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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=en>
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv=Content-Type>
<title>CSS Syntax Module Level 3 (CSS3 Syntax)</title>
<!--
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<meta content="CSS Syntax Module Level 3 (CSS3 Syntax)" name=dcterms.title>
<meta content=text name=dcterms.type>
<meta content=2013-05-07 name=dcterms.date>
<meta content="Tab Atkins Jr." name=dcterms.creator>
<meta content=W3C name=dcterms.publisher>
<meta content="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-syntax/"
name=dcterms.identifier>
<link href="#contents" rel=contents>
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<link href="../default.css" rel=stylesheet type="text/css">
<link href="../csslogo.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon">
<link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED.css" rel=stylesheet
type="text/css">
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<body class=h-entry>
<div class=head> <!--begin-logo-->
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img alt=W3C height=48
src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width=72></a> <!--end-logo-->
<h1 class=p-name>CSS Syntax Module Level 3</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=longstatus-date>Editor's Draft <time
class=dt-updated datetime=20130507> 7 May 2013</time></h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:
<dd> <a class=u-url
href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-syntax/">http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-syntax/</a>
<!--
<dt>Latest version:
<dd>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-syntax/">http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-syntax/</a>
-->
<dt>Editor's draft:
<dd> <a
href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-syntax/">http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-syntax/</a>
<dt>Previous version:
<dd> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-css3-syntax-20030813/"
rel=previous>http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-css3-syntax-20030813/</a>
<dt>Issue Tracking:
<dd> <a
href="https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/buglist.cgi?product=CSS&component=Syntax">W3C
Bugzilla</a>
<dt>Feedback:
<dd> <a
href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?subject=%5Bcss-syntax%5D%20feedback">www-style@w3.org</a>
with subject line “<kbd>[css-syntax] <var>… message topic
…</var></kbd>” (<a
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/"
rel=discussion>archives</a>)
<dt>Editors:
<dd class="p-author h-card vcard"> <a class="p-name fn u-url url"
href="http://www.xanthir.com/" rel=author>Tab Atkins Jr.</a> (<span
class="p-org org">Google, Inc.</span>), <span
class="u-email email">jackalmage@gmail.com</span>
</dl>
<!--begin-copyright-->
<p class=copyright><a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright"
rel=license>Copyright</a> © 2013 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr
title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup> (<a
href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr
title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>, <a
href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr
title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>,
<a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>, <a
href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">Beihang</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
<a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a>
and <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document
use</a> rules apply.</p>
<!--end-copyright-->
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=abstract>Abstract</h2>
<p> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/">CSS</a> is a language for
describing the rendering of structured documents (such as HTML and XML) on
screen, on paper, in speech, etc. <span class=p-summary> This module
describes, in general terms, the basic structure and syntax of CSS
stylesheets. It defines, in detail, the syntax and parsing of CSS - how to
turn a stream of bytes into a meaningful stylesheet. </span>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=status>Status of this document</h2>
<!--begin-status-->
<p>This is a public copy of the editors' draft. It is provided for
discussion only and may change at any moment. Its publication here does
not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C. Don't cite this document
other than as work in progress.
<p>The (<a
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">archived</a>) public
mailing list <a
href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?Subject=%5Bcss3-syntax%5D%20PUT%20SUBJECT%20HERE">
www-style@w3.org</a> (see <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request">instructions</a>) is preferred for
discussion of this specification. When sending e-mail, please put the text
“css3-syntax” in the subject, preferably like this:
“[<!---->css3-syntax<!---->] <em>…summary of comment…</em>”
<p>This document was produced by the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/members">CSS Working Group</a> (part of
the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/">Style Activity</a>).
<p>This document was produced by a group operating under the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February
2004 W3C Patent Policy</a>. W3C maintains a <a
href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32061/status"
rel=disclosure>public list of any patent disclosures</a> made in
connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual
knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>.</p>
<!--end-status-->
<p>The following features are at risk: …
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=contents> Table of contents</h2>
<!--begin-toc-->
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#intro"><span class=secno>1. </span> Introduction</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#placement"><span class=secno>1.1. </span> Module
interactions</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#syntax-description"><span class=secno>2. </span> Description
of CSS's Syntax</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#error-handling"><span class=secno>2.1. </span> Error
Handling</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#tokenizing-and-parsing-css"><span class=secno>3. </span>
Tokenizing and Parsing CSS</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#overview-of-the-parsing-model"><span class=secno>3.1.
</span> Overview of the Parsing Model</a>
<li><a href="#the-input-byte-stream"><span class=secno>3.2. </span> The
input byte stream</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#preprocessing-the-input-stream"><span class=secno>3.2.1.
</span> Preprocessing the input stream</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="#tokenization"><span class=secno>4. </span> Tokenization</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#token-diagrams"><span class=secno>4.1. </span> Token
Railroad Diagrams</a>
<li><a href="#tokenizer-flags"><span class=secno>4.2. </span> Tokenizer
Flags</a>
<li><a href="#definitions"><span class=secno>4.3. </span>
Definitions</a>
<li><a href="#tokenizer-state-machine"><span class=secno>4.4. </span>
Tokenizer State Machine</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#data-state"><span class=secno>4.4.1. </span> Data
state</a>
<li><a href="#double-quote-string-state"><span class=secno>4.4.2.
</span> Double-quote-string state</a>
<li><a href="#single-quote-string-state"><span class=secno>4.4.3.
</span> Single-quote-string state</a>
<li><a href="#hash-state"><span class=secno>4.4.4. </span> Hash
state</a>
<li><a href="#comment-state"><span class=secno>4.4.5. </span> Comment
state</a>
<li><a href="#at-keyword-state"><span class=secno>4.4.6. </span>
At-keyword state</a>
<li><a href="#ident-state"><span class=secno>4.4.7. </span> Ident
state</a>
<li><a href="#transform-function-whitespace-state"><span
class=secno>4.4.8. </span> Transform-function-whitespace state</a>
<li><a href="#number-state"><span class=secno>4.4.9. </span> Number
state</a>
<li><a href="#number-rest-state"><span class=secno>4.4.10. </span>
Number-rest state</a>
<li><a href="#sci-notation-state"><span class=secno>4.4.11. </span>
Sci-notation state</a>
<li><a href="#dimension-state"><span class=secno>4.4.12. </span>
Dimension state</a>
<li><a href="#url-state"><span class=secno>4.4.13. </span> URL
state</a>
<li><a href="#url-double-quote-state"><span class=secno>4.4.14.
</span> URL-double-quote state</a>
<li><a href="#url-single-quote-state"><span class=secno>4.4.15.
</span> URL-single-quote state</a>
<li><a href="#url-end-state"><span class=secno>4.4.16. </span> URL-end
state</a>
<li><a href="#url-unquoted-state"><span class=secno>4.4.17. </span>
URL-unquoted state</a>
<li><a href="#bad-url-state"><span class=secno>4.4.18. </span> Bad-URL
state</a>
<li><a href="#unicode-range-state"><span class=secno>4.4.19. </span>
Unicode-range state</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#consume-an-escaped-character"><span class=secno>4.5.
</span> Consume an escaped character</a>
<li><a href="#set-the-unicode-range-tokens-range"><span class=secno>4.6.
</span> Set the unicode-range token's range</a>
<li><a href="#convert-a-sci-notation-representation-in"><span
class=secno>4.7. </span> Convert a sci-notation representation into a
value</a>
<li><a href="#check-if-two-characters-are-a-valid-esca"><span
class=secno>4.8. </span> Check if two characters are a valid escape</a>
<li><a href="#check-if-three-characters-would-start-an"><span
class=secno>4.9. </span> Check if three characters would start an
identifier</a>
<li><a href="#check-if-three-characters-would-start-a-"><span
class=secno>4.10. </span> Check if three characters would start a
number</a>
<li><a href="#changes-from-css-2.1-tokenizer"><span class=secno>4.11.
</span> Changes from CSS 2.1 Tokenizer</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#parsing"><span class=secno>5. </span> Parsing</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#parser-diagrams"><span class=secno>5.1. </span> Parser
Railroad Diagrams</a>
<li><a href="#parser-flags"><span class=secno>5.2. </span> Parser
Flags</a>
<li><a href="#definitions0"><span class=secno>5.3. </span>
Definitions</a>
<li><a href="#parser-entry-points"><span class=secno>5.4. </span> Parser
Entry Points</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#parse-a-stylesheet"><span class=secno>5.4.1. </span>
Parse a stylesheet</a>
<li><a href="#parse-a-rule"><span class=secno>5.4.2. </span> Parse a
rule</a>
<li><a href="#parse-a-list-of-declarations"><span class=secno>5.4.3.
</span> Parse a list of declarations</a>
<li><a href="#parse-a-component-value"><span class=secno>5.4.4.
</span> Parse a component value</a>
<li><a href="#parse-a-list-of-component-values"><span
class=secno>5.4.5. </span> Parse a list of component values</a>
<li><a href="#parse-a-comma-separated-list-of-componen"><span
class=secno>5.4.6. </span> Parse a comma-separated list of component
values</a>
<li><a href="#parse-anb-notation"><span class=secno>5.4.7. </span>
Parse an+b notation</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#parser-algorithms"><span class=secno>5.5. </span> Parser
Algorithms</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#consume-a-list-of-rules"><span class=secno>5.5.1.
</span> Consume a list of rules</a>
<li><a href="#consume-an-at-rule"><span class=secno>5.5.2. </span>
Consume an at-rule</a>
<li><a href="#consume-a-qualified-rule"><span class=secno>5.5.3.
</span> Consume a qualified rule</a>
<li><a href="#consume-a-list-of-declarations"><span class=secno>5.5.4.
</span> Consume a list of declarations</a>
<li><a href="#consume-a-declaration"><span class=secno>5.5.5. </span>
Consume a declaration</a>
<li><a href="#consume-a-component-value"><span class=secno>5.5.6.
</span> Consume a component value</a>
<li><a href="#consume-a-simple-block"><span class=secno>5.5.7. </span>
Consume a simple block</a>
<li><a href="#consume-a-function"><span class=secno>5.5.8. </span>
Consume a function</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#changes-from-css-2.1-core-grammar"><span class=secno>5.6.
</span> Changes from CSS 2.1 Core Grammar</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#serialization"><span class=secno>6. </span>Serialization</a>
<li><a href="#conformance"><span class=secno>7. </span> Conformance</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#conventions"><span class=secno>7.1. </span> Document
conventions</a>
<li><a href="#conformance-classes"><span class=secno>7.2. </span>
Conformance classes</a>
</ul>
<li class=no-num><a href="#acknowledgments"> Acknowledgments</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#references"> References</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li class=no-num><a href="#normative-references"> Normative
references</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#other-references"> Other references</a>
</ul>
<li class=no-num><a href="#index"> Index</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#property-index"> Property index</a>
</ul>
<!--end-toc-->
<h2 id=intro><span class=secno>1. </span> Introduction</h2>
<p><em>This section is not normative.</em>
<p> This module defines the abstract syntax and parsing of CSS stylesheets
and other things which use CSS syntax (such as the HTML <code>style</code>
attribute).
<p> It defines algorithms for converting a stream of codepoints (in other
words, text) into a stream of CSS tokens, and then further into CSS
objects such as stylesheets, rules, and declarations.
<h3 id=placement><span class=secno>1.1. </span> Module interactions</h3>
<p> This module defines the syntax and parsing of CSS stylesheets. It
supersedes the lexical scanner and grammar defined in CSS 2.1.
<h2 id=syntax-description><span class=secno>2. </span> Description of CSS's
Syntax</h2>
<p><em>This section is not normative.</em>
<p> A CSS document is a series of <a href="#qualified-rule0"><i>qualified
rules</i></a>, which are usually style rules that apply CSS properties to
elements, and <a href="#at-rule"><i>at-rules</i></a>, which define special
processing rules or values for the CSS document.
<p> A <dfn id=qualified-rule>qualified rule</dfn> starts with a prelude
then has a {}-wrapped block containing a sequence of declarations. The
meaning of the prelude varies based on the context that the rule appears
in - for style rules, it's a selector which specifies what elements the
declarations will apply to. Each declaration has a name, followed by a
colon and the declaration value, and finished with a semicolon.
<div class=example>
<p> A typical rule might look something like this:
<pre>
p > a {
color: blue;
text-decoration: underline;
}</pre>
<p> In the above rule, "<code>p > a</code>" is the selector, which, if the
source document is HTML, selects any <code><a></code> elements that
are children of a <code><p></code> element.
<p> "<code>color: blue;</code>" is a declaration specifying that, for the
elements that match the selector, their ‘<code
class=property>color</code>’ property should have the value ‘<code
class=css>blue</code>’. Similiarly, their ‘<code
class=property>text-decoration</code>’ property should have the value
‘<code class=css>underline</code>’.
</div>
<p> <dfn id=at-rules title=at-rule>At-rules</dfn> are all different, but
they have a basic structure in common. They start with an "@" character
followed by their name. Some <a href="#at-rule"><i>at-rules</i></a> are
simple statements, with their name followed by more CSS values to specify
their behavior, and finally ended by a semicolon. Others are blocks; they
can have CSS values following their name, but they end with a {}-wrapped
block, similar to a <i>rule</i>. Even the contents of these blocks are
specific to the given <a href="#at-rule"><i>at-rule</i></a>: sometimes
they contain a sequence of declarations, like a <i>rule</i>; other times,
they may contain additional blocks, or at-rules, or other structures
altogether.
<div class=example>
<p> Here are several examples of <a href="#at-rule"><i>at-rules</i></a>
that illustrate the varied syntax they may contain.
<pre>@import "my-styles.css";</pre>
<p> The ‘<code class=css>@import</code>’ <a
href="#at-rule"><i>at-rule</i></a> is a simple statement. After its name,
it takes a single string or ‘<code class=css>url()</code>’ function
to indicate the stylesheet that it should import.
<pre>
@page :left {
margin-left: 4cm;
margin-right: 3cm;
}</pre>
<p> The ‘<code class=css>@page</code>’ <a
href="#at-rule"><i>at-rule</i></a> consists of an optional page selector
(the ":left" pseudoclass), followed by a block of properties that apply
to the page when printed. In this way, it's very similar to a normal
<i>style rule</i>, except that its properties don't apply to any
"element", but rather the page itself.
<pre>
@media print {
body { font-size: 10pt }
}</pre>
<p> The ‘<code class=css>@media</code>’ <a
href="#at-rule"><i>at-rule</i></a> begins with a media type and a list of
optional media queries. Its block contains entire rules, which are only
applied when the ‘<code class=css>@media</code>’s conditions are
fulfilled.
</div>
<p> Property names and <a href="#at-rule"><i>at-rule</i></a> names are
always <b>idents</b>, which have to start with a letter or a hyphen
followed by a letter, and then can contain letters, numbers, hyphens, or
underscores. You can include any character at all, even ones that CSS uses
in its syntax, by escaping it with a backslash (\) or by using a
hexadecimal escape.
<p> The syntax of selectors is defined in the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/">Selectors spec</a>. Similarly, the
syntax of the wide variety of CSS values is defined in the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-values/">Values & Units spec</a>. The
special syntaxes of individual <a href="#at-rule"><i>at-rules</i></a> can
be found in the specs that define them.
<h3 id=error-handling><span class=secno>2.1. </span> Error Handling</h3>
<p><em>This section is not normative.</em>
<p> When errors occur in CSS, the parser attempts to recover gracefully,
throwing away only the minimum amount of content before returning to
parsing as normal. This is because errors aren't always mistakes - new
syntax looks like an error to an old parser, and it's useful to be able to
add new syntax to the language without worrying stylesheets that include
it being completely broken in older UAs.
<p> The precise error-recovery behavior is detailed in the parser itself,
but it's simple enough that a short description is fairly accurate:
<ul>
<li> If an error is encountered while parsing a <a
href="#declaration"><i>declaration</i></a>, the parser throws away the
declaration and skips forward until it next encounters a top-level
semicolon token, or the declaration's enclosing rule is ended.
<li> If an error is encountered while parsing the prelude of a <a
href="#qualified-rule0"><i>qualified rule</i></a>, the parser throws away
the rule and skips forward until it next encounters a simple {} block, or
the rule's enclosing rule is ended.
<li> If an error is encountered while parsing the prelude of an <a
href="#at-rule"><i>at-rule</i></a>, the parser throws away the rule and
skips forward until it next encounters either a simple {} block, or a
semicolon token.
<li> If the stylesheet ends while any rule, declaration, function, string,
etc. are still open, everything is automatically closed. This doesn't
make them invalid, though they may be incomplete and thus thrown away
when they are verified against their grammar.
</ul>
<h2 id=tokenizing-and-parsing-css><span class=secno>3. </span> Tokenizing
and Parsing CSS</h2>
<p> User agents must use the parsing rules described in this specification
to generate the CSSOM trees from text/css resources. Together, these rules
define what is referred to as the CSS parser.
<p> This specification defines the parsing rules for CSS documents, whether
they are syntactically correct or not. Certain points in the parsing
algorithm are said to be a <dfn id=parse-errors title="parse error">parse
errors</dfn>. The error handling for parse errors is well-defined: user
agents must either act as described below when encountering such problems,
or must abort processing at the first error that they encounter for which
they do not wish to apply the rules described below.
<p> Conformance checkers must report at least one parse error condition to
the user if one or more parse error conditions exist in the document and
must not report parse error conditions if none exist in the document.
Conformance checkers may report more than one parse error condition if
more than one parse error condition exists in the document. Conformance
checkers are not required to recover from parse errors.
<h3 id=overview-of-the-parsing-model><span class=secno>3.1. </span>
Overview of the Parsing Model</h3>
<p> The input to the CSS parsing process consists of a stream of Unicode
code points, which is passed through a tokenization stage followed by a
tree construction stage. The output is a CSSStyleSheet object.
<p class=note> Implementations that do not support scripting do not have to
actually create a CSSOM CSSStyleSheet object, but the CSSOM tree in such
cases is still used as the model for the rest of the specification.
<h3 id=the-input-byte-stream><span class=secno>3.2. </span> The input byte
stream</h3>
<p> The stream of Unicode code points that comprises the input to the
tokenization stage will be initially seen by the user agent as a stream of
bytes (typically coming over the network or from the local file system).
The bytes encode the actual characters according to a particular character
encoding, which the user agent must use to decode the bytes into
characters.
<p> To decode the stream of bytes into a stream of characters, UAs must
follow these steps.
<p> The algorithms to <a
href="http://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-encoding-get"><dfn
id=get-an-encoding>get an encoding</dfn></a> and <a
href="http://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#decode"><dfn
id=decode>decode</dfn></a> are defined in the <a
href="http://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/">Encoding Standard</a>.
<p> First, determine the fallback encoding:
<ol>
<li> If HTTP or equivalent protocol defines an encoding (e.g. via the
charset parameter of the Content-Type header), <a
href="#get-an-encoding"><i>get an encoding</i></a> for the specified
value. If that does not return failure, use the return value as the
fallback encoding.
<li> Otherwise, check the byte stream. If the first several bytes match
the hex sequence
<pre>40 63 68 61 72 73 65 74 20 22 (not 22)* 22 3B</pre>
then <a href="#get-an-encoding"><i>get an encoding</i></a> for the
sequence of <code>(not 22)*</code> bytes, decoded per
<code>windows-1252</code>.
<p class=note> Note: Anything ASCII-compatible will do, so using
<code>windows-1252</code> is fine.
<p class=note> Note: The byte sequence above, when decoded as ASCII, is
the string "<code>@charset "…";</code>", where the "…" is the
sequence of bytes corresponding to the encoding's name.
<p> If the return value was <code>utf-16</code> or <code>utf-16be</code>,
use <code>utf-8</code> as the fallback encoding; if it was anything else
except failure, use the return value as the fallback encoding.
<p class=note> This mimics HTML <code><meta></code> behavior.
<li> Otherwise, <a href="#get-an-encoding"><i>get an encoding</i></a> for
the value of the <code>charset</code> attribute on the
<code><link></code> element or <code><?xml-stylesheet?></code>
processing instruction that caused the style sheet to be included, if
any. If that does not return failure, use the return value as the
fallback encoding.
<li> Otherwise, if the referring style sheet or document has an encoding,
use that as the fallback encoding.
<li> Otherwise, use <code>utf-8</code> as the fallback encoding.
</ol>
<p> Then, <a href="#decode"><i>decode</i></a> the byte stream using the
fallback encoding.
<p class=note> Note: the <a href="#decode"><i>decode</i></a> algorithm lets
the byte order mark (BOM) take precedence, hence the usage of the term
"fallback" above.
<p class=issue> Anne says that steps 3/4 should be an input to this
algorithm from the specs that define importing stylesheet, to make the
algorithm as a whole cleaner. Perhaps abstract it into the concept of an
"environment charset" or something?
<h4 id=preprocessing-the-input-stream><span class=secno>3.2.1. </span>
Preprocessing the input stream</h4>
<p> The input stream consists of the characters pushed into it as the input
byte stream is decoded.
<p> Before sending the input stream to the tokenizer, implementations must
make the following character substitutions:
<ul>
<li> Replace any U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) characters or pairs of U+000D
CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) followed by U+000A LINE FEED (LF) by a single U+000A
LINE FEED (LF) character.
<li> Replace any U+0000 NULL characters with U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER
(�).
</ul>
<h2 id=tokenization><span class=secno>4. </span> Tokenization</h2>
<p> Implementations must act as if they used the following state machine to
tokenize CSS. The state machine must start in the <a
href="#data-state0"><i>data state</i></a>. Most states consume a single
character, which may have various side-effects, and either switches the
state machine to a new state to reconsume the same character, or switches
it to a new state to consume the next character, or stays in the same
state to consume the next character. Some states have more complicated
behavior and can consume several characters before switching to another
state.
<p> The output of the tokenization step is a series of zero or more of the
following tokens: ident, function, at-keyword, hash, string, bad-string,
url, bad-url, delim, number, percentage, dimension, unicode-range,
include-match, dash-match, prefix-match, suffix-match, substring-match,
column, whitespace, cdo, cdc, colon, semicolon, comma, [, ], (, ), {, and
}.
<p> Ident, function, at-keyword, hash, string, and url tokens have a value
composed of zero or more characters. Additionally, hash tokens have a type
flag set to either "id" or "unrestricted". The type flag defaults to
"unrestricted" if not otherwise set. Delim tokens have a value composed of
a single character. Number, percentage, and dimension tokens have a
representation composed of 1 or more character, and a numeric value.
Number tokens additionally have a type flag set to either "integer" or
"number". The type flag defaults to "integer" if not otherwise set.
Dimension tokens additionally have a unit composed of one or more
characters. Unicode-range tokens have a range of characters.
<p class=note> The type flag of hash tokens is used in the Selectors syntax
<a href="#SELECT" rel=biblioentry>[SELECT]<!--{{SELECT}}--></a>. Only hash
tokens with the "id" type are valid <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#id-selectors">ID selectors</a>.
<p> The tokenizer state machine consists of the states defined in the
following subsections.
<h3 id=token-diagrams><span class=secno>4.1. </span> Token Railroad
Diagrams</h3>
<p> <em>This section is non-normative.</em>
<p> This section presents an informative view of the tokenizer, in the form
of railroad diagrams. Railroad diagrams are more compact than a
state-machine, but often easier to read than a regular expression.
<p> These diagrams are <em>informative</em> and <em>incomplete</em>; they
describe the grammar of "correct" tokens, but do not describe
error-handling at all. They are provided solely to make it easier to get
an intuitive grasp of the syntax of each token.
<p> Diagrams with names in all uppercase represent tokens. The rest are
productions referred to by other diagrams. <!--
The "source" of these diagrams is in ./Diagrams.src.html
The generated SVG is copied here so that JavaScript is not required
to view the spec.
-->
<dl>
<dt id=comment-diagram>comment
<dd><svg class=railroad-diagram height=81 width=497><g
transform="translate(.5 .5)"><path
d="M 20 31 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path><path
d="M40 41h10"></path><g><path d="M50 41h0"></path><path
d="M86 41h0"></path><rect height=22 rx=10 ry=10 width=36 x=50
y=30></rect><text x=68 y=45>/*</text></g><path
d="M86 41h10"></path><g><path d="M96 41h0"></path><path
d="M400 41h0"></path><path
d="M96 41a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path><g><path
d="M116 21h264"></path></g><path
d="M380 21a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><path
d="M96 41h20"></path><g><path d="M116 41h0"></path><path
d="M380 41h0"></path><path d="M116 41h10"></path><g><path
d="M126 41h0"></path><path d="M370 41h0"></path><rect height=22 width=244
x=126 y=30></rect><text x=248 y=45>anything but * followed by
/</text></g><path d="M370 41h10"></path><path
d="M126 41a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M126 61h244"></path></g><path
d="M370 61a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path></g><path
d="M380 41h20"></path></g><path d="M400 41h10"></path><g><path
d="M410 41h0"></path><path d="M446 41h0"></path><rect height=22 rx=10
ry=10 width=36 x=410 y=30></rect><text x=428 y=45>*/</text></g><path
d="M446 41h10"></path><path
d="M 456 41 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path></g></svg>
<dt id=newline-diagram>newline
<dd><svg class=railroad-diagram height=152 width=173><g
transform="translate(.5 .5)"><path
d="M 20 21 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path><g><path
d="M40 31h0"></path><path d="M132 31h0"></path><path
d="M40 31h20"></path><g><path d="M60 31h8"></path><path
d="M104 31h8"></path><rect height=22 rx=10 ry=10 width=36 x=68
y=20></rect><text x=86 y=35>\n</text></g><path
d="M112 31h20"></path><path
d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v10a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M60 61h0"></path><path d="M112 61h0"></path><rect height=22 rx=10
ry=10 width=52 x=60 y=50></rect><text x=86 y=65>\r\n</text></g><path
d="M112 61a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-10a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path><path
d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v40a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M60 91h8"></path><path d="M104 91h8"></path><rect height=22 rx=10
ry=10 width=36 x=68 y=80></rect><text x=86 y=95>\r</text></g><path
d="M112 91a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-40a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path><path
d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v70a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M60 121h8"></path><path d="M104 121h8"></path><rect height=22 rx=10
ry=10 width=36 x=68 y=110></rect><text x=86 y=125>\f</text></g><path
d="M112 121a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-70a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path></g><path
d="M 132 31 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path></g></svg>
<dt id=whitespace-character-diagram>whitespace character
<dd><svg class=railroad-diagram height=122 width=197><g
transform="translate(.5 .5)"><path
d="M 20 21 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path><g><path
d="M40 31h0"></path><path d="M156 31h0"></path><path
d="M40 31h20"></path><g><path d="M60 31h8"></path><path
d="M128 31h8"></path><rect height=22 rx=10 ry=10 width=60 x=68
y=20></rect><text x=98 y=35>space</text></g><path
d="M136 31h20"></path><path
d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v10a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M60 61h20"></path><path d="M116 61h20"></path><rect height=22 rx=10
ry=10 width=36 x=80 y=50></rect><text x=98 y=65>\t</text></g><path
d="M136 61a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-10a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path><path
d="M40 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v40a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M60 91h0"></path><path d="M136 91h0"></path><rect height=22 width=76
x=60 y=80></rect><text x=98 y=95>newline</text></g><path
d="M136 91a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-40a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path></g><path
d="M 156 31 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path></g></svg>
<dt id=escape-diagram>escape
<dd><svg class=railroad-diagram height=122 width=521><g
transform="translate(.5 .5)"><path
d="M 20 21 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path><path
d="M40 31h10"></path><g><path d="M50 31h0"></path><path
d="M78 31h0"></path><rect height=22 rx=10 ry=10 width=28 x=50
y=20></rect><text x=64 y=35>\</text></g><path
d="M78 31h10"></path><g><path d="M88 31h0"></path><path
d="M480 31h0"></path><path d="M88 31h20"></path><g><path
d="M108 31h70"></path><path d="M390 31h70"></path><rect height=22
width=212 x=178 y=20></rect><text x=284 y=35>not newline or hex
digit</text></g><path d="M460 31h20"></path><path
d="M88 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v10a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M108 61h0"></path><path d="M460 61h0"></path><path
d="M108 61h10"></path><g><path d="M118 61h0"></path><path
d="M230 61h0"></path><path d="M118 61h10"></path><g><path
d="M128 61h0"></path><path d="M220 61h0"></path><rect height=22 width=92
x=128 y=50></rect><text x=174 y=65>hex digit</text></g><path
d="M220 61h10"></path><path
d="M128 61a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v10a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M128 91h9.5"></path><path d="M210.5 91h9.5"></path><text class=comment
x=174 y=96>1-6 times</text></g><path
d="M220 91a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-10a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path></g><path
d="M230 61h10"></path><g><path d="M240 61h0"></path><path
d="M460 61h0"></path><path d="M240 61h20"></path><g><path
d="M260 61h180"></path></g><path d="M440 61h20"></path><path
d="M240 61a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M260 81h0"></path><path d="M440 81h0"></path><rect height=22 width=180
x=260 y=70></rect><text x=350 y=85>whitespace character</text></g><path
d="M440 81a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path></g></g><path
d="M460 61a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-10a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path></g><path
d="M 480 31 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path></g></svg>
<dt id=whitespace-diagram>WHITESPACE
<dd><svg class=railroad-diagram height=71 width=301><g
transform="translate(.5 .5)"><path
d="M 20 21 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path><path
d="M40 31h10"></path><g><path d="M50 31h0"></path><path
d="M250 31h0"></path><path d="M50 31h10"></path><g><path
d="M60 31h0"></path><path d="M240 31h0"></path><rect height=22 width=180
x=60 y=20></rect><text x=150 y=35>whitespace character</text></g><path
d="M240 31h10"></path><path
d="M60 31a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M60 51h180"></path></g><path
d="M240 51a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path></g><path
d="M250 31h10"></path><path
d="M 260 31 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path></g></svg>
<dt id=ident-diagram>IDENT
<dd><svg class=railroad-diagram height=110 width=729><g
transform="translate(.5 .5)"><path
d="M 20 31 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path><g><path
d="M40 41h0"></path><path d="M108 41h0"></path><path
d="M40 41h20"></path><g><path d="M60 41h28"></path></g><path
d="M88 41h20"></path><path
d="M40 41a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M60 61h0"></path><path d="M88 61h0"></path><rect height=22 rx=10 ry=10
width=28 x=60 y=50></rect><text x=74 y=65>-</text></g><path
d="M88 61a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path></g><g><path
d="M108 41h0"></path><path d="M344 41h0"></path><path
d="M108 41h20"></path><g><path d="M128 41h0"></path><path
d="M324 41h0"></path><rect height=22 width=196 x=128 y=30></rect><text
x=226 y=45>a-z A-Z _ or non-ASCII</text></g><path
d="M324 41h20"></path><path
d="M108 41a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v10a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M128 71h64"></path><path d="M260 71h64"></path><rect height=22
width=68 x=192 y=60></rect><text x=226 y=75>escape</text></g><path
d="M324 71a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-10a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path></g><g><path
d="M344 41h0"></path><path d="M688 41h0"></path><path
d="M344 41a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path><g><path
d="M364 21h304"></path></g><path
d="M668 21a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><path
d="M344 41h20"></path><g><path d="M364 41h0"></path><path
d="M668 41h0"></path><path d="M364 41h10"></path><g><path
d="M374 41h0"></path><path d="M658 41h0"></path><path
d="M374 41h20"></path><g><path d="M394 41h0"></path><path
d="M638 41h0"></path><rect height=22 width=244 x=394 y=30></rect><text
x=516 y=45>a-z A-Z 0-9 _ - or non-ASCII</text></g><path
d="M638 41h20"></path><path
d="M374 41a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v10a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M394 71h88"></path><path d="M550 71h88"></path><rect height=22
width=68 x=482 y=60></rect><text x=516 y=75>escape</text></g><path
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d="M658 41h10"></path><path
d="M374 41a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v29a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M374 90h284"></path></g><path
d="M658 90a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-29a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path></g><path
d="M668 41h20"></path></g><path
d="M 688 41 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path></g></svg>
<dt id=function-diagram>FUNCTION
<dd><svg class=railroad-diagram height=62 width=209><g
transform="translate(.5 .5)"><path
d="M 20 21 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path><path
d="M40 31h10"></path><g><path d="M50 31h0"></path><path
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y=35>IDENT</text></g><path d="M110 31h10"></path><path
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y=20></rect><text x=144 y=35>(</text></g><path
d="M158 31h10"></path><path
d="M 168 31 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path></g></svg>
<dt id=at-keyword-diagram>AT-KEYWORD
<dd><svg class=railroad-diagram height=62 width=209><g
transform="translate(.5 .5)"><path
d="M 20 21 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path><path
d="M40 31h10"></path><g><path d="M50 31h0"></path><path
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y=20></rect><text x=64 y=35>@</text></g><path d="M78 31h10"></path><path
d="M88 31h10"></path><g><path d="M98 31h0"></path><path
d="M158 31h0"></path><rect height=22 width=60 x=98 y=20></rect><text
x=128 y=35>IDENT</text></g><path d="M158 31h10"></path><path
d="M 168 31 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path></g></svg>
<dt id=hash-diagram>HASH
<dd><svg class=railroad-diagram height=100 width=453><g
transform="translate(.5 .5)"><path
d="M 20 21 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path><path
d="M40 31h10"></path><g><path d="M50 31h0"></path><path
d="M78 31h0"></path><rect height=22 rx=10 ry=10 width=28 x=50
y=20></rect><text x=64 y=35>#</text></g><path d="M78 31h10"></path><path
d="M88 31h10"></path><g><path d="M98 31h0"></path><path
d="M402 31h0"></path><path d="M98 31h10"></path><g><path
d="M108 31h0"></path><path d="M392 31h0"></path><path
d="M108 31h20"></path><g><path d="M128 31h0"></path><path
d="M372 31h0"></path><rect height=22 width=244 x=128 y=20></rect><text
x=250 y=35>a-z A-Z 0-9 _ - or non-ASCII</text></g><path
d="M372 31h20"></path><path
d="M108 31a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v10a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M128 61h88"></path><path d="M284 61h88"></path><rect height=22
width=68 x=216 y=50></rect><text x=250 y=65>escape</text></g><path
d="M372 61a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-10a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path></g><path
d="M392 31h10"></path><path
d="M108 31a10 10 0 0 0 -10 10v29a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
d="M108 80h284"></path></g><path
d="M392 80a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-29a10 10 0 0 0 -10 -10"></path></g><path
d="M402 31h10"></path><path
d="M 412 31 h 20 m -10 -10 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20"></path></g></svg>
<dt id=string-diagram>STRING
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transform="translate(.5 .5)"><path
d="M 20 31 v 20 m 10 -20 v 20 m -10 -10 h 20.5"></path><g><path
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width=28 x=70 y=30></rect><text x=84 y=45>"</text></g><path
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d="M372 41h0"></path><path
d="M108 41a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v0a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path><g><path
d="M128 21h224"></path></g><path
d="M352 21a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v0a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><path
d="M108 41h20"></path><g><path d="M128 41h0"></path><path
d="M352 41h0"></path><path d="M128 41h10"></path><g><path
d="M138 41h0"></path><path d="M342 41h0"></path><path
d="M138 41h20"></path><g><path d="M158 41h0"></path><path
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x=240 y=45>not " \ or newline</text></g><path d="M322 41h20"></path><path
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d="M158 71h48"></path><path d="M274 71h48"></path><rect height=22
width=68 x=206 y=60></rect><text x=240 y=75>escape</text></g><path
d="M322 71a10 10 0 0 0 10 -10v-10a10 10 0 0 1 10 -10"></path><path
d="M138 41a10 10 0 0 1 10 10v40a10 10 0 0 0 10 10"></path><g><path
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y=90></rect><text x=192 y=105>\</text></g><path
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d="M60 149h0"></path><path d="M420 149h0"></path><path
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d="M352 149h0"></path><path d="M128 149h10"></path><g><path
d="M138 149h0"></path><path d="M342 149h0"></path><path
d="M138 149h20"></path><g><path d="M158 149h0"></path><path
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x=240 y=153>not ' \ or newline</text></g><path
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