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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Text</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style/default.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-MO.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="prev" href="fonts.html">
<link rel="next" href="tables.html">
<link rel="contents" href="cover.html#minitoc">
<link rel="CSS-properties" href="propidx.html" title="properties">
<link rel="index" href="indexlist.html" title="index">
<link rel="first" href="cover.html">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
<meta name="editor" lang="tr" content="Tantek Çelik">
<style type="text/css">
<ins>.current,.proposed,span.delcurrent { background:#feb }
ins.proposed,span.insproposed { background:#bfb }
del.proposed,span.delproposed { background:#fbb }
span.insproposed { text-decoration:underline }
span.delproposed,span.delcurrent { text-decoration:line-through }
body>del,body>ins {display:block}</ins>
</style>
<style type="text/css">
<ins>.egbidiwsaA,.egbidiwsbB,.egbidiwsaB,.egbidiwsbC
{ white-space:pre;font-size:80%;font-family:monospace; vertical-align:2px; margin:1px }
.egbidiwsaA { background:lime;padding:2px; }
.egbidiwsbB { border:2px solid blue }
.egbidiwsaB { background:yellow;border:2px dotted white }
.egbidiwsbC { border:2px dotted red }</ins>
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="navbar">
<p><a href="fonts.html">previous</a>
<a href="tables.html">next</a>
<a href="cover.html#minitoc">contents</a>
<a href="propidx.html">properties</a>
<a href="indexlist.html">index</a>
</div>
<hr class="navbar">
<h1><a name="q0">16 Text</a></h1>
<div class="subtoc">
<p><strong>Contents</strong>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#indentation-prop" class="tocxref">16.1 Indentation: the <span class="propinst-text-indent">'text-indent'</span> property</a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#alignment-prop" class="tocxref">16.2 Alignment: the <span class="propinst-text-align">'text-align'</span> property</a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#decoration" class="tocxref">16.3 Decoration</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#lining-striking-props" class="tocxref">16.3.1 Underlining, overlining, striking, and blinking: the <span class="propinst-text-decoration">'text-decoration'</span> property</a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#spacing-props" class="tocxref"> <del>16.3.2 Text shadows: the 'text-shadow' property</del>16.4 Letter and word spacing: the <span class="propinst-letter-spacing">'letter-spacing'</span> and <span class="propinst-word-spacing">'word-spacing'</span> properties</a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#caps-prop" class="tocxref">16.5 Capitalization: the <span class="propinst-text-transform">'text-transform'</span> property</a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#white-space-prop" class="tocxref">16.6 <del>Whitespace:</del><ins>White space:</ins> the <span class="propinst-white-space">'white-space'</span> property</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#white-space-model" class="tocxref"><ins>16.6.1 The 'white-space' processing model</ins></a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#egbidiwscollapse" class="tocxref"><ins>16.6.2 Example of bidirectionality with white space collapsing</ins></a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#ctrlchars" class="tocxref"><ins>16.6.3 Control and combining characters' details</ins></a>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>
<p>The properties defined in the following sections affect the visual
presentation of characters, spaces, words, and paragraphs.
</p>
<h2>16.1 <a name="indentation-prop">Indentation</a>: the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-indent" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-indent">'text-indent'</span></a> property</h2>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'text-indent'"><a name="propdef-text-indent" class="propdef-title"><strong>'text-indent'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td><a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length"><length></span></a> | <a href="syndata.html#value-def-percentage" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-percentage"><percentage></span></a> | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>0
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>block-level <del>elements</del><ins>elements, table cells and inline blocks</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>refer to width of containing block
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>the percentage as specified or the absolute length</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This property specifies the indentation of the first line of text
in a block. More precisely, it specifies the indentation of the
first box that flows into the block's first <a
href="visuren.html#line-box">line box</a>. The box is indented with
respect to the left (or right, for right-to-left layout) edge of the
line box. User agents should render this indentation as blank space.
</p>
<p>Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="index-inst" title="<length>"><a name="x1" href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span
class="value-inst-length"><length></span></a></span></dt>
<dd>The indentation is a fixed length.</dd>
<dt><span class="index-inst" title="<percentage>"><a name="x2" href="syndata.html#value-def-percentage" class="noxref"><span
class="value-inst-percentage"><percentage>
</span></a></span></dt>
<dd>The indentation is a percentage of the containing
block width.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The value of <a href="text.html#propdef-text-indent" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-indent">'text-indent'</span></a> may be negative, but
there may be implementation-specific limits.
<ins>If the value of</ins> <a href="text.html#propdef-text-indent" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-indent"><ins>'text-indent'</ins></span></a> <ins>is either negative or
exceeds the width of the block, that</ins> <em><ins>first box</ins></em><ins>, described above,
can overflow the block.
The value of</ins> <a href="visufx.html#propdef-overflow" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-overflow"><ins>'overflow'</ins></span></a> <ins>will affect
whether such text that overflows the block is visible.</ins>
</p>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><p>
The following example causes a '3em' text indent.
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
p { text-indent: 3em }
</code></pre>
</div>
<p class="note">
<ins>Note: Since the 'text-indent' property inherits, when specified on
a block element, it will affect descendant inline-block elements.
For this reason, it is often wise to specify '</ins><code><ins>text-indent: 0</ins></code><ins>'
on elements that are specified '</ins><code><ins>display:inline-block</ins></code><ins>'.</ins>
</p>
<h2>16.2 <a name="alignment-prop">Alignment:</a> the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-align" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-align">'text-align'</span></a> property</h2>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'text-align'"><a name="propdef-text-align" class="propdef-title"><strong>'text-align'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td>left | right | center | justify | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit"> <del><string> |</del>inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td> <del>depends on user agent and writing direction</del><ins>a nameless value that acts as 'left' if 'direction' is 'ltr',
'right' if 'direction' is 'rtl'</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>block-level <del>elements</del><ins>elements, table cells and inline blocks</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>the initial value or as specified</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This property describes how inline content of a block is aligned. Values
have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt> <del>left , right , center , and</del><ins>left, right, center,</ins> justify</dt>
<dd>Left, right, center, and <del>double</del>justify text, <del>respectively. <string> Specifies a string on which cells</del><ins>respectively, as described</ins> in <a href="visuren.html#inline-formatting"> <del>a table column will align (see</del>the section on <del>horizontal alignment in a column for details and an example). This value applies only to table cells. If set on other elements, it will be treated as 'left' or 'right', depending on whether 'direction' is 'ltr', or 'rtl', respectively.</del><ins>inline formatting</ins></a><ins>.</ins></dd>
</dl>
<p>A block of text is a stack of <a href="visuren.html#line-box">line
boxes</a>. In the case of 'left', 'right' and 'center', this property specifies
how the inline boxes within each line box align with respect to the line
box's left and right sides; alignment is not with respect to the <a
href="visuren.html#viewport">viewport</a>. In the case of 'justify',
<del>the UA may stretch</del><ins>this property specifies that</ins> the inline boxes <del>in addition</del><ins>are</ins> to <del>adjusting their positions.</del><ins>be made flush
with both sides of the block.</ins> (See also <a href="text.html#propdef-letter-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-letter-spacing">'letter-spacing'</span></a> and <a href="text.html#propdef-word-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-word-spacing">'word-spacing'</span></a>.)
</p>
<p>
<ins>If the computed value of text-align is 'justify' while the computed
value of white-space is 'pre' or 'pre-line', the actual value of
text-align is set to the initial value.</ins>
</p>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><p>
In this example, note that since <a href="text.html#propdef-text-align" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-align">'text-align'</span></a> is inherited, all
block-level elements inside <del>the</del>DIV <del>element</del><ins>elements</ins> with <del>'class=center'</del><ins>a class name of 'important'</ins> will
have their inline content centered.
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<del>DIV.center</del><ins>div.important</ins> { text-align: center }
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="note"><p>
<em><strong>Note.</strong>
The actual justification algorithm used <del>is</del><ins>depends on the</ins> user-agent and <del>written language dependent.</del><ins>the language/script
of the text.</ins></em>
</p>
</div>
<p><em><span class="index-inst" title="conformance"><a name="x4"
href="conform.html#conformance">Conforming user agents</a></span> may
interpret the value 'justify' as 'left' or 'right', depending on
whether the element's default writing direction is left-to-right or
right-to-left, respectively.</em>
</p>
<h2>16.3 <a name="decoration">Decoration</a></h2>
<h3>16.3.1 <a name="lining-striking-props">Underlining, overlining, striking, and
blinking</a>: the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-decoration" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-decoration">'text-decoration'</span></a>
property</h3>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'text-decoration'"><a name="propdef-text-decoration" class="propdef-title"><strong>'text-decoration'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td>none | [ underline || overline || line-through || blink ] | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>none
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>all elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>no (see prose)
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>as specified</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
This property describes decorations that are added
to the text of an <del>element. If</del><ins>element using</ins> the <del>property is</del><ins>element's color.
When</ins> specified <del>for a block-level</del><ins>on an inline</ins> element, it
affects all <del>inline-level descendants of</del>the <del>element. If it is specified</del><ins>boxes generated by that element;</ins> for <del>(or affects)</del><ins>all other
elements, the decorations are propagated to</ins> an <del>inline-level</del><ins>anonymous inline box
that wraps all the in-flow inline children of the</ins> element, <ins>and to any</ins>
<a
href="visuren.html#block-level"><ins>block-level</ins></a> <ins>in-flow descendants.</ins>
It <del>affects all boxes generated by</del><ins>is not, however, further propagated to floating and absolutely
positioned descendants, nor to</ins> the <del>element.</del><ins>contents of 'inline-table' and
'inline-block' descendants.</ins>
</p><p>
<ins>Underlines, overlines, and line-throughs are applied only to text
(including white space, letter spacing, and word spacing): margins,
borders, and padding are skipped.</ins> If <del>the</del><ins>an</ins> element <del>has no content or</del><ins>contains</ins> no <ins>text,
user agents must refrain from rendering these</ins> text <del>content (e.g.,</del><ins>decorations on</ins> the
<del>IMG element</del><ins>element. For example, images will not be underlined.</ins>
</p><p>
<ins>The 'text-decoration' property on descendant elements cannot have any
effect on the decoration of the ancestor.</ins> In <del>HTML),</del><ins>determining the position
of and thickness of text decoration lines,</ins> user agents <ins>may consider the
font sizes of and dominant baselines of descendants, but</ins> must <del>ignore this property.</del><ins>use the
same baseline and thickness on each line. Relatively positioning a
descendant moves all text decorations affecting it along with the
descendant's text; it does not affect calculation of the decoration's
initial position on that line.</ins>
</p>
<p>Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt>none</dt>
<dd>Produces no text decoration.</dd>
<dt>underline</dt>
<dd>Each line of text is underlined.</dd>
<dt>overline</dt>
<dd>Each line of text has a line above it.</dd>
<dt>line-through</dt>
<dd>Each line of text has a line through the <del>middle</del><ins>middle.</ins></dd>
<dt>blink</dt>
<dd>Text blinks (alternates between visible and invisible).
<a href="conform.html#conformance">Conforming user agents</a>
<del>are</del><ins>may simply</ins> not <del>required</del><ins>blink the text. Note that not blinking the text
is one technique</ins> to <del>support this value.</del><ins>satisfy</ins>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/UAAG/guidelines.html#tech-on-off-blinking-text"><ins>checkpoint 3.3 of WAI-UAAG</ins></a><ins>.</ins></dd>
</dl>
<p>
The color(s) required for the text decoration <del>should</del><ins>must</ins> be derived from
the <a href="colors.html#propdef-color" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-color">'color'</span></a> property <del>value. This property is not inherited, but descendant boxes</del><ins>value</ins> of <del>a block box should be formatted with</del>the <del>same decoration (e.g., they should all be underlined).</del><ins>element on which 'text-decoration'
is set.</ins> The color of decorations <del>should</del><ins>must</ins> remain the same even if
descendant elements have different <a href="colors.html#propdef-color" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-color">'color'</span></a> values.
</p>
<p>
<ins>Some user agents have implemented text-decoration by
propagating the decoration to the descendant elements as opposed to
preserving a constant thickness and line position as described
above. This was arguably allowed by the looser wording in CSS2. SVG1,
CSS1-only, and CSS2-only user agents may implement the older model
and still claim conformance to this part of CSS 2.1. (This does not
apply to UAs developed after this specification was released.)</ins>
</p>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><p>
In the following example for HTML, the text content of all
A elements acting as hyperlinks <ins>(whether visited or not)</ins> will be underlined:</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<del>A[href]</del><ins>a:visited,a:link</ins> { text-decoration: underline }
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none"> <del>16.3.2</del><ins>Example(s):</ins></P><p>
<ins>In the following style sheet and document fragment:</ins>
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>blockquote { text-decoration: underline; color: blue; }
em { display: block; }
cite { color: fuchsia; }</ins>
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="html">
<ins><blockquote>
<p>
<span>
Help, help!
<em> I am under a hat! </em>
<cite> —GwieF </cite>
</span>
</p>
</blockquote></ins>
</code></pre>
<p>
<ins>...the underlining for the blockquote element is propagated to an
anonymous inline element that surrounds the span element, causing
the</ins> text <del>shadows :</del><ins>"Help, help!" to be blue, with</ins> the <del>'text-shadow' property 'text-shadow' Value:</del><ins>blue underlining from
the anonymous inline underneath it, the color being taken from the
blockquote element. The</ins> <code><ins><em>text</em></ins></code>
<ins>in the em block is also underlined,
as it is in an in-flow block to which the underline is propagated. The final line of text is fuchsia, but the underline
underneath it is still the blue underline from the anonymous inline
element.</ins>
</p>
<p><img src="images/underline-example.png" alt="Sample rendering of the above underline example">
</p>
<p>
<ins>This diagram shows the boxes involved in the example above. The rounded
aqua line represents the anonymous inline element wrapping the inline
contents of the paragraph element, the rounded blue line represents
the span element, and the orange lines represent the blocks.</ins>
</p>
</div>
<h2><ins>16.4</ins> <a name="spacing-props"><ins>Letter and word spacing</ins></a><ins>: the</ins> <a href="text.html#propdef-letter-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-letter-spacing"><ins>'letter-spacing'</ins></span></a> <ins>and</ins> <a href="text.html#propdef-word-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-word-spacing"><ins>'word-spacing'</ins></span></a> <ins>properties</ins></h2>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'letter-spacing'"><a name="propdef-letter-spacing" class="propdef-title"><strong><ins>'letter-spacing'</ins></strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Value:</ins></em> <td> <del>none</del><ins>normal</ins> | <a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length"> <del>[ <color> || <length> <length> <length> ? ,]* [ <color> || <length></del><length></span></a> <del><length> ?]</del>| <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td> <del>none</del><ins>normal</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>all elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td> <del>no (see prose)</del><ins>yes</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>'normal' or absolute length</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This property <del>accepts a comma-separated list of shadow effects to be applied to the text of the element. The shadow effects are applied in the order specified and may thus overlay each other, but they will never overlay the</del><ins>specifies spacing behavior between</ins>
text <del>itself. Shadow effects do not alter the size of a box, but may extend beyond its boundaries.</del><ins>characters. Values have</ins> the <del>stack level of</del><ins>following meanings:</ins></p>
<dl>
<dt><ins>normal</ins></dt>
<dd>The <del>shadow effects</del><ins>spacing</ins> is the <del>same as</del><ins>normal spacing</ins> for the <del>element itself. Each shadow effect must specify a shadow offset and may optionally specify a blur radius and a shadow color. A shadow offset is specified with two <length> values that indicate the distance from the text. The first length</del><ins>current font.
This</ins> value <del>specifies</del><ins>allows</ins> the <del>horizontal distance</del><ins>user agent</ins> to <ins>alter</ins> the <del>right of the text. A negative horizontal length value places the shadow</del><ins>space
between characters in order</ins> to <del>the left of the text. The second length value specifies the vertical distance below the</del><ins>justify</ins> text.</dd>
<dt><span class="index-inst" title="<length>"><a name="x7" href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span
class="value-inst-length"> <del>A negative vertical length</del><ins><length></ins></span></a></span></dt>
<dd><ins>This</ins> value <del>places the shadow above</del><ins>indicates inter-character space</ins> <em><ins>in
addition to</ins></em> the <del>text. A blur radius</del><ins>default space between
characters. Values</ins> may <del>optionally</del>be <del>specified after the shadow offset.</del><ins>negative, but there may be
implementation-specific limits.
User agents may not further increase or decrease</ins> the <del>blur radius is a length value that indicates</del><ins>inter-character
space in order to justify text.</ins></dd>
</dl>
<p><ins>Character spacing algorithms are user agent-dependent.</ins>
</p>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none"><ins>Example(s):</ins></P><p>
<ins>In this example,</ins> the <del>boundaries of</del><ins>space between characters in
BLOCKQUOTE elements is increased by '0.1em'.</ins>
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>blockquote { letter-spacing: 0.1em }</ins>
</code></pre>
<p><ins>In</ins> the <del>blur effect.</del><ins>following example,</ins> the <del>exact algorithm for computing</del><ins>user agent is not permitted
to alter inter-character space:</ins></p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>blockquote { letter-spacing: 0cm } /* Same as '0' */</ins>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p> <ins>When</ins> the <del>blur effect</del><ins>resultant space between two characters</ins> is not <del>specified. A color</del><ins>the same as
the default space, user agents should not use</ins>
<a name="x8"><span class="index-inst" title="ligatures"><ins>ligatures.</ins></span></a>
</p>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'word-spacing'"><a name="propdef-word-spacing" class="propdef-title"><strong><ins>'word-spacing'</ins></strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>normal |</ins> <a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length"><ins><length></ins></span></a> <ins>|</ins> <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit"><ins>inherit</ins></span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Initial:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>normal</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Applies to:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>all elements</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Inherited:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>yes</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Percentages:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>N/A</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Media:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref"><ins>visual</ins></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>for 'normal' the</ins> value <del>may optionally be specified before or after</del><ins>'0'; otherwise</ins> the <ins>absolute</ins> length
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p><ins>This property specifies spacing behavior between words.</ins>
Values <del>of</del><ins>have</ins> the <del>shadow effect.</del><ins>following meanings:</ins></p>
<dl>
<dt><ins>normal</ins></dt>
<dd>The <del>color value will be used</del><ins>normal inter-word space,</ins> as <ins>defined by</ins> the <del>basis for the shadow effect. If no color is specified,</del><ins>current font and/or</ins>
the <abbr title="user agent"><ins>UA</ins></abbr><ins>.</ins></dd>
<dt><span class="index-inst" title="<length>"><a name="x10" href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span
class="value-inst-length"><ins><length></ins></span></a></span></dt>
<dd><ins>This</ins> value <del>of</del><ins>indicates inter-word space</ins> <em><ins>in
addition to</ins></em> the <del>'color' property will</del><ins>default space between
words. Values may</ins> be <del>used instead. Text shadows</del><ins>negative, but there</ins> may be
<del>used with</del><ins>implementation-specific limits.</ins> </dd>
</dl>
<p><ins>Word spacing algorithms are user agent-dependent. Word spacing is
also influenced by justification (see</ins> the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-align" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-align"> <del>:first-letter</del><ins>'text-align'</ins></span></a> <ins>property).
Word spacing affects each space (U+0020)</ins> and <del>:first-line pseudo-elements. Example(s):</del><ins>non-breaking space
(U+00A0), left in</ins> the <del>example below will set a</del>text <del>shadow to the right and below</del><ins>after</ins> the <del>element's text. Since no color has</del><ins>white space processing rules have</ins>
been <del>specified,</del><ins>applied.</ins> The <del>shadow will have</del><ins>effect of</ins> the <del>same color</del><ins>property on other word-separator
characters is undefined. However general punctuation, characters with
zero advance width (such</ins> as the <del>element itself,</del><ins>zero with space U+200B)</ins> and
<del>since no blur radius is specified, the text shadow will</del><ins>fixed-width spaces (such as U+3000 and U+2000 through U+200A) are</ins> not
<del>be blurred: H1 { text-shadow: 0.2em 0.2em } The next example will place a shadow to the right and below the element's text. The shadow will have a 5px blur radius and will be red. H2 { text-shadow: 3px 3px 5px red } The next example specifies a list of shadow effects. The first shadow will be to the right and below the element's text and will be red with no blurring. The second shadow will overlay the first shadow effect, and it will be yellow, blurred, and placed to the left and below the text. The third shadow effect will be placed to the right and above the text. Since no shadow color is specified for the third shadow effect, the value of the element's 'color' property will be used: H2 { text-shadow: 3px 3px red, yellow -3px 3px 2px, 3px -3px }</del><ins>affected.</ins>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><p>
<del>Consider this example: SPAN.glow { background: white; color: white; text-shadow: black 0px 0px 5px; } Here, the 'background' and 'color' properties have the same value and the 'text-shadow' property is used to create a "solar eclipse" effect: [D] Note. This property is not defined in CSS1. Some shadow effects (such as the one</del>In <ins>this example,</ins> the <del>last example) may render text invisible in UAs that only support CSS1. 16.4 Letter and</del><ins>word-spacing between each</ins> word <del>spacing</del><ins>in H1 elements is
increased by '1em'.</ins>
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>h1 { word-spacing: 1em }</ins>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h2><ins>16.5</ins> <a name="caps-prop"><ins>Capitalization</ins></a>: the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-transform" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-transform"> <del>'letter-spacing' and 'word-spacing' properties 'letter-spacing'</del><ins>'text-transform'</ins></span></a> <ins>property</ins></h2>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'text-transform'"><a name="propdef-text-transform" class="propdef-title"><strong><ins>'text-transform'</ins></strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td> <del>normal</del><ins>capitalize</ins> | <del><length></del><ins>uppercase | lowercase | none</ins> | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td> <del>normal</del><ins>none</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>all elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>as specified</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This property <del>specifies spacing behavior between text characters.</del><ins>controls capitalization effects of
an element's text.</ins> Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt> <del>normal</del><ins>capitalize</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>Puts</ins> the <del>spacing is</del><ins>first character of each word in uppercase; other characters are unaffected.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>uppercase</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>Puts all characters of each word in uppercase.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>lowercase</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>Puts all characters of each word in lowercase.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>none</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>No capitalization effects.</ins></dd>
</dl>
<p> The <del>normal spacing</del><ins>actual transformation in each case is written language
dependent. See RFC 3066 (</ins><a href="refs.html#ref-RFC3066" rel="biblioentry" class="noxref"><span class="informref"><ins>[RFC3066]</ins></span></a><ins>)</ins> for <del>the current font. This value allows the user agent</del><ins>ways</ins> to <del>alter</del><ins>find</ins> the <del>space between</del><ins>language of
an element.</ins>
</p>
<p><ins>Only</ins> characters <del>in order to justify text. <length> This value indicates inter-character space in addition to the default space between characters. Values may be negative, but there may be implementation-specific limits. User agents may not further increase or decrease the inter-character space in order</del><ins>belonging</ins> to <del>justify text. Character spacing algorithms</del><ins>"bicameral scripts"</ins> <a href="refs.html#ref-UNICODE" rel="biblioentry" class="noxref"><span class="normref"><ins>[UNICODE]</ins></span></a> are
<
7DDD
;del>user agent-dependent. Character spacing may also be influenced by justification (see the 'text-align' property).</del><ins>affected.</ins>
</p>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><p>
In this example, <del>the space between characters in BLOCKQUOTE elements is increased by '0.1em'. BLOCKQUOTE { letter-spacing: 0.1em }</del><ins>all text</ins> in <del>the following example, the user agent</del><ins>an H1 element</ins> is <del>not permitted</del><ins>transformed</ins> to <del>alter inter-character space: BLOCKQUOTE</del><ins>uppercase
text.</ins>
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>h1</ins> { <del>letter-spacing: 0cm</del><ins>text-transform: uppercase</ins> }
</code></pre>
</div>
<h2> <del>/* Same as '0' */ When the resultant</del><ins>16.6</ins> <a name="white-space-prop"><ins>White</ins> space</a> <del>between two characters is not the same as the default space, user agents should not use ligatures. Conforming user agents may consider the value of</del><ins>:</ins> the <a href="text.html#propdef-white-space" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-white-space"> <del>'letter-spacing'</del><ins>'white-space'</ins></span></a> property</h2>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'white-space'"><a name="propdef-white-space" class="propdef-title"><strong> <del>to be 'normal'. 'word-spacing'</del><ins>'white-space'</ins></strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td>normal | <del><length></del><ins>pre | nowrap | pre-wrap | pre-line</ins> | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>normal
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>all elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>as specified</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p> This property <del>specifies spacing behavior between words.</del><ins>declares how white space inside the element is
handled.</ins> Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt>normal</dt>
<dd> <del>The normal inter-word</del><ins>This value directs user agents to collapse sequences
of white</ins> space, <ins>and break lines</ins> as <del>defined by the current font and/or the UA. <length></del><ins>necessary to fill line boxes.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>pre</ins></dt>
<dd>This value <del>indicates inter-word space</del><ins>prevents user agents from collapsing sequences
of white space. Lines are only broken at newlines</ins> in <del>addition to</del>the <del>default</del><ins>source, or
at occurrences of "\A" in generated content.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>nowrap</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>This value collapses white</ins> space <del>between words. Values may be negative,</del><ins>as for 'normal',</ins> but <del>there may be implementation-specific limits. Word spacing algorithms are</del><ins>suppresses
line breaks within text.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>pre-wrap</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>This value prevents</ins> user <del>agent-dependent. Word spacing is also influenced by justification (see the 'text-align' property). Example(s):</del><ins>agents from collapsing sequences
of white space. Lines are broken at newlines</ins> in <del>this example,</del>the <del>word-spacing between each word</del><ins>source,
at occurrences of "\A"</ins> in <del>H1 elements is increased by '1em'. H1 { word-spacing: 1em } Conforming</del><ins>generated content,
and as necessary to fill line boxes.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>pre-line</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>This value directs</ins> user agents <del>may consider the value</del><ins>to collapse sequences</ins> of <ins>white space. Lines are broken at newlines in</ins> the <del>'word-spacing' property</del><ins>source, at occurrences of "\A" in generated content, and as necessary</ins> to <ins>fill line boxes.</ins></dd>
</dl>
<p>
<ins>Newlines in the source can</ins> be <del>'normal'. 16.5 Capitalization :</del><ins>represented by a carriage return
(U+000D), a linefeed (U+000A) or both (U+000D U+000A) or by some other
mechanism that identifies</ins> the <del>'text-transform' property 'text-transform' Value: capitalize | uppercase | lowercase | none | inherit Initial: none Applies to: all elements Inherited: yes Percentages: N/A Media: visual This property controls capitalization effects</del><ins>beginning and end</ins> of <del>an element's text. Values</del><ins>document segments,
such as the SGML RECORD-START and RECORD-END tokens. The CSS
'white-space' processing model assumes all newlines</ins> have <ins>been
normalized to line feeds.</ins>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none"><ins>Example(s):</ins></P><p> The following <del>meanings: capitalize Puts</del><ins>examples show what</ins> <a
href="syndata.html#whitespace"><ins>white space</ins></a> <ins>behavior is expected
from</ins> the <del>first character of each word</del><ins>PRE and P elements and the "nowrap" attribute</ins> in <del>uppercase. uppercase Puts all characters of each word</del><ins>HTML.</ins>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>pre { white-space: pre }
p { white-space: normal }
td[nowrap] { white-space: nowrap }</ins>
</code></pre>
<p>In <del>uppercase. lowercase Puts all characters</del><ins>addition, the effect</ins> of <ins>an HTML PRE element with the</ins> <em><ins>non-standard</ins></em> <ins>"wrap" attribute is demonstrated by the following example:</ins>
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>pre[wrap] { white-space: pre-wrap }</ins>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3><ins>16.6.1</ins> <a name="white-space-model"><ins>The 'white-space' processing model</ins></a></h3>
<p>
<ins>Any text that is directly contained inside a block element (not inside an
inline element) should be treated as an anonymous inline element.</ins>
</p>
<p>
<ins>For</ins> each <del>word in lowercase. none No capitalization effects.</del><ins>inline element (including anonymous inline elements),</ins> the
<del>actual transformation in</del><ins>following steps are performed, treating bidi formatting characters as if
they were not there:</ins>
</p>
<ol>
<li>
Each <del>case</del><ins>tab (U+0009), carriage return (U+000D), or space (U+0020)
character surrounding a linefeed (U+000A) character</ins> is <del>written language dependent. See RFC 2070 ( [RFC2070] )</del><ins>removed if
'white-space' is set to 'normal', 'nowrap', or 'pre-line'.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>If 'white-space' is set to 'pre' or 'pre-wrap', any sequence of
spaces (U+0020) unbroken by an element boundary is treated as a
sequence of non-breaking spaces. However,</ins> for <del>ways to find</del><ins>'pre-wrap', a line breaking
opportunity exists at</ins> the <del>language</del><ins>end</ins> of <del>an element. Conforming user agents may consider</del>the <del>value of 'text-transform'</del><ins>sequence.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>If 'white-space' is set</ins> to <del>be 'none' for</del><ins>'normal' or 'nowrap', li
8DE3
nefeed</ins>
characters <del>that</del>are <del>not from the Latin-1 repertoire and for elements in languages</del><ins>transformed</ins> for <del>which</del><ins>rendering purpose into one of</ins> the
<del>transformation</del><ins>following characters: a space character, a zero width space
character (U+200B), or no character (i.e., not rendered),
according to UA-specific algorithms based on the content script.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>If 'white-space'</ins> is <del>different from</del><ins>set to 'normal', 'nowrap', or 'pre-line',</ins>
<ol><li> <ins>every tab (U+0009) is converted to a space (U+0020)</ins></li>
<li> <ins>any space (U+0020) following another space (U+0020) — even
a space before the inline, if</ins> that <ins>space also has
'white-space' set to 'normal', 'nowrap' or 'pre-line' — is removed.</ins></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
<ins>Then, the entire block is rendered. Inlines are laid out, taking bidi
reordering into account, and wrapping as</ins> specified by the
<del>case-conversion tables of ISO 10646 ( [ISO10646] ). Example(s): In this example, all</del><ins>'white-space' property.
When wrapping, line breaking opportunities are determined based
on the</ins> text <del>in an H1 element is transformed</del><ins>prior</ins> to <del>uppercase text. H1 { text-transform: uppercase } 16.6 Whitespace :</del>the <ins>white space collapsing steps above.</ins>
</p>
<p>
<ins>As each line is laid out,</ins>
</p>
<ol>
<li><ins>If a space (U+0020) at the beginning of a line has</ins> 'white-space'
<del>property 'white-space' Value: normal | pre | nowrap | inherit Initial: normal Applies to: block-level elements Inherited: yes Percentages: N/A Media: visual This property declares how whitespace inside</del><ins>set to 'normal', 'nowrap', or 'pre-line', it is removed.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>All tabs (U+0009) are rendered as a horizontal shift that lines
up</ins> the <del>element</del><ins>start edge of the next glyph with the next tab stop. Tab
stops occur at points that are multiples of 8 times the width of
a space (U+0020) rendered in the block's font from the block's
starting content edge.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>If a space (U+0020) at the end of a line has 'white-space' set to
'normal', 'nowrap', or 'pre-line', it</ins> is <del>handled. Values have</del><ins>also removed.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>If spaces (U+0020) or tabs (U+0009) at</ins> the <del>following meanings: normal This value directs user agents</del><ins>end of a line have
'white-space' set</ins> to <ins>'pre-wrap', UAs may visually</ins> collapse <del>sequences of whitespace, and</del><ins>them.</ins>
</ol>
<p>
<ins>A float should not introduce a line</ins> break <del>lines as necessary to fill</del><ins>opportunity.</ins>
</p>
<div class="note"><p>
<em><strong><ins>Note.</ins></strong>
<ins>CSS 2.1 does not fully define where</ins> line <del>boxes. Additional</del><ins>breaking opportunities occur.
Floated and absolutely-positioned elements do not introduce a</ins> line
<del>breaks may be created by occurrences</del><ins>breaking opportunity.</ins>
</em>
</p>
</div>
<h3><ins>16.6.2</ins> <a name="egbidiwscollapse"><ins>Example</ins> of <del>"\A" in generated content (e.g.,</del><ins>bidirectionality with white space collapsing</ins></a></h3>
<p>
<ins>Given the following markup fragment, taking special note of spaces (with varied backgrounds and borders</ins> for <ins>emphasis and identification):</ins>
</p>
<pre><code>
<ins><ltr>A</ins><span class="egbidiwsaA"><ins> </ins></span><ins><rtl></ins><span class="egbidiwsbB"><ins> </ins></span><ins>B</ins><span class="egbidiwsaB"><ins> </ins></span><ins></rtl></ins><span class="egbidiwsbC"><ins> </ins></span><ins>C</ltr></ins>
</code></pre>
<p>
<ins>...where</ins> the <code> <del>BR</del><ins><ltr></ins></code> element <del>in HTML). pre This value prevents user agents from collapsing sequences of whitespace. Lines are only broken at newlines in</del><ins>represents a left-to-right embedding and</ins>
the <code> <del>source, or at occurrences of "\A"</del><ins><rtl></ins></code> <ins>element represents a right-to-left embedding, and
assuming that the 'white-space' property is set to 'normal', the
above processing model would result</ins> in <del>generated content. nowrap</del><ins>the following:</ins>
</p>
<ul style="line-height:1.3">
<li><ins>The space before the B (</ins><span class="egbidiwsbB"><ins> </ins></span><ins>) would collapse with the space after the A (</ins><span class="egbidiwsaA"><ins> </ins></span><ins>).</ins></li>
<li><ins>The space before the C (</ins><span class="egbidiwsbC"><ins> </ins></span><ins>) would collapse with the space after the B (</ins><span class="egbidiwsaB"><ins> </ins></span><ins>).</ins></li>
</ul>
<p>
This <del>value collapses whitespace as for 'normal', but suppresses line breaks within text except for those created by "\A"</del><ins>would leave two spaces, one after the A</ins> in <del>generated content (e.g., for</del>the <del>BR element</del><ins>left-to-right
embedding level, and one after the B</ins> in <del>HTML). Example(s):</del>the <del>following examples show what whitespace behavior</del><ins>right-to-left embedding
level. This</ins> is <del>expected from</del><ins>then rendered according to</ins> the <del>PRE</del><ins>Unicode bidirectional
algorithm, with the end result being:</ins>
</p>
<pre>
<ins>A</ins><span class="egbidiwsaA"><ins> </ins></span><span class="egbidiwsaB"><ins> </ins></span><ins>BC</ins>
</pre>
<p>
<ins>Note that there are two spaces between A</ins> and <del>P elements,</del><ins>B, and none between B</ins>
and <ins>C. This can sometimes be avoided by using</ins> the <del>"nowrap" attribute</del><ins>natural bidirectionality
of characters instead of explicit embedding levels. Also, it is good
to avoid spaces immediately inside start and end tags, as these tend
to do weird things when dealing with white space collapsing.</ins>
</p>
<h3><ins>16.6.3</ins> <a name="ctrlchars"><ins>Control and combining characters' details</ins></a></h3>
<p><ins>Control characters other than U+0009 (tab), U+000A (line feed),
U+0020 (space), and U+202x (bidi formatting characters) are treated as
characters to render</ins> in <del>HTML. PRE { white-space: pre } P { white-space:</del><ins>the same way as any</ins> normal <del>} TD[nowrap] { white-space: nowrap } Conforming user agents may ignore</del><ins>character.</ins></p>
<p><ins>Combining characters should be treated as part of</ins> the <del>'white-space' property in author and user style sheets but must specify a value</del><ins>character
with which they are supposed to combine.</ins> For <ins>example, :first-letter
styles the entire glyph if you have content like
"</ins><code><ins>o<span>&#x308;</span></ins></code><ins>";</ins> it <del>in</del><ins>does not just
match</ins> the <del>default style sheet.</del><ins>base character.</ins></p>
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