diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index eefef768..920bf5fe 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -8281,13 +8281,13 @@ mod tests {
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: acos(cos(45deg))", ".foo{rotate:45deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: acos(-1)", ".foo{rotate:180deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: acos(0)", ".foo{rotate:90deg}");
-    minify_test(".foo { rotate: acos(1)", ".foo{rotate:none}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: acos(1)", ".foo{rotate:0deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: acos(45deg)", ".foo{rotate:acos(45deg)}"); // invalid
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: acos(-20)", ".foo{rotate:acos(-20)}"); // evaluates to NaN
 
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: atan(tan(45deg))", ".foo{rotate:45deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: atan(1)", ".foo{rotate:45deg}");
-    minify_test(".foo { rotate: atan(0)", ".foo{rotate:none}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: atan(0)", ".foo{rotate:0deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: atan(45deg)", ".foo{rotate:atan(45deg)}"); // invalid
 
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: atan2(1px, -1px)", ".foo{rotate:135deg}");
@@ -8301,6 +8301,9 @@ mod tests {
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: atan2(-1, 1)", ".foo{rotate:-45deg}");
     // incompatible units
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: atan2(1px, -1vw)", ".foo{rotate:atan2(1px, -1vw)}");
+
+    minify_test(".foo { transform: rotate(acos(1)) }", ".foo{transform:rotate(0)}");
+    minify_test(".foo { transform: rotate(atan(0)) }", ".foo{transform:rotate(0)}");
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -12832,16 +12835,31 @@ mod tests {
     minify_test(".foo { translate: 1px 2px 0px }", ".foo{translate:1px 2px}");
     minify_test(".foo { translate: 1px 0px 2px }", ".foo{translate:1px 0 2px}");
     minify_test(".foo { translate: none }", ".foo{translate:none}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: none }", ".foo{rotate:none}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 0deg }", ".foo{rotate:0deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: -0deg }", ".foo{rotate:0deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:10deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: z 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:10deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: 0 0 1 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:10deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: x 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:x 10deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: 1 0 0 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:x 10deg}");
-    minify_test(".foo { rotate: y 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:y 10deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 2 0 0 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:x 10deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 0 2 0 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:y 10deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 0 0 2 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:10deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 0 0 5.3 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:10deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 0 0 1 0deg }", ".foo{rotate:0deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 10deg 0 0 -1 }", ".foo{rotate:-10deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 10deg 0 0 -233 }", ".foo{rotate:-10deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: -1 0 0 0deg }", ".foo{rotate:x 0deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 0deg 0 0 1 }", ".foo{rotate:0deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 0deg 0 0 -1 }", ".foo{rotate:0deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: 0 1 0 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:y 10deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: x 0rad }", ".foo{rotate:x 0deg}");
+    // TODO: In minify mode, convert units to the shortest form.
+    // minify_test(".foo { rotate: y 0turn }", ".foo{rotate:y 0deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: z 0deg }", ".foo{rotate:0deg}");
+    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 10deg y }", ".foo{rotate:y 10deg}");
     minify_test(".foo { rotate: 1 1 1 10deg }", ".foo{rotate:1 1 1 10deg}");
-    minify_test(".foo { rotate: 0 0 1 0deg }", ".foo{rotate:none}");
-    minify_test(".foo { rotate: none }", ".foo{rotate:none}");
     minify_test(".foo { scale: 1 }", ".foo{scale:1}");
     minify_test(".foo { scale: 1 1 }", ".foo{scale:1}");
     minify_test(".foo { scale: 1 1 1 }", ".foo{scale:1}");
diff --git a/src/properties/transform.rs b/src/properties/transform.rs
index c8f5a7f7..60f3bb50 100644
--- a/src/properties/transform.rs
+++ b/src/properties/transform.rs
@@ -1518,29 +1518,39 @@ impl Translate {
 /// A value for the [rotate](https://drafts.csswg.org/css-transforms-2/#propdef-rotate) property.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit))]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(
+  feature = "serde",
+  derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize),
+  serde(rename_all = "lowercase")
+)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "jsonschema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "into_owned", derive(static_self::IntoOwned))]
-pub struct Rotate {
-  /// Rotation around the x axis.
-  pub x: f32,
-  /// Rotation around the y axis.
-  pub y: f32,
-  /// Rotation around the z axis.
-  pub z: f32,
-  /// The angle of rotation.
-  pub angle: Angle,
+pub enum Rotate {
+  /// The `none` keyword.
+  None,
+
+  /// Rotation on the x, y, and z axes.
+  #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(untagged))]
+  XYZ {
+    /// Rotation around the x axis.
+    x: f32,
+    /// Rotation around the y axis.
+    y: f32,
+    /// Rotation around the z axis.
+    z: f32,
+    /// The angle of rotation.
+    angle: Angle,
+  },
 }
 
 impl<'i> Parse<'i> for Rotate {
   fn parse<'t>(input: &mut Parser<'i, 't>) -> Result<Self, ParseError<'i, ParserError<'i>>> {
+    // CSS Transforms 2 §5.1:
+    // "It must serialize as the keyword none if and only if none was originally specified."
+    // Keep `none` explicit so identity rotations (e.g. `0deg`) do not round-trip to `none`.
+    // https://drafts.csswg.org/css-transforms-2/#individual-transforms
     if input.try_parse(|i| i.expect_ident_matching("none")).is_ok() {
-      return Ok(Rotate {
-        x: 0.0,
-        y: 0.0,
-        z: 1.0,
-        angle: Angle::Deg(0.0),
-      });
+      return Ok(Rotate::None);
     }
 
     let angle = input.try_parse(Angle::parse);
@@ -1564,7 +1574,7 @@ impl<'i> Parse<'i> for Rotate {
       )
       .unwrap_or((0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
     let angle = angle.or_else(|_| Angle::parse(input))?;
-    Ok(Rotate { x, y, z, angle })
+    Ok(Rotate::XYZ { x, y, z, angle })
   }
 }
 
@@ -1573,32 +1583,46 @@ impl ToCss for Rotate {
   where
     W: std::fmt::Write,
   {
-    if self.x == 0.0 && self.y == 0.0 && self.z == 1.0 && self.angle.is_zero() {
-      dest.write_str("none")?;
-      return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    if self.x == 1.0 && self.y == 0.0 && self.z == 0.0 {
-      dest.write_str("x ")?;
-    } else if self.x == 0.0 && self.y == 1.0 && self.z == 0.0 {
-      dest.write_str("y ")?;
-    } else if !(self.x == 0.0 && self.y == 0.0 && self.z == 1.0) {
-      self.x.to_css(dest)?;
-      dest.write_char(' ')?;
-      self.y.to_css(dest)?;
-      dest.write_char(' ')?;
-      self.z.to_css(dest)?;
-      dest.write_char(' ')?;
+    match self {
+      Rotate::None => dest.write_str("none"),
+      Rotate::XYZ { x, y, z, angle } => {
+        // CSS Transforms 2 §5.1:
+        // "If the axis is parallel with the x or y axes, it must serialize as the appropriate keyword."
+        // "If a rotation about the z axis ... must serialize as just an <angle>."
+        // Normalize parallel vectors (including non-unit vectors); flip the angle for negative axis directions.
+        // https://drafts.csswg.org/css-transforms-2/#individual-transforms
+        if *y == 0.0 && *z == 0.0 && *x != 0.0 {
+          let angle = if *x < 0.0 { angle.clone() * -1.0 } else { angle.clone() };
+          dest.write_str("x ")?;
+          angle.to_css(dest)
+        } else if *x == 0.0 && *z == 0.0 && *y != 0.0 {
+          let angle = if *y < 0.0 { angle.clone() * -1.0 } else { angle.clone() };
+          dest.write_str("y ")?;
+          angle.to_css(dest)
+        } else if *x == 0.0 && *y == 0.0 && *z != 0.0 {
+          let angle = if *z < 0.0 { angle.clone() * -1.0 } else { angle.clone() };
+          angle.to_css(dest)
+        } else {
+          x.to_css(dest)?;
+          dest.write_char(' ')?;
+          y.to_css(dest)?;
+          dest.write_char(' ')?;
+          z.to_css(dest)?;
+          dest.write_char(' ')?;
+          angle.to_css(dest)
+        }
+      }
     }
-
-    self.angle.to_css(dest)
   }
 }
 
 impl Rotate {
   /// Converts the rotation to a transform function.
   pub fn to_transform(&self) -> Transform {
-    Transform::Rotate3d(self.x, self.y, self.z, self.angle.clone())
+    match self {
+      Rotate::None => Transform::Rotate3d(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, Angle::Deg(0.0)),
+      Rotate::XYZ { x, y, z, angle } => Transform::Rotate3d(*x, *y, *z, angle.clone()),
+    }
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/values/angle.rs b/src/values/angle.rs
index dff23a28..b7fb6232 100644
--- a/src/values/angle.rs
+++ b/src/values/angle.rs
@@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ impl ToCss for Angle {
       }
       Angle::Turn(val) => (*val, "turn"),
     };
+    // Canonicalize negative zero so serialization is stable (`0deg` instead of `-0deg`).
+    let value = if value == 0.0 { 0.0 } else { value };
 
     serialize_dimension(value, unit, dest)
   }