Overview.bs

<pre class='metadata'>
Title: CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 4
Shortname: css-backgrounds
Level: 4
Status: ED
Work Status: Exploring
Group: csswg
TR: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-backgrounds-4/
ED: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-4/
Editor: Bert Bos, W3C, bert@w3.org, w3cid 3343
Editor: Elika J. Etemad / fantasai, Invited Expert, http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact, w3cid 35400
Editor: Lea Verou, Invited Expert, http://lea.verou.me/about/, w3cid 52258
Editor: Sebastian Zartner, Invited Expert, sebastianzartner@gmail.com, w3cid 64937
Abstract: This module contains the features of CSS relating to the borders and backgrounds of boxes on the page. It includes and extends the functionality of <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-background/">CSS Backgrounds and Borders Level&nbsp;3</a>. [[CSS3BG]] The main extensions compared to level&nbsp;3 are shaping ('corner-shape') and clipping borders ('border-clip'), logical background positions ('background-position'), and the ''extend'' ability of 'background-repeat'.
Ignored Terms: total width
Warning: Not Ready
</pre>

<pre class="link-defaults">
spec:css-text-4; type:value; text:collapse
spec:css-shapes-2; type:function; text:path()
</pre>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />

<h2 id="intro">
Introduction</h2>

	<p class="issue">
		This module is currently maintained as a diff against Level 3.
		We will fold in the text once it's all formatted up and in CR again,
		as this will reduce the effort of keeping them in sync
		(source diffs will be accurate in reflecting the differences).

<h2 id="backgrounds">
Backgrounds</h2>

<h3 id="the-background-position">
Background Positioning: the 'background-position' shorthand property</h3>

	<pre class="propdef shorthand">
		Name: background-position
		Value: <<bg-position>>#
	</pre>

	See [[CSS3BG]] for definition.

	<p>Where
	<pre class=prod><dfn>&lt;bg-position&gt;</dfn> = [
	  [ left | center | right | top | bottom | start | end | <<length-percentage>> ]
	|
	  [ left | center | right | x-start | x-end | <<length-percentage>> ]
	  [ top | center | bottom | y-start | y-end | <<length-percentage>> ]
	|
	  [ center | [ left | right | x-start | x-end ] <<length-percentage>>? ] &amp;&amp;
	  [ center | [ top | bottom | y-start | y-end ] <<length-percentage>>? ]
	|
	  [ center | [ start | end ] <<length-percentage>>? ]
	  [ center | [ start | end ] <<length-percentage>>? ]	]</pre>

	Values have the following meanings:
	<dl>
		<dt>One value
		<dd>
			If only one value is given,
			and that value is ''background-position/start'' or ''background-position/end'',
			then the keyword is duplicated;
			otherwise the second keyword defaults to ''background-position/center''.
			The resulting value is treated as a two-component value.

		<dt>More than one value
		<dd>
			If the value contains a ''background-position/start'' or ''background-position/end'' keyword,
			then the shorthand sets
			'background-position-inline' and 'background-position-block' to the specified values.
			Otherwise
			the shorthand sets
			'background-position-x' and 'background-position-y' to the specified values.

			Issue: Specify the value assignment in more detail. Should expand just like Level 3.
	</dl>

	Issue: Specify what happens to set of properties that are not set. Maybe they're just not set?

<h4 id="background-position-longhands">
Background Positioning Longhands: the 'background-position-x', 'background-position-y', 'background-position-inline', and 'background-position-block' properties</h4>

	Issue: This section is still being worked out. The tricky thing is making all the start/end keywords work sanely.

	<pre class="propdef">
		Name: background-position-x
		Value: [ center | [ [ left | right | x-start | x-end ]? <<length-percentage>>? ]! ]#
		Initial: 0%
		Inherited: no
		Logical property group: background-position
		Percentages: refer to width of background positioning area <em>minus</em> width of background image
		Computed value: A list, each item consisting of: an offset given as a computed <<length-percentage>> value, plus an origin keyword
		Animation type: repeatable list
	</pre>

	This property specifies the background position's horizontal component.
	An omitted origin keyword is assumed to be ''left''.

	<pre class="propdef">
		Name: background-position-y
		Value: [ center | [ [ top | bottom | y-start | y-end ]? <<length-percentage>>? ]! ]#
		Initial: 0%
		Inherited: no
		Logical property group: background-position
		Percentages: refer to height of background positioning area <em>minus</em> height of background image
		Computed value: A list, each item consisting of: an offset given as a computed <<length-percentage>> value, plus an origin keyword
		Animation type: repeatable list
	</pre>

	This property specifies the background position's vertical component.
	An omitted origin keyword is assumed to be ''top''.

	<pre class="propdef">
		Name: background-position-inline
		Value: [ center | [ start | end ]? <<length-percentage>>? ]#
		Initial: 0%
		Inherited: no
		Logical property group: background-position
		Percentages: refer to inline-size of background positioning area <em>minus</em> inline-size of background image
		Computed value: A list, each item consisting of: an offset given as a computed <<length-percentage>> value, plus an origin keyword
		Animation type: repeatable list
	</pre>

	This property specifies the background position's inline-axis component.
	An omitted origin keyword is assumed to be ''background-position-inline/start''.

	<pre class="propdef">
		Name: background-position-block
		Value: [ center | [ start | end ]? <<length-percentage>>? ]#
		Initial: 0%
		Inherited: no
		Logical property group: background-position
		Percentages: refer to size of background positioning area <em>minus</em> size of background image
		Computed value: A list, each item consisting of: an offset given as a computed <<length-percentage>> value, plus an origin keyword
		Animation type: repeatable list
	</pre>

	This property specifies the background position's block-axis component.
	An omitted origin keyword is assumed to be ''background-position-block/start''.

<h3 id='background-clip'>
Painting Area: the 'background-clip' property</h3>

	<pre class="propdef">
		Name: background-clip
		Value: <<bg-clip>>#
		Initial: border-box
		Inherited: no
		Animation type: repeatable list
	</pre>

	Determines the <dfn export>background painting area</dfn>,
	which determines the area within which the background is painted.
	The syntax of the property is given with

	<pre class=prod>
	<dfn>&lt;bg-clip></dfn> = <<box>> | border | text
	</pre>

	Issue: Or should this be defining the <css>-webkit-background-clip</css> property,
	saying that all the values are identical,
	with this additional ''text'' value?

	<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for="background-clip, <bg-clip>">
		<dt><dfn><<box>></dfn>
		<dd>
			The background is painted within (clipped to)
			the specified box of the element.

		<dt><dfn>text</dfn>
		<dd>
			The background is painted within (clipped to)
			the intersection of the border box
			and the geometry of the text in the element and its in-flow and floated descendants.

		<dt><dfn>border</dfn></dt>
		<dd>
			The background is clipped to the area painted by the border, taking 'border-width' and 'border-style' into account but ignoring any transparency introduced by 'border-color'.
		</dd>
	</dl>

<h2 id="borders">
	Borders</h2>

<h3 id="the-border-color">Line Colors: the 'border-color' properties</h3>

	<pre class=propdef>
	Name: border-top-color, border-right-color, border-bottom-color, border-left-color
	Value: <<color>> | <<image-1D>>
	Initial: currentcolor
	Applies to: all elements
	Inherited: no
	Logical property group: border-color
	Percentages: n/a
	Computed Value: the computed color and/or a one-dimensional image function
	Animation type: see prose
	</pre>

	<pre class="propdef shorthand">
	Name: border-color
	Value: [ <<color>> | <<image-1D>> ]{1,4}
	</pre>

	These properties set the foreground color of the border specified
	by the 'border-style' properties.

	The stripes defined by <<image-1D>> follow the shape of the border
	on the side to which they apply,
	and are drawn in bands starting from the [=padding edge=] and progressing outwards.
	The border width at each point
	defines the |total width| of the stripes at that point.

	'border-color' is a shorthand for the four 'border-*-color' properties.
	The four values set the top, right, bottom and left border, respectively.
	A missing left is the same as right,
	a missing bottom is the same as top,
	and a missing right is also the same as top.
	This is resolved individually for each list item.

	<div class="example">
		Using multiple colors for each side:

		<pre class=lang-css>
		.foo {
			border: 30px solid;
			border-color: stripes(<span class="swatch" tabIndex="0" style="--color: dodgerblue"></span>dodgerblue, <span class="swatch" tabIndex="0" style="--color: skyblue"></span>skyblue) stripes(<span class="swatch" tabIndex="0" style="--color: yellow"></span>yellow, <span class="swatch" tabIndex="0" style="--color: gold"></span>gold) stripes(<span class="swatch" tabIndex="0" style="--color: lightgreen"></span>lightgreen, <span class="swatch" tabIndex="0" style="--color: limegreen"></span>limegreen) stripes(<span class="swatch" tabIndex="0" style="--color: indianred"></span>indianred, <span class="swatch" tabIndex="0" style="--color: orange"></span>orange);
		}
		</pre>

		Sample rendering:

		<img src="images/multicolor-border.png" alt="">

		The same border colors with ''border-style: dotted'':

		<img src="images/multicolor-border-dotted.png" alt="">
	</div>

	Issue: The syntax for comma-separated multiple colors
	<a href="https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues/1172#issuecomment-379878579">is still under active discussion</a> in the CSS WG.

<h2 id="corners">
Corners</h2>

<h3 id="corner-sizing">
Corner Sizing: the 'border-radius' and 'border-*-radius' shorthand properties</h3>

<h4 id="corner-sizing-side-shorthands">
Sizing The Corners Of One Side:
The 'border-top-radius', 'border-right-radius',
'border-bottom-radius', 'border-left-radius',
'border-block-start-radius', 'border-block-end-radius',
'border-inline-start-radius', 'border-inline-end-radius' shorthands</h4>

	<pre class=propdef>
		Name: border-top-radius, border-right-radius, border-bottom-radius, border-left-radius,
			border-block-start-radius, border-block-end-radius, border-inline-start-radius, border-inline-end-radius
		Value: <<length-percentage [0,&infin;]>>{1,2} [ / <<length-percentage [0,&infin;]>>{1,2} ]?
		Initial: 0
		Applies to: all elements (but see prose)
		Inherited: no
		Percentages: Refer to corresponding dimension of the <a>border box</a>.
		Computed value: see individual properties
		Animatable: see individual properties
	</pre>

	<p>The 'border-*-radius' shorthands set the two 'border-*-*-radius'
	longhand properties of the related side. If values are given before
	and after the slash, then the values before the slash set the
	horizontal radius and the values after the slash set the vertical radius.
	If there is no slash, then the values set both radii equally.
	The two values for the radii are given in the order
	top-left, top-right for 'border-top-radius',
	top-right, bottom-right for 'border-right-radius',
	bottom-left, bottom-right for 'border-bottom-radius',
	top-left, bottom-left for 'border-left-radius',
	start-start, start-end for 'border-block-start-radius',
	end-start, end-end for 'border-block-end-radius'
	start-start, end-start for 'border-inline-start-radius',
	and start-end, end-end for 'border-inline-end-radius'.
	If the second value is omitted it is copied from the first.

<h4 id="corner-sizing-shorthand">
Sizing All Corners At Once:
The 'border-radius' shorthand</h4>

	<pre class="propdef">
		Name: border-radius
		Value: <<length-percentage [0,&infin;]>>{1,4} [ / <<length-percentage [0,&infin;]>>{1,4} ]?
		Initial: 0
		Applies to: all elements, except table element when 'border-collapse' is ''collapse''
		Inherited: no
		Animation type: see individual properties
	</pre>

	See [[CSS3BG]].

<h3 id=corner-shaping>
Corner Shaping: the 'corner-shape' property</h3>

	<pre class="propdef">
		Name: corner-shape
		Value: [ round | angle ]{1,4}
		Initial: round
		Applies to: all elements, except table element when 'border-collapse' is ''collapse''
		Inherited: no
		Animation type: discrete
	</pre>

	By default, non-zero border-radii define
	a quarter-ellipse that rounds the affected corners.
	However in some cases, other corner shapes are desired.
	The 'corner-shape' property specifies a reinterpretation of the radii
	to define other corner shapes.

	<dl dfn-type="value" dfn-for="corner-shape">
		<dt><dfn>''round''</dfn>
		<dd>Border radii define a convex elliptical curve at the corner.
		<dt><dfn>''angle''</dfn>
		<dd>Border radii define a diagonal slice at the corner.
	</dl>

	<div class="example">
		For example, the following declarations create a right-pointing next button.
		<pre>
			a {
				border-radius: .3em .8em .8em .3em / .3em 50% 50% .3em;
				corner-shape: round angle angle round;
				padding: .5em 1em .5em .5em;
			}
		</pre>
		<div style='font: bold 200%/1 sans-serif;
			width: 2.3em;
			width: min-content;
			white-space: nowrap;
			padding: .5em 1.1em .5em .5em;
			border-radius: .3em 0 0 .3em;
			background: url(&apos;data:image/svg+xml,\
			<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 80 40">\
			    <path d="m 0 0 h 65 l 10 20 l -10 20 h -65 z" fill="yellowgreen" />\
			</svg>&apos;) no-repeat 0 / auto 100%'>
			Next
		</div>
		As a fallback in UAs that don't support 'border-radius',
		the right side would be rounded rather than pointy:
		<div style='font: bold 200%/1 sans-serif;
			width: 2.3em;
			width: min-content;
			white-space: nowrap;
			padding: .5em 1em .5em .5em;
			border-radius: .3em .8em .8em .3em / .3em 50% 50% .3em;
			background: yellowgreen'>
			Next
		</div>
	</div>

	<p class="issue">
		How to allow custom corners? Perhaps a ''path()'' function? Or a ''cubic-bezier()''?
		Something else?

<h3 id="corners-shorthand">
Corner Shape and Size: the 'corners' shorthand</h3>

	<pre class="propdef shorthand">
		Name: corners
		Value: <<'corner-shape'>> || <<'border-radius'>>
	</pre>

	The 'corners' shorthand sets 'corner-shape' and 'border-radius' in the same declaration.
	If either is omitted, it is reset to its initial value.

	<div class="example">
		For example, the following declaration creates a diamond shape.
		<pre>corners: angle 50%;</pre>
		In UAs that don't support 'corner-shape', the declaration is ignored
		(falls back to a rectangle).
	</div>

	<div class="example">
		In this example, the first declaration creates tabs with vertical sides and rounded corners using 'border-radius',
		while the second example makes them trapezoid-shaped in UAs that support 'corners'.
		<pre>
			border-radius: 0.25em 0.25em 0 0;
			corners: angle 0.25em 0.25em 0 0 / 50% 50% 0 0;
		</pre>
	</div>

<h2 id="partial-borders">
Partial borders</h2>

	<p>CSS borders traditionally cover an entire border edge. Sometimes,
	however, it can be useful to hide some parts of the border.

	<p class="issue">
		Here are two proposals for doing this:
		the second one is from GCPM, the first one is an attempt to recast it more readably.
		The names are terrible, known problem, proposals accepted.
		There is a problem with conceiving this as clipping:
		if you have dotted borders, you want whole dots always, not parts of dots.
		So it should be a drawing limit, not a clip.

<h3 id="border-limit">
Partial Borders: the 'border-limit' property</h3>

	<pre class="propdef">
		Name: border-limit
		Value: all | [ sides | corners ] <<length-percentage [0,&infin;]>>?
					| [ top | right | bottom | left ] <<length-percentage [0,&infin;]>>
		Initial: round
		Applies to: all elements, except table element when 'border-collapse' is ''collapse''
		Inherited: no
		Percentages: relative to border-box
		Animation type: discrete
	</pre>

	<p>By default, the entire border is drawn. However, border rendering can be
		limited to only part of a border. The keyword specifies which part, and
		the length or percentage specifies how much.

	<dl dfn-type="value" dfn-for="border-limit">
		<dt><dfn>''sides''</dfn>
			<dd>The sides are drawn up to but not including the corners (as defined
			by the border radii). A length or percentage is measured from the center
			of each side: ''50%'' draws the middle 50% of the border; by default the
			entire side is drawn.
		<dt><dfn>''corners''</dfn>
			<dd>The corners are drawn plus the specified distance into the sides if
			specified. A length is measured from the closest edge of the corner area.
			A percentage is measured from the absolute corner of the border box.
		<dt><dfn>''left''</dfn>
		<dt><dfn>''right''</dfn>
			<dd>For the left and right (vertical) sides, draws the entire side and
			corner. For the top and bottom (horizontal) sides, draws the left/right
			portion, as specified. Distances are measured as for ''corners''.
		<dt><dfn>''top''</dfn>
		<dt><dfn>''bottom''</dfn>
			<dd>For the top and bottom (horizontal) sides, draws the entire side and
			corner. For the left and right (vertical) sides, draws the top/bottom
			portion, as specified. Distances are measured as for ''corners''.
	</dl>

	<div class="example">
		<p>The following example draws only the middle 50% of the sides.</p>
		<pre>box { border: solid; border-parts: sides 50% }</pre>
		<p>The following example draws only the curved parts of the corners.</p>
		<pre>box { border: solid; border-radius: 1em 2em; border-parts: corners; }</pre>
		<p>The following example draws only the left 4em of the top border.</p>
		<pre>box { border-top: solid; border-parts: left 4em; }</pre>
		<p>The following example draws only the first 10px of each corner:</p>
		<pre>box { border: solid; border-parts: corners 10px; }</pre>
		<p>The following example draws the curved part of the corner plus 5px
		along the sides:</p>
		<pre>box { border: solid; border-radius: 5px; border-shape: round; border-parts: corners 5px; }</pre>
		<p>The following example draws the curved part of the corner and all of
		the side except the middle 40%.</p>
		<pre>box { border: solid; border-radius: 5px; border-shape: round; border-parts: corners 30%; }</pre>
	</div>

<h3 id="border-clip">
The 'border-clip' properties</h3>

		<pre class="propdef">
  		Name: border-clip, border-clip-top, border-clip-right, border-clip-bottom, border-clip-left
  		Value: normal | [ <<length-percentage [0,&infin;]>> | <<flex>> ]+
  		Initial: normal
  		Inherited: no
  		Percentages: refer to length of border-edge side
  		Computed value: ''border-clip/normal'', or a list consisting of absolute lengths, or percentages as specified
		Animation type: by computed value
		</pre>

		<p class=issue>Should these properties be simplified to only accept <code>normal | <<length-percentage>>+</code>?

		<p>These properties split their respective borders into parts along
		the border edge. The first part is visible, the second is invisible,
		the third part is visible, etc. Parts can be specified with lengths,
		percentages, or flexible lengths (expressed by the ''fr'' unit, as per
		[[CSS3GRID]]).
		The ''border-clip/normal'' value means
		that the border is not split, but shown normally.

		<p>'border-clip' is a shorthand property for the four individual properties.

		<p>If the listed parts are shorter than the border, any remaining
		border is split proportionally between the specified flexible lengths. If
		there are no flexible lengths, the behavior is as if ''1fr'' had been
		specified at the end of the list.

		<p>If the listed parts are longer than the border, the specified parts
		will be shown in full until the end of the border. In this case, all
		flexible lengths will be zero.

		<p>For horizontal borders, parts are listed from left to right. For
		vertical borders, parts are listed from top to bottom.

		<p>The exact border parts are determined by laying out the specified border
		parts with all flexible lengths initially set to zero. Any remaining border is
		split proportionally between the flexible lengths specified.

		<div class="example">

			<pre>border-clip: 10px 1fr 10px;</pre>

			<div style="position: relative; width: 250px; height: 150px; background: white;">
				<div style="border: 2px solid black; width: 200px; height: 100px; position: absolute; top: 20px; left: 20px">
					<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: 15px; top: -5px; height: 110px; width: 170px"></div>
					<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: -5px; top: 15px; height: 70px; width: 210px"></div>
				</div>
			</div>
		</div>

		<div class="example">

			<pre>
				border-clip-top: 10px 1fr 10px;
				border-clip-bottom: 10px 1fr 10px;
				border-clip-right: 5px 1fr 5px;
				border-clip-left: 5px 1fr 5px;
			</pre>
			<div style="position: relative; width: 250px; height: 150px; background: white;">
				<div style="border: 2px solid black; width: 200px; height: 100px; position: absolute; top: 20px; left: 20px">
					<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: 15px; top: -5px; height: 110px; width: 170px"></div>
					<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: -5px; top: 5px; height: 90px; width: 210px"></div>
				</div>
			</div>
		</div>

		<div class="example">

			<p>By making the first part have zero length, the inverse border of
			the previous example can easily be created:

			<pre>
				border-clip-top: 0 10px 1fr 10px;
				border-clip-bottom: 0 10px 1fr 10px;
				border-clip-right: 0 5px 1fr 5px;
				border-clip-left: 0 5px 1fr 5px;
			</pre>

		<div style="position: relative; width: 250px; height: 150px; background: white;">
			<div style="border: 2px solid black; width: 200px; height: 100px; position: absolute; top: 20px; left: 20px">
				<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: -5px; top: -5px; height: 10px; width: 15px"></div>
				<div style="position: absolute; background: white; right: -5px; top: -5px; height: 10px; width: 15px"></div>
				<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: -5px; top: 95px; height: 10px; width: 15px"></div>
				<div style="position: absolute; background: white; right: -5px; top: 95px; height: 10px; width: 15px"></div>
			</div>
		</div>
	</div>

		<div class="example">
			<pre>
				border: thin solid black;
				border-clip: 0 1fr; /* hide borders */
				border-clip-top: 10px 1fr 10px; /* make certain borders visible */
				border-clip-bottom: 10px 1fr 10px;
			</pre>

			<div style="position: relative; width: 250px; height: 150px; background: white;">
				<div style="border: 2px solid black; width: 200px; height: 100px; position: absolute; top: 20px; left: 20px">
					<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: 15px; top: -5px; height: 110px; width: 170px"></div>
					<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: -5px; top: 0px; height: 100px; width: 210px"></div>
				</div>
			</div>
	</div>

	<div class="example">
		<pre>
	<!-- -->border-top: thin solid black;
	<!-- -->border-bottom: thin solid black;
	<!-- -->border-clip-top: 10px;
	<!-- -->border-clip-bottom: 10px;
	<!-- --></pre>

		<div style="position: relative; width: 250px; height: 150px; background: white;">
			<div style="border: 2px solid black; width: 200px; height: 100px; position: absolute; top: 20px; left: 20px">
				<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: 15px; top: -5px; height: 110px; width: 200px"></div>
				<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: -5px; top: 0px; height: 100px; width: 210px"></div>
			</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<div class="example">
		<pre>
			border-top: thin solid black;
			border-clip: 10px;
		</pre>
		<div style="position: relative; width: 250px; height: 150px; background: white;">
			<div style="border: 2px solid black; width: 200px; height: 100px; position: absolute; top: 20px; left: 20px">
				<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: 15px; top: -5px; height: 110px; width: 200px"></div>
				<div style="position: absolute; background: white; left: -5px; top: 0px; height: 110px; width: 210px"></div>
			</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<div class="example">
		<p>This rendering:
		<div style="background: white; padding: 0.2em 0.5em">
			<pre style="margin-left: 0">
				A sentence consists of words&#xB9;.
			</pre>
			<div style="width: 3em; height: 2px; background: black"></div>
			<pre style="margin-left: 0">
				&#xB9; Most often.
			</pre>
		</div>
		can be achieved with this style sheet:
		<pre>
			@footnote {
				border-top: thin solid black;
				border-clip: 4em;
			}
		</pre>
	</div>

	<div class="example">
		<pre>
			border: 2px solid black;
			border-top-parts: repeat(10px 10px);
		</pre>
		<p>In this example, the repeat pattern is shown five times and there is, by coincidence,	no remaining border.
		<div style="position: relative; width: 100px; background: white; padding: 20px">
			<div style="border: 2px solid black; height: 40px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 2px; top: 20px; left: 30px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 2px; top: 20px; left: 50px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 2px; top: 20px; left: 70px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 2px; top: 20px; left: 90px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 2px; top: 20px; left: 110px"></div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<div class="example">
		<pre>
			border: 2px solid black;
			border-top-parts: repeat(10px 10px);
		</pre>
		<p>In this example, the repeat pattern is shown five times. The box in this example is slightly wider than the box in the previous example. The remaining border is taken up by a flexible length, as if this code had been specified:
		<pre>
			border: 2px solid black;
			border-top-parts: repeat(10px 10px) 1fr;
		</pre>
		<div style="position: relative; width: 105px; background: white; padding: 20px">
			<div style="border: 2px solid black; height: 40px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 2px; top: 20px; left: 30px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 2px; top: 20px; left: 50px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 2px; top: 20px; left: 70px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 2px; top: 20px; left: 90px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 2px; top: 20px; left: 110px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 5px; height: 2px; top: 20px; left: 120px"></div>
		</div>
		<p>The fragment is shown in red for illustrative purposes; it should be shown in black by a compliant UA.
	</div>

	<div class="example">
		<pre>
			border: 4px solid black;
			border-top-parts: 40px 20px 0 1fr repeat(20px 20px) 0 1fr 40px;
		</pre>
		<p>In this example, there will be a visible 40px border part on each end of the top border. Inside the 40px border parts, there will be an invisible border part of at least 20px. Inside these invisible border parts, there will be visible border parts, each 20px long with 20px invisible border parts between them.
		<div style="position: relative; width: 192px; background: white; padding: 40px">
			<div style="border: 4px solid black; height: 40px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 20px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 80px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 6px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 100px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 20px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 126px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 20px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 166px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 6px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 186px"></div>
		</div>
		<p>The fragments are shown in red for illustrative purposes; they should not be visible in compliant UAs.
	</div>

	<div class="example">
		<pre>
			border: 4px solid black;
			border-top-parts: 40px 20px 0 1fr 20px 20px 0 1fr 40px;
		</pre>
		<p>In this example, there will be a visible 40px border part on each end of the top border. Inside the 40px border parts, there will be an invisible border part of at least 20px. Inside these invisible border parts, there will be visible border parts, each 20px long with 20px invisible border parts between them.
		<div style="position: relative; width: 192px; background: white; padding: 40px">
			<div style="border: 4px solid black; height: 40px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 20px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 80px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 6px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 100px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 20px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 126px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 20px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 166px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 6px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 186px"></div>
		</div>
		<p>The fragments are shown in red for illustrative purposes; they should not be visible in compliant UAs.
	</div>

	<div class="example">
		<pre>
			border: 4px solid black;
			border-clip-top: 3fr 10px 2fr 10px 1fr 10px 10px 10px 1fr 10px 2fr 10px 3fr;
		</pre>

		<p>All but one of the visible border parts are represented as flexible lengths in this example. The length of these border parts will change when the width of the element changes. Here is one rendering where 1fr ends up being 10px:
		<div style="position: relative; width: 190px; background: white; padding: 40px">
			<div style="border: 4px solid black; border-top: none; height: 40px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 30px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 40px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 70px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 20px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 80px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 100px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 110px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 120px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: black; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 130px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 140px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 150px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 160px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 20px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 170px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 190px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 30px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 200px"></div>
		</div>

		<p>Here is another rendering where 1fr ends up being 30px:

		<div style="position: relative; width: 440px; background: white; padding: 40px">
			<div style="border: 4px solid black; border-top: none; height: 40px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 90px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 40px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 130px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 60px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 140px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 200px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 30px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 210px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 240px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: black; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 250px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 260px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 30px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 270px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 300px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 60px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 310px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: white; width: 10px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 370px"></div>
			<div style="position: absolute; background: red; width: 90px; height: 4px; top: 40px; left: 390px"></div>
		</div>
		<p>The fragments are shown in red for illustrative purposes; they should be black in compliant UAs.
	</div>

<h2 id="drop-shadows">Drop Shadows</h2>

<h3 id="box-shadow-color">Coloring shadows: the 'box-shadow-color' property</h3>

<pre class="propdef">
Name: box-shadow-color
Value: <<color>>#
Initial: currentcolor
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: list, each item a computed color
Animatable: by computed value
</pre>

<p>The 'box-shadow-color' property defines one or more drop shadow colors.
The property accepts a comma-separated list of shadow colors.

<p>See the section [[css-backgrounds-3#shadow-layers|“Layering, Layout, and
Other Details”]] for how 'box-shadow-color' interacts with other
comma-separated drop shadow properties to form each drop shadow
layer.

<h3 id="box-shadow-offset">Offsetting shadows: the 'box-shadow-offset' property</h3>

<pre class="propdef">
Name: box-shadow-offset
Value: [ none | <<length>>{2} ]#
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: either 'none' or a list,
	each item a pair of offsets (horizontal and vertical) from the element‘s box
Animatable: by computed value
</pre>

<p>The 'box-shadow-offset' property defines one or more drop shadow offsets.
The property accepts a comma-separated list of horizontal and vertical offset pairs,
where both values are described as <<length>> values.

<dl>
  <dt><dfn id="shadow-offset-x">1st <<length>></dfn>
  <dd>
    Specifies the <dfn>horizontal offset</dfn> of the shadow.
    A positive value draws a shadow that is offset to the right of the box,
    a negative length to the left.

  <dt><dfn id="shadow-offset-y">2nd <<length>></dfn>
  <dd>
    Specifies the <dfn>vertical offset</dfn> of the shadow.
    A positive value offsets the shadow down, a negative one up.
</dl>

<p>See the section [[css-backgrounds-3#shadow-layers|“Layering, Layout, and
Other Details”]] for how 'box-shadow-offset' interacts with other
comma-separated drop shadow properties to form each drop shadow
layer.

<h3 id="box-shadow-blur">Blurring shadows: the 'box-shadow-blur' property</h3>

<pre class="propdef">
Name: box-shadow-blur
Value: <<length [0,&infin;]>>#
Initial: 0
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: list, each item a <<length>>
Animatable: by computed value
</pre>

<p>The 'box-shadow-blur' property defines one or more blur radii for drop shadows.
The property accepts a comma-separated list of <<length>> values.

<p>Negative values are invalid.
If the blur value is zero, the shadow’s edge is sharp.
Otherwise, the larger the value, the more the shadow’s edge is blurred.
See [[css-backgrounds-3#shadow-blur|Shadow Blurring]], below.

<p>See the section [[css-backgrounds-3#shadow-layers|“Layering, Layout, and
Other Details”]] for how 'box-shadow-blur' interacts with other
comma-separated drop shadow properties to form each drop shadow
layer.

<h3 id="box-shadow-spread">Spreading shadows: the 'box-shadow-spread' property</h3>

<pre class="propdef">
Name: box-shadow-spread
Value: <<length>>#
Initial: 0
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: list, each item a <<length>>
Animatable: by computed value
</pre>

<p>The 'box-shadow-spread' property defines one or more spread distances for drop shadows.
The property accepts a comma-separated list of <<length>> values.

<p>Positive values cause the shadow to expand in all directions by the specified radius.
Negative values cause the shadow to contract.
See [[css-backgrounds-3#shadow-shape|Shadow Shape]], below.
<p class="note">Note that for inner shadows,
expanding the shadow (creating more shadow area)
means contracting the shadow’s perimeter shape.

<p>See the section [[css-backgrounds-3#shadow-layers|“Layering, Layout, and
Other Details”]] for how 'box-shadow-spread' interacts with other
comma-separated drop shadow properties to form each drop shadow
layer.

<h3 id="box-shadow-position">Spreading shadows: the 'box-shadow-position' property</h3>

<pre class="propdef">
Name: box-shadow-position
Value: [ outset | inset ]#
Initial: outset
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: list, each item one of the keywords
Animatable: by computed value
</pre>

<p>The 'box-shadow-position' property defines one or more drop shadow positions.
The property accepts a comma-separated list of 'outset' and 'inset' keywords.

<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for=box-shadow-position>
  <dt><dfn>outset</dfn>
  <dd>
  Causes the drop shadow to be an <dfn local-lt="outer shadow">outer box-shadow</dfn>.
  That means, one that shadows the box onto the canvas, as if it were lifted above the canvas.

  <dt><dfn>inset</dfn>
  <dd>
  Causes the drop shadow to be an <dfn local-lt="inner shadow">inner box-shadow</dfn>.
  That means, one that shadows the canvas onto the box, as if the box were cut out
  of the canvas and shifted behind it.
</dl>

<p>See the section [[css-backgrounds-3#shadow-layers|“Layering, Layout, and
Other Details”]] for how 'box-shadow-position' interacts with other
comma-separated drop shadow properties to form each drop shadow
layer.

<h3 id="box-shadow" oldids="the-box-shadow">Drop Shadows Shorthand: the 'box-shadow' property</h3>

<pre class="propdef">
Name: box-shadow
Value: <<spread-shadow>>#
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: either the keyword ''box-shadow-offset/none'' or
    a list, each item consisting of four absolute lengths
    plus a computed color and optionally also a ''box-shadow-position/inset'' keyword
Animatable: by computed value,
    treating ''box-shadow-offset/none'' as a zero-item list
    and appending blank shadows (''transparent 0 0 0 0'')
    with a corresponding ''box-shadow-position/inset'' keyword as needed
    to match the longer list
    if the shorter list is otherwise compatible with the longer one
</pre>

  <p>The 'box-shadow' property attaches one or more drop-shadows to the box.
  The property accepts either the ''box-shadow-offset/none'' value, which indicates no shadows,
  or a comma-separated list of shadows, ordered front to back.

  <p>Each shadow is given as a <<spread-shadow>>,
  outlining the 'box-shadow-offset', and optional values for the 'box-shadow-blur',
  'box-shadow-spread', 'box-shadow-color', and 'box-shadow-position'.
  Omitted lengths are 0; omitted colors default to the ''currentcolor'' value.
  <pre class=prod>
  <dfn><<spread-shadow>></dfn> = <<'box-shadow-color'>>? &amp;&amp; [ <<'box-shadow-offset'>> [ <<'box-shadow-blur'>> <<'box-shadow-spread'>>? ]? ] &amp;&amp; <<'box-shadow-position'>>?</pre>

<h2 id="changes">
Changes</h2>

<h3 id="level-changes">
Additions Since Level 3</h3>

	<p class="issue">Additions are a work in progress... here's what we're planning to add. :)

	<ul>
		<li>logical 'background-position' values (''background-position/start'', ''background-position/end'')
		<li>the ''extend'' keyword of 'background-repeat'
		<li>'corner-shape'
		<li><<image-1D>> as value for ''border-color'' and its longhands
		<li>multiple border colors per border
		<li>logical border properties
		<li><a href="#partial-borders">Partial Borders</a> (make part of border shorthand as well!)
		<li><a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/2012Oct/0314.html">More <css>border-radius</css> shorthands</a> for doing both corners on a side at once.
		<li>Splitting horizontal / vertical spread radius for box-shadow, if we can come up with a sane syntax for it.
	</ul>

<h2 id="acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</h2>

	<p>In addition to the many contributors to the [[CSS1]], [[CSS21]],
	and [[CSS3BG]] predecessors to this module,
	the editors would like to thank
	Tab Atkins,
	and Håkon Wium Lie
	for their suggestions and feedback specifically for this Level 4.