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Equal to the used x-height of the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-fonts/#first-available-font">first available font</a>.[[!CSS3-FONTS]]
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Equal to the used x-height of the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-fonts/#first-available-font">first available font</a>[[!CSS3-FONTS]].
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The x-height is so called because it is often equal to the height of the lowercase "x".
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However, an ''ex'' is defined even for fonts that do not contain an "x".
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The x-height of a font can be found in different ways. Some fonts
@@ -985,19 +986,19 @@ Absolute lengths: the ''cm'', ''mm'', ''q'', ''in'', ''pt'', ''pc'', ''px'' unit
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For such devices it is recommended that the pixel unit
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refer to the whole number of device pixels that best approximates the reference pixel.
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Note: Note that if the anchor unit is the pixel unit,
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Note: If the anchor unit is the pixel unit,
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the physical units might not match their physical measurements.
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Alternatively if the anchor unit is a physical unit,
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the pixel unit might not map to a whole number of device pixels.
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Note: Note that this definition of the pixel unit and the physical units
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Note: This definition of the pixel unit and the physical units
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differs from previous versions of CSS.
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In particular, in previous versions of CSS the pixel unit and the physical units
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were not related by a fixed ratio:
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the physical units were always tied to their physical measurements
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while the pixel unit would vary to most closely match the reference pixel.
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(This change was made because too much existing content relies on the assumption of 96dpi,
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and breaking that assumption breaks the content.)
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and breaking that assumption broke the content.)
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The <dfn export>reference pixel</dfn> is the visual angle of one pixel on a device with a pixel density of 96dpi
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and a distance from the reader of an arm's length.
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square reference pixel is implemented by 16 dots. For
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the monitor screen, one square reference pixel is
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implemented by a single dot.'>
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<figcaption>Showing that more device pixels (dots) are needed to cover a 1px by 1px area on a high-resolution device than on a low-res one</figcaption>
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<figcaption>Showing that more device pixels (dots) are needed to cover a 1px by 1px area
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on a high-resolution device than on a lower-resolution one
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(of the same approximate viewing distance)</figcaption>
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</figure>
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<h2 id="other-units">
@@ -1170,21 +1173,21 @@ Resolution Units: the <<resolution>> type and ''dpi'', ''dpcm'', ''dppx'' units<
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<dl export>
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<dt><dfn>dpi</dfn>
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<dd>dots per inch
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<dd>Dots per inch.
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<dt><dfn>dpcm</dfn>
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<dd>dots per centimeter
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<dd>Dots per centimeter.
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<dt><dfn>dppx</dfn>
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<dd>dots per ''px'' unit
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<dd>Dots per ''px'' unit.
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</dl>
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The <<resolution>> unit represents the size of a single "dot" in a graphical representation
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by indicating how many of these dots fit in a CSS ''in'', ''cm'', or ''px''.
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For uses, see e.g. the ''resolution'' media query in [[MEDIAQ]]
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or the 'image-resolution' property defined in [[CSS3-IMAGES]].
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Note: Note that due to the 1:96 fixed ratio of CSS ''in'' to CSS ''px'',
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Note: Due to the 1:96 fixed ratio of CSS ''in'' to CSS ''px'',
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''1dppx'' is equivalent to ''96dpi''.
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This corresponds to the default resolution of images displayed in CSS: see 'image-resolution'.
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@@ -1261,15 +1264,16 @@ Functional Notations</h2>
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(i.e. a <<function-token>>)
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followed by the argument(s) to the notation
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followed by a right parenthesis.
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White space is allowed, but optional, immediately inside the parentheses.
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax/#whitespace">White space</a> is allowed, but optional,
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immediately inside the parentheses.
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Functions can take multiple arguments,
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which are formatted similarly to a CSS property value.
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Some legacy functional notations, such as ''rgba()'', use commas unnecessarily,
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but generally commas are only used to separate items in a list,
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or pieces of a grammar that would be ambiguous otherwise.
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If a comma is used to separate arguments,
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whitespace is optional before and after the comma.
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<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax/#whitespace">white space</a> is optional before and after the comma.
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<div class="example">
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<pre>
@@ -1383,8 +1387,9 @@ Syntax</h4>
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<p noexport>Where a <dfn><dimension></dfn> is a <a>dimension</a>.
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In addition, whitespace is required on both sides of the ''+'' and ''-'' operators.
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(The ''*'' and ''/'' operaters can be used without whitespace around them.)
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In addition, <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax/#whitespace">white space</a>
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is required on both sides of the ''+'' and ''-'' operators.
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(The ''*'' and ''/'' operaters can be used without white space around them.)
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UAs must support ''calc()'' expressions of at least 20 terms,
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where each <code>NUMBER</code>, <code>DIMENSION</code>, or <code>PERCENTAGE</code> is a term.
@@ -1455,8 +1460,8 @@ Type Checking</h4>
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(as purely-numeric expressions can be evaluated without any additional
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information at parse time).
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Note: Note that algebraic simplifications do not affect the validity of the ''calc()'' expression or its resolved type.
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For example, ''calc(5px - 5px + 10s)''or''calc(0 * 5px + 10s)'' are both invalid
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Note: Algebraic simplifications do not affect the validity of the ''calc()'' expression or its resolved type.
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For example, ''calc(5px - 5px + 10s)''and''calc(0 * 5px + 10s)'' are both invalid
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due to the attempt to add a length and a time.
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<h4 id='calc-computed-value'>
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The value resulting from an expression must be clamped to the
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range allowed in the target context.
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Note: Note this requires all contexts accepting ''calc()''
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Note: This requires all contexts accepting ''calc()''
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to define their allowable values as a closed (not open) interval.
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<div class=example>
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or there was no match,
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the computed value of ''toggle()'' is the computed value that the first argument represents.
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Note: Note that''toggle()'' explicitly looks at the computed value of the parent,
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Note: That''toggle()'' explicitly looks at the computed value of the parent,
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so it works even on non-inherited properties.
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This is similar to the ''inherit'' keyword,
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which works even on non-inherited properties.
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Note: Note that the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/cascade.html#computed-value">computed value</a> of a property is an abstract set of values,
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Note: That the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/cascade.html#computed-value">computed value</a> of a property is an abstract set of values,
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not a particular serialization [[!CSS21]],
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so comparison between computed values should always be unambiguous and have the expected result.
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For example,
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</pre>
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Note that, since ''1px'' appears twice in the top and bottom margins,
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they will cycle between only two value
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they will cycle between only two values
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while the left and right margins cycle through three.
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In other words, the declarations above will yield the same computed values
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as the longhand declarations below:
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If it's absent,
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the default value for the given <<type-or-unit>> (from the list below) is implied.
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Note: Note that, unlike<<toggle-value>>s,
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Note: Unlike<<toggle-value>>s,
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an ''attr()''<<attr-fallback>> value may contain top-level commas,
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as it is always the last argument in the functional notation.
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@@ -1761,7 +1766,7 @@ Ian's proposal:
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the attr() expression's type is valid where the attr() expression is placed,
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<li>
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if the attribute name is given with a namespace prefix, the prefix is defined
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the namespace prefix of the attribute name, if any, is defined,
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<li>
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the <<attr-fallback>> is valid where the attr() expression is placed,
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like in ''width: attr(size px, auto);''.
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If the attr() is used alongside other values to form the full property value,
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however, the default value must match the attr()'s type.
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however, then the default value must match the attr()'s type.
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For example, ''box-shadow: attr(size px, inset) 5px 10px blue;'' is invalid,
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even though it would create a valid declaration if you substituted the attr() expression
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with either a ''px'' length <em>or</em> the ''box-shadow/inset'' keyword.
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If the specified attribute exists on the element,
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the value of the attribute must be parsed as required by the <<type-or-unit>> argument
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(as defined in the list below).
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Unless the type is ''string'', it must first be stripped of leading and trailing white space.
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Unless the type is ''string'', it must first be stripped of leading and trailing
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