=text-justify>text-justify</span> property</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#expanding-text><span class=secno>7.4.1</span> Expanding and Compressing Text</a>
<li><a href=#justify-symbols><span class=secno>7.4.2</span> Handling Symbols and Punctuation</a>
<li><a href=#justify-limits><span class=secno>7.4.3</span> Unexpandable Text</a>
<li><a href=#justify-cursive><span class=secno>7.4.4</span> Cursive Scripts</a>
<li><a href=#justify-algos><span class=secno>7.4.5</span> Possible Algorithms</a></ul></ul>
<li><a href=#spacing><span class=secno>8</span> Spacing</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#word-spacing-property><span class=secno>8.1</span> Word Spacing: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=word-spacing>word-spacing</span> property</a>
<li><a href=#letter-spacing-property><span class=secno>8.2</span> Tracking: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=letter-spacing>letter-spacing</span> property</a></ul>
<li><a href=#edge-effects><span class=secno>9</span> Edge Effects</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#text-indent-property><span class=secno>9.1</span> First Line Indentation: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=text-indent>text-indent</span> property</a>
<li><a href=#hanging-punctuation-property><span class=secno>9.2</span> Hanging Punctuation: the <span class=property data-link-type=propdesc title=hanging-punctuation>hanging-punctuation</span> property</a>
<li><a href=#bidi-linebox><span class=secno>9.3</span> Bidirectionality and Line Boxes</a></ul>
<li><a href=#order><span class=secno></span> Appendix A: Text Processing Order of Operations</a>
<li><a href=#default-stylesheet><span class=secno></span> Appendix B: Default UA Stylesheet</a>
<li><a href=#script-groups><span class=secno></span> Appendix C: Scripts and Spacing</a>
<li><a href=#character-properties><span class=secno></span> Appendix D. Characters and Properties</a>
<li><a href=#acknowledgements><span class=secno></span> Acknowledgements</a>
<li><a href=#changes><span class=secno></span> Changes</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#recent-changes><span class=secno></span> Changes from the <span>October 2013 CSS3 Text <abbr title="Last Call Working Draft">LCWD</abbr></span></a>
<li><a href=#changes-2013><span class=secno></span> Changes from the <span>November 2012 CSS3 Text <abbr title="Working Draft">WD</abbr></span></a></ul>
<li><a href=#conformance><span class=secno></span> Conformance</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#conventions><span class=secno></span> Document conventions</a>
<li><a href=#conformance-classes><span class=secno></span> Conformance classes</a>
<li><a href=#partial><span class=secno></span> Partial implementations</a>
<li><a href=#experimental><span class=secno></span> Experimental implementations</a>
<li><a href=#testing><span class=secno></span> Non-experimental implementations</a></ul>
<li><a href=#references><span class=secno></span> References</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href=#normative><span class=secno></span> Normative References</a>
<li><a href=#informative><span class=secno></span> Informative References</a></ul>
<li><a href=#index><span class=secno></span> Index</a>
<li><a href=#property-index><span class=secno></span> Property index</a>
<li><a href=#issues-index><span class=secno></span> Issues Index</a></ul></div>
<h2 class="heading settled heading" data-level=1 id=intro><span class=secno>1 </span><span class=content>
Introduction</span><a class=self-link href=#intro></a></h2>
<p>This module describes the typesetting controls of CSS;
that is, the features of CSS that control the translation of
source text to formatted, line-wrapped text.
Various CSS properties provide control over
<a href=#transforming>case transformation</a>,
<a href=#white-space>white space collapsing</a>,
<a href=#white-space>text wrapping</a>,
<a href=#line-breaking>line breaking rules</a>
and <a href=#hyphenation>hyphenation</a>,
<a href=#justification>alignment and justification</a>,
<a href=#spacing>spacing</a>,
and <a href=#edge-effects>indentation</a>.
<div class=note>
<p>Font selection is covered in <a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-fonts/>CSS Fonts Level 3</a> <a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css3-fonts title=biblio-css3-fonts>[CSS3-FONTS]</a>.
<p>
<span name=decoration></span>
<span name=text-decoration></span>
<span name=line-decoration></span>
<span name=text-decoration-line></span>
<span name=text-decoration-color></span>
<span name=text-decoration-style></span>
<span name=text-decoration-skip></span>
<span name=text-underline-position></span>
<span name=emphasis-marks></span>
<span name=text-emphasis-style></span>
<span name=text-emphasis-color></span>
<span name=text-emphasis></span>
<span name=text-emphasis-position></span>
<span name=text-shadow></span>
Features for decorating text,
such as <a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-decor-3/#line-decoration>underlines</a>,
<a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-decor-3/#emphasis-marks>emphasis marks</a>,
and <a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-decor-3/#text-shadow-property>shadows</a>,
(previously part of this module)
are covered in
<a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-decor-3/>CSS Text Decoration Level 3</a> <a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css3-text-decor title=biblio-css3-text-decor>[CSS3-TEXT-DECOR]</a>.
<p><a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/#text-direction>Bidirectional</a> and
<a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/#vertical-intro>vertical</a> text
are addressed in
<a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/>CSS Writing Modes Level 3</a> <a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css3-writing-modes title=biblio-css3-writing-modes>[CSS3-WRITING-MODES]</a>.
</div>
<h3 class="heading settled heading" data-level=1.1 id=placement><span class=secno>1.1 </span><span class=content>
Module Interactions</span><a class=self-link href=#placement></a></h3>
<p>This module, together with <a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css3-text-decor title=biblio-css3-text-decor>[CSS3-TEXT-DECOR]</a>,
replaces and extends the text-level features defined in <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css21 title=biblio-css21>[CSS21]</a> chapter 16.
<h3 class="heading settled heading" data-level=1.2 id=values><span class=secno>1.2 </span><span class=content>
Values</span><a class=self-link href=#values></a></h3>
<p>This specification follows the
<a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/about.html#property-defs>CSS property
definition conventions</a> from <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css21 title=biblio-css21>[CSS21]</a>. Value types not defined in
this specification are defined in CSS Level 2 Revision 1 <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css21 title=biblio-css21>[CSS21]</a>.
Other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types: for
example <a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css3val title=biblio-css3val>[CSS3VAL]</a>, when combined with this module, expands the
definition of the <var><length></var> value type as used in this specification.</p>
<p>In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions,
all properties defined in this specification also accept the
<a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/cascade.html#value-def-inherit>inherit</a>
keyword as their property value. For readability it has not been repeated
explicitly.
<h3 class="heading settled heading" data-level=1.3 id=terms><span class=secno>1.3 </span><span class=content>
Terminology</span><a class=self-link href=#terms></a></h3>
<p>In addition to the terms defined below,
other terminology and concepts used in this specification are defined
in <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css21 title=biblio-css21>[CSS21]</a> and <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css3-writing-modes title=biblio-css3-writing-modes>[CSS3-WRITING-MODES]</a>.
<h4 class="heading settled heading" data-level=1.3.1 id=characters><span class=secno>1.3.1 </span><span class=content>
Characters and Letters</span><a class=self-link href=#characters></a></h4>
<p>The basic unit of typesetting is the <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=character>character<a class=self-link href=#character></a></dfn>.
However, because writing systems are not always as simple as the basic English alphabet,
what a <a data-link-type=dfn href=#character title=character>character</a> actually is depends on the context in which the term is used.
For example, in Hangul (the Korean writing system),
each square representation of a syllable
(e.g. <span lang=ko-hang title="Hangul syllable HAN">한</span>=<span lang=ko-Latn>Han</span>)
can be considered a <a data-link-type=dfn href=#character title=character>character</a>.
However, the square symbol is really composed of multiple letters each representing a phoneme
(e.g. <span lang=ko-hang title="Hangul letter HIEUH">ㅎ</span>=<span lang=ko-Latn>h</span>,
<span lang=ko-hang title="Hangul letter HIEUH">ㅏ</span>=<span lang=ko-Latn>a</span>,
<span lang=ko-hang title="Hangul letter HIEUH">ㄴ</span>=<span lang=ko-Latn>n</span>)
and these also could each be considered a <a data-link-type=dfn href=#character title=character>character</a>.
<p>A basic unit of computer text encoding, for any given encoding,
is also called a <a data-link-type=dfn href=#character title=character>character</a>,
and depending on the encoding,
a single encoding <a data-link-type=dfn href=#character title=character>character</a> might correspond
to the entire pre-composed syllabic <a data-link-type=dfn href=#character title=character>character</a> (e.g. <span lang=ko-hang title="Hangul syllable HAN">한</span>),
to the individual phonemic <a data-link-type=dfn href=#character title=character>character</a> (e.g. <span lang=ko-hang title="Hangul letter HIEUH">ㅎ</span>),
or to smaller units such as
a base letterform (e.g. <span lang=ko-hang title="Hangul letter IEUNG">ㅇ</span>)
and any combining marks that vary it (e.g. extra strokes that represent aspiration).
<p>In turn, a single encoding <a data-link-type=dfn href=#character title=character>character</a> can be represented in the data stream as one or more bytes;
and in programming environments one byte is sometimes also called a <a data-link-type=dfn href=#character title=character>character</a>.
<p>For text layout, we will refer to the <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=typographic-character-unit title="typographic character unit|typographic character">typographic character unit<a class=self-link href=#typographic-character-unit></a></dfn>
as the basic unit of text.
Even within the realm of text layout,
the relevant <a data-link-type=dfn href=#character title=character>character</a> unit depends on the operation.
For example, line-breaking and letter-spacing will segment
a sequence of Thai characters that include U+0E33 THAI CHARACTER SARA AM differently;
or the behaviour of a conjunct consonant in a script such as Devanagari
may depend on the font in use.
So the <a data-link-type=dfn href=#typographic-character-unit title="typographic character">typographic character</a> represents a unit of the writing system—such as a Latin alphabetic letter (including its diacritics),
Hangul syllable,
Chinese ideographic character,
Myanmar syllable cluster—that is indivisible with respect to a particular typographic operation
(line-breaking, first-letter effects, tracking, justification, vertical arrangement, etc.).
<p><a href=http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/>Unicode Standard Annex #29: Text Segmentation</a>
defines a unit called the <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=grapheme-cluster>grapheme cluster<a class=self-link href=#grapheme-cluster></a></dfn>
which approximates the <a data-link-type=dfn href=#typographic-character-unit title="typographic character">typographic character</a>.
A UA must use the <em>extended grapheme cluster</em>
(not <em>legacy grapheme cluster</em>), as defined in <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-uax29 title=biblio-uax29>[UAX29]</a>,
as the basis for its <a data-link-type=dfn href=#typographic-character-unit title="typographic character unit">typographic character unit</a>.
However, the UA should tailor the definitions
as required by typographic tradition
since the default rules are not always appropriate or ideal,
and is expected to tailor them differently
depending on the operation as needed.</p>
<div class=example>
<p>For example,
in some scripts such as Myanmar or Devanagari,
the <a data-link-type=dfn href=#typographic-character-unit title="typographic character unit">typographic character unit</a> for both justification and line-breaking
is an entire syllable,
which can include more than one <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-uax29 title=biblio-uax29>[UAX29]</a> <a data-link-type=dfn href=#grapheme-cluster title="grapheme cluster">grapheme cluster</a>.
<p>In other scripts such as Thai or Lao,
even though for line-breaking the <a data-link-type=dfn href=#typographic-character-unit title="typographic character">typographic character</a>
matches Unicode’s default <a data-link-type=dfn href=#grapheme-cluster title="grapheme clusters">grapheme clusters</a>,
for letter-spacing the relevant unit
is <em>less</em> than a <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-uax29 title=biblio-uax29>[UAX29]</a> <a data-link-type=dfn href=#grapheme-cluster title="grapheme cluster">grapheme cluster</a>,
and may require decomposition or other substitutions
before spacing can be inserted.
<p>For instance,
to properly letter-space the Thai word คำ (U+0E04 + U+0E33),
the U+0E33 needs to be decomposed into U+0E4D + U+0E32,
and then the extra letter-space inserted before the U+0E32: คํ า.
<p>A slightly more complex example is น้ำ (U+0E19 + U+0E49 + U+0E33).
In this case, normal Thai shaping will first decompose the U+0E33 into U+0E4D + U+0E32
and then swap the U+0E4D with the U+0E49, giving U+0E19 + U+0E4D + U+0E49 + U+0E32.
As before the extra letter-space is then inserted before the U+0E32: นํ้ า.
</div>
<p>A <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=typographic-letter-unit>typographic letter unit<a class=self-link href=#typographic-letter-unit></a></dfn> or <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=letter>letter<a class=self-link href=#letter></a></dfn> for the purpose of this specification
is a <a data-link-type=dfn href=#typographic-character-unit title="typographic character unit">typographic character unit</a> belonging to one of the Letter or Number general
categories in Unicode. <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-uax44 title=biblio-uax44>[UAX44]</a>
See <a href=#character-properties>Character Properties</a>
for how to determine the Unicode properties of a <a data-link-type=dfn href=#typographic-character-unit title="typographic character unit">typographic character unit</a>.
<p>The rendering characteristics of a <a data-link-type=dfn href=#typographic-character-unit title="typographic character unit">typographic character unit</a> divided
by an element boundary is undefined:
it may be rendered as belonging to either side of the boundary,
or as some approximation of belonging to both.
Authors are forewarned that dividing <a data-link-type=dfn href=#grapheme-cluster title="grapheme clusters">grapheme clusters</a>
by element boundaries may give inconsistent or undesired results.
<p><dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=semantically-perceived-character>semantically-perceived character<a class=self-link href=#semantically-perceived-character></a></dfn>
<dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=visually-perceived-character>visually-perceived character<a class=self-link href=#visually-perceived-character></a></dfn>
<dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=semantically-perceived-letter>semantically-perceived letter<a class=self-link href=#semantically-perceived-letter></a></dfn>
<dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=visually-perceived-letter>visually-perceived letter<a class=self-link href=#visually-perceived-letter></a></dfn>
<h4 class="heading settled heading" data-level=1.3.2 id=languages><span class=secno>1.3.2 </span><span class=content>
Languages and Typesetting</span><a class=self-link href=#languages></a></h4>
<p>The <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=content-language>content language<a class=self-link href=#content-language></a></dfn> of an element is the (human) language
the element is declared to be in, according to the rules of the
<a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#doclanguage>document language</a>.
For example, the rules for determining the <a data-link-type=dfn href=#content-language title="content language">content language</a> of an HTML
element use the <code>lang</code> attribute and are defined in <a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-html5 title=biblio-html5>[HTML5]</a>,
and the rules for determining the <a data-link-type=dfn href=#content-language title="content language">content language</a> of an XML element use
the <code>xml:lang</code> attribute and are
<a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-lang-tag>defined</a> in <a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-xml10 title=biblio-xml10>[XML10]</a>.
Note that it is possible for the <a data-link-type=dfn href=#content-language title="content language">content language</a> of an element
to be unknown.
<p class=note>
Many typographic effects vary by linguistic context.
In CSS, language-specific typographic tailorings
are only applied when the content language is known (declared).
<p><strong>Authors should tag their content accurately for the best typographic behavior.</strong></p>
<h2 class="heading settled heading" data-level=2 id=transforming><span class=secno>2 </span><span class=content>
Transforming Text</span><a class=self-link href=#transforming></a></h2>
<h3 class="heading settled heading" data-level=2.1 id=text-transform-property><span class=secno>2.1 </span><span class=content>
<span name=caps-prop></span>
Case Transforms: the <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-text-transform title=text-transform>text-transform</a> property</span><a class=self-link href=#text-transform-property></a></h3>
<table class=propdef>
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-type=property data-export="" id=propdef-text-transform>text-transform<a class=self-link href=#propdef-text-transform></a></dfn></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href=#values>Value</a>:
<td>none | capitalize | uppercase | lowercase | full-width
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Initial:</th>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Applies to:</th>
<td>all elements</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Inherited:</th>
<td>yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Percentages:</th>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Media:</th>
<td>visual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed value:</th>
<td>as specified</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>no
<tr>
<th>Canonical order:
<td>N/A
</table>
<p>This property transforms text for styling purposes.
(It has no effect on the underlying content.)
Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl data-dfn-for=text-transform data-dfn-type=value>
<dt><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-for=text-transform data-dfn-type=value data-export="" id=valuedef-none0>none<a class=self-link href=#valuedef-none0></a></dfn></dt>
<dd>No effects.</dd>
<dt><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-for=text-transform data-dfn-type=value data-export="" id=valuedef-capitalize>capitalize<a class=self-link href=#valuedef-capitalize></a></dfn></dt>
<dd>Puts the first <a data-link-type=dfn href=#semantically-perceived-letter title="semantically-perceived letter">semantically-perceived letter</a> of each word in titlecase; other characters
are unaffected.</dd>
<dt><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-for=text-transform data-dfn-type=value data-export="" id=valuedef-uppercase>uppercase<a class=self-link href=#valuedef-uppercase></a></dfn></dt>
<dd>Puts all <a data-link-type=dfn href=#semantically-perceived-letter title="semantically-perceived letters">semantically-perceived letters</a> in uppercase.
<dt><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-for=text-transform data-dfn-type=value data-export="" id=valuedef-lowercase>lowercase<a class=self-link href=#valuedef-lowercase></a></dfn></dt>
<dd>Puts all <a data-link-type=dfn href=#semantically-perceived-letter title="semantically-perceived letters">semantically-perceived letters</a> in lowercase.</dd>
<dt><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-for=text-transform data-dfn-type=value data-export="" id=valuedef-full-width>full-width<a class=self-link href=#valuedef-full-width></a></dfn></dt>
<dd>Puts all characters in fullwidth form.
If the character does not have a corresponding fullwidth form,
it is left as is.
This value is typically used to typeset Latin characters and digits
like ideographic characters.
</dl>
<p>The definition of “word“ used for <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-capitalize title=capitalize>capitalize</a> is UA-dependent;
<a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-uax29 title=biblio-uax29>[UAX29]</a> is suggested (but not required) for determining such word
boundaries. Authors should not expect <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-capitalize title=capitalize>capitalize</a> to follow
language-specific titlecasing conventions (such as skipping articles
in English).
<div class=example>
<p>The following example converts the ASCII characters
used in abbreviations in Japanese text to their fullwidth variants
so that they lay out and line break like ideographs:
<pre>abbr:lang(ja) { text-transform: full-width; }</pre>
</div>
<p class=note>
As defined in <a href=#order>Text Processing Order of Operations</a>,
this property affects line breaks and other CSS properties.
<p>
The UA must use the full case mappings for Unicode
characters, including any conditional casing rules, as defined in
Default Case Algorithm section of The Unicode Standard <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-unicode title=biblio-unicode>[UNICODE]</a>.
If (and only if) the <a data-link-type=dfn href=#content-language title="content language">content language</a>
of the element is, according to the rules of the
<a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#doclanguage>document language</a>,
known,
then any appropriate language-specific rules must be applied as well.
These minimally include, but are not limited to, the language-specific
rules in Unicode’s
<a href=http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/SpecialCasing.txt>SpecialCasing.txt</a>.
<div class=example>
<p>For example, in Turkish there are two “i”s, one with
a dot—“İ” and “i”— and one
without—“I” and “ı”. Thus the usual
case mappings between “I” and “i” are
replaced with a different set of mappings to their respective
undotted/dotted counterparts, which do not exist in English. This
mapping must only take effect if the <a data-link-type=dfn href=#content-language title="content language">content language</a> is Turkish
(or another Turkic language that uses Turkish casing rules);
in other languages, the usual mapping of “I”
and “i” is required. This rule is thus conditionally
defined in Unicode’s SpecialCasing.txt file.
</div>
<p>The definition of fullwidth and halfwidth forms can be found on the
Unicode consortium web site at <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-uax11 title=biblio-uax11>[UAX11]</a>.
The mapping to fullwidth form is defined by taking code points with
the <code><wide></code> or the <code><narrow></code> tag
in their <code>Decomposition_Mapping</code> in <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-uax44 title=biblio-uax44>[UAX44]</a>.
For the <code><narrow></code> tag,
the mapping is from the code point to the decomposition (minus <code><narrow></code> tag),
and for the <code><wide></code> tag,
the mapping is from the decomposition (minus the <code><wide></code> tag)
back to the original code point.
<p>Text transformation happens after <a href=#white-space-rules>white
space processing</a>, which means that <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-full-width title=full-width>full-width</a> only transforms
preserved U+0020 spaces to U+3000.
<p class=note>
A future level of CSS may introduce the ability to create custom mapping
tables for less common text transforms, such as by an <span class=css data-link-type=maybe title=@text-transform>@text-transform</span>
rule similar to <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-counter-styles-3/#at-ruledef-counter-style title=@counter-style>@counter-style</a> from <a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css-counter-styles-3 title=biblio-css-counter-styles-3>[CSS-COUNTER-STYLES-3]</a>.
<h2 class="heading settled heading" data-level=3 id=white-space-property><span class=secno>3 </span><span class=content><span id=white-space-collapsing></span><span id=text-wrap></span>
White Space and Wrapping: the <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-white-space title=white-space>white-space</a> property</span><a class=self-link href=#white-space-property></a></h2>
<table class=propdef>
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-type=property data-export="" id=propdef-white-space>white-space<a class=self-link href=#propdef-white-space></a></dfn></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href=#values>Value</a>:
<td>normal | pre | nowrap | pre-wrap | pre-line</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Initial:</th>
<td>normal
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Applies to:</th>
<td>all elements</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Inherited:</th>
<td>yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Percentages:</th>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Media:</th>
<td>visual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed value:</th>
<td>as specified
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>no
<tr>
<th>Canonical order:
<td>N/A
</table>
<p>This property specifies two things:
<ul>
<li>whether and how <a data-link-type=dfn href=#white-space title="white space">white space</a> inside the element is collapsed
<li>whether lines may <a data-link-type=dfn href=#wrapping title=wrap>wrap</a> at unforced <a data-link-type=dfn href=#soft-wrap-opportunity title="soft wrap opportunities">soft wrap opportunities</a>
</ul>
<p>Values have the following meanings, which must be interpreted
according to
the <a href=#white-space-rules>White Space Processing</a> and
<a href=#line-breaking>Line Breaking</a> rules:</p>
<dl data-dfn-for=white-space data-dfn-type=value>
<dt><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-for=white-space data-dfn-type=value data-export="" id=valuedef-normal0>normal<a class=self-link href=#valuedef-normal0></a></dfn></dt>
<dd>This value directs user agents to collapse sequences of <a data-link-type=dfn href=#white-space title="white space">white space</a>
into a single character (or <a href=#line-break-transform>in some
cases</a>, no character).
Lines may wrap at allowed <a data-link-type=dfn href=#soft-wrap-opportunity title="soft wrap opportunities">soft wrap opportunities</a>,
as determined by the line-breaking rules in effect,
in order to minimize inline-axis overflow.
<dt><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-for=white-space data-dfn-type=value data-export="" id=valuedef-pre>pre<a class=self-link href=#valuedef-pre></a></dfn></dt>
<dd>This value prevents user agents from collapsing sequences of <a data-link-type=dfn href=#white-space title="white space">white space</a>.
<a data-link-type=dfn href=#segment-break title="segment breaks">Segment breaks</a> such as line feeds and carriage returns are preserved as <a data-link-type=dfn href=#forced-line-break title="forced line breaks">forced line breaks</a>.
Lines only break at <a data-link-type=dfn href=#forced-line-break title="forced line breaks">forced line breaks</a>;
content that does not fit within the block container overflows it.
<dt><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-for=white-space data-dfn-type=value data-export="" id=valuedef-nowrap>nowrap<a class=self-link href=#valuedef-nowrap></a></dfn>
<dd>Like <a class=css data-link-for=white-space data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-normal0 title=normal>normal</a>, this value collapses <a data-link-type=dfn href=#white-space title="white space">white space</a>;
but like <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-pre title=pre>pre</a>, it does not allow wrapping.
<dt><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-for=white-space data-dfn-type=value data-export="" id=valuedef-pre-wrap>pre-wrap<a class=self-link href=#valuedef-pre-wrap></a></dfn></dt>
<dd>Like <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-pre title=pre>pre</a>, this value preserves <a data-link-type=dfn href=#white-space title="white space">white space</a>;
but like <a class=css data-link-for=white-space data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-normal0 title=normal>normal</a>, it allows wrapping.
<dt><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-for=white-space data-dfn-type=value data-export="" id=valuedef-pre-line>pre-line<a class=self-link href=#valuedef-pre-line></a></dfn></dt>
<dd>Like <a class=css data-link-for=white-space data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-normal0 title=normal>normal</a>, this value collapses consecutive spaces and allows wrapping,
but preserves <a data-link-type=dfn href=#segment-break title="segment breaks">segment breaks</a> in the source as <a data-link-type=dfn href=#forced-line-break title="forced line breaks">forced line breaks</a>.
</dl>
<p>The following informative table summarizes the behavior of various
<a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-white-space title=white-space>white-space</a> values:</p>
<table class=data>
<colgroup class=header></colgroup>
<colgroup span=3></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>New Lines</th>
<th>Spaces and Tabs</th>
<th>Text Wrapping</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th><a class=css data-link-for=white-space data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-normal0 title=normal>normal</a></th>
<td>Collapse</td>
<td>Collapse</td>
<td>Wrap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-pre title=pre>pre</a></th>
<td>Preserve</td>
<td>Preserve</td>
<td>No wrap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-nowrap title=nowrap>nowrap</a></th>
<td>Collapse</td>
<td>Collapse</td>
<td>No wrap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-pre-wrap title=pre-wrap>pre-wrap</a></th>
<td>Preserve</td>
<td>Preserve</td>
<td>Wrap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-pre-line title=pre-line>pre-line</a></th>
<td>Preserve</td>
<td>Collapse</td>
<td>Wrap</td>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>See <a href=#white-space-processing>White Space Processing Rules</a>
for details on how white space collapses. An informative summary of
collapsing (<a class=css data-link-for=white-space data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-normal0 title=normal>normal</a> and <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-nowrap title=nowrap>nowrap</a>) is presented below:
<ul>
<li>A sequence of segment breaks and other <a data-link-type=dfn href=#white-space title="white space">white space</a> between two
Chinese, Japanese, or Yi characters collapses into nothing.
<li>A zero width space before or after a white space sequence
containing a segment break causes the entire sequence of <a data-link-type=dfn href=#white-space title="white space">white space</a>
to collapse into a zero width space.
<li>Otherwise, consecutive <a data-link-type=dfn href=#white-space title="white space">white space</a> collapses into a single space.
</ul>
<p>See <a href=#line-breaking>Line Breaking</a>
for details on wrapping behavior.
<h2 class="heading settled heading" data-level=4 id=white-space-processing><span class=secno>4 </span><span class=content>
White Space Processing Details</span><a class=self-link href=#white-space-processing></a></h2>
<p>The source text of a document often contains formatting
that is not relevant to the final rendering: for example,
<a href=http://rhodesmill.org/brandon/2012/one-sentence-per-line/>breaking the source into segments</a> (lines) for ease of editing
or adding white space characters such as tabs and spaces to indent the source code.
CSS white space processing allows the author to control interpretation of such formatting:
to preserve or collapse it away when rendering the document.
White space processing in CSS interprets white space characters only for rendering:
it has no effect on the underlying document data.
<p>White space processing in CSS is controlled with the <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-white-space title=white-space>white-space</a> property.
<p id=segment-normalization>
CSS does not define document segmentation rules. Segments can be
separated by a particular newline sequence (such as a line feed or
CRLF pair), or delimited by some other mechanism, such as the SGML
<code>RECORD-START</code> and <code>RECORD-END</code> tokens.
For CSS processing, each document language–defined segment break,
CRLF sequence (U+000D U+000A), carriage return (U+000D), and line feed (U+000A)
in the text is treated as a <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-export="" id=segment-break>segment break<a class=self-link href=#segment-break></a></dfn>,
which is then interpreted for rendering as specified by the <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-white-space title=white-space>white-space</a> property.
<p class=note>Note that the document parser may have
not only normalized any <a data-link-type=dfn href=#segment-break title="segment breaks">segment breaks</a>,
but also collapsed other space characters or
otherwise processed white space according to markup rules. Because CSS
processing occurs <em>after</em> the parsing stage, it is not possible
to restore these characters for styling. Therefore, some of the
behavior specified below can be affected by these limitations and
may be user agent dependent.</p>
<p class=note>Note that anonymous blocks consisting entirely of
<a data-link-type=dfn href=#collapsible-white-space title=collapsible>collapsible</a> <a data-link-type=dfn href=#white-space title="white space">white space</a> are removed from the rendering tree.
Thus any such <a data-link-type=dfn href=#white-space title="white space">white space</a> surrounding a block-level element is collapsed away.
See <a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css21 title=biblio-css21>[CSS21]</a> section
<a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#anonymous>9.2.2.1</a></p>
<p>Control characters (Unicode class Cc) other than tab (U+0009), line feed
(U+000A), and carriage return (U+000D)
are ignored for the purpose of rendering.
(As required by <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-unicode title=biblio-unicode>[UNICODE]</a>,
unsupported Default_ignorable characters must also be ignored for rendering.)
<h3 class="heading settled heading" data-level=4.1 id=white-space-rules><span class=secno>4.1 </span><span class=content>
The White Space Processing Rules</span><a class=self-link href=#white-space-rules></a></h3>
<p>White space processing in CSS affects only
the <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-export="" id=white-space title="white space|white space characters| document white space|document white space characters">document white space characters<a class=self-link href=#white-space></a></dfn>:
spaces (U+0020), tabs (U+0009), and <a href=#white-space-processing>segment breaks</a>.
<p class=note>
Note that the set of characters considered <a data-link-type=dfn href=#white-space title="document white space">document white space</a> (part of the document content)
and that considered syntactic white space (part of the CSS syntax)
are not necessarily identical.
However, since both include spaces (U+0020), tabs (U+0009), line feeds (U+000A), and carriage returns (U+000D)
most authors won’t notice any differences.
<h4 class="heading settled heading" data-level=4.1.1 id=white-space-phase-1><span class=secno>4.1.1 </span><span class=content>Phase I: Collapsing and Transformation</span><a class=self-link href=#white-space-phase-1></a></h4>
<p>For each inline (including anonymous inlines;
see <a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-css21 title=biblio-css21>[CSS21]</a> section <a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#anonymous>9.2.2.1</a>)
within an inline
formatting context, white space characters are handled as follows,
ignoring bidi formatting characters as if they were not there:</p>
<ul>
<li id=collapse><a class=self-link href=#collapse></a><p>If <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-white-space title=white-space>white-space</a> is set to
<a class=css data-link-for=white-space data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-normal0 title=normal>normal</a>, <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-nowrap title=nowrap>nowrap</a>, or <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-pre-line title=pre-line>pre-line</a>,
white space characters are considered <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-export="" id=collapsible-white-space title="collapsible white space|collapsible">collapsible<a class=self-link href=#collapsible-white-space></a></dfn>
and are processed by performing the following steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>All spaces and tabs immediately preceding or following a segment
break are removed.</li>
<li><a data-link-type=dfn href=#segment-break title="segment breaks">Segment breaks</a> are transformed for
rendering according to the <a href=#line-break-transform>segment break transformation rules</a>.
</li>
<li>Every tab is converted to a space (U+0020).</li>
<li>Any space immediately following another collapsible space—even
one outside the boundary of the inline containing that space,
provided they are both within the same inline formatting
context—is collapsed to have zero advance width. (It is
invisible, but retains its <a data-link-type=dfn href=#soft-wrap-opportunity title="soft wrap opportunity">soft wrap opportunity</a>, if any.)</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><p>If <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-white-space title=white-space>white-space</a> is set to <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-pre-wrap title=pre-wrap>pre-wrap</a>, any sequence of
spaces is treated as a sequence of non-breaking spaces. However,
a <a data-link-type=dfn href=#soft-wrap-opportunity title="soft wrap opportunity">soft wrap opportunity</a> exists at the end of the sequence.</li>
</ul>
<p>Then, the entire block is rendered. Inlines are laid out, taking bidi
reordering into account, and <a data-link-type=dfn href=#wrapping title=wrapping>wrapping</a> as specified by the
<a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-white-space title=white-space>white-space</a> property.</p>
<div class=example id=egbidiwscollapse><a class=self-link href=#egbidiwscollapse></a>
<p>The following example illustrates
the interaction of white-space collapsing and bidirectionality.
Consider the following markup fragment, taking special note of spaces
(with varied backgrounds and borders for emphasis and identification):
<pre><code><ltr>A<span class=egbidiwsaA> </span><rtl><span class=egbidiwsbB> </span>B<span class=egbidiwsaB> </span></rtl><span class=egbidiwsbC> </span>C</ltr></code></pre>
<p>where the <code><ltr></code> element represents a left-to-right embedding
and the <code><rtl></code> element represents a right-to-left embedding.
If the <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-white-space title=white-space>white-space</a> property is set to <a class=css data-link-for=white-space data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-normal0 title=normal>normal</a>,
the white-space processing model will result in the following:
<ul style=line-height:1.3>
<li>The space before the B (<span class=egbidiwsbB> </span>)
will collapse with the space after the A (<span class=egbidiwsaA> </span>).
<li>The space before the C (<span class=egbidiwsbC> </span>)
will collapse with the space after the B (<span class=egbidiwsaB> </span>).
</ul>
<p>This will leave two spaces,
one after the A in the left-to-right embedding level,
and one after the B in the right-to-left embedding level.
The text will then be ordered according to the Unicode bidirectional algorithm,
with the end result being:
<pre>A<span class=egbidiwsaA> </span><span class=egbidiwsaB> </span>BC</pre>
<p>Note that there will be two spaces between A and B,
and none between B and C.
This is best avoided by putting spaces outside the element
instead of just inside the opening and closing tags and, where practical,
by relying on implicit bidirectionality instead of explicit embedding levels.
</div>
<h4 class="heading settled heading" data-level=4.1.2 id=line-break-transform><span class=secno>4.1.2 </span><span class=content>
Segment Break Transformation Rules</span><a class=self-link href=#line-break-transform></a></h4>
<p>When <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-white-space title=white-space>white-space</a> is <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-pre title=pre>pre</a>, <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-pre-wrap title=pre-wrap>pre-wrap</a>, or <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-pre-line title=pre-line>pre-line</a>,
<a data-link-type=dfn href=#segment-break title="segment breaks">segment breaks</a> are not <a data-link-type=dfn href=#collapsible-white-space title=collapsible>collapsible</a>
and are instead transformed into a preserved line feed (U+000A).
<p>For other values of <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-white-space title=white-space>white-space</a>, <a data-link-type=dfn href=#segment-break title="segment breaks">segment breaks</a> are <a data-link-type=dfn href=#collapsible-white-space title=collapsible>collapsible</a>,
and are either transformed into a space (U+0020) or removed
depending on the context before and after the break:</p>
<ul>
<li>If the character immediately before or immediately after the segment
break is the zero-width space character (U+200B), then the break
is removed, leaving behind the zero-width space.
<li>Otherwise, if the East Asian Width property <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-uax11 title=biblio-uax11>[UAX11]</a> of both
the character before and after the line feed is F, W, or H (not A),
and neither side is Hangul, then the segment break is removed.
<li>Otherwise, the segment break is converted to a space (U+0020).
</ul>
<p class=note>Note that the white space processing rules have already
removed any tabs and spaces after the segment break before these checks
take place.</p>
<p class="feedback issue" id=issue-92b50b8c><a class=self-link href=#issue-92b50b8c></a>Comments on how well this would work in practice would
be very much appreciated, particularly from people who work with
Thai and similar scripts.
Note that browser implementations do not currently follow these rules
(although IE does in some cases transform the break).</p>
<h4 class="heading settled heading" data-level=4.1.3 id=white-space-phase-2><span class=secno>4.1.3 </span><span class=content>Phase II: Trimming and Positioning</span><a class=self-link href=#white-space-phase-2></a></h4>
<p>As each line is laid out,</p>
<ol>
<li>A sequence of collapsible spaces at the beginning of a line is
removed.
<li>Each tab is rendered as a horizontal shift
that lines up the start edge of the next glyph with the next <a data-link-type=dfn href=#tab-stop title="tab stop">tab stop</a>.
<dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=tab-stop title="tab stop">Tab stops<a class=self-link href=#tab-stop></a></dfn> occur at points that are multiples of the tab size
from the block’s starting content edge.
The tab size is given by the <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-tab-size title=tab-size>tab-size</a> property.
<li>A sequence of <a data-link-type=dfn href=#collapsible-white-space title=collapsible>collapsible</a> spaces at the end of a line is removed.
<li>If spaces or tabs at the end of a line are non-collapsible but
have <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-white-space title=white-space>white-space</a> set to <a class=css data-link-type=maybe href=#valuedef-pre-wrap title=pre-wrap>pre-wrap</a> the UA may visually
collapse their character advance widths.
</ol>
<p>White space that was not removed or collapsed during the white space
processing steps is called <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=preserved>preserved<a class=self-link href=#preserved></a></dfn> white space.</p>
<h3 class="heading settled heading" data-level=4.2 id=tab-size-property><span class=secno>4.2 </span><span class=content>
Tab Character Size: the <a class=property data-link-type=propdesc href=#propdef-tab-size title=tab-size>tab-size</a> property</span><a class=self-link href=#tab-size-property></a></h3>
<table class=propdef>
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td><dfn class=css-code data-dfn-type=property data-export="" id=propdef-tab-size>tab-size<a class=self-link href=#propdef-tab-size></a></dfn></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href=#values>Value</a>:
<td><integer> | <length></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Initial:</th>
<td>8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Applies to:</th>
<td>block containers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Inherited:</th>
<td>yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Percentages:</th>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Media:</th>
<td>visual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed value:</th>
<td>the specified integer or length made absolute</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>as <a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-transitions/#animtype-length>length</a>
<tr>
<th>Canonical order:
<td>N/A
</table>
<p>This property determines the tab size used to render preserved tab characters (U+0009).
Integers represent the measure as multiples of the space character’s advance width (U+0020).
Negative values are not allowed.
<h2 class="heading settled heading" data-level=5 id=line-breaking><span class=secno>5 </span><span class=content>
Line Breaking and Word Boundaries</span><a class=self-link href=#line-breaking></a></h2>
<p>When inline-level content is laid out into lines, it is broken across line boxes.
Such a break is called a <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=line-break>line break<a class=self-link href=#line-break></a></dfn>.
When a line is broken due to explicit line-breaking controls,
or due to the start or end of a block,
it is a <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=forced-line-break>forced line break<a class=self-link href=#forced-line-break></a></dfn>.
When a line is broken due to content <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=wrapping title=wrapping|wrap>wrapping<a class=self-link href=#wrapping></a></dfn>
(i.e. when the UA creates unforced line breaks in order to fit the content within the measure),
it is a <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=soft-wrap-break>soft wrap break<a class=self-link href=#soft-wrap-break></a></dfn>.
The process of breaking inline-level content into lines is called <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-noexport="" id=line-breaking-process title=line-breaking-process>line breaking<a class=self-link href=#line-breaking-process></a></dfn>.
<p>Wrapping is only performed at an allowed break point, called a <dfn data-dfn-type=dfn data-export="" id=soft-wrap-opportunity>soft wrap opportunity<a class=self-link href=#soft-wrap-opportunity></a></dfn>.
<p>In most writing systems,
in the absence of hyphenation a <a data-link-type=dfn href=#soft-wrap-opportunity title="soft wrap opportunity">soft wrap opportunity</a> occurs only at word boundaries.
Many such systems use spaces or punctuation to explicitly separate words,
and <a data-link-type=dfn href=#soft-wrap-opportunity title="soft wrap opportunities">soft wrap opportunities</a> can be identified by these characters.
Scripts such as Thai, Lao, and Khmer, however,
do not use spaces or punctuation to separate words.
Although the zero width space (U+200B) can be used as an explicit word delimiter in these scripts,
this practice is not common.
As a result, a lexical resource is needed to correctly identify <a data-link-type=dfn href=#soft-wrap-opportunity title="soft wrap opportunities">soft wrap opportunities</a> in such texts.
<p>In several other writing systems, (including Chinese, Japanese, Yi, and sometimes also Korean)
a <a data-link-type=dfn href=#soft-wrap-opportunity title="soft wrap opportunity">soft wrap opportunity</a> is based on syllable boundaries, not word boundaries.
In these systems a line can break anywhere <em>except</em> between certain character combinations.
Additionally the level of strictness in these restrictions can vary with the typesetting style.</p>
<p>CSS does not fully define where <a data-link-type=dfn href=#soft-wrap-opportunity title="soft wrap opportunities">soft wrap opportunities</a> occur,
however some controls are provided to distinguish common variations.
<div class=note>
<p>Further information on line breaking conventions can be found in
<a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-jlreq title=biblio-jlreq>[JLREQ]</a> and <a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-jis4051 title=biblio-jis4051>[JIS4051]</a> for Japanese,
<a data-biblio-type=informative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-zhmark title=biblio-zhmark>[ZHMARK]</a> for Chinese, and
in <a data-biblio-type=normative data-link-type=biblio href=#biblio-uax14 title=biblio-uax14>[UAX14]</a> for all scripts in Unicode.
<p class="feedback issue" id=issue-dbed634a><a class=self-link href=#issue-dbed634a></a>Any guidance for appropriate references here would be
much appreciated.
</div>