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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html lang=en>
<head>
<title>CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module</title>
<link href="../default.css" rel=stylesheet type="text/css">
<link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED.css" rel=stylesheet
type="text/css">
<style type="text/css">
.example img { display: block }
.example { background: #ddd }
body { line-height: 1.3 }
</style>
<body>
<div class=head> <!--begin-logo-->
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img alt=W3C height=48
src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width=72></a> <!--end-logo-->
<h1>CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=w3c-working>Editor's Draft 11 May 2012</h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:
<dd><a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/ED-css3-gcpm-20120511/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/ED-css3-gcpm-20120511/</a>
<dt>Latest version:
<dd><a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-gcpm/">http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-gcpm/</a>
<dt>Previous version:
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-gcpm-20100608/">
http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-gcpm-20100608/</a>
<dt>Editor:
<dd>Håkon Wium Lie, Opera Software, howcome@opera.com
</dl>
<!--begin-copyright-->
<p class=copyright><a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright"
rel=license>Copyright</a> © 2012 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr
title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup> (<a
href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr
title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>, <a
href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr
title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>,
<a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
<a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a>
and <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document
use</a> rules apply.</p>
<!--end-copyright-->
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=abstract>Abstract</h2>
<p>This module describes features often used in printed publications. Most
of the specified functionality involves some sort of generated content
where content from the document is adorned, replicated, or moved in the
final presentation of the document. Along with two other CSS3 modules
– multi-column layout and paged media – this module offers
advanced functionality for presenting structured documents on paged media.
Paged media can be printed, or presented on screens.
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=status-of-this-document>Status of this
document</h2>
<!--begin-status-->
<p>This is a public copy of the editors' draft. It is provided for
discussion only and may change at any moment. Its publication here does
not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C. Don't cite this document
other than as work in progress.
<p>The (<a
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">archived</a>) public
mailing list <a
href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?Subject=%5Bcss3-gcpm%5D%20PUT%20SUBJECT%20HERE">
www-style@w3.org</a> (see <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request">instructions</a>) is preferred for
discussion of this specification. When sending e-mail, please put the text
“css3-gcpm” in the subject, preferably like this:
“[<!---->css3-gcpm<!---->] <em>…summary of
comment…</em>”
<p>This document was produced by the <a href="/Style/CSS/members">CSS
Working Group</a> (part of the <a href="/Style/">Style Activity</a>).
<p>This document was produced by a group operating under the <a
href="/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 W3C Patent
Policy</a>. W3C maintains a <a href="/2004/01/pp-impl/32061/status"
rel=disclosure>public list of any patent disclosures</a> made in
connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual
knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a
href="/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a
href="/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of the
W3C Patent Policy</a>.</p>
<!--end-status-->
<p>This WD contains functionality that the CSS WG finds interesting and
useful. In general, the earlier a feature appears in this draft, the more
stable it is. Significant changes in functionality and syntax must be
expected from <a href="#paged-presentations">paged presentations</a> and
onwards. Also, functionality described in this module may be moved to
other modules. Since the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-gcpm-20100608">previous WD</a>,
hyphenation has been moved to <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-text-20110901/#hyphenation">css3-text</a>
and the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-gcpm-20100608/#the-super-decimal-list-style-type">super-decimal</a>
list-style-type value has been moved to <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-lists-20110524/#super-decimal">css3-lists</a>.
<a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-gcpm-20100608/#named-counter-styles">Named
counter styles</a> and the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-gcpm-20100608/#the-symbols-list-style-type">symbols()</a>
list-style-type value should also appear in a future css3-lists WD.
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=table-of-contents><a name=contents>Table of
contents</a></h2>
<!--begin-toc-->
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#introduction"><span class=secno>1. </span>Introduction</a>
<li><a href="#running-headers-and-footers"><span class=secno>2.
</span>Running headers and footers</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#named-strings"><span class=secno>2.1. </span>Named
strings</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#setting-named-strings-the-string-set-pro"><span
class=secno>2.1.1. </span>Setting named strings: the ‘<code
class=property>string-set</code>’ property</a>
<li><a href="#using-named-strings"><span class=secno>2.1.2.
</span>Using named strings</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#running-elements"><span class=secno>2.2. </span>Running
elements</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#leaders"><span class=secno>3. </span>Leaders</a>
<li><a href="#cross-references"><span class=secno>4.
</span>Cross-references</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#the-target-counter-and-target-counters-v"><span
class=secno>4.1. </span>The ‘<code
class=css>target-counter</code>’ and ‘<code
class=css>target-counters</code>’ values</a>
<li><a href="#the-target-text-value"><span class=secno>4.2. </span>The
‘<code class=css>target-text</code>’ value</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#footnotes"><span class=secno>5. </span>Footnotes</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#turning-elements-into-footnotes"><span class=secno>5.1.
</span>Turning elements into footnotes</a>
<li><a href="#the-footnote-area"><span class=secno>5.2. </span>The
footnote area</a>
<li><a href="#footnote-calls"><span class=secno>5.3. </span>Footnote
calls</a>
<li><a href="#footnote-markers"><span class=secno>5.4. </span>Footnote
markers</a>
<li><a href="#counting-footnotes"><span class=secno>5.5. </span>Counting
footnotes</a>
<li><a href="#laying-out-footnotes"><span class=secno>5.6. </span>Laying
out footnotes</a>
<li><a href="#footnote-magic"><span class=secno>5.7. </span>Footnote
magic</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#page-marks-and-bleed-area"><span class=secno>6. </span>Page
marks and bleed area</a>
<li><a href="#bookmarks"><span class=secno>7. </span>Bookmarks</a>
<li><a href="#cmyk-colors"><span class=secno>8. </span>CMYK colors</a>
<li><a href="#styling-blank-pages"><span class=secno>9. </span>Styling
blank pages</a>
<li><a href="#paged-presentations"><span class=secno>10. </span>Paged
presentations</a>
<li><a href="#navigation-between-pages"><span class=secno>11.
</span>Navigation between pages</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#page-shift-effects"><span class=secno>11.1. </span>Page
shift effects</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#page-and-column-floats"><span class=secno>12. </span>Page
and column floats</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#float-modifiers"><span class=secno>12.1. </span>Float
modifiers</a>
<li><a href="#floating-inside-and-outside-pages"><span class=secno>12.2.
</span>Floating inside and outside pages</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#page-and-column-floats-alternative-synta"><span
class=secno>13. </span>Page and column floats, alternative syntax</a>
<li><a href="#exclusions"><span class=secno>14. </span>Exclusions</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#exclusions-based-on-floats"><span class=secno>14.1.
</span>Exclusions based on floats</a>
<li><a href="#the-float-offset-property"><span class=secno>14.2.
</span>The ‘<code class=property>float-offset</code>’
property</a>
<li><a href="#the-clear-side-property"><span class=secno>14.3.
</span>The ‘<code class=property>clear-side</code>’
property</a>
<li><a href="#exclusions-based-on-images"><span class=secno>14.4.
</span>Exclusions based on images</a>
<li><a href="#exclusions-based-on-rendered-content"><span
class=secno>14.5. </span>Exclusions based on rendered content</a>
<li><a href="#exclusions-based-on-shapes"><span class=secno>14.6.
</span>Exclusions based on shapes</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#regions"><span class=secno>15. </span>Regions</a>
<li><a href="#regions-and-exclusions-examples"><span class=secno>16.
</span>Regions and Exclusions examples</a>
<li><a href="#selecting-pages"><span class=secno>17. </span>Selecting
pages</a>
<li><a href="#selecting-lines"><span class=secno>18. </span>Selecting
lines</a>
<li><a href="#conformance"><span class=secno>19. </span>Conformance</a>
<li><a href="#appendix-a-default-style-sheet"><span class=secno>20.
</span>Appendix A: Default style sheet</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#references">References</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li class=no-num><a href="#normative-references">Normative
references</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#other-references">Other references</a>
</ul>
<li class=no-num><a href="#index">Index</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#property-index">Property index</a>
</ul>
<!--end-toc-->
<h2 id=introduction><span class=secno>1. </span>Introduction</h2>
<p>(This section is not normative.)
<p>This specification describes features often used in printed
publications. Some of the proposed functionality (e.g., the new list style
types, and border segments) may also used with other media types. However,
this specification is monstly concerned with paged media.
<h2 id=running-headers-and-footers><span class=secno>2. </span>Running
headers and footers</h2>
<p>To aid navigation in printed material, headers and footers are often
printed in the page margins. <a href="#CSS3PAGE"
rel=biblioentry>[CSS3PAGE]<!--{{CSS3PAGE}}--></a> describes how to place
headers and footers on a page, but not how to fetch headers and footers
from elements in the document. This specification offers two ways to
achieve this. The first mechanism is <dfn id=named-strings0>named
strings</dfn> which <em>copies</em> the text (without style, structure, or
replaced content) from one element for later reuse in margin boxes. The
second mechanism is <dfn id=running-elements0>running elements</dfn> which
<em>moves</em> elements (with style, structure, and replaced content) into
a margin box.
<h3 id=named-strings><span class=secno>2.1. </span>Named strings</h3>
<!--
<p>Named strings are discussed both in the CSS3 Generated and Replaced
Content (section 9) and in CSS3 Paged Media (several places). For a
proposed definition of the property, one has to go back to the <a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/06/WD-css3-page-19990623">CSS3 draft from 1999</a>
1999:
-->
<p>Named strings can be thought of as variables that can hold one string of
text each. Named strings are created with the ‘<a
href="#string-set"><code class=property>string-set</code></a>’
property which copies a string of text into the named string. Only text is
copied; not style, structure, or replaced content.
<div class=example>
<p>Consider this code:
<pre>
h1 { string-set: title contents }
</pre>
<p>Whenever an <code>h1</code> element is encountered, its textual content
is copied into a named string called <em>title</em>. Its content can be
retrieved in the ‘<code class=property>content</code>’
property:
<pre>
@page :right { @top-right { content: string(title) }}
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id=setting-named-strings-the-string-set-pro><span class=secno>2.1.1.
</span>Setting named strings: the ‘<a href="#string-set"><code
class=property>string-set</code></a>’ property</h4>
<table class=propdef>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><em>Name:</em>
<td><dfn id=string-set>string-set</dfn>
<tr>
<td><em>Value:</em>
<td>[[ <identifier> <content-list>] [, <identifier>
<content-list>]* ] | none
<tr>
<td><em>Initial:</em>
<td>none
<tr>
<td><em>Applies to:</em>
<td>all elements
<tr>
<td><em>Inherited:</em>
<td>no
<tr>
<td><em>Percentages:</em>
<td>N/A
<tr>
<td><em>Media:</em>
<td>all
<tr>
<td><em>Computed value:</em>
<td>as specified value
</table>
<p>The ‘<a href="#string-set"><code
class=property>string-set</code></a>’ property accepts a
comma-separated list of named strings. Each named string is followed by a
content list that specifies which text to copy into the named string.
Whenever an element with value of ‘<a href="#string-set"><code
class=property>string-set</code></a>’ different from ‘<code
class=css>none</code>’ is encountered, the named strings are
assigned their respective value.
<p>For the ‘<a href="#string-set"><code
class=property>string-set</code></a>’ property, <content-list>
expands to one or more of these values, in any order:
<dl>
<dt><string>
<dd>a string, e.g. "foo"
<dt><counter>
<dd>the counter() or counters() function, as per <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#counter">CSS 2.1 section
4.3.5</a>
<dt>contents
<dd>The textual content of the element, including the content of its
::before and ::after pseudo-element. The content of the element's
descendants, including their respective ::before and ::after
pseudo-elements, are included in the returned content.
<dt>content-element
<dd>The textual content of the element, not including the content of its
::before and ::after pseudo-element. The content of the element's
descendants, including their respective ::before and ::after
pseudo-elements, are included in the returned content.
<dt>content-before
<dd>The textual content of the ::before pseudo-element the content of the
element.
<dt>content-after
<dd>The textual content of the ::after pseudo-element the content of the
element.
<dt>content-first-letter
<dd>The first letter of the content of the element. The definition of a
letter is the same as for :first-letter pseudo-elements.
<p class=note>The expected use for ‘<code
class=css>content-first-letter</code>’ is to create one-letter
headers, e.g., in dictionaries.</p>
<dt>env()
<dd>This function returns data from the local environment of the user at
the time of formatting. The function accepts one of these keywords:
<ul>
<li>env(url): returns the URL of the document
<li>env(date): returns the date on the user's system at the time of
formatting
<li>env(time): returns the time on the user's system at the time of
formatting
<li>env(date-time): returns the date and time on the user's system at
the time of formatting
</ul>
<p>Information about date and time is formatted according to the locale
of the user's system.
<p class=issue>Or, should there be a way to specify the locale? Or should
we simply format all in ISO format (e.g., 2010-03-30)?
<p class=note>On many systems, preformatted strings in the user's locale
can be found through the <a
href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/strftime.html">strftime</a>
function. The date, time and date-time strings can be found by using the
"%x", "%X" and "%c" conversion strings, respectively.
<div class=example>
<pre>
@page {
@top-right { content: env(url) }
@bottom-right { content: env(date-time) }
}
</pre>
</div>
</dl>
<!--<p class="issue">Should target-counter() and leader() also be allowed?</p>-->
<p>Named strings can only hold the result of one assignment; whenever a new
assignment is made to a named string, its old value is replaced.
<p class=note>User agents, however, must be able to remember the result of
more than one assignment as the ‘<code
class=css>string()</code>’ functional value (described below) can
refer to different assignments.
<p>The scope of a named string is the page of the element to which the
‘<a href="#string-set"><code
class=property>string-set</code></a>’ property is attached and
subsequent pages.
<p>The name space of named strings is different from other sets of names in
CSS.
<p>The ‘<a href="#string-set"><code
class=property>string-set</code></a>’ property copies text as well
as white-space into the named string.
<div class=example>
<pre>
h2 {
string-set: header "Chapter " counter(header) ": " contents;
counter-increment: header;
}
</pre>
<p>Note that the string called "header" is different from the counter with
the same name. The above code may result in <em>header</em> being set to
"Chapter 2: Europa".
</div>
<div class=example>
<p>This example results in the same value being assigned to
<em>header</em> as in the previous example. <!--note namespace-->
<pre>
h2:before { content: "Chapter " counter(header) }
h2 {
string-set: header content-before content-element;
counter-increment: header }
</pre>
</div>
<div class=example>
<pre>
dt { string-set: index content-first-letter }
</pre>
</div>
<div class=example>
<p>The content is copied regardless of other settings on the element. In
HTML, TITLE elements are normally not displayed, but in this examplet the
content is copied into a named string:
<pre>
title {
display: none;
string-set: header contents;
}
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id=using-named-strings><span class=secno>2.1.2. </span>Using named
strings</h4>
<p>The content of named strings can be recalled by using the ‘<code
class=css>string()</code>’ value on the ‘<code
class=property>content</code>’ property. The ‘<code
class=css>string()</code>’ value has one required argument, namely
the name of the string.
<div class=example>
<pre>
@page { @top-center { content: string(header) }}
@page { @right-middle { content: string(index) }}
@page { @top-left { content: string(entry) }}
h1 { string-set: header "Chapter " counter(chapter) contents }
dt { string-set: index content-first-letter, entry contents }
</pre>
</div>
<p>If the value of the named string is changed by an element on a certain
page, the named string may have several values on that page. In order to
specify which of these values should be used, an optional argument is
accepted on the ‘<code class=css>string()</code>’ value. This
argument can have one of four keywords:
<ul>
<li>‘<code class=css>start</code>’: the named string's entry
value for that page is used.
<li>‘<code class=css>first</code>’: the value of the first
assignment is used. If there is no assignment on the page, the start
value is used. ‘<code class=css>first</code>’ is the default
value.
<li>‘<code class=css>last</code>’: the named string's exit
value for that page is used
<li>‘<code class=css>first-except</code>’: similar to
‘<code class=css>first</code>’, except on the page where the
value was assigned. On that page, the empty string is used.
</ul>
<p>The assignment is considered to take place on the first page where a
content box representing the element occurs. If the element does not have
any content boxes (e.g., if ‘<code class=css>display:
none</code>’ is set), the assignment is considered to take place on
the page where the first content box would have occured if the element had
been in the normal flow.
<div class=example>
<p>In this example, the first term on the page will be shown in the top
left corner and the last term on the page will be shown in the top right
corner. In top center of the page, the first letter of first term will be
shown.
<pre>
@page { @top-left { content: string(term, first) }}
@page { @top-right { content: string(term, last) }}
@page { @top-center { content: string(index, first) }}
dt { string-set: index content-first-letter, term contents }
</pre>
</div>
<div class=example>
<p>In this example, the header in the top center will be blank on pages
where ‘<code class=css>h1</code>’ elements appear. On other
pages, the string of the previous ‘<code class=css>h1</code>’
element will be shown.
<pre>
@page { @top-center { content: string(chapter, first-except) }}
h1 { string-set: chapter contents }
</pre>
</div>
<p>If the named string referred to in a ‘<code
class=css>string()</code>’ value has not been assigned a value, the
empty string is used.
<h3 id=running-elements><span class=secno>2.2. </span>Running elements</h3>
<p>Named strings, as described above, can only hold textual content; any
style, structure or replaced content associated with the element is
ignored. To overcome this limitation, a way of moving elements into
running headers and footers is introduced.
<p>Elements that are moved into headers and footers are repeated on several
pages; they are said to be <a href="#running-elements0"><em>running
elements</em></a>. To support running elements, a new value –
running() – is introduced on the ‘<code
class=property>position</code>’ property. It has one required
argument: the name by which the running element can be referred to. A
running element is not shown in its natural place; there it is treated as
if ‘<code class=css>display: none</code>’ had been set.
Instead, the running element may be displayed in a margin box.
<p>Like counters and named strings, the name of a running element is chosen
by the style sheet author, and the names have a separate name space. A
running element can hold one element, including its pseudo-elements and
its descendants. Whenever a new element is assigned to a running element,
the old element is lost.
<p class=note>User agents, however, must be able to remember the result of
more than one assignment as the ‘<code
class=css>element()</code>’ value (described below) can refer to
different assignments.
<p>Running elements inherit through their normal place in the structure of
the document.
<div class=example>
<pre>
title { position: running(header) }
@page { @top-center {
content: element(header) }
}
</pre>
</div>
<div class=example>
<p>In this example, the element is copied into the running header but it
also keeps its normal place.
<pre>
title { position: running(header), normal }
@page { @top-center {
content: element(header) }
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>Like the ‘<code class=css>string()</code>’ value, the
‘<code class=css>element()</code>’ value accepts an optional
second argument:
<dl>
<dt>‘<code class=css>start</code>’
<dt>‘<code class=css>first</code>’
<dt>‘<code class=css>last</code>’
<dt>‘<code class=css>first-except</code>’
</dl>
<p>The keywords have the same meaning as for the ‘<code
class=css>string()</code>’ value, and the place of the assignments
are the same.
<p>The ‘<code class=css>element()</code>’ value cannot be
combined with any other values.
<div class=example>
<p>In this example, the header is hidden from view in all media types
except print. On printed pages, the header is displayed top center on all
pages, except where h1 elements appear.
<pre>
<style>
div.header { display: none }
@media print {
div.header {
display: block;
position: running(header);
}
@page { @top-center { content: element(header, first-except) }}
</style>
...
<div class="header">Introduction</div>
<h1 class="chapter">An introduction</div>
</pre>
</div>
<div class=example>
<p>This code illustrates how to change the running header on one page in
the middle of a run of pages:
<pre>
...
<style>
@page { @top-center {
content: element(header, first) }}
.header { position: running(header) }
.once { font-weight: bold }
</style>
...
<div class="header">Not now</div>
<p>Da di ha di da di ...
<span class="header once">NOW!</span>
<span class="header">Not now</span>
... da di ha di hum.</p>
...
</pre>
The header is "Not now" from the outset, due to the "div" element. The
first "span" element changes it to "<b>NOW!</b>" on the page where the
"span" element would have appeared. The second "span" element, which would
have appeared on the same page as the first is not used because the
‘<code class=css>first</code>’ keyword has been specified.
However, the second "span" element still sets the exit value for "header"
and this value is used on subsequent pages.</div>
<h2 id=leaders><span class=secno>3. </span>Leaders</h2>
<p>A leader is a visual pattern that guides the eye. Typically, leaders are
used to visually connect an entry in a list with a corresponding code. For
example, there are often leaders between titles and page numbers in a
table of contents (TOC). Another example is the phone book where there are
leaders between a name and a telephone number.
<p>In CSS3, a leader is composed of series of glyphs through the
‘<code class=css>leader()</code>’ value on the ‘<code
class=property>content</code>’ property. The functional notation
accepts two values. The first describes the glyph pattern that makes up
the leader. These values are allowed:
<ul>
<li>leader(dotted)
<li>leader(solid)
<li>leader(space)
<li>leader(<string>)
</ul>
<p>Using the keyword values is equivalent to setting a string value. The
table below shows the equivalents:
<table class=border>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Keyword
<th>String
<th>Unicode characters
<tr>
<td>leader(dotted)
<td>leader(‘<code class=css>. </code>’)
<td>\002E \0020
<tr>
<td>leader(solid)
<td>leader(‘<code class=css>_</code>’)
<td>\005F
<tr>
<td>leader(space)
<td>leader(‘<code class=css> </code>’)
<td>\0020
</table>
<!--
<p>User Agents should attempt to align corresponding glyphs from the
leader pattern between consecutive lines.
-->
<p>The string inside the parenthesis is called the <em>leader string</em>.
<p>In its simplest form, the ‘<code
class=property>content</code>’ property only takes one ‘<code
class=css>leader()</code>’ value:
<div class=example>
<pre>
heading::after { content: leader(dotted) }
</pre>
</div>
<p>The leader string must be shown in full at least once and this
establishes the minimum length of the leader. To fill the available space,
the leader string is repeated as many times as possible in the writing
direction. At the end of the leader, a partial string pattern may be
shown. White space in leaders is collapsed according to the values on
white-space properties.
<!-- <span class="issue">Or, partial strings be avoided?</span> -->
<!--<p class="issue">Should other properties influence the appearance of leaders?-->
<p>These properties influence the appearance of leaders: all font
properties, text properties, ‘<code
class=property>letter-spacing</code>’, white-space properties,
background properties, and ‘<code
class=property>color</code>’.
<p>The second value describes the alignment of the leader. These values are
allowed:
<dl>
<dt>align
<dd>attempt to align corresponding glyphs from the leader pattern between
consecutive lines. This is the default value.
<dt>start
<dd>align leader string with the start
<dt>end
<dd>align leader string with the end
<dt>center
<dd>center leader string
<dt>string-space
<dd>add space between strings to take up all available space
<dt>letter-space
<dd>add space between letters (both inside the string, and at the
start/end of the string) to take up all available space
</dl>
<div class=example>
<pre>
heading::after { content: leader(dotted, align) }
heading::after { content: leader(dotted, start) }
heading::after { content: leader(dotted, end) }
heading::after { content: leader(dotted, center) }
heading::after { content: leader(dotted, string-space) }
heading::after { content: leader(dotted, letter-space) }
</pre>
</div>
<p>In a more complex example, the ‘<code
class=property>leader</code>’ value is combined with other values on
the ‘<code class=property>content</code>’ property:
<div class=example>
<pre>
ul.toc a::after {
content: leader(". . . ") target-counter(attr(href, url), page);
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>If the content connected by a leader end up on different lines, the
leader will be present on all lines. Each leader fragment honors the
minimum length of the leader.
<div class=example>
<p>Consider this code:
<pre>
<style>
.name::after { content: leader(dotted) }
</style>
<div class="entry">
<span class="name">John Doe</span>
<span class="number">123456789</span>
</div>
</pre>
<p>If the name and number end up on different lines (e.g., in a narrow
column), it may be formatted like this:
<pre>
John Doe....
...123456789
</pre>
</div>
<p>To determine the length of the leaders, user agents must do the
following for each line:
<ol>
<li>Lay out the content with leaders of minimum lengths
<li>Determine the empty space left on the line.
<li>Distribute the empty space between the leaders on the line. Glyphs
must not be shown partially. All leaders on the line should, to the
extent possible, have the same length. This may not always be possible as
the minimum leader length must be honored.
<li>Fill the empty space with the specified leader pattern.
</ol>
<div class=example>
<p>Consider this code:
<pre>
<style>
cite::before { content: leader(' ') }
</style>
<blockquote>
Bla great bla bla world bla bla
empire bla bla color bla bla
history bla bla forever.
<cite>John Johnson</cite>
</blockquote>
</pre>
<p>Depending on the width of the containing block, this may be rendered
as:
<pre>
Bla great bla bla world bla bla
empire bla bla color bla bla
history bla bla forever. John
Johnson
</pre>
<p>However, this rendering is preferable:
<pre>
Bla great bla bla world bla bla
empire bla bla color bla bla
history bla bla forever.
John Johnson
</pre>
<p>To indicate that <q>John Johnson</q> should be kept on one line, this
rule can be added to the style sheet:
<pre>
cite { text-wrap: suppress }
</pre>
<p>Until ‘<code class=property>text-wrap</code>’ is widely
supported, this rule can also be used:
<pre>
cite { white-space: nowrap }
</pre>
<p>If the containing element is wider, this may be the resultant
presentation:
<pre>
Bla great bla bla world bla bla empire
bla bla color bla bla history bla bla
forever. John Johnson
</pre>
</div>
<h2 id=cross-references><span class=secno>4. </span>Cross-references</h2>
<p>It is common to refer to other parts of a document by way of a section
number (e.g., "See section 3.4.1"), a page number (e.g., "See discussion
on page 72"), or a string (e.g., "See the chapter on Europe"). Being able
to resolve these cross-references automatically saves time and reduces the
number of errors.
<h3 id=the-target-counter-and-target-counters-v><span class=secno>4.1.