diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ff31af18925d..87585fd51e4f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 - Fix multi-value inset shadow ([#17523](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/17523))
 - Fix `drop-shadow` utility ([#17515](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/17515))
 - Fix `drop-shadow-*` utilities that use multiple shadows in `@theme inline` ([#17515](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/17515))
+- PostCSS: Fix race condition when two changes are queued concurrently ([#17514](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/17514))
+- PostCSS: Ensure we process files containing an `@tailwind utilities;` directive ([#17514](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/17514))
 
 ## [4.1.1] - 2025-04-02
 
diff --git a/integrations/utils.ts b/integrations/utils.ts
index f4218b176958..82f88c690bf0 100644
--- a/integrations/utils.ts
+++ b/integrations/utils.ts
@@ -589,6 +589,8 @@ export async function fetchStyles(base: string, path = '/'): Promise<string> {
 async function gracefullyRemove(dir: string) {
   // Skip removing the directory in CI because it can stall on Windows
   if (!process.env.CI) {
-    await fs.rm(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+    await fs.rm(dir, { recursive: true, force: true }).catch((error) => {
+      console.log(`Failed to remove ${dir}`, error)
+    })
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.test.ts b/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.test.ts
index 11d8e34967b4..bf7c0f97a13b 100644
--- a/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.test.ts
+++ b/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import dedent from 'dedent'
-import { mkdir, mkdtemp, unlink, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import { mkdir, mkdtemp, readFile, rm, unlink, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
 import { tmpdir } from 'node:os'
 import path from 'path'
 import postcss from 'postcss'
@@ -357,3 +357,64 @@ test('runs `Once` plugins in the right order', async () => {
     }"
   `)
 })
+
+describe('concurrent builds', () => {
+  let dir: string
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    dir = await mkdtemp(path.join(tmpdir(), 'tw-postcss'))
+    await writeFile(path.join(dir, 'index.html'), `<div class="underline"></div>`)
+    await writeFile(
+      path.join(dir, 'index.css'),
+      css`
+        @import './dependency.css';
+      `,
+    )
+    await writeFile(
+      path.join(dir, 'dependency.css'),
+      css`
+        @tailwind utilities;
+      `,
+    )
+  })
+  afterEach(() => rm(dir, { recursive: true, force: true }))
+
+  test('the current working directory is used by default', async () => {
+    const spy = vi.spyOn(process, 'cwd')
+    spy.mockReturnValue(dir)
+
+    let from = path.join(dir, 'index.css')
+    let input = (await readFile(path.join(dir, 'index.css'))).toString()
+
+    let plugin = tailwindcss({ optimize: { minify: false } })
+
+    async function run(input: string): Promise<string> {
+      let ast = postcss.parse(input)
+      for (let runner of (plugin as any).plugins) {
+        if (runner.Once) {
+          await runner.Once(ast, { result: { opts: { from }, messages: [] } })
+        }
+      }
+      return ast.toString()
+    }
+
+    let result = await run(input)
+
+    expect(result).toContain('.underline')
+
+    await writeFile(
+      path.join(dir, 'dependency.css'),
+      css`
+        @tailwind utilities;
+        .red {
+          color: red;
+        }
+      `,
+    )
+
+    let promise1 = run(input)
+    let promise2 = run(input)
+
+    expect(await promise1).toContain('.red')
+    expect(await promise2).toContain('.red')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.ts b/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.ts
index 5a76aba13acb..e728c2f9506e 100644
--- a/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ const DEBUG = env.DEBUG
 
 interface CacheEntry {
   mtimes: Map<string, number>
-  compiler: null | Awaited<ReturnType<typeof compileAst>>
+  compiler: null | ReturnType<typeof compileAst>
   scanner: null | Scanner
   tailwindCssAst: AstNode[]
   cachedPostCssAst: postcss.Root
@@ -89,7 +89,8 @@ function tailwindcss(opts: PluginOptions = {}): AcceptedPlugin {
                 node.name === 'variant' ||
                 node.name === 'config' ||
                 node.name === 'plugin' ||
-                node.name === 'apply'
+                node.name === 'apply' ||
+                node.name === 'tailwind'
               ) {
                 canBail = false
                 return false
@@ -138,9 +139,9 @@ function tailwindcss(opts: PluginOptions = {}): AcceptedPlugin {
 
           // Setup the compiler if it doesn't exist yet. This way we can
           // guarantee a `build()` function is available.
-          context.compiler ??= await createCompiler()
+          context.compiler ??= createCompiler()
 
-          if (context.compiler.features === Features.None) {
+          if ((await context.compiler).features === Features.None) {
             return
           }
 
@@ -188,25 +189,27 @@ function tailwindcss(opts: PluginOptions = {}): AcceptedPlugin {
             // initial build. If it wasn't, we need to create a new one.
             !isInitialBuild
           ) {
-            context.compiler = await createCompiler()
+            context.compiler = createCompiler()
           }
 
+          let compiler = await context.compiler
+
           if (context.scanner === null || rebuildStrategy === 'full') {
             DEBUG && I.start('Setup scanner')
             let sources = (() => {
               // Disable auto source detection
-              if (context.compiler.root === 'none') {
+              if (compiler.root === 'none') {
                 return []
               }
 
               // No root specified, use the base directory
-              if (context.compiler.root === null) {
+              if (compiler.root === null) {
                 return [{ base, pattern: '**/*', negated: false }]
               }
 
               // Use the specified root
-              return [{ ...context.compiler.root, negated: false }]
-            })().concat(context.compiler.sources)
+              return [{ ...compiler.root, negated: false }]
+            })().concat(compiler.sources)
 
             // Look for candidates used to generate the CSS
             context.scanner = new Scanner({ sources })
@@ -214,11 +217,10 @@ function tailwindcss(opts: PluginOptions = {}): AcceptedPlugin {
           }
 
           DEBUG && I.start('Scan for candidates')
-          let candidates =
-            context.compiler.features & Features.Utilities ? context.scanner.scan() : []
+          let candidates = compiler.features & Features.Utilities ? context.scanner.scan() : []
           DEBUG && I.end('Scan for candidates')
 
-          if (context.compiler.features & Features.Utilities) {
+          if (compiler.features & Features.Utilities) {
             DEBUG && I.start('Register dependency messages')
             // Add all found files as direct dependencies
             for (let file of context.scanner.files) {
@@ -267,7 +269,7 @@ function tailwindcss(opts: PluginOptions = {}): AcceptedPlugin {
           }
 
           DEBUG && I.start('Build utilities')
-          let tailwindCssAst = context.compiler.build(candidates)
+          let tailwindCssAst = compiler.build(candidates)
           DEBUG && I.end('Build utilities')
 
           if (context.tailwindCssAst !== tailwindCssAst) {