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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<title>CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module</title>
<meta content="exploring" name="csswg-work-status">
<meta content="ED" name="w3c-status">
<link href="../default.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="../csslogo.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon">
<style>
body {
background: url("https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/logo-ED") top left no-repeat white;
background-attachment: fixed;
color: black;
font-family: sans-serif;
margin: 0 auto;
max-width: 50em;
padding: 2em 1em 2em 70px;
}
:link { color: #00C; background: transparent }
:visited { color: #609; background: transparent }
a[href]:active { color: #C00; background: transparent }
a[href]:hover { background: #ffa }
a[href] img { border-style: none }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { text-align: left }
h1, h2, h3 { color: #005A9C; }
h1 { font: 170% sans-serif }
h2 { font: 140% sans-serif }
h3 { font: 120% sans-serif }
h4 { font: bold 100% sans-serif }
h5 { font: italic 100% sans-serif }
h6 { font: small-caps 100% sans-serif }
.hide { display: none }
div.head { margin-bottom: 1em }
div.head h1 { margin-top: 2em; clear: both }
div.head table { margin-left: 2em; margin-top: 2em }
p.copyright { font-size: small }
p.copyright small { font-size: small }
pre { margin-left: 2em }
dt { font-weight: bold }
ul.toc, ol.toc {
list-style: none;
}
</style>
<meta content="Bikeshed 1.0.0" name="generator">
<script defer="" src="//test.csswg.org/harness/annotate.js#css-gcpm-3_dev/css-gcpm-3" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body class="h-entry">
<div class="head">
<p data-fill-with="logo"><a class="logo" href="http://www.w3.org/">
<img alt="W3C" height="48" src="https://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width="72">
</a>
</p>
<h1 class="p-name no-ref" id="title">CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="subtitle"><span class="content">Editor’s Draft,
<time class="dt-updated" datetime="2015-07-08">8 July 2015</time></span></h2>
<div data-fill-with="spec-metadata">
<dl>
<dt>This version:
<dd><a class="u-url" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-gcpm/">http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-gcpm/</a>
<dt>Previous Versions:
<dd><a href="https://hg.csswg.org/drafts/raw-file/6a5c44d11c2b/css-gcpm/Overview.html" rel="previous">https://hg.csswg.org/drafts/raw-file/6a5c44d11c2b/css-gcpm/Overview.html</a>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-gcpm-20111129/" rel="previous">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-gcpm-20111129/</a>
<dt>Feedback:
<dd><span><a href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?subject=%5Bcss-gcpm%5D%20YOUR%20TOPIC%20HERE">www-style@w3.org</a> with subject line “<kbd>[css-gcpm] <var>… message topic …</var></kbd>” (<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/" rel="discussion">archives</a>)</span>
<dt>Test Suite:
<dd><a href="http://test.csswg.org/suites/css-gcpm-3_dev/nightly-unstable/">http://test.csswg.org/suites/css-gcpm-3_dev/nightly-unstable/</a>
<dt>Issue Tracking:
<dd><a href="#issues-index">Inline In Spec</a>
<dd><span><a href="https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/enter_bug.cgi?product=CSS&component=Generated%20Content%20for%20Paged%20Media">W3C Bugzilla</a></span>
<dt class="editor">Editor:
<dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:dave.cramer@hbgusa.com">Dave Cramer</a> (<span class="p-org org">Hachette Livre</span>)
<dt>Former Editor:
<dd>
<dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><span class="p-name fn">Håkon Wium Lie</span> (<span class="p-org org">Opera Software</span>)
</dl>
</div>
<div data-fill-with="warning"></div>
<p class="copyright" data-fill-with="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> © 2015 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup> (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>, <a href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">Beihang</a>). W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.
</p>
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="abstract"><span class="content">Abstract</span></h2>
<div class="p-summary" data-fill-with="abstract">
<p>Books and other paged media often use special techniques to display information. Content may be moved to or generated for special areas of the page, such as running heads or footnotes. Generated content within pages, such as tab leaders or cross-references, helps readers navigate within and between pages.</p>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/">CSS</a> is a language for describing the rendering of structured documents
(such as HTML and XML)
on screen, on paper, in speech, etc.</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="status"><span class="content">Status of this document</span></h2>
<div data-fill-with="status">
<p>
This is a public copy of the editors’ draft.
It is provided for discussion only and may change at any moment.
Its publication here does not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C.
Don’t cite this document other than as work in progress.
</p>
<p>
The (<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">archived</a>) public mailing list
<a href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?Subject=%5Bcss-gcpm%5D%20PUT%20SUBJECT%20HERE">www-style@w3.org</a>
(see <a href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request">instructions</a>)
is preferred for discussion of this specification.
When sending e-mail,
please put the text “css-gcpm” in the subject,
preferably like this:
“[css-gcpm] <em>…summary of comment…</em>”
</p>
<p>
This document was produced by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/members">CSS Working Group</a>
(part of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/">Style Activity</a>).
</p>
<p>
This document was produced by a group operating under
the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy</a>.
W3C maintains a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32061/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent disclosures</a>
made in connection with the deliverables of the group;
that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent.
An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a>
must disclose the information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>.
</p>
<p>
This document is governed by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2014/Process-20140801/" id="w3c_process_revision">1 August 2014 W3C Process Document</a>.
</p>
<p>
</p></div>
<div data-fill-with="at-risk"></div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="contents"><span class="content">Table of Contents</span></h2>
<div data-fill-with="table-of-contents" role="navigation">
<ul class="toc" role="directory">
<li><a href="#introduction"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">
Introduction
</span></a>
<li><a href="#running-headers-and-footers"><span class="secno">1</span> <span class="content">
Running headers and footers
</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#named-strings"><span class="secno">1.1</span> <span class="content">
Named strings
</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#setting-named-strings-the-string-set-pro"><span class="secno">1.1.1</span> <span class="content">
The string-set property
</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#content-function-header"><span class="secno">1.1.1.1</span> <span class="content">The <span class="css">content()</span> function</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#using-named-strings"><span class="secno">1.1.2</span> <span class="content">
The <span class="css">string()</span> function
</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#running-elements"><span class="secno">1.2</span> <span class="content">
Running elements
</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#running-syntax"><span class="secno">1.2.1</span> <span class="content">
The <span class="css">running()</span> value
</span></a>
<li><a href="#element-syntax"><span class="secno">1.2.2</span> <span class="content">
The <span class="css">element()</span> value
</span></a>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="#footnotes"><span class="secno">2</span> <span class="content">
Footnotes
</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#footnote-terms"><span class="secno">2.1</span> <span class="content">Terminology</span></a>
<li><a href="#creating-footnotes"><span class="secno">2.2</span> <span class="content">
Creating footnotes
</span></a>
<li><a href="#footnote-types"><span class="secno">2.3</span> <span class="content">
Types of footnotes
</span></a>
<li><a href="#footnote-area"><span class="secno">2.4</span> <span class="content">
The footnote area
</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#footnote-area-position"><span class="secno">2.4.1</span> <span class="content">Positioning of the footnote area</span></a>
<li><a href="#footnote-area-size"><span class="secno">2.4.2</span> <span class="content">Size of the footnote area</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#footnote-counters"><span class="secno">2.5</span> <span class="content">The Footnote Counter</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#footnote-counter-values"><span class="secno">2.5.1</span> <span class="content">Values of the footnote counter</span></a>
<li><a href="#resetting-footnote-counter"><span class="secno">2.5.2</span> <span class="content">Resetting the footnote counter</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#footnote-call"><span class="secno">2.6</span> <span class="content">
The <code>footnote-call</code> pseudo-element
</span></a>
<li><a href="#footnote-marker"><span class="secno">2.7</span> <span class="content">
The <code>footnote-marker</code> pseudo-element
</span></a>
<li><a href="#footnote-policy"><span class="secno">2.8</span> <span class="content">
Rendering footnotes and <code>footnote policy</code>
</span></a>
<li><a href="#future"><span class="secno">2.9</span> <span class="content">
Future directions
</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#the-first-page-pseudo-element"><span class="secno">3</span> <span class="content">
Selecting Pages
</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#document-page-selectors"><span class="secno">3.1</span> <span class="content">
Page Selectors
</span></a>
<li><a href="#document-sequence-selectors"><span class="secno">3.2</span> <span class="content">
Page groups
</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#leaders"><span class="secno">4</span> <span class="content">
Leaders
</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#rendering-leaders"><span class="secno">4.1</span> <span class="content">
Rendering leaders
</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#procedure-leader"><span class="secno">4.1.1</span> <span class="content">
Procedure for rendering leaders
</span></a>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="#cross-references"><span class="secno">5</span> <span class="content">
Cross-references
</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#target-counter"><span class="secno">5.1</span> <span class="content">
The <span class="css">target-counter()</span> function
</span></a>
<li><a href="#target-counters"><span class="secno">5.2</span> <span class="content">
The <span class="css">target-counters()</span> function
</span></a>
<li><a href="#target-text"><span class="secno">5.3</span> <span class="content">
target-text
</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#bookmarks"><span class="secno">6</span> <span class="content">
Bookmarks
</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#bookmark-level"><span class="secno">6.1</span> <span class="content">
bookmark-level
</span></a>
<li><a href="#bookmark-label"><span class="secno">6.2</span> <span class="content">
bookmark-label
</span></a>
<li><a href="#bookmark-state"><span class="secno">6.3</span> <span class="content">
bookmark-state
</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#former-wd-sections"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Appendix A: Where Are They Now?</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#page-marks-and-bleed-area"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Page marks and bleed area</span></a>
<li><a href="#cmyk-colors"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">CMYK colors</span></a>
<li><a href="#styling-blank-pages"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Styling blank pages</span></a>
<li><a href="#paged-presentations"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Paged presentations</span></a>
<li><a href="#navigation-between-pages"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Navigation between pages</span></a>
<li><a href="#page-floats"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Page floats</span></a>
<li><a href="#selecting-columns-and-pages"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Selecting columns and pages</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#ua-stylesheet"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Appendix B: Default UA Stylesheet</span></a>
<li><a href="#changes"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Appendix C: Changes</span></a>
<li><a href="#acknowledgments"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">
Acknowledgments
</span></a>
<li><a href="#conformance"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">
Conformance</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#conventions"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">
Document conventions</span></a>
<li><a href="#conformance-classes"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">
Conformance classes</span></a>
<li><a href="#partial"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">
Partial implementations</span></a>
<li><a href="#experimental"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">
Experimental implementations</span></a>
<li><a href="#testing"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">
Non-experimental implementations</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Index</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#index-defined-here"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Terms defined by this specification</span></a>
<li><a href="#index-defined-elsewhere"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Terms defined by reference</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#references"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">References</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#normative"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Normative References</span></a>
<li><a href="#informative"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Informative References</span></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#property-index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Property Index</span></a>
<li><a href="#issues-index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Issues Index</span></a>
</ul></div>
<main>
<h2 class="no-num heading settled" id="introduction"><span class="content">
Introduction
</span></h2>
<p>Paged media have many <a href="http://w3c.github.io/dpub-pagination/index.html">special requirements</a> for the display of document content, which have evolved over the long history of printed books. Running headers and footers function as aids to navigation. Notes may appear at the bottom of the page, as footnotes. The properties of pages themselves may change based on their content or position in the document. Leaders visually connect related content. Cross-references may require generated text. Some paged media formats such as PDF use bookmarks for navigation.</p>
<p>This module defines new properties and values, so that authors may bring these techniques to paged media.</p>
<h2 class="heading settled" data-level="1" id="running-headers-and-footers"><span class="secno">1. </span><span class="content">
Running headers and footers
</span><a class="self-link" href="#running-headers-and-footers"></a></h2>
<a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3page">[CSS3PAGE]</a> describes the sixteen page margin boxes which can be used for running headers and footers, but does not describe a mechanism for inserting content in those boxes. This module provides two methods for for doing so. <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-lt="named string" data-noexport="" id="named-string">Named strings<a class="self-link" href="#named-string"></a></dfn> copy text for reuse in margin boxes. <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport="" id="running-elements0">Running elements<a class="self-link" href="#running-elements0"></a></dfn> move elements (complete with style and structure) from the document to margin boxes.
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.1" id="named-strings"><span class="secno">1.1. </span><span class="content">
Named strings
</span><a class="self-link" href="#named-strings"></a></h3>
The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-string-set">string-set</a> property copies the text content of an element into a <span class="css">named string</span>, which functions as a variable. The text content of this named string can be retrieved using the <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-string">string()</a> function. Since these variables may change on a given page, an optional second value for the <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-string">string()</a> function allows authors to choose which value on a page is used.
<h4 class="heading sett
133E
led" data-level="1.1.1" id="setting-named-strings-the-string-set-pro"><span class="secno">1.1.1. </span><span class="content">
The string-set property
</span><a class="self-link" href="#setting-named-strings-the-string-set-pro"></a></h4>
<table class="definition propdef" data-link-for-hint="<dfn id="string-set">string-set</dfn>">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-string-set">string-set<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-string-set"></a></dfn>
<tr class="value">
<th>Value:
<td class="prod">[[ <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#identifier-value"><custom-ident></a> <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-content-3/#typedef-content-list" title="Expands to: <string>
| no-open-quote
| no-close-quote
| leader()
| close-quote
| document-url
| open-quote
| <datetime>
| contents
"><content-list></a>] [<a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-comma">,</a> <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#identifier-value" title="Expands to: "><custom-ident></a> <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-content-3/#typedef-content-list" title="Expands to: <string>
| no-open-quote
| no-close-quote
| leader()
| close-quote
| document-url
| open-quote
| <datetime>
| contents
"><content-list></a>]<a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#mult-zero-plus">*</a> ] <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> none
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>none
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements, but not pseudo-elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>no
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>all
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>specified value
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>no</table>
<p>The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-string-set">string-set</a> property contains one or more pairs, each consisting of an custom identifier (the name of the named string) followed by a <span class="css">content-list</span> describing how to construct the value of the named string.</p>
<p><span class="css">content-list</span> expands to one or more of the following values, in any order.</p>
<pre class="prod"><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport="" id="content-list">content-list<a class="self-link" href="#content-list"></a></dfn> = [ <string> <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> <counter()> <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> <counters()> <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> <content()> <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> attr(<identifier>) ]<a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#mult-one-plus">+</a>
</pre>
<dl>
<dt> <string>
<dd> A <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#strings">string</a>, as defined in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css21">[CSS21]</a>
<dt> <counter()>
<dd> A <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#counter">counter()</a> function, as described in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css21">[CSS21]</a>.
<dt> <counters()>
<dd> A <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#counter">counters()</a> function, as described in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css21">[CSS21]</a>.
<dt>content()
<dd>The <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-content">content()</a> function, described below.
<dt>attr(<identifier>)
<dd>Returns the string value of the attribute <identifier>, as defined in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3val">[CSS3VAL]</a>
</dl>
<h5 class="heading settled" data-level="1.1.1.1" id="content-function-header"><span class="secno">1.1.1.1. </span><span class="content">The <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-content">content()</a> function</span><a class="self-link" href="#content-function-header"></a></h5>
<pre class="prod"><dfn data-dfn-type="function" data-export="" id="funcdef-content">content()<a class="self-link" href="#funcdef-content"></a></dfn> = content([text <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> before <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> after <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> first-letter ])
</pre>
<p class="issue" id="issue-edcf4ca2"><a class="self-link" href="#issue-edcf4ca2"></a>How do we define the default value for this function?</p>
<dl>
<dt>text
<dd>The string value of the element, determined as if <code>white-space: normal</code> had been set. This is the default value
<dt>before
<dd>The string value of the <code>::before</code> pseudo-element, determined as if <code>wh
9E70
ite-space: normal</code> had been set.
<dt>after
<dd>The string value of the <code>::after</code> pseudo-element, determined as if <code>white-space: normal</code> had been set.
<dt>first-letter
<dd>The first letter of the element, as defined for the <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#first-letter">::first-letter</a></code> pseudo-element
</dl>
<p>The content values of named strings are assigned at the point when the content box of the element is first created (or would have been created if the element’s display value is none). The <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport="" id="entry-value">entry value<a class="self-link" href="#entry-value"></a></dfn> for a page is the assignment in effect at the end of the previous page. The <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport="" id="exit-value">exit value<a class="self-link" href="#exit-value"></a></dfn> for a page is the assignment in effect at the end of the current page.</p>
<p>Whenever the value of the element changes, the value of the named string(s) is updated. User agents must be able to recall many values of the named string, as the <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-string">string()</a> function can return past, current, or future values of the assignment.</p>
<div class="example" id="example-1b55c0e6"><a class="self-link" href="#example-1b55c0e6"></a>
<p>HTML:</p>
<pre><h1>Loomings</h1>
</pre>
<p>CSS:</p>
<pre>h1::before { content: 'Chapter ' counter(chapter); }
h1 { string-set: header content(before) ':' content(text); }
h1::after { content: '.'; }
</pre>
<p>The value of the named string “header” will be “Chapter 1: Loomings”.</p>
</div>
<div class="example" id="example-c8b3be96"><a class="self-link" href="#example-c8b3be96"></a>
HTML:
<pre><section title="Loomings">
</pre>
<p>CSS:</p>
<pre>section { string-set: header attr(title) }
</pre>
<p>The value of the “header” string will be “Loomings”.</p>
</div>
<h4 class="heading settled" data-level="1.1.2" id="using-named-strings"><span class="secno">1.1.2. </span><span class="content">
The <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-string">string()</a> function
</span><a class="self-link" href="#using-named-strings"></a></h4>
The <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-string">string()</a> function is used to copy the value of a named string to the document, via the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-content-3/#propdef-content">content</a> property. This function requires one argument, the name of the named string. Since the value of a named string may change several times on a page (as new instances of the element defining the string appear) an optional second argument indicates which value of the named string should be used.
<pre class="prod"><dfn data-dfn-type="function" data-export="" id="funcdef-string">string()<a class="self-link" href="#funcdef-string"></a></dfn> = string( <a class="production" data-link-type="type" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#identifier-value" title="Expands to: "><custom-ident></a> [ <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-comma">,</a> [ first <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> start <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> last <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> first-except] ]<a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#mult-opt">?</a> )
</pre>
<p>The second argument of the <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-string">string()</a> function is one of the following keywords:</p>
<dl>
<dt id="string-first"><a class="self-link" href="#string-first"></a>first
<dd>The value of the first assignment on the page is used. If there is no assignment on the page, the <span class="css">entry value</span> is used. <code>first</code> is the default value.
<dt id="string-start"><a class="self-link" href="#string-start"></a>start
<dd>If the element is the first element on the page, the value of the first assignment is used. Otherwise the <span class="css">entry value</span> is used. The <span class="css">entry value</span> may be empty if the element hasn’t yet appeared.
<dt id="string-last"><a class="self-link" href="#string-last"></a>last
<dd>The <span class="css">exit value</span> of the named string is used.
<dt id="string-first-except"><a class="self-link" href="#string-first-except"></a>first-except
<dd>This is identical to <code>first</code>, except that the empty string is used on the page where the value is assigned.
</dl>
<div class="example" id="example-a618b54f"><a class="self-link" href="#example-a618b54f"></a>
CSS:
<pre>@page {
size: 15cm 10cm;
margin: 1.5cm;
@top-left {
content: "first: " string(heading, first);
}
@top-center {
content: "start: " string(heading, start);
}
@top-right {
content: "last: " string(heading, last);
}
}
h2 { string-set: heading content() }
</pre>
<p>The following figures show the first, start, and last assignments of the “heading” string on various pages.</p>
<figure>
<img alt="" src="images/using-strings-1.jpg" width="480">
<figcaption>The <a href="#string-start">start</a> value is empty, as the string had not yet been set at the start of the page.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure>
<img alt="" src="images/using-strings-2.jpg" width="480">
<figcaption>Since the page starts with an h2, the <a href="#string-start">start</a> value is the value of that head.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure>
<img alt="" src="images/using-strings-3.jpg" width="480">
<figcaption>Since there’s not an h2 at the top of this page, the <a href="#string-start">start</a> value is the <span class="css">exit value</span> of the previous page.</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.2" id="running-elements"><span class="secno">1.2. </span><span class="content">
Running elements
</span><a class="self-link" href="#running-elements"></a></h3>
Many headers and footers cannot be represented only by unformatted text. A book title serving as a running head may contain an italic word, for example. A mechanism is needed to move or copy elements into margin boxes. To do this, we add the <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-running">running()</a> value to the position property, and the <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-element">element()</a> value to the content property.
<div class="example" id="example-12384fa7"><a class="self-link" href="#example-12384fa7"></a>
<pre>@page {
@top { content: element(header); }
}
h1 { position: running(header); }
</pre>
<p>In this example, the <code>h1</code> element is placed in the <code>@top</code> margin box, complete with formatting and any descendant elements. It does not display in the normal document flow.</p>
</div>
<h4 class="heading settled" data-level="1.2.1" id="running-syntax"><span class="secno">1.2.1. </span><span class="content">
The <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-running">running()</a> value
</span><a class="self-link" href="#running-syntax"></a></h4>
<p><code>position: running(custom-ident)</code> removes the element (and associated ::before and ::after pseudo-elements) from the normal flow, and makes it available to place in a page margin box using <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-element">element()</a>. The element inherits from its original position in the document, but does not display there.</p>
<table class="definition propdef partial" data-link-for-hint="position">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><a class="css" data-link-type="property" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-position-3/#propdef-position">position</a>
<tr class="value">
<th>New values:
<td class="prod">running()
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>paged</table>
<pre class="prod"><dfn data-dfn-type="function" data-export="" id="funcdef-running">running()<a class="self-link" href="#funcdef-running"></a></dfn> = string( <a class="production" data-link-type="type" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#identifier-value" title="Expands to: "><custom-ident></a> )
</pre>
<p></p>
<div class="example" id="example-a367e223"><a class="self-link" href="#example-a367e223"></a>
<p>HTML:</p>
<pre><p class="rh"><i>Miranda v. Arizona</i> in Context</p>
<h2><i>Miranda v. Arizona</i> in Context</h2>
</pre>
<p>CSS:</p>
<pre>@top-center {
content: element(heading);
}
p.rh {
position: running(heading);
}
p.rh::before {
content: counter(page) ' / ';
}
</pre>
<figure>
<p><img alt="running header using running elements" src="images/running-element-gcpm_Page_1.jpg" width="480"></p>
<figcaption>Running element in page margin box</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="note" role="note">The element <span class="css">value()</span> can only be used in page margin boxes. And it cannot be combined with other possible values for the content property.</p>
<div class="issue" id="issue-35d19bf4"><a class="self-link" href="#issue-35d19bf4"></a>
<p>This idea would be much more useful if we could also copy (rather than just move) elements. That would avoid the duplication of HTML in the example above.
</p>
<p>Bert Bos has proposed an alternative syntax, which allows both moving and copying elements into running heads. In the example below, h2 elements appear in their normal place in the document, but are also copied into running heads.</p>
<div class="example" id="example-48f9547b"><a class="self-link" href="#example-48f9547b"></a>
<pre>h2 {
display: block;
running: chapter;
font-size: 18pt;
font-weight: bold;
}
h2:running {
display: inline;
font-size: 11pt;
font-weight: normal;
font-variant: small-caps;
letter-spacing: 1pt;
}
@page {
@top-center {
content: element(chapter);
}
}
</pre>
</div>
<table class="definition propdef" data-link-for-hint="<dfn id="running-property">running</dfn>">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-running">running<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-running"></a></dfn>
<tr class="value">
<th>Value:
<td class="prod"><a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#identifier-value" title="Expands to: "><custom-ident></a>
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>none
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>no
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>all
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>specified value
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>no</table>
</div>
<h4 class="heading settled" data-level="1.2.2" id="element-syntax"><span class="secno">1.2.2. </span><span class="content">
The <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-element">element()</a> value
</span><a class="self-link" href="#element-syntax"></a></h4>
<p>The <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-element">element()</a> value of the content property places an element (which has been removed from the normal flow via <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-running">running()</a>) in a page margin box. Whenever the value of the element changes, the value of <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-element">element()</a> is updated.</p>
<p>Just as with <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-string">string()</a>, <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-element">element()</a> takes an optional keyword to describe which value should be used in the case of multiple assignments on a page. User agents must be able to recall many values, as <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#funcdef-element">element()</a> can return past, current, or future values of the assignment.</p>
<table class="definition propdef partial" data-link-for-hint="content">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><a class="css" data-link-type="property" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-content-3/#propdef-content">content</a>
<tr class="value">
<th>New values:
<td class="prod">element()
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>paged</table>
<pre class="prod"><dfn data-dfn-type="function" data-export="" id="funcdef-element">element()<a class="self-link" href="#funcdef-element"></a></dfn> = string( <a class="production" data-link-type="type" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#identifier-value" title="Expands to: "><custom-ident></a> [ <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-comma">,</a> [ first <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> start <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> last <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> first-except] ]<a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#mult-opt">?</a> )
</pre>
<h2 class="heading settled" data-level="2" id="footnotes"><span class="secno">2. </span><span class="content">
Footnotes
</span><a class="self-link" href="#footnotes"></a></h2>
Ancillary content may be moved to the bottom or side of a page. A footnote is created when such content moves to the bottom of the page, leaving a reference indicator.
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.1" id="footnote-terms"><span class="secno">2.1. </span><span class="content">Terminology</span><a class="self-link" href="#footnote-terms"></a></h3>
<p>Footnotes are complex objects (see the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-dpub-latinreq-20140313/#footnotes">footnote section</a> at <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-dpub-latinreq">[dpub-latinreq]</a>), so it will be helpful to define some terms before proceeding.</p>
<figure>
<p><img alt="page with footnotes" src="images/footnote-diagram.001.jpg" width="480"></p>
<figcaption>Footnote terminology</figcaption>
</figure>
<dl>
<dt>footnote element
<dd>The element containing the content of the footnote, which will be removed from the flow and displayed as a footnote.
<dt>footnote marker (also known as footnote number)
<dd>A number or symbol adjacent to the footnote body, identifying the particular footnote. The footnote marker should use the same number or symbol as the corresponding footnote call, although the marker may contain additional punctuation.
<dt>footnote body
<dd>The footnote marker is placed before the footnote element, and together they represent the footnote body, which will be placed in the footnote area.
<dt>footnote call (also known as footnote reference)
<dd>A number or symbol, found in the main text, which points to the footnote body.
<dt>footnote area
<dd>The page area used to display footnotes.
<dt>footnote rule (also known as footnote separator)
<dd>A horizontal rule is often used to separate the footnote area from the rest of the page. The separator (and the entire footnote area) cannot be rendered on a page with no footnotes.
</dl>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.2" id="creating-footnotes"><span class="secno">2.2. </span><span class="content">
Creating footnotes
</span><a class="self-link" href="#creating-footnotes"></a></h3>
An element becomes a footnote by applying <code>float: footnote</code> to that element. This triggers the following actions:
<ol>
<li> The footnote element is removed from the flow, and a <code>::footnote-call</code> pseudo-element is inserted in its place, which serves as a reference to the footnote.
<li> A <code>::footnote-marker</code> pseudo-element, identifying the footnote, is placed at the beginning of the footnote element. Together this is the footnote body.
<li>The <span class="css">footnote counter</span> is incremented.
<li>The footnote body is placed in the footnote area at the bottom of the page. Footnote elements from a given page are placed in the footnote area of that page in document order.
</ol>
<div class="example" id="example-9704e8b4"><a class="self-link" href="#example-9704e8b4"></a>
HTML:
<pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><p>Though the body was erect, the head was thrown back so that the closed eyes were pointed towards the needle of the tell-tale that swung from a beam in the ceiling.<span class="footnote">The cabin-compass is called the tell-tale, because without going to the compass at the helm, the Captain, while below, can inform himself of the course of the ship.</span></p>
</pre>
<p>CSS:</p>
<pre>@page {
@footnote {
float: bottom;
}
}
span.footnote { float: footnote; }
</pre>
</div>
<p class="issue" id="issue-4af1f674"><a class="self-link" href="#issue-4af1f674"></a>Why is float:bottom used with the footnote area? Floating footnotes to the footnote area, and then floating the footnote area itself, seems overly complex, given that implementations don’t allow the footnote area to float anywhere else. Note that some implementations do allow the footnote area to be absolutely positioned.</p>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.3" id="footnote-types"><span class="secno">2.3. </span><span class="content">
Types of footnotes
</span><a class="self-link" href="#footnote-types"></a></h3>
The following new value of the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css2/visuren.html#propdef-float">float</a> property creates a footnote element:
<table class="definition propdef partial" data-link-for-hint="float">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><a class="css" data-link-type="property" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css2/visuren.html#propdef-float">float</a>
<tr class="value">
<th>New values:
<td class="prod">footnote
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>paged</table>
<dl>
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="float" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-float-footnote">footnote<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-float-footnote"></a></dfn>
<dd>each footnote element is placed in the footnote area of the page
</dl>
<p>The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-footnote-display">footnote-display</a> property determines whether a footnote is displayed as a block element or inline element.</p>
<table class="definition propdef" data-link-for-hint="<dfn id="propdef-footnote-display">footnote-display</dfn>">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-footnote-display">footnote-display<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-footnote-display"></a></dfn>
<tr class="value">
<th>Value:
<td class="prod">block <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> inline <a data-link-type="grammar" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> compact
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>block
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>no
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>paged
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>specified value
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>no</table>
<dl>
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="propdef-footnote-display" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="footnote-display-block">block<a class="self-link" href="#footnote-display-block"></a></dfn>
<dd>The footnote element is placed in the footnote area as a block element
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="propdef-footnote-display" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="footnote-display-inline">inline<a class="self-link" href="#footnote-display-inline"></a></dfn>
<dd>The footnote element is placed in the footnote area as an inline element
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="propdef-footnote-display" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="footnote-display-compact">compact<a class="self-link" href="#footnote-display-compact"></a></dfn>