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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
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<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
"HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1 September 2005), see www.w3.org">
<title>C++ Queues</title>
<link href="../cppreference.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="../prettify.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" />
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</head>
<body onload="prettyPrint()">
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="body-content">
<div class="header-box">
<a href="../index-2.html">cppreference.com</a> > <a href=
"index.html">C++ Queues</a>
</div>
<div class="name-format">
back
</div>
<div class="syntax-name-format">
Syntax:
</div>
<pre class="syntax-box">
#include <queue>
<a href="../containers.html">TYPE</a>& back();
const <a href="../containers.html">TYPE</a>& back() const;
</pre>
<p>The back() function returns a reference to the last element in the
queue.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint">
queue<int> q;
for( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) {
q.push(i);
}
cout << "The first element is " << q.front()
<< " and the last element is " << q.back() << endl;
</pre>
<p>This code produces the following output:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint">
The first element is 0 and the last element is 4
</pre>
<p>The back() function runs in <a href="../complexity.html">constant
time</a>.</p>
<div class="related-name-format">
Related topics:
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<a href="front.html">front</a><br>
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<hr>
<div class="name-format">
empty
</div>
<div class="syntax-name-format">
Syntax:
</div>
<pre class="syntax-box">
#include <queue>
bool empty() const;
</pre>
<p>The empty() function returns true if the queue has no elements,
false otherwise.</p>
<p>For example, the following code uses empty() as the stopping
condition on a <a href= "../keywords/while.html">while</a> loop to
clear a queue while displaying its contents:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint">
queue<int> q;
for( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) {
q.push(i);
}
while( !q.empty() ) {
cout << q.front() << endl;
q.pop();
}
</pre>
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Related topics:
</div>
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<a href="size.html">size</a>
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<hr>
<div class="name-format">
front
</div>
<div class="syntax-name-format">
Syntax:
</div>
<pre class="syntax-box">
#include <queue>
<a href="../containers.html">TYPE</a>& front();
const <a href="../containers.html">TYPE</a>& front() const;
</pre>
<p>The front() function returns a reference to the first element of
the queue, and runs in <a href="../complexity.html">constant
time</a>.</p>
<div class="related-name-format">
Related topics:
</div>
<div class="related-content">
<a href="back.html">back</a><br>
(C++ Lists) <a href="../cpplist/pop_front.html">pop_front</a><br>
(C++ Lists) <a href="../cpplist/push_front.html">push_front</a>
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<hr>
<div class="name-format">
pop
</div>
<div class="syntax-name-format">
Syntax:
</div>
<pre class="syntax-box">
#include <queue>
void pop();
</pre>
<p>The function pop() removes the first element of the queue and
discards it.</p>
<div class="related-name-format">
Related topics:
</div>
<div class="related-content">
<a href="push.html">push</a><br>
(C++ Priority Queues) <a href=
"../cpppriority_queue/top.html">top</a>
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<hr>
<div class="name-format">
push
</div>
<div class="syntax-name-format">
Syntax:
</div>
<pre class="syntax-box">
#include <queue>
void push( const <a href="../containers.html">TYPE</a>& val );
</pre>
<p>The function push() adds <em>val</em> to the end of the current
queue.</p>
<p>For example, the following code uses the push() function to add
ten integers to the end of a queue:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint">
queue<int> q;
for( int i=0; i < 10; i++ ) {
q.push(i);
}
</pre>
<div class="related-name-format">
Related topics:
</div>
<div class="related-content">
<a href="pop.html">pop</a>
</div>
</div>
</td>
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<hr>
<div class="name-format">
Queue constructor
</div>
<div class="syntax-name-format">
Syntax:
</div>
<pre class="syntax-box">
#include <queue>
queue();
queue( const Container& con );
</pre>
<p>Queues have a default constructor as well as a copy constructor
that will create a new queue out of the container <em>con</em>.
</p>
<p>For example, the following code creates a queue of strings,
populates it with input from the user, and then displays it back to
the user:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint">
queue<string> waiting_line;
while( waiting_line.size() < 5 ) {
cout << "Welcome to the line, please enter your name: ";
string s;
getline( cin, s );
waiting_line.push(s);
}
while( !waiting_line.empty() ) {
cout << "Now serving: " << waiting_line.front() << endl;
waiting_line.pop();
}
</pre>
<p>When run, the above code might produce this output:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint">
Welcome to the line, please enter your name: Nate
Welcome to the line, please enter your name: lizzy
Welcome to the line, please enter your name: Robert B. Parker
Welcome to the line, please enter your name: ralph
Welcome to the line, please enter your name: Matthew
Now serving: Nate
Now serving: lizzy
Now serving: Robert B. Parker
Now serving: ralph
Now serving: Matthew
</pre>
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<hr>
<div class="name-format">
size
</div>
<div class="syntax-name-format">
Syntax:
</div>
<pre class="syntax-box">
#include <queue>
<strong>size_type</strong> size() const;
</pre>
<p>The size() function returns the number of elements in the current
queue.</p>
<div class="related-name-format">
Related topics:
</div>
<div class="related-content">
<a href="empty.html">empty</a><br>
(C++ Strings) <a href="../cppstring/capacity.html">capacity</a><br>
(C++ Strings) <a href="../cppstring/length.html">length</a><br>
(C++ Multimaps) <a href=
"../cppmultimap/max_size.html">max_size</a><br>
(C++ Strings) <a href="../cppstring/resize.html">resize</a>
</div>
</div>
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