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<h1>CSS Animations Level 1</h1>
<style type="text/css">
table.event-handlers {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table.event-handlers th,
table.event-handlers td {
padding: 0.2em 1em;
}
table.event-handlers td {
border: 1px solid black;
}
</style>
<pre class='metadata'>
Status: ED
Work Status: Refining
Shortname: css-animations
Level: 1
Group: csswg
TR: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-animations/
ED: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-animations/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css3-animations-20130219/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-animations-20120403/
Editor: Dean Jackson, Apple Inc., dino@apple.com
Editor: L. David Baron, Mozilla https://www.mozilla.org/, https://dbaron.org/, w3cid 15393
Editor: Tab Atkins Jr., Google, http://xanthir.com/contact/
Editor: Brian Birtles, Mozilla Japan, bbirtles@mozilla.com
Former Editor: David Hyatt, Apple Inc.
Former Editor: Chris Marrin, Apple Inc.
Former Editor: Sylvain Galineau, Adobe, galineau@adobe.com
!Issues List: <a href="https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/buglist.cgi?component=Animations&list_id=36653&product=CSS&query_format=advanced&resolution=---">In Bugzilla</a>
Abstract: This CSS module describes a way for authors to animate the values of CSS properties over time, using keyframes. The behavior of these keyframe animations can be controlled by specifying their duration, number of repeats, and repeating behavior.
At Risk: the <code>pseudoElement</code> property of the ''AnimationEvent'' interface
Link Defaults: css-values-3 (type) <time>, cssom-1 (interface) cssstyledeclaration, dom-core-ls (interface) event, webidl (type) SyntaxError, css-position-3 (property) left
Ignored Terms: domstring, float, animationeventinit, event, eventinit, eventtarget, document
</pre>
<pre class="anchors">
url: http://w3c.github.io/dom/#constructing-events; type: dfn; text: event constructor;
urlPrefix: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html; type: dfn; spec: html
text: event handlers
text: event handler event type
text: event handler content attributes
text: event handler IDL attributes
urlPrefix: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/infrastructure.html; type: dfn; spec: html
text: HTML elements
</pre>
<pre class="link-defaults">
spec:cssom-1; type:interface; text:CSSRule
spec:html; type:dfn; text:case-sensitive
spec:css-backgrounds-3; type:property; text:background-image
spec:css2; type:property; text:display
</pre>
<!-- FIXME: This is only here until css-timing gets added to the biblio data -->
<pre class=biblio>
{
"CSS-TIMING": {
"title": "CSS Timing Functions Level 1",
"authors": [
"Brian Birtles",
"Dean Jackson",
"Matt Rakow",
"Shane Stephens"
],
"date": "2017",
"publisher": "W3C",
"status": "ED",
"href": "https://drafts.csswg.org/css-timing/",
"deliveredBy": [
{
"shortname": "csswg",
"url": "https://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/"
}
]
}
}
</pre>
<h2 id="intro">
Introduction</h2>
<em>This section is not normative</em>
CSS Transitions [[CSS3-TRANSITIONS]] provide a way to interpolate
CSS property values when they change as a result of underlying
property changes. This provides an easy way to do simple animation,
but the start and end states of the animation are controlled by the
existing property values, and transitions provide little control to
the author on how the animation progresses.
This proposal introduces defined animations, in which the author can
specify the changes in CSS properties over time as a set of keyframes.
Animations are similar to transitions in that they change the
presentational value of CSS properties over time. The principal difference
is that while transitions trigger implicitly when property values change,
animations are explicitly executed when the animation properties are applied.
Because of this, animations require explicit values for the properties
being animated. These values are specified using animation keyframes,
described below.
Many aspects of the animation can be controlled, including how many times
the animation iterates, whether or not it alternates between the begin and
end values, and whether or not the animation should be running or paused.
An animation can also delay its start time.
<h2 id="values">
Values</h2>
This specification follows the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/about.html#property-defs">CSS property definition conventions</a> from [[!CSS2]].
Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values & Units [[!CSS-VALUES-3]].
Other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.
In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions,
all properties defined in this specification
also accept the <a>CSS-wide keywords</a> keywords as their property value.
For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.
<h2 id="animations">
Animations</h2>
CSS Animations affect computed property values. This effect happens by
adding a specified value to the CSS cascade ([[!CSS3CASCADE]]) (at the
level for CSS Animations) that will produce the correct computed value
for the current state of the animation. As defined in [[!CSS3CASCADE]],
animations override all normal rules, but are overridden by !important
rules.
If at some point in time there are multiple animations specifying behavior
for the same property, the animation which occurs last in the value
of 'animation-name' will override the other animations at that point.
An animation does not affect the computed value before the application of the
animation (that is, when the 'animation-name' property is set on an element)
or after it is removed. Furthermore, typically an animation does not affect
the computed value before the animation delay has expired or after the end of
the animation, but may do so depending on the 'animation-fill-mode' property.
While running, the animation computes the value of those properties
it animates. Other values may take precedence over the animated value
according to the CSS cascade ([[!CSS3CASCADE]]).
While an animation is applied but has not finished, or has finished but has
an 'animation-fill-mode' of ''forwards'' or ''both'', the user agent must act
as if the 'will-change' property ([[!css-will-change-1]]) on the element
additionally includes all the properties animated by the animation.
The start time of an animation is the time at which the style applying
the animation and the corresponding @keyframes rule are both resolved.
If an animation is specified for an element but the corresponding
@keyframes rule does not yet exist, the animation cannot start; the
animation will start from the beginning as soon as a matching @keyframes
rule can be resolved. An animation specified by dynamically modifying the
element's style will start when this style is resolved; that may be
immediately in the case of a pseudo style rule such as hover, or may be
when the scripting engine returns control to the browser (in the case of
style applied by script). Note that dynamically updating keyframe style
rules does not start or re-start an animation.
An animation applies to an element if its name appears as one of the
identifiers in the computed value of the 'animation-name' property and the
animation uses a valid @keyframes rule. Once an
animation has started it continues until it ends or the 'animation-name' is
removed. Changes to the values of animation properties while the animation
is running apply as if the animation had those values from when it
began. For example, shortening the 'animation-delay' may cause the animation
to jump forwards or even finish immediately and dispatch an
<a idl>animationend</a> event.
Conversely, extending the 'animation-delay' may cause an animation to
re-start and dispatch an <a idl>animationstart</a> event.
The same @keyframes rule name may be repeated within an 'animation-name'.
Changes to the 'animation-name' update existing animations by iterating over
the new list of animations from last to first, and, for each animation,
finding the <em>last</em> matching animation in the list of existing
animations.
If a match is found, the existing animation is updated using the animation
properties corresponding to its position in the new list of animations,
whilst maintaining its current playback time as described above.
The matching animation is removed from the existing list of animations such
that it will not match twice.
If a match is not found, a new animation is created.
As a result, updating 'animation-name' from ‘a’ to
‘a, a’ will cause the existing animation for ‘a’ to
become the <em>second</em> animation in the list and a new animation will be
created for the first item in the list.
<div class='example'>
<pre>
div {
animation-name: diagonal-slide;
animation-duration: 5s;
animation-iteration-count: 10;
}
@keyframes diagonal-slide {
from {
left: 0;
top: 0;
}
to {
left: 100px;
top: 100px;
}
}
</pre>
This will produce an animation that moves an element from (0, 0) to
(100px, 100px) over five seconds and repeats itself nine times
(for a total of ten iterations).
</div>
Setting the 'display' property to ''display/none'' will terminate any running animation applied
to the element and its descendants. If an element has a 'display' of ''display/none'', updating
'display' to a value other than ''display/none'' will start all animations applied to the element
by the 'animation-name' property, as well as all animations applied to descendants
with 'display' other than ''display/none''.
While authors can use animations to create dynamically changing content, dynamically
changing content can lead to seizures in some users. For information on how to avoid
content that can lead to seizures, see Guideline 2.3: Seizures: Do not design content
in a way that is known to cause seizures ([[!WCAG20]]).
Implementations may ignore animations when the rendering medium is not interactive e.g. when printed.
A future version of this specification may define how to render animations for these media.
<h2 id="keyframes">
Keyframes</h2>
Keyframes are used to specify the values for the animating properties at various points
during the animation. The keyframes specify the behavior of one cycle of the animation;
the animation may iterate zero or more times.
Keyframes are specified using the <dfn>@keyframes</dfn> at-rule,
defined as follows:
<pre>
@keyframes = @keyframes <<keyframes-name>> { <<rule-list>> }
<dfn><keyframes-name></dfn> = <<custom-ident>> | <<string>>
<dfn><keyframe-block></dfn> = <<keyframe-selector>># { <<declaration-list>> }
<dfn><keyframe-selector></dfn> = from | to | <<percentage>>
</pre>
The <<rule-list>> inside of ''@keyframes'' can only contain <<keyframe-block>> rules.
The <<declaration-list>> inside of <<keyframe-block>> accepts any CSS property
except those defined in this specification,
but <em>does</em> accept the 'animation-timing-function' property
and interprets it specially.
None of the properties interact with the cascade
(so using ''!important'' on them is invalid and will cause the property to be ignored).
A ''@keyframes'' block has a name given by the <<custom-ident>> or <<string>> in its prelude.
The two syntaxes are equivalent in functionality;
the name is the value of the ident or string.
As normal for <<custom-ident>>s and <<string>>s,
the names are fully <a>case-sensitive</a>;
two names are equal only if they are codepoint-by-codepoint equal.
The <<custom-ident>> additionally excludes the ''animation-name/none'' keyword.
<div class=example>
For example, the following two ''@keyframes'' rules have the same name,
so the first will be ignored:
<pre class=lang-css>
@keyframes foo { ... }
@keyframes "foo" { ... }
</pre>
On the other hand,
the following ''@keyframes'' rule's name is <em>different</em> from the previous two rules:
<pre class=lang-css>
@keyframes FOO { ... }
</pre>
The following ''@keyframes'' rules are invalid
because they use disallowed <<custom-ident>> values:
<pre class=lang-css>
@keyframes initial { ... }
@keyframes None { ... }
</pre>
However, those names *can* be specified with a <<string>>,
so the following are both <em>valid</em>:
<pre class=lang-css>
@keyframes "initial" { ... }
@keyframes "None" { ... }
</pre>
</div>
The <<keyframe-selector>> for a <<keyframe-block>> consists of a comma-separated list of percentage values or the keywords ''from'' or ''to''. The selector is used to specify the percentage along the duration of the animation that the keyframe represents. The keyframe itself is specified by the block of property values declared on the selector. The keyword ''from'' is equivalent to the value ''0%''. The keyword ''to'' is equivalent to the value ''100%''.
Values less than ''0%'' or higher than ''100%'' are invalid
and cause their <<keyframe-block>> to be ignored.
<span class="note">Note that the percentage unit specifier must be used on percentage values. Therefore, ''0'' is an invalid keyframe selector.</span>
If a ''0%'' or ''from'' keyframe is not specified, then the user agent constructs a ''0%'' keyframe
using the computed values of the properties being animated. If a ''100%'' or ''to'' keyframe is not
specified, then the user agent constructs a ''100%'' keyframe using the computed values of the
properties being animated.
The <<keyframe-block>> contains properties and values. The properties
defined by this specification are ignored in these rules, with the exception of
'animation-timing-function', the behavior of which is described below. In addition, properties qualified with !important are invalid and ignored.
If multiple ''@keyframes'' rules are defined with the same name,
the last one in document order wins,
and all preceding ones are ignored.
<div class='example'>
<pre>
div {
animation-name: slide-right;
animation-duration: 2s;
}
@keyframes slide-right {
from {
margin-left: 0px;
}
50% {
margin-left: 110px;
opacity: 1;
}
50% {
opacity: 0.9;
}
to {
margin-left: 200px;
}
}
</pre>
At the 1s mark, the slide-right animation will have the same state as if we had defined the 50% rule like this:
<pre>
@keyframes slide-right {
50% {
margin-left: 110px;
opacity: 0.9;
}
to {
margin-left: 200px;
}
}
</pre>
</div>
To determine the set of keyframes, all of the values in the selectors are sorted in increasing order
by time. The rules within the @keyframes rule then cascade; the properties of a keyframe may thus derive
from more than one @keyframes rule with the same selector value.
If a property is not specified for a keyframe, or is specified but invalid, the animation of that
property proceeds as if that keyframe did not exist. Conceptually, it is as if a set of keyframes is
constructed for each property that is present in any of the keyframes, and an animation is run
independently for each property.
<div class='example'>
<pre>
@keyframes wobble {
0% {
left: 100px;
}
40% {
left: 150px;
}
60% {
left: 75px;
}
100% {
left: 100px;
}
}
</pre>
Four keyframes are specified for the animation named "wobble". In the first keyframe,
shown at the beginning of the animation cycle, the value of the 'left' property being
animated is ''100px''. By 40% of the animation duration, 'left' has animated to ''150px''.
At 60% of the animation duration, 'left' has animated back to ''75px''. At the end of the
animation cycle, the value of 'left' has returned to ''100px''. The diagram below shows
the state of the animation if it were given a duration of ''10s''.
<figure>
<img src="./animation1.png" alt="">
<figcaption>Animation states specified by keyframes</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="issue">
This specification needs to define
how the value is determined from the keyframes,
like the section on
<a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-transitions/#application">Application of transitions</a>
does for CSS Transitions.
</p>
<h3 id="timing-functions">
Timing functions for keyframes</h3>
A keyframe style rule may also declare the timing function that is to be used as the animation
moves to the next keyframe.
<div class='example'>
<pre>
@keyframes bounce {
from {
top: 100px;
animation-timing-function: ease-out;
}
25% {
top: 50px;
animation-timing-function: ease-in;
}
50% {
top: 100px;
animation-timing-function: ease-out;
}
75% {
top: 75px;
animation-timing-function: ease-in;
}
to {
top: 100px;
}
}
</pre>
Five keyframes are specified for the animation named "bounce". Between the first and second
keyframe (i.e., between 0% and 25%) an ease-out timing function is used. Between the second
and third keyframe (i.e., between 25% and 50%) an ease-in timing function is used. And so on.
The effect will appear as an element that moves up the page 50px, slowing down as it reaches
its highest point then speeding up as it falls back to 100px. The second half of the animation
behaves in a similar manner, but only moves the element 25px up the page.
</div>
A timing function specified on the ''to'' or ''100%'' keyframe is ignored.
See the 'animation-timing-function' property for more information.
<h3 id="animation-name">
The 'animation-name' property</h3>
The 'animation-name' property defines a list of animations that apply. Each name is used to select
the keyframe at-rule that provides the property values for the animation. If the name does not match
any keyframe at-rule, there are no properties to be animated and the animation will not execute.
Furthermore, if the animation name is <code>none</code> then there will be no animation. This can be
used to override any animations coming from the cascade. If multiple animations are attempting to
modify the same property, then the animation closest to the end of the list of names wins.
Each animation listed by name should have a corresponding value for the other animation properties
listed below. If the lists of values for the other animation properties do not have the same length,
the length of the 'animation-name' list determines the number of items in each list examined when
starting animations. The lists
7DD6
are matched up from the first value: excess values at the end are not
used. If one of the other properties doesn't have enough comma-separated values to match the number of
values of 'animation-name', the UA must calculate its used value by repeating the list of values until
there are enough. This truncation or repetition does not affect the computed value.
Note: This is analogous to the behavior of the 'background-*' properties, with
'background-image' analogous to 'animation-name'.
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: animation-name
Value: [ none | <<keyframes-name>> ]#
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements, ::before and ::after pseudo-elements
Inherited: none
Animatable: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: interactive
Computed value: As specified
Canonical order: per grammar
</pre>
The values of 'animation-name' have the following meanings:
<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for=animation-name>
<dt><dfn>none</dfn>
<dd>
No keyframes are specified at all, so there will be no animation.
Any other animations properties specified for this animation have no effect.
<dt><dfn><<keyframes-name>></dfn>
<dd>
The animation will use the keyframes with the name specified by the <<keyframes-name>>,
if they exist.
If no ''@keyframes'' rule with that name exists, there is no animation.
</dl>
<h3 id="animation-duration">
The 'animation-duration' property</h3>
The 'animation-duration' property defines duration of a single animation cycle.
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: animation-duration
Value: <<time>> #
Initial: 0s
Applies to: all elements, ::before and ::after pseudo-elements
Inherited: no
Animatable: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: interactive
Computed value: As specified
Canonical order: per grammar
</pre>
<dl>
<dt><dfn value for=animation-duration><<time>></dfn>
<dd>
The <<time>> specifies the length of time that an animation takes to complete one cycle.
A negative <<time>> is invalid.
If the <<time>> is ''0s'', like the initial value,
the keyframes of the animation have no effect,
but the animation itself still occurs instantaneously.
Specifically, start and end events are fired; if
'animation-fill-mode' is set to ''backwards'' or
''both'', the first frame of the animation, as defined by
'animation-direction', will be displayed during the
'animation-delay'. Then the last frame of the animation,
as defined by 'animation-direction', will be displayed if
'animation-fill-mode' is set to ''forwards'' or ''both''. If
'animation-fill-mode' is set to ''animation-fill-mode/none''
then the animation has no visible effect.
</dd>
</dl>
<h3 id="animation-timing-function">
The 'animation-timing-function' property</h3>
The 'animation-timing-function' property describes how the animation will
progress between each pair of keyframes.
Timing functions are defined in the separate CSS Timing Functions module
[[!css-timing]].
The <a spec=css-timing>input progress value</a> used is the percentage
of the time elapsed between the current keyframe and the next keyframe
<em>after</em> incorporating the effect of the 'animation-direction' property.
During the 'animation-delay', the 'animation-timing-function' is not applied.
Note: This definition is necessary because otherwise a <a spec=css-timing>step
timing function</a> with a <a spec=css-timing>step position</a> of <a value
spec=css-timing for="steps()">start</a> would produce a backwards fill equal
to the top of the first step in the function.
The <a spec=css-timing>output progress value</a> is used as the <var
ignore>p</var> value when interpolating the property values between the
current and next keyframe.
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: animation-timing-function
Value: <<single-timing-function>> #
Initial: ease
Applies to: all elements, ::before and ::after pseudo-elements
Inherited: no
Animatable: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: interactive
Computed value: As specified
Canonical order: per grammar
</pre>
When specified in a keyframe,
'animation-timing-function' defines
the progression of the animation
between the current keyframe
and the next keyframe for the animating property
in sorted keyframe selector order
(which may be an implicit 100% keyframe).
<h3 id="animation-iteration-count">
The 'animation-iteration-count' property</h3>
The 'animation-iteration-count' property specifies the number of times an animation cycle
is played. The initial value is ''1'', meaning the animation will play from beginning to end
once. This property is often used in conjunction with an
'animation-direction' value of ''alternate'', which will cause the animation to play in
reverse on alternate cycles.
The time window during which the animation is active
(<code>duration</code> x <code>iteration-count</code>)
is known as the <dfn>active duration</dfn>.
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: animation-iteration-count
Value: <<single-animation-iteration-count>> #
Initial: 1
Applies to: all elements, ::before and ::after pseudo-elements
Inherited: no
Animatable: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: interactive
Computed value: As specified
Canonical order: per grammar
</pre>
<dfn><single-animation-iteration-count></dfn> = infinite | <<number>>
<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for=animation-iteration-count>
<dt><dfn>infinite</dfn>
<dd>
The animation will repeat forever.
<dt><dfn><<number>></dfn>
<dd>
<p>The animation will repeat the specified number of times.
If the number is not an integer,
the animation will end partway through its last cycle.
Negative numbers are invalid.
<p>A value of ''0'' is valid and, similar to an 'animation-duration'
of ''0s'', causes the animation to occur instantaneously.
</dl>
If the animation has a duration of ''0s'', it will occur instantaneously for any
valid value of 'animation-iteration-count', including ''infinite''.
<h3 id="animation-direction">
The 'animation-direction' property</h3>
The 'animation-direction' property defines whether or not the animation should play in reverse
on some or all cycles. When an animation is played in reverse the timing functions are also
reversed. For example, when played in reverse an ''ease-in'' animation would appear to be an
''ease-out'' animation.
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: animation-direction
Value: <<single-animation-direction>> #
Initial: normal
Applies to: all elements, ::before and ::after pseudo-elements
Inherited: no
Animatable: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: interactive
Computed value: As specified
Canonical order: per grammar
</pre>
<dfn><single-animation-direction></dfn> = normal | reverse | alternate | alternate-reverse
<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for=animation-direction>
<dt><dfn>normal</dfn>
<dd>
All iterations of the animation are played as specified.
<dt><dfn>reverse</dfn>
<dd>
All iterations of the animation are played in the reverse direction
from the way they were specified.
<dt><dfn>alternate</dfn>
<dd>
The animation cycle iterations that are odd counts are played in the
normal direction, and the animation cycle iterations that are even
counts are played in a reverse direction.
<dt><dfn>alternate-reverse</dfn>
<dd>
The animation cycle iterations that are odd counts are played in the
reverse direction, and the animation cycle iterations that are even
counts are played in a normal direction.
</dl>
Note: For the purpose of determining whether an iteration is even or odd,
iterations start counting from 1.
<h3 id="animation-play-state">
The 'animation-play-state' property</h3>
The 'animation-play-state' property defines whether the animation is running or paused.
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: animation-play-state
Value: <<single-animation-play-state>> #
Initial: running
Applies to: all elements, ::before and ::after pseudo-elements
Inherited: no
Animatable: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: interactive
Computed value: As specified
Canonical order: per grammar
</pre>
<dfn><single-animation-play-state></dfn> = running | paused
<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for=animation-play-state>
<dt><dfn>running</dfn>
<dd>
While this property is set to ''running'',
the animation proceeds as normal.
<dt><dfn>paused</dfn>
<dd>
While this property is set to ''paused'',
the animation is paused.
The animation continues to apply to the element with the progress it had made before being paused.
When unpaused (set back to ''running''), it restarts from where it left off,
as if the "clock" that controls the animation had stopped and started again.
If the property is set to ''paused'' during the delay phase of the animation,
the delay clock is also paused and resumes as soon as 'animation-play-state' is set back to ''running''.
</dl>
<h3 id="animation-delay">
The 'animation-delay' property</h3>
The 'animation-delay' property defines when the animation will start. It allows an animation
to begin execution some time after it is applied,
or to appear to have begun execution some time <em>
7DD6
;before</em> it is applied.
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: animation-delay
Value: <<time>> #
Initial: 0s
Applies to: all elements, ::before and ::after pseudo-elements
Inherited: no
Animatable: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: interactive
Computed value: As specified
Canonical order: per grammar
</pre>
<dl>
<dt><dfn value for=animation-delay><<time>></dfn>
<dd>
The <<time>> defines how long of a delay there is between the start of the animation
(when the animation is applied to the element via these properties)
and when it begins executing.
A delay of ''0s'' (the initial value) means that the animation will execute as soon as it is applied.
A negative delay is <strong>valid</strong>.
Similar to a delay of ''0s'', it means that the animation executes immediately,
but is automatically progressed by the absolute value of the delay,
as if the animation had started the specified time in the past,
and so it appears to start partway through its
<a href="#animation-iteration-count">active duration</a>.
If an animation's keyframes have an implied starting value,
the values are taken from the time the animation starts,
not some time in the past.
</dl>
<h3 id="animation-fill-mode">
The 'animation-fill-mode' property</h3>
The 'animation-fill-mode' property defines what values are applied by the animation
outside the time it is executing. By default, an animation will not affect property
values between the time it is applied (the 'animation-name' property is set on an
element) and the time it begins execution (which is determined by the 'animation-delay'
property). Also, by default an animation does not affect property values after the
animation ends (determined by the 'animation-duration' and 'animation-iteration-count' properties).
The 'animation-fill-mode' property can override this behavior. Dynamic updates to the property will
be reflected by property values as needed, whether during the animation delay or after the animation ends.
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: animation-fill-mode
Value: <<single-animation-fill-mode>> #
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements, ::before and ::after pseudo-elements
Inherited: no
Animatable: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: interactive
Computed value: As specified
Canonical order: per grammar
</pre>
<dfn><single-animation-fill-mode></dfn> = none | forwards | backwards | both
<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for=animation-fill-mode>
<dt><dfn>none</dfn>
<dd>
The animation has no effect when it is applied but not executing.
<dt><dfn>forwards</dfn>
<dd>
After the animation ends (as determined by its 'animation-iteration-count'), the animation
will apply the property values for the time the animation ended. When 'animation-iteration-count'
is an integer greater than zero, the values applied will be those for the end of the last
completed iteration of the animation (rather than the values for the start of the iteration
that would be next). When 'animation-iteration-count' is zero, the values applied will be
those that would start the first iteration (just as when 'animation-fill-mode' is ''animation-fill-mode/backwards'').
<dt><dfn>backwards</dfn>
<dd>
During the period defined by 'animation-delay', the animation will apply the property values
defined in the keyframe that will start the first iteration of the animation.
These are either the values of the ''from'' keyframe (when 'animation-direction' is ''animation-direction/normal''
or ''animation-direction/alternate'') or those of the ''to'' keyframe (when 'animation-direction' is ''animation-direction/reverse''
or ''animation-direction/alternate-reverse'').
<dt><dfn>both</dfn>
<dd>
The effects of both ''animation-fill-mode/forwards'' and ''animation-fill-mode/backwards'' fill apply.
</dl>
<h3 id="animation">
The 'animation' shorthand property</h3>
The 'animation' shorthand property is a comma-separated list of animation definitions. Each item in
the list gives one item of the value for all of the subproperties of the shorthand, which are known
as the animation properties. (See the definition of 'animation-name' for what happens when these
properties have lists of different lengths, a problem that cannot occur when they are defined using
only the 'animation' shorthand.)
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: animation
Value: <<single-animation>> #
Initial: see individual properties
Applies to: all elements, ::before and ::after pseudo-elements
Inherited: no
Animatable: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: interactive
Computed value: As specified
Canonical order: per grammar
</pre>
<dfn><single-animation></dfn> = <<time>> || <<single-timing-function>> || <<time>> || <<single-animation-iteration-count>> || <<single-animation-direction>> || <<single-animation-fill-mode>> || <<single-animation-play-state>> || [ none | <<keyframes-name>> ]
Note that order is important within each animation definition: the first value in each
<<single-animation>> that can be parsed as a <<time>> is assigned to the 'animation-duration',
and the second value in each <<single-animation>> that can be parsed as a <<time>> is assigned to
'animation-delay'.
Note that order is also important wit
2B9
hin each animation definition for distinguishing
<<keyframes-name>> values from other keywords. When parsing, keywords that are valid for
properties other than 'animation-name'
whose values were not found earlier in the shorthand
must be accepted for those properties rather than for
'animation-name'. Furthermore, when serializing, default values of other properties must be
output in at least the cases necessary to distinguish an 'animation-name' that could
be a value of another property, and may be output in additional cases.
<div class="example">
For example, a value parsed from ''animation: 3s none backwards''
(where 'animation-fill-mode' is ''animation-fill-mode/none''
and 'animation-name' is ''animation-name/backwards'')
must not be serialized as ''animation: 3s backwards''
(where 'animation-fill-mode' is ''animation-fill-mode/backwards''
and 'animation-name' is ''animation-name/none'').
</div>
<h2 id="events">
Animation Events</h2>
Several animation-related events are available through the DOM Event system. The start and
end of an animation, and the end of each iteration of an animation, all generate DOM events.
An element can have multiple properties being animated simultaneously. This can occur either
with a single 'animation-name' value with keyframes containing multiple properties, or with
multiple 'animation-name' values. For the purposes of events, each 'animation-name' specifies
a single animation. Therefore an event will be generated for each 'animation-name' value and
not necessarily for each property being animated.
Any animation for which a valid keyframe rule is defined will run
and generate events; this includes animations with empty keyframe rules.
The time the animation has been running is sent with each event generated. This allows the event
handler to determine the current iteration of a looping animation or the current position of an
alternating animation. This time does not include any time the animation was in the ''paused''
play state.
<h3 id="interface-animationevent">
The <code>AnimationEvent</code> Interface</h3>
The <code>AnimationEvent</code> interface provides specific contextual information associated with
Animation events.
<h4 id="interface-animationevent-idl">
IDL Definition</h4>
<pre class="idl">
[Constructor(CSSOMString type, optional AnimationEventInit animationEventInitDict)]
interface AnimationEvent : Event {
readonly attribute CSSOMString animationName;
readonly attribute float elapsedTime;
readonly attribute CSSOMString pseudoElement;
};
dictionary AnimationEventInit : EventInit {
CSSOMString animationName = "";
float elapsedTime = 0.0;
CSSOMString pseudoElement = "";
};
</pre>
<h4 id="interface-animationevent-attributes">
Attributes</h4>
<dl dfn-type=attribute dfn-for=AnimationEvent>
<dt><dfn>animationName</dfn>, of type {{CSSOMString}}, readonly
<dd>
The value of the 'animation-name' property of the animation that fired the event.
<dt><dfn>elapsedTime</dfn>, of type float, readonly
<dd>
The amount of time the animation has been running, in seconds, when this event fired,
excluding any time the animation was paused. The precise calculation for
of this member is defined along with each event type.
<dt><dfn>pseudoElement</dfn>, of type {{CSSOMString}}, readonly
<dd>
The name (beginning with two colons) of the CSS pseudo-element on which the animation
runs (in which case the target of the event is that pseudo-element's corresponding
element), or the empty string if the animation runs on an element (which means the
target of the event is that element).
</dl>
<dfn>AnimationEvent(type, animationEventInitDict)</dfn> is an <a>event constructor</a>.
<h3 id="event-animationevent">
Types of <code>AnimationEvent</code></h3>
The different types of animation events that can occur are:
<dl dfn-type=event dfn-for=animationevent>
<dt><dfn>animationstart</dfn>
<dd>
The <a idl>animationstart</a> event occurs at the start of the animation.
If there is an 'animation-delay' then this event will fire once the delay
period has expired.
<p>
A negative delay will cause the event to fire with
an {{AnimationEvent/elapsedTime}} equal to the absolute value of the delay
capped to the <a>active duration</a> of the animation, that is,
<code>min(max(-'animation-delay', 0), <a>active duration</a>)</code>; in
this case the event will fire whether 'animation-play-state' is set to
''running'' or ''paused''.
</p>
<ul>
<li>Bubbles: Yes</li>
<li>Cancelable: No</li>
<li>Context Info: animationName, elapsedTime, pseudoElement</li>
</ul>
<dt><dfn>animationend</dfn>
<dd>
The <a idl>animationend</a> event occurs when the animation finishes.
In this case the value of the {{AnimationEvent/elapsedTime}} member of
the event is equal to the <a>active duration</a>.
<ul>
<li>Bubbles: Yes</li>
<li>Cancelable: No</li>
<li>Context Info: animationName, elapsedTime, pseudoElement</li>
</ul>
<dt><dfn>animationiteration</dfn>
<dd>
The <a idl>animationiteration</a> event occurs at the end of each iteration of an
animation, except when an animationend event would fire at the same time.
This means that this event does not occur for animations with an iteration
count of one or less.
<p>The {{AnimationEvent/elapsedTime}} member in this case is equal to the
product of the <var>current iteration</var> and 'animation-duration' where
the <var>current iteration</var> is the zero-based index of the new
iteration. For example, assuming no negative 'animation-delay', after one
iteration completes the <var>current iteration</var> would be one.</p>
<ul>
<li>Bubbles: Yes</li>
<li>Cancelable: No</li>
<li>Context Info: animationName, elapsedTime, pseudoElement</li>
</ul>
<dt><dfn>animationcancel</dfn>
<dd>