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<pre class="metadata">
Title: CSS Overflow Module Level 3
Status: ED
Work Status: Revising
ED: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-overflow-3/
Shortname: css-overflow
Group: csswg
Level: 3
TR: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-overflow-3/
Previous version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2020/WD-css-overflow-3-20200603/
Previous version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/WD-css-overflow-3-20180731/
Previous version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-css-overflow-3-20160531/
Previous version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css-overflow-3-20130418/
Editor: L. David Baron, Mozilla https://www.mozilla.org/, https://dbaron.org/, w3cid 15393
Editor: Elika J. Etemad / fantasai, Invited Expert, http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact, w3cid 35400
Editor: Florian Rivoal, On behalf of Bloomberg, http://florian.rivoal.net/, w3cid 43241
Abstract: This module contains the features of CSS relating to scrollable overflow handling in visual media.
This level is focused on completing a precise specification for the existing overflow features,
including the 'overflow' property and its longhands;
'line-clamp', its longhands, and its legacy pre-standard syntax;
and the 'text-overflow' property.
A few additional features introduced in support of [[CSS-CONTAIN-1]] and [[CSS-CONTAIN-2]] are also defined:
''overflow: clip'' and the 'overflow-clip-margin' property.
Ignored Vars: B, P
Ignored Terms: padding edge, viewport, line box, flex order, -webkit-box-orient
At Risk: the 'max-lines' property
Status Text:
The description of 'overflow' and its longhands is considered
significantly more complete and correct than previous working drafts
or than [[CSS2]],
but a few questions and issues remain open.
''overflow: clip' and 'overflow-clip-margin' are rather new,
and lack implementation experience.
'text-overflow' is stable,
is unchanged form its earlier definition in [[CSS-UI-3]].
While not yet fully validated by implementation experience,
the design of 'line-clamp' and its longhands is considered roughly complete.
Earlier versions of this specification included experimental new ideas
for handling overflow by creating new boxes using fragmentation.
These ideas are not abandoned; they are merely <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-overflow-4/">deferred until Level 4</a>.
Work will resume on fragmented overflow once this level stabilizes completed.
</pre>
<!-- FIXME: Regressions from bikeshed conversion: -->
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<pre class="link-defaults">
spec:css-transforms-2; type:property; text:transform-style
type: dfn; spec:css-multicol-1; text:overflow column
type: dfn; spec:css-transforms-2; text:3d rendering context
spec:css-writing-modes-4; type:dfn; text:end
spec:css-pseudo-4; type:selector; text:::first-line
spec:css-pseudo-4; type:selector; text:::first-letter
spec:css-display-3; type:property; text:display
</pre>
<!-- FIXME: the break-* link doesn't actually work! -->
<pre class="anchors">
url: https://www.w3.org/TR/2008/CR-css3-marquee-20081205/#the-overflow-style; type: property; text: overflow-style;
url: https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS22/visuren.html#positioned-element; type: dfn; spec:css2; text:positioned;
url: https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS22/visudet.html#strut-element; type: dfn; spec:css2; text:strut;
</pre>
<style>
.awesome-table td { padding: 5px; }
.awesome-table {
color: #000;
background: #fff;
margin: auto;
}
</style>
<h2 id="intro">
Introduction</h2>
In CSS Level 1 [[CSS1]], placing more content than would fit
inside an element with a specified size
was generally an authoring error.
Doing so caused the content to extend
outside the bounds of the element,
which would likely cause
that content to overlap with other elements.
CSS Level 2 [[CSS2]] introduced the 'overflow' property,
which allows authors to have overflow be handled by scrolling,
which means it is no longer an authoring error.
It also allows authors to specify
that overflow is handled by clipping,
which makes sense when the author's intent
is that the content not be shown.
This specification introduces the long-standing de-facto 'overflow-x' and 'overflow-y' properties,
adds a ''overflow/clip'' value,
and defines overflow handling more fully.
[Something something 'max-lines'.]
Note: This specification also reproduces the definition of the 'text-overflow' property
previously defined in [[CSS-UI-3]],
with no addition or modification,
in order to present 'text-overflow' and 'block-ellipsis' together.
<h3 id="values">
Value Definitions</h3>
This specification follows the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/about.html#property-defs">CSS property definition conventions</a> from [[!CSS2]]
using the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values-3/#value-defs">value definition syntax</a> from [[!CSS-VALUES-3]].
Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values & Units [[!CSS-VALUES-3]].
Combination with other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.
In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions,
all properties defined in this specification
also accept the <a>CSS-wide keywords</a> as their property value.
For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.
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<h2 id="overflow-concepts">
Types of Overflow</h2>
CSS uses the term <dfn export>overflow</dfn> to describe
the contents of a box
that extend outside one of that box's edges
(i.e., its <i>content edge</i>, <i>padding edge</i>,
<i>border edge</i>, or <i>margin edge</i>).
The term might be interpreted as
elements or features that cause this overflow,
the non-rectangular region occupied by these features,
or, more commonly, as
the minimal rectangle that bounds that region.
A box's overflow is computed based on the layout and styling of the box itself
and of all descendants whose <a>containing block chain</a>
includes the box.
In most cases, <a>overflow</a>
can be computed for any box
from the bounds and properties of that box itself,
plus the <a>overflow</a>
of each of its children.
However, this is not always the case; for example,
when ''transform-style: preserve-3d'' [[CSS3-TRANSFORMS]] is used on
some of the children, any of their descendants with
''transform-style: preserve-3d'' must also be examined.
There are two different types of overflow,
which are used for different purposes by the UA:
<ul>
<li><a>ink overflow</a>
<li><a>scrollable overflow</a>
</ul>
<h3 id="ink">Ink Overflow</h3>
The <dfn export>ink overflow</dfn> of a box
is the part of that box and its contents that
creates a visual effect outside of
the box's border box.
Ink overflow is the overflow of painting effects defined to not affect layout
or otherwise extend the <a>scrollable overflow area</a>,
such as <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-backgrounds/#box-shadow">box shadows</a>,
<a href="">border images</a>,
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-decor-3/">text decoration</a>,
overhanging glyphs (with negative side bearings,
or with ascenders/descenders extending outside the em box),
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-ui-3/#outline-props">outlines</a>,
etc.
Since some effects in CSS (for example, the blurs in
'text-shadow' [[CSS-TEXT-3]] and 'box-shadow' [[CSS-BACKGROUNDS-3]],
which are theoretically infinite)
do not define what visual extent they cover, the extent
of the <a>ink overflow</a> is undefined.
The <dfn export lt="ink overflow region | ink overflow area">ink overflow area</dfn> is the non-rectangular area
occupied by the <a>ink overflow</a>
of a box and its contents,
and the <dfn export>ink overflow rectangle</dfn> is
the minimal rectangle whose axes are aligned to the box's axes
and that contains the <a>ink overflow area</a>.
Note that the <a>ink overflow rectangle</a> is a rectangle
in the box's coordinate system, but might be non-rectangular
in other coordinate systems due to transforms. [[CSS3-TRANSFORMS]]
<h3 id="scrollable">
Scrollable Overflow</h3>
The <dfn export>scrollable overflow</dfn> of a box is the
set of things extending outside of that box's padding edge
for which a scrolling mechanism needs to be provided.
The <dfn export lt="scrollable overflow region | scrollable overflow area">scrollable overflow area</dfn> is the non-rectangular region
occupied by the <a>scrollable overflow</a>, and the
<dfn export>scrollable overflow rectangle</dfn> is
the minimal rectangle whose axes are aligned to the box's axes
and that contains the <a>scrollable overflow area</a>.
The <a>scrollable overflow area</a> is the union of:
<ul>
<li>
the box’s own content and padding areas
<div class=issue>
There's disagreement on the scrolling model.
2.1 apparently defined that you scrolled the *content* area;
the content would overflow the content-box,
and you would union that overflow with the content box to find the scrollable area.
In particular, this means that the content would be offset by the start-sides padding,
but if it overflowed,
it would go right to the edge on the end sides.
This is what Firefox and IE do.
At least some authors (and spec authors)
instead have the mental model that the padding box is what's scrollable,
so when you scroll to the end of the overflow,
there's the right/bottom padding.
Chrome/WebKit do this for the block axis, at least.
They're somewhat inconsistent for the inline axis;
there's something weird about how they handle lineboxes.
It seems that the block-axis padding is probably web-compatible to honor.
It's unclear that the inline-axis padding will be.
Further experimentation is needed.
</div>
<li>
all line boxes directly contained by the box
<li>
the border boxes
of all boxes for which it is the containing block
and whose border boxes are positioned not wholly outside
its <a>block-start</a> or <a>inline-start</a> padding edges,
accounting for transforms by projecting each box onto
the plane of the element that establishes its <a>3D rendering context</a>.
[[!CSS3-TRANSFORMS]]
Issue: Is this description of handling transforms
sufficiently accurate?
<li>
the <a>scrollable overflow areas</a> of all of the above boxes
(accounting for transforms as described above),
provided they themselves have ''overflow: visible''
(i.e. do not themselves trap the overflow)
and that <a>scrollable overflow</a> is not already clipped
(e.g. by the 'clip' property or the 'contain' property).
Issue: should ''overflow: clip'' also clip the <a>scrollable overflow</a>
or should it remain a pure paint-time operation,
which would mean that scrollable overflow, while invisible, would still be scrollable.
Note: The 'mask-*' properties [[!CSS-MASKING-1]]
do not affect the <a>scrollable overflow area</a>.
Issue: Need to evaluate compat of honoring or ignoring 'clip' and 'clip-path'.
<li>
Padding on the end-edge sides of the <a>scrollable overflow rectangle</a>
representing the end-side padding applied to the <a>scroll container</a>,
added such that its content can be scrolled to a position
that would satisfy the requirements of ''place-content: end'' alignment.
Including this padding is optional for <a>block containers</a>
in any axis whose corresponding <a>content-distribution property</a>
('align-content'/'justify-content')
is ''align-content/normal''.
Issue(129): It's not yet clear if including the end-side padding in the scrollable layer of block containers is Web-compatible, so this clause is under investigation.
It appears that Chrome and Safari include such padding <a href="https://bug748518.bmoattachments.org/attachment.cgi?id=618078">in the block axis</a>;
and the behavior in the inline axis is <a href="http://jsbin.com/digadoyohi/1/edit?html,css,output">not</a> <a href="http://jsbin.com/vexahocayi/1/edit?html,css,output">clear</a>.
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<li>
the margin areas of <a>grid item</a> and <a>flex item</a> boxes
for which the box establishes a containing block.
The UA may <em>additionally</em> include
the margin areas of other boxes
for which the box establishes a containing block;
however,
the conditions under which such margin areas are included
is undefined in this level.
<span class="issue">This needs further testing and investigation;
is therefore deferred in this draft.</span>
</ul>
<!--
Considerations:
* floats
* relpos
* margins that collapsed through to the edge of the scrollable area
* inline-side margins on both blocks and inlines
Notes:
The reasoning for only including border boxes is to minimize the cases
in which overflow scrolling is triggered; however once overflow is triggered,
excluding margins creates tight, uncomfortable edges
because the margin has been effectively truncated.
Testcase:
http://software.hixie.ch/utilities/js/live-dom-viewer/?%3C!DOCTYPE%20html%3E%0A%3Cstyle%3E%0A%20%20div%20%7B%20height%3A%2050px%3B%20overflow%3A%20scroll%3B%20border%3A%20solid%3B%20position%3A%20relative%3B%7D%0A%20%20p%20%7B%20margin%3A%2025px%3B%20background%3A%20red%3B%20%7D%0A%20%20q%20%7B%20position%3A%20absolute%3B%20background%3A%20blue%3B%20top%3A%2025px%3B%20margin%3A%2025px%3B%20%7D%0A%3C%2Fstyle%3E%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0A%20%20%3Cp%3ETest%20%3Cq%3ETest2%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E
-->
Note: The <a>scrollable overflow rectangle</a> is always a rectangle
in the box's own coordinate system, but might be non-rectangular
in other coordinate systems due to transforms [[CSS3-TRANSFORMS]].
This means scrollbars can sometimes appear when not actually necessary.
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<h2 id="overflow-properties">
Scrolling and Clipping Overflow: the 'overflow-x', 'overflow-y', and 'overflow' properties</h2>
These properties specify whether a box’s content
(including any <a>ink overflow</a>)
is clipped to its padding edge,
and if so,
whether it is a <dfn export>scroll container</dfn>
that allows the user to scroll clipped parts of its <a>scrollable overflow area</a>
into view.
The visual viewport of the <a>scroll container</a>
(through which the <a>scrollable overflow area</a> can be viewed)
coincides with its padding box,
and is called the <dfn export>scrollport</dfn>.
For convenience, a box’s <dfn export>nearest scrollport</dfn>
is the [=scrollport=] of its nearest [=scroll container=] ancestor.
<pre class=propdef>
Name: overflow-x, overflow-y
Value: visible | hidden | clip | scroll | auto
Initial: ''visible''
Applies to: block containers [[!CSS2]], flex containers [[!CSS3-FLEXBOX]], and grid containers [[!CSS3-GRID-LAYOUT]]
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: as specified, except with ''visible''/''clip'' computing to ''overflow/auto''/''hidden'' (respectively) if one of 'overflow-x' or 'overflow-y' is neither ''visible'' nor ''clip''
Animation type: discrete
</pre>
The 'overflow-x' property specifies
the handling of <a>overflow</a> in the horizontal direction
(i.e., overflow from the left and right sides of the box),
and the 'overflow-y' property specifies the handling
of <a>overflow</a> in the vertical direction
(i.e., overflow from the top and bottom sides of the box).
<pre class="propdef shorthand">
Name: overflow
Value: [ visible | hidden | clip | scroll | auto ]{1,2}
Initial: visible
Applies to: block containers [[!CSS2]], flex containers [[!CSS3-FLEXBOX]], and grid containers [[!CSS3-GRID-LAYOUT]]
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: see individual properties
Animation type: discrete
</pre>
The 'overflow' property is a shorthand property
that sets the specified values of 'overflow-x' and 'overflow-y' in that order.
If the second value is omitted, it is copied from the first.
Values have the following meanings:
<dl dfn-for="overflow, overflow-x, overflow-y" dfn-type="value">
<dt><dfn>visible</dfn>
<dd>
There is no special handling of overflow, that is,
the box’s content is rendered outside the box if positioned there.
The box is not a <a>scroll container</a>.
<dt><dfn>hidden</dfn>
<dd>
This value indicates that
the box’s content is clipped to its padding box
and that the UA must not provide any scrolling user interface
to view the content outside the clipping region,
nor allow scrolling by direct intervention of the user,
such as dragging on a touch screen
or using the scrolling wheel on a mouse.
However, the content must still be scrollable programmatically,
for example using the mechanisms defined in [[CSSOM-VIEW]],
and the box is therefore still a <a>scroll container</a>.
<dt><dfn>clip</dfn>
<dd>
This value indicates that
the box’s content is clipped to its [=overflow clip edge=]
and that no scrolling user interface should be provided by the UA
to view the content outside the clipping region.
In addition, unlike ''overflow: hidden''
which still allows programmatic scrolling,
''overflow: clip'' forbids scrolling entirely,
through any mechanism,
and therefore the box is not a <a>scroll container</a>.
Unlike ''hidden'', this value <strong>does not</strong> cause
the element to establish a new formatting context.
Note: Authors who also want the box to establish a formatting context
may use ''display: flow-root'' together with ''overflow: clip''.
<dt><dfn>scroll</dfn>
<dd>
This value indicates that
the content is clipped to the padding box,
but can be scrolled into view
(and therefore the box is a <a>scroll container</a>).
Furthermore, if the user agent uses a scrolling mechanism
that is visible on the screen (such as a scroll bar or a panner),
that mechanism should be displayed
whether or not any of its content is clipped.
This avoids any problem with scrollbars appearing
and disappearing in a dynamic environment.
When the target medium is ''print'',
overflowing content may be printed;
it is not defined where it may be printed.
<dt><dfn>auto</dfn>
<dd>
Like ''overflow/scroll'' when the box has <a>scrollable overflow</a>;
like ''overflow/hidden'' otherwise.
Thus, if the user agent uses a scrolling mechanism
that is visible on the screen (such as a scroll bar or a panner),
that mechanism will only be displayed
if there is overflow.
</dl>
If the computed value of 'overflow' on a <a>block box</a>
is neither ''overflow/visible'' nor ''overflow/clip'' nor a combination thereof,
it [=establishes an independent formatting context=] for its contents.
<h3 id="static-media">
Overflow in Print and Other Static Media</h3>
<p class="advisement">
Since scrolling is not possible in static media
(such as print)
authors should be careful to make content accessible in such media,
for example by using ''@media print, (update: none) { … }''
to adjust layout such that all relevant content
is simultaneously visible.
On <a>scroll containers</a> in non-interactive media
with an 'overflow' value of ''overflow/auto'' or ''overflow/scroll''
(but not ''overflow/hidden'')
UAs may display an indication of any scrollable overflow,
such as by displaying scrollbars
or an ellipsis.
Note: Not all [=paged media=] is non-interactive
for example, e-book readers page content,
but are interactive.
<h3 id="scrollbar-layout">
Scrollbars and Layout</h3>
In the case of a scrollbar being placed on an edge of the element's box,
it should be inserted between the inner border edge
and the outer padding edge.
Any space taken up by the scrollbars should be
taken out of (subtracted from the dimensions of)
the containing block formed by the element with the scrollbars.
Issue: import examples from [[CSS3-BOX]].
<h3 id="scrolling-direction">
Scrolling Origin, Direction, and Restriction</h3>
The <dfn export>initial scroll position</dfn>,
that is, the initial position of
the box’s <a>scrollable overflow area</a>
with respect to its border box,
prior to any user or programmatic scrolling that changes it,
is dependent on the box’s <a>writing mode</a>,
and is by default the <a>block-start</a>/<a>inline-start</a> edge
of the box’s <a>padding edge</a>.
However, the 'align-content' and 'justify-content' properties [[!CSS-ALIGN-3]]
can be used to change this,
see [[css-align-3#overflow-scroll-position]].
Due to Web-compatibility constraints
(caused by authors exploiting legacy bugs to surreptitiously hide content from visual readers but not search engines and/or speech output),
UAs must clip the <a>scrollable overflow area</a>
of <a>scroll containers</a>
on the <a>block-start</a> and </a>inline-start</a> sides of the box
(thereby behaving as if they had no <a>scrollable overflow</a> on that side).
The viewport uses the <a>principal writing mode</a> for these calculations.
<h3 id="overflow-clip-margin">
Expanding Clipping Bounds: the 'overflow-clip-margin' property</h3>
<pre class=propdef>
Name: overflow-clip-margin
Value: <<visual-box>> || <<length [0,∞]>>
Initial: ''0px''
Inherited: no
Applies to: all elements
Computed value: the computed <<length>> and a <<visual-box>> keyword
</pre>
This property defines the <dfn export>overflow clip edge</dfn> of the box,
i.e. precisely <em>how far</em> outside its bounds
the box’s content is allowed to paint
before being clipped
by effects (such as ''overflow: clip'', above)
that are defined to clip to the box’s [=overflow clip edge=].
Values are defined as follows:
<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for=overflow-clip-margin>
: <dfn><<visual-box>></dfn>
::
Specifies the box edge to use as the [=overflow clip edge=] origin,
i.e. when the specified offset is zero.
Defaults to ''padding-box'' if omitted.
: <dfn><<length [0,∞]>></dfn>
::
The specified offset dictates
how much the [=overflow clip edge=] is expanded from
the specified box edge
Negative values are invalid.
Defaults to zero if omitted.
</dl>
The [=overflow clip edge=] is shaped in the corners
exactly the same way as a 'box-shadow' with a spread radius
of the same cumulative offset from the box’s [=border edge=].
See [[css-backgrounds-3#corner-shaping]].
ISSUE(5896): Should this be applying the 1 + (r-1)<sup>3</sup> adjustment
to the absolute offset or just to <<visual-box>> edge (applying the offset absolutely)?
Note: This property has no effect on boxes
with ''overflow: hidden'' or ''overflow: scroll'',
which are not defined to use the [=overflow clip edge=].
<h3 id="overflow-propagation">
Overflow Viewport Propagation</h3>
UAs must apply the 'overflow-*' values
set on the root element to the <a>viewport</a>
when the root element’s 'display' value is not ''none''.
However,
when the root element is an [[!HTML]] <{html}> element
(including <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/introduction.html#html-vs-xhtml">XML syntax for HTML</a>)
whose 'overflow' value is ''overflow/visible'' (in both axes),
and that element has as a child
a <{body}> element whose 'display' value is also not ''none'',
user agents must instead apply the 'overflow-*' values
of the first such child element to the viewport.
The element from which the value is propagated must then have
a used 'overflow' value of ''overflow/visible''.
If ''overflow/visible'' is applied to the viewport,
it must be interpreted as ''overflow/auto''.
If ''overflow/clip'' is applied to the viewport,
it must be interpreted as ''overflow/hidden''.
<h3 id=logical>
Flow Relative Properties: the 'overflow-block' and 'overflow-inline' properties</h3>
The following properties are processed according to the same processing model
as the Flow-Relative box model properties defined in [[css-logical-1#box]].
<pre class="propdef">
Name: overflow-inline, overflow-block
Value: <<'overflow'>>
Initial: visible
Applies to: Same as 'overflow-x' and 'overflow-y'
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: Same as 'overflow-x' and 'overflow-y'
Animation type: discrete
</pre>
These properties correspond to the
'overflow-x' and 'overflow-y' properties.
The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode'.
<h2 id="auto-ellipsis">
Automatic Ellipses</h2>
<h3 id="text-overflow" caniuse="text-overflow">
Overflow Ellipsis: the 'text-overflow' property</h3>
<pre class="propdef">
Name: text-overflow
Value: clip | ellipsis
Initial: clip
Applies to: block containers
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: specified keyword
Animation type: discrete
</pre>
This property specifies rendering when inline content overflows
its <a>end</a> line box edge
in the inline progression direction of its block container element ("the block")
that has 'overflow'
other than ''visible''.
Text can overflow for example when it is prevented from wrapping
(e.g. due to <code class="lang-css">white-space: nowrap</code>
or a single word is too long to fit).
Values have the following meanings:
<dl data-dfn-for="text-overflow" class="valuedef">
<dt><dfn id=overflow-clip dfn-type=value>clip</dfn></dt>
<dd>Clip inline content that overflows its block container element. Characters may be only partially rendered.</dd>
<dt><dfn id=overflow-ellipsis dfn-type=value>ellipsis</dfn></dt>
<dd>
Render an ellipsis character (U+2026)
to represent clipped inline content.
Implementations may substitute a more language, script, or writing-mode appropriate
ellipsis character,
or three dots "..." if the ellipsis character is unavailable.
</dd>
</dl>
The term "character" is used in this property definition
for better readability and means "grapheme cluster" [[!UAX29]]
for implementation purposes.
For the ellipsis value
implementations must hide characters and
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#inline-boxes">
atomic inline-level elements</a>
at the <a>end</a> edge of the line as necessary to fit the ellipsis, and
place the ellipsis immediately adjacent
to the <a>end</a> edge of the remaining inline content.
The first character or
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#inline-boxes">
atomic inline-level element</a>
on a line
must be clipped rather than ellipsed.
<div class=example>
<h4 id="bidi-ellipsis" class="no-num no-toc">Bidi ellipsis examples</h4>
These examples demonstrate which characters get hidden
to make room for the ellipsis in a bidi situation:
those visually at the end edge of the line.
Sample CSS:
<pre><code highlight=css>
div {
font-family: monospace;
white-space: pre;
overflow: hidden;
width: 9ch;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
</code></pre>
Sample HTML fragments, renderings, and your browser:
<table class="awesome-table data">
<thead><th>HTML<th>Reference rendering<th>Your Browser</thead>
<tr>
<td><code highlight=html><div>שלום 123456</div></code><td><div style="font-family:monospace">123456 ם…</div><td><div style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre; overflow: hidden; width: 9ch; text-overflow: ellipsis">שלום 123456</div>
<tr><td><code highlight=html><div dir=rtl>שלום 123456</div></code><td><div style="font-family:monospace">…456 שלום</div><td><div style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre; overflow: hidden; width: 9ch; text-overflow: ellipsis" dir=rtl>שלום 123456</div>
</table>
</div>
<h4 id="ellipsing-details" class="no-num no-toc">ellipsing details</h4>
<ul>
<li>
Ellipsing only affects rendering and must not affect layout
nor dispatching of pointer events:
The UA should dispatch any pointer event on the ellipsis to the elided element,
as if 'text-overflow' had been ''text-overflow/none''.
<li>
The ellipsis is styled and baseline-aligned according to
the block.
<li>
Ellipsing occurs after relative positioning and other graphical transformations.
<li>
If there is insufficient space for the ellipsis,
then clip the rendering of the ellipsis itself
(on the same side that neutral characters on the line
would have otherwise been clipped with the ''text-overflow:clip'' value).
</ul>
<h4 id="ellipsis-interaction" class="no-num no-toc">user interaction with ellipsis</h4>
<ul>
<li>When the user is interacting with content
(e.g. editing, selecting, scrolling),
the user agent may treat ''text-overflow: ellipsis'' as ''text-overflow: clip''.
<li>Selecting the ellipsis should select the ellipsed text.
If all of the ellipsed text is selected,
UAs should show selection of the ellipsis.
Behavior of partially-selected ellipsed text is up to the UA.
</ul>
<div class="example"><p style="display:none">Example(s):
<h4 id="text-overflow-examples" class="no-num no-toc">text-overflow examples</h4>
These examples demonstrate setting the text-overflow of a block container element
that has text which overflows its dimensions:
sample CSS for a div:
<pre><code class="lang-css">div {
font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height:1.1;
width:3.1em; padding:.2em; border:solid .1em black; margin:1em 0;
}</code></pre>
sample HTML fragments, renderings, and your browser:
<table class="awesome-table"><tbody>
<tr><th>HTML</th><th>sample rendering</th><th>your browser</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><pre><code class="lang-markup"><div>
CSS IS AWESOME, YES
</div>
</code></pre></td>
<td>
<object type="image/png" data="images/cssisawesome.png">
First, a box with text drawing outside of it.
</object>
</td>
<td>
<div style="width:3.1em; border:solid .1em black; margin:1em 0; padding:.2em; font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height:1.1;">CSS IS AWESOME, YES</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><pre><code class="lang-markup"><div style="<strong>text-overflow:clip;</strong> overflow:hidden">
CSS IS AWESOME, YES
</div>
</code></pre></td>
<td>
<object type="image/png" data="images/cssisaweso.png">
Second, a similar box with the text clipped outside the box.
</object></td>
<td>
<div style="width:3.1em; border:solid .1em black; margin:1em 0; padding:.2em; font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height:1.1; overflow:hidden;text-overflow:clip;">CSS IS AWESOME, YES</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><pre><code class="lang-markup"><div style="<strong>text-overflow:ellipsis;</strong> overflow:hidden">
CSS IS AWESOME, YES
</div>
</code></pre></td>
<td>
<object type="image/png" data="images/cssisaw.png">
Third, a similar box with an ellipsis representing the clipped text.
</object>
</td>
<td>
<div style="width:3.1em; border:solid .1em black; margin:1em 0; padding:.2em; font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height:1.1; overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;">CSS IS AWESOME, YES</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><pre><code class="lang-markup"><div style="<strong>text-overflow:ellipsis;</strong> overflow:hidden">
NESTED
<p>PARAGRAPH</p>
WON'T ELLIPSE.
</div>
</code></pre></td>
<td>
<object type="image/png" data="images/nes.png">
Fourth, a box with a nested paragraph demonstrating anonymous block boxes equivalency and non-inheritance into a nested element.
</object>
</td>
<td>
<div style="width:3.1em; border:solid .1em black; margin:1em 0; padding:.2em; font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height:1.1; overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;">NESTED
<p>PARAGRAPH</p>
WON'T ELLIPSE.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Note: the side of the line that the ellipsis is placed depends on the 'direction' of the block.
E.g. an overflow hidden right-to-left
(<code class="lang-css">direction: rtl</code>)
block clips inline content on the <a spec=css-writing-modes-3>left</a> side,
thus would place a text-overflow ellipsis on the <a spec=css-writing-modes-3>left</a>
to represent that clipped content.
<!-- insert RTL example diagram here to illustrate note. -->
<h4 id="ellipsis-scrolling" class="no-num no-toc">ellipsis interaction with scrolling interfaces</h4>
This section applies to elements with text-overflow other than ''text-overflow:clip''
(non-clip text-overflow)
and overflow:scroll.
When an element with non-clip text-overflow has overflow of scroll
in the inline progression dimension of the text,
and the browser provides a mechanism for scrolling
(e.g. a scrollbar on the element,
or a touch interface to swipe-scroll, etc.),
there are additional implementation details that provide a better user experience:
When an element is scrolled (e.g. by the user, DOM manipulation),
more of the element's content is shown.
The value of text-overflow should not affect
whether more of the element's content is shown or not.
If a non-clip text-overflow is set,
then as more content is scrolled into view,
implementations should show whatever additional content fits,
only truncating content which would otherwise be clipped
(or is necessary to make room for the ellipsis/string),
until the element is scrolled far enough
to display the edge of the content
at which point that content should be displayed
rather than an ellipsis/string.
<div class="example"><p style="display:none">Example(s):
This example uses text-overflow on an element with overflow scroll
to demonstrate the above described behavior.
sample CSS:
<pre><code class="lang-css">
div.crawlbar {
text-overflow: ellipsis;
height: 2em;
overflow: scroll;
white-space: nowrap;
width: 15em;
border:1em solid black;
}
</code></pre>
sample HTML fragment:
<pre><code class="lang-markup">
<div class="crawlbar">
CSS is awesome, especially when you can scroll
to see extra text instead of just
having it overlap other text by default.
</div>
</code></pre>
demonstration of sample CSS and HTML:
<div style="text-overflow: ellipsis; height: 2em; overflow: scroll; white-space: nowrap; width: 15em; border:1em solid black;">
CSS is awesome, especially when you can scroll
to see extra text instead of just
having it overlap other text by default.
</div>
</div> <!-- example -->
While the content is being scrolled, implementations may adjust their rendering of ellipses (e.g. align to the box edge rather than line edge).
<h3 id="block-ellipsis">
Indicating Block-Axis Overflow: the 'block-ellipsis' property</h3>
<pre class=propdef>
Name: block-ellipsis
Value: none | auto | <<string>>
Initial: none
Applies to: [=block containers=]
Inherited: yes
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: specified value
Animation type: discrete
</pre>
This property allows inserting content into the last line box
before a (forced <em>or</em> unforced) <a>region break</a>
to indicate the continuity of truncated/interrupted content.
It only affects line boxes contained directly by the <a>block container</a> itself,
but as it inherits, will have an effect on descendants’ line boxes unless overridden.
If the box contains no line box immediately preceding a <a>region break</a>,
then this property has no effect.
Note: See [[#fragmentation]] for a way to generate boxes with such a [=region break=].
ISSUE: Should this apply to other types of fragmentation breaks (e.g. pages, columns)?
The inserted content is called the <dfn>block overflow ellipsis</dfn>.
Values have the following meanings:
<dl dfn-for="block-ellipsis" dfn-type=value>
<dt><dfn>none</dfn>
<dd>
The rendering is unaffected.
<dt><dfn>auto</dfn>
<dd>
Render an ellipsis character (U+2026)--
or a more typographically-appropriate equivalent--
as the <a>block overflow ellipsis</a>
at the end of the affected line box.
UAs should use the conventions of the
<a>content language</a>,
writing system, and
<a>writing mode</a>
to determine the most appropriate ellipsis string.
<dt><dfn><<string>></dfn>
<dd>
Render the specified string
as the <a>block overflow ellipsis</a>
at the end of the affected line box.
The UA may truncate this string if it is absurdly long.
</dl>
When 'block-ellipsis' is not ''block-ellipsis/none'',
the <a>block overflow ellipsis</a> string
is wrapped in an anonymous inline
and placed at the end of the line box
as a direct child of the <a>block container</a>’s <a>root inline box</a>,
reducing the space in the line box
available to the other contents of the line.
This inline is assigned ''unicode-bidi: plaintext''
and ''line-height: 0''
and is placed in the line box after the last
<a>soft wrap opportunity</a> (see [[!CSS-TEXT-3]])
that would still allow the entire <a>block overflow ellipsis</a> to fit on the line.
For this purpose, <a>soft wrap opportunities</a> added by 'overflow-wrap' are ignored.
If this results in the entire contents of the line box being displaced,
the line box is considered to contain a [=strut=], as defined in [[CSS2/visudet#leading]].
Text <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-3/#justification">alignment and justification</a>
occurs after placement,
and measures the inserted <a>block overflow ellipsis</a>
together with the rest of the line’s content.
Note: Setting the [=block overflow ellipsis=]'s 'line-height' to ''0''
makes sure that inserting it cannot cause the line's height to grow,
which could cause further relayouts and potentially cycles.
This is almost equivalent to inserting the [=block overflow ellipsis=]
as a paint-time operation, except that it still participates in alignment and justification.
The downside is that unusually tall / deep glyphs in the [=block overflow ellipsis=]
may overflow.
The [=block overflow ellipsis=] must not be included
in either the ''::first-letter'' nor the ''::first-line'' pseudo-elements.
If there is a subsequent <a>fragmentation container</a> in the [=fragmentation context=]
that would receive subsequent content,
then the content displaced by the <a>block overflow ellipsis</a>
must be pushed to that <a>fragmentation container</a>.
The UA must treat the <a>block overflow ellipsis</a> as an unbreakable string,
If any part of the [=block overflow ellipsis=] overflows,
it is treated as [=scrollable overflow=],
and its rendering is affected by the 'text-overflow' property.
The <a>block overflow ellipsis</a> does not capture events:
pointer events are dispatched to whatever is underneath it.
It also has no effect on the intrinsic size of the box:
its <a lt="min-content size">min-content</a> and <a lt="max-content size">max-content</a> sizes
are calculated exactly as if 'block-ellipsis' were ''block-ellipsis/none''.
Note: Future specifications may extend this feature,
for example by providing an ''::ellipsis'' pseudo-element
to style the text,
or by allowing the selection of a child element of the block
to use as either an inline-level or block-level indicator
(in which case, it can capture events).
<h2 id=fragmentation>
Fragmenting Overflow</h2>
<h3 id=line-clamp>
Limiting Visible Lines: the 'line-clamp' shorthand property</h3>
<pre class="propdef shorthand">
Name: line-clamp
Value: none | <<integer>> <<'block-ellipsis'>>?
Initial: none