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<pre class='metadata'>
Title: CSS Lists Module Level 3
Shortname: css-lists
Level: 3
Group: CSSWG
Status: ED
Work Status: Exploring
ED: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-lists-3/
TR: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-lists-3/
Editor: Tab Atkins, Google, http://xanthir.com/contact/, w3cid 42199
Former Editor: Ian Hickson, Google, ian@hixie.ch
Former Editor: Tantek Çelı̇k, Formerly of Microsoft, tantekc@microsoft.com
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-css-lists-3-20140320/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-lists-20110524/
!Contributors: Simon Montagu, AOL-TW/Netscape, <a href="mailto:smontagu@netscape.com">smontagu@netscape.com</a>
!Contributors: Daniel Yacob, <a href="mailto:yacob@geez.org">yacob@geez.org</a>
!Contributors: Christopher Hoess, <a href="mailto:choess@stwing.upenn.edu">choess@stwing.upenn.edu</a>
!Contributors: Daniel Glazman, AOL-TW/Netscape, <a href="mailto:glazman@netscape.com">glazman@netscape.com</a>
Abstract: This draft contains the features of CSS level 3 relating to list styling. It includes and extends the functionality of CSS level 2 [[!CSS21]]. The main extensions compared to level 2 are a pseudo-element representing the list marker, and some new ways to position markers.
Warning: not ready
</pre>
<pre class='link-defaults'>
spec:css-pseudo-4; type:selector; text:::before
</pre>
<h2 id='intro'>
Introduction</h2>
This specification defines the ''::marker'' pseudo-element,
the ''display: list-item'' value that generates markers,
and several properties controlling the placement and styling of markers.
It also defines <a>counters</a>,
which are special numerical objects
often used to generate the default contents of markers.
<div class="example">
For instance, the following example illustrates
how markers can be used to add parentheses around each numbered list item:
<xmp highlight=html>
<style>
li::marker { content: "(" counter(list-item, lower-roman) ")"; }
li { display: list-item; }
</style>
<ol>
<li>This is the first item.
<li>This is the second item.
<li>This is the third item.
</ol>
</xmp>
It should produce something like this:
<pre>
(i) This is the first item.
(ii) This is the second item.
(iii) This is the third item.
</pre>
Note: Note that this example is far more verbose than is usually needed in HTML,
as the UA default style sheet takes care of most of the necessary styling.
</div>
With descendant selectors and child selectors,
it's possible to specify different marker types depending on the depth of embedded lists.
<h2 id='declaring-a-list-item'>
Declaring a List Item</h2>
A <dfn export>list item</dfn> is any element with its 'display' property set to ''display/list-item''.
<a>List items</a> generate ''::marker'' pseudo-elements;
no other elements do.
Additionally, <a>list items</a> automatically increment an implied ''list-item'' <a>counter</a>
(see [[#list-item-counter]]).
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<h2 id='markers'>
Markers</h2>
The defining feature of a <a>list item</a> is its <dfn export>marker</dfn>,
a symbol or ordinal that helps denote the beginning of each <a>list item</a> in a list.
<h3 id='marker-pseudo'>
The ''::marker'' Pseudo-Element</h3>
The ''::marker'' pseudo-element is automatically generated by a <a>list item</a>,
and is automatically filled with content
according to the <a>list item’s</a> 'list-style' property
(or its subproperties).
The ''::marker'' pseudo-element is generated as the first child of the <a>list item</a>,
before the ''::before'' pseudo-element
(if that exists on the element).
''::marker''s are <a>inline</a> by default,
tho 'list-style-position' can cause them become <a>absolutely positioned</a>.
The ''::marker'' pseudo-element only exists on <a>list items</a>.
On any other element,
the ''::marker'' pseudo-element's 'content' property must compute to ''content/none'',
which suppresses its creation.
Only a limited set of properties can be used on the ''::marker'' pseudo-element.
This list is defined in [[css-pseudo-4#marker-pseudo]].
<div class="example">
In this example, markers are used to number paragraphs that are designated as "notes":
<xmp highlight=html>
<style>
p { margin-left: 12 em; }
p.note {
display: list-item;
counter-increment: note-counter;
}
p.note::marker {
content: "Note " counter(note-counter) ":";
text-align: left;
width: 10em;
}
</style>
<p>This is the first paragraph in this document.
<p class="note">This is a very short document.
<p>This is the end.
</xmp>
It should render something like this:
<pre>
This is the first paragraph
in this document.
Note 1: This is a very short
document.
This is the end.
</pre>
</div>
<div class="example">
By using the ''::marker'' pseudo-element,
a list's markers can be positioned much more flexibly,
and even be styled independently from the text of the list item itself:
<xmp highlight=html>
<style>
p { margin-left: 8em } /* Make space for counters */
li { list-style-type: lower-roman; }
li::marker { color: blue; font-weight:bold; }
</style>
<p>This is a long preceding paragraph ...
<ol>
<li>This is the first item.
<li>This is the second item.
<li>This is the third item.
</ol>
<p>This is a long following paragraph ...
</xmp>
The preceding document should render something like this:
<pre>
This is a long preceding
paragraph ...
<span style=color:blue;font-weight:bold;>i.</span> This is the first item.
<span style=color:blue;font-weight:bold;>ii.</span> This is the second item.
<span style=color:blue;font-weight:bold;>iii.</span> This is the third item.
This is a long following
paragraph ...
</pre>
Previously the only way to style a marker was through inheritance;
one had to put the desired marker styling on the list item,
and then revert that on a wrapper element around the list item's actual contents.
</div>
<h3 id='content-property'>
Generating Marker Contents</h3>
The contents of the ''::marker'' pseudo-element
are determined by the first of these conditions that is true:
<dl class=switch>
<dt>'content' on the ''::marker'' itself is not ''content/normal''
<dd>
The contents of the ''::marker''
are determined as defined by the 'content' property,
exactly as for ''::before''.
<dt>'list-style-image' on the [=originating element=] defines a [=marker image=]
<dd>
The ''::marker'' contains
an <a>anonymous</a> <a>inline</a> <a>replaced element</a>
representing the specified [=marker image=],
followed by a <a>text run</a> containing a single space (U+0020 SPACE).
<dt>'list-style-type' on the [=originating element=] defines a [=marker string=]
<dd>
The ''::marker'' contains
a [=text run=] containing the specified [=marker string=].
<dt>otherwise
<dd>
The ''::marker'' has no contents
and does not generate a box.
</dl>
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<h3 id='image-markers'>
Image Markers: the 'list-style-image' property</h3>
<pre class="propdef">
Name: list-style-image
Value: <<image>> | none
Initial: none
Applies to: <a>list items</a>
Inherited: yes
Percentages: n/a
Computed value: computed value of the <<image>>, or ''list-style-image/none''
Animation type: discrete
</pre>
Specifies the <dfn>marker image</dfn>,
which is used to fill the [=list item’s=] [=marker=]
when its 'content' is ''content/normal''.
The values are as follows:
<dl dfn-type="value" dfn-for="list-style-image">
<dt><dfn><<image>></dfn>
<dd>
If the <<image>> represents a [=valid image=],
specifies the element's <a>marker image</a> as the <<image>>.
Otherwise,
the element has no [=marker image=].
<dt><dfn>none</dfn>
<dd>
The element has no <a>marker image</a>.
</dl>
<div class="example">
The following example sets the marker at the beginning of each list item to
be the image "ellipse.png".
<pre highlight=css>li { list-style-image: url("http://www.example.com/ellipse.png") }</pre>
</div>
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<h3 id='text-markers'>
Text-based Markers: the 'list-style-type' property</h3>
<pre class="propdef">
Name: list-style-type
Value: <<counter-style>> | <<string>> | none
Initial: disc
Applies to: <a>list items</a>
Inherited: yes
Percentages: n/a
Computed value: specified value
Animation type: discrete
</pre>
Specifies the <dfn>marker string</dfn>,
which is used to fill the <a>list item</a>’s <a>marker</a>
when its 'content' value is ''content/normal''
and there is [=marker image=].
The values are as follows:
<dl dfn-type="value" dfn-for="list-style-type">
<dt><dfn><<counter-style>></dfn>
<dd>
Specifies the element’s <a>marker string</a> as
the value of the ''counter()/list-item'' counter
represented using the specified <<counter-style>>.
Specifically,
the <a>marker string</a> is
the result of <a lt="generate a counter representation">generating a counter representation</a>
of the ''counter()/list-item'' counter value
using the specified <<counter-style>>,
prefixed by the '@counter-style/prefix' of the <<counter-style>>,
and followed by the '@counter-style/suffix' of the <<counter-style>>.
If the specified <<counter-style>> does not exist,
''decimal'' is assumed.
<dt><dfn><<string>></dfn>
<dd>
The element’s <a>marker string</a> is the specified <<string>>.
<dt><dfn>none</dfn>
<dd>
The element has no <a>marker string</a>.
</dl>
<div class='example'>
The following examples illustrate how to set markers to various values:
<pre highlight=css>
ul { list-style-type: "★"; }
/* Sets the marker to a "star" character */
p.note {
display: list-item;
list-style-type: "Note: ";
list-style-position: inside;
}
/* Gives note paragraphs a marker consisting of the string "Note: " */
ol { list-style-type: upper-roman; }
/* Sets all ordered lists to use the upper-roman counter-style
(defined in the Counter Styles specification [[CSS-COUNTER-STYLES]]) */
ul { list-style-type: symbols(repeating '○' '●'); }
/* Sets all unordered list items to alternate between empty and
filled circles for their markers. */
ul { list-style-type: none; }
/* Suppresses the marker entirely, unless list-style-image is specified
with a valid image. */
</pre>
</div>
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<h3 id='list-style-position-property'>
Positioning Markers: The 'list-style-position' property</h3>
<pre class="propdef">
Name: list-style-position
Value: inside | outside
Initial: outside
Applies to: <a>list items</a>
Inherited: yes
Percentages: n/a
Computed value: keyword, but see prose
Animation type: discrete
</pre>
This property dictates whether the ''::marker'' is rendered inline,
or positioned just outside of the <a>list item</a>.
The values are as follows:
<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for=list-style-position>
<dt><dfn>inside</dfn>
<dd>
No special effect.
(The ''::marker'' is an inline element at the start of the <a>list item's</a> contents.)
<dt><dfn id='list-style-position-outside'>outside</dfn>
<dd>
If the <a>list item</a> is a <a>block container</a>:
the marker box is outside the principal block box;
however, the position of the list-item marker adjacent to floats is undefined.
CSS does not specify the precise location of the marker box
or its position in the painting order,
but does require that it be placed on the <a>inline-start</a> side of the box,
using the <a>writing mode</a> of the box indicated by 'marker-side'.
The marker box is fixed with respect to the principal block box's border
and does not scroll with the principal box's content.
A UA may hide the marker if the element's 'overflow' is other than ''overflow/visible''.
(This allowance may change in the future.)
The size or contents of the marker box may affect
the height of the principal block box
and/or the height of its first line box,
and in some cases may cause the creation of a new line box;
this interaction is also not defined.
Issue: This is handwavey nonsense from CSS2, and needs a real definition.
If the <a>list item</a> is an <a>inline box</a>:
this value is equivalent to ''inside''.
Issue: Alternatively, ''outside'' could lay out the marker as a previous sibling of the principal box.
</dl>
<div class=example>
For example:
<pre>
<style>
ul.compact { list-style: inside; }
ul { list-style: outside; }
</style>
<ul class=compact>
<li>first "inside" list item comes first</li>
<li>second "inside" list item comes first</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<ul>
<li>first "outside" list item comes first</li>
<li>second "outside" list item comes first</li>
</ul>
</pre>
The above example may be formatted as:
<pre>
* first "inside" list
item comes first
* second "inside" list
item comes second
========================
* first "outside" list
item comes first
* second "outside" list
item comes second</pre>
</div>
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<h3 id='list-style-property'>
Styling Markers: the 'list-style' shorthand property</h3>
<pre class='propdef shorthand'>
Name: list-style
Value: <<'list-style-type'>> || <<'list-style-position'>> || <<'list-style-image'>>
Applies to: <a>list items</a>
</pre>
The 'list-style' property is a shorthand notation
for setting the three properties 'list-style-type', 'list-style-image', and 'list-style-position'
at the same place in the style sheet.
<div class="example">
For example:
<pre highlight=css>
ul { list-style: upper-roman inside } /* Any UL */
ul ul { list-style: circle outside } /* Any UL child of a UL */
</pre>
</div>
Using a value of <css>none</css> in the shorthand is potentially ambiguous,
as <css>none</css> is a valid value for both 'list-style-image' and 'list-style-type'.
To resolve this ambiguity,
a value of <css>none</css> in the shorthand must be applied to whichever of the two properties aren't otherwise set by the shorthand.
<div class='example'>
<pre highlight=css>
list-style: none disc;
/* Sets the image to "none" and the type to "disc". */
list-style: none url(bullet.png);
/* Sets the image to "url(bullet.png)" and the type to "none". */
list-style: none;
/* Sets both image and type to "none". */
list-style: none disc url(bullet.png);
/* Syntax error */
</pre>
</div>
<div class=example highlight=css>
Although authors may specify 'list-style' information directly on list item elements
(e.g., <{li}> in HTML),
they should do so with care.
Consider the following rules:
<pre>
ol.alpha li { list-style: lower-alpha; }
ul li { list-style: disc; }
</pre>
The above won't work as expected.
If you nest a <{ul}> into an <a element lt="ol">ol class=alpha</a>,
the first rule's specificity will make the <{ul}>’s list items use the lower-alpha style.
<pre>
ol.alpha > li { list-style: lower-alpha; }
ul > li { list-style: disc; }
</pre>
These work as intended.
<pre>
ol.alpha { list-style: lower-alpha; }
ul { list-style: disc; }
</pre>
These are even better,
since inheritance will transfer the 'list-style' value to the list items.
</div>
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<h2 id='positioning'>
Marker Positioning</h2>
<p class='issue'><strong>
This section is not ready for implementation.
It is an unreviewed rough draft that hasn't even been properly checked for Web-compatibility.
Feel free to send feedback, but DON'T USE THIS PART OF THE SPEC.</strong>
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<h3 id='marker-side'>
The 'marker-side' property</h3>
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: marker-side
Value: match-self | match-parent
Initial: match-self
Applies to: <a>list items</a>
Inherited: yes
Percentages: n/a
Computed value: specified keyword
Animation type: discrete
</pre>
The 'marker-side' property specifies
whether the ''::marker'' is positioned
based on the directionality of the list item itself (i.e. its [=originating element=])
or the directionality of the list container (i.e. the [=originating element=]’s parent).
In the first case, the position of the marker can vary across items in the same list,
based on the directionality assigned to each list item individually;
in the second case they will all align on the same side,
as determined by the directionality assigned to the list as a whole.
<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for=marker-side>
<dt><dfn>match-self</dfn>
<dd>
The ''::marker'' pseudo-element is positioned
using the directionality of the ''::marker''’s [=originating element=].
<dt><dfn>match-parent</dfn>
<dd>
The ''::marker'' pseudo-element is positioned
using the directionality of the ''::marker''’s [=originating element’s=] parent element.
</dl>
<div class='example'>
By default, elements or ''::marker'' pseudo-elements
position themselves according to their list item's directionality.
However, if the list item is grouped with several other list items which may have different directionality
(for example, multiple <li>s with different "dir" attributes in an <ol> in HTML),
it is sometimes more useful to have all the markers line up on one side,
so the author can specify a single "gutter" on that side
and be assured that all the markers will lie in that gutter and be visible.
Both of the following example renderings are generated from the following HTML,
with the only difference being the value of 'marker-side' on the list:
<pre highlight=html>
<ul>
<li>english one
<li dir=rtl>OWT WERBEH
<li>english three
<li dir=rtl>RUOF WERBEH
</ul>
</pre>
<table class=data style="width: 35em;">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>''match-self''
<th>''match-parent''
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-right: thin solid">
<pre>
* english one
OWT WERBEH *
* english three
RUOF WERBEH *</pre>
<td>
<pre>
* english one
* OWT WERBEH
* english three
* RUOF WERBEH</pre>
</table>
</div>
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<h2 id='auto-numbering'>
Automatic Numbering With Counters</h2>
A <dfn export>counter</dfn> is a special concept
used, among other things, to automatically number list items in CSS.
Every element has a collection of zero or more counters,
which are inherited through the document tree in a way similar to inherited property values.
They are created and manipulated with the 'counter-increment', 'counter-set' and 'counter-reset' properties,
and used with the ''counter()'' and ''counters()'' functions.
Counters have a name,
an integer value,
a creator element,
and possibly another counter nested inside themselves.
<h3 id='counter-properties'>
Manipulating Counters: the 'counter-increment', 'counter-set' and 'counter-reset' properties</h2>
<pre class="propdef">
Name: counter-reset
Value: [ <<custom-ident>> <<integer>>? ]+ | none
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: n/a
Computed value: the keyword ''counter-reset/none'' or a list, each item an identifier paired with an integer
Animation type: by computed value type
</pre>
<p class=all-media>User Agents are expected to support this property on all media, including non-visual ones.</p>
The 'counter-reset' property <a lt="create a new counter">creates new counters</a> on an element.
Its values are defined as follows:
<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for=counter-reset>
<dt><dfn>none</dfn>
<dd>
This element does not create any new counters.
<dt><dfn><<custom-ident>> <<integer>>?</dfn>
<dd>
The element <a lt="create a new counter">creates one or more new counters</a>.
Each <<custom-ident>> names a new counter to be created.
If an <<integer>> is provided after an <<custom-ident>>,
the starting value of the new counter is that integer.
Otherwise, the starting value of the new counter is ''0''.
Implementations may have implementation-specific limits
on the maximum or minimum value of a counter.
If an increment would push the counter's value beyond these limits,
the increment must be ignored,
and the counter's value remain unchanged.
</dl>
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: counter-set
Value: [ <<custom-ident>> <<integer>>? ]+ | none
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: n/a
Computed value: the keyword ''counter-reset/none'' or a list, each item an identifier paired with an integer
Animation type: by computed value type
</pre>
<p class=all-media>User Agents are expected to support this property on all media, including non-visual ones.</p>
<pre class='propdef'>
Name: counter-increment
Value: [ <<custom-ident>> <<integer>>? ]+ | none
Initial: none
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: n/a
Computed value: the keyword ''counter-reset/none'' or a list, each item an identifier paired with an integer
Animation type: by computed value type
</pre>
<p class=all-media>User Agents are expected to support this property on all media, including non-visual ones.</p>
The 'counter-set' and 'counter-increment' properties
manipulate the value of existing counters.
They only create new counters if there is no counter of the given name on the element yet.
Their values are defined as follows:
<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for="counter-set counter-increment">
<dt><dfn>none</dfn>
<dd>
This element does not alter the value of any counters.
<dt><dfn><<custom-ident>> <<integer>>?</dfn>
<dd>
The element alters the value of one or more counters on it.
If there is not currently a counter of the given name on the element,
the element <a lt="create a new counter">creates a new counter</a> of the given name
with a starting value of ''0''
(though it may then immediately set or increment that value to something different).
If an <<integer>> is provided after an <<custom-ident>>,
it sets the innermost counter of the given name's value to that integer (for 'counter-set')
or increments the value of the innermost counter of the given name by that integer (for 'counter-increment').
Otherwise,
the innermost counter of the given name's value is set to ''0'' (for 'counter-set')
or incremented by ''1'' (for 'counter-increment').
</dl>
<div class="example">
<p>This example shows a way to number chapters and sections with "Chapter 1", "1.1", "1.2", etc.
<pre highlight=css>
h1::before {
content: "Chapter " counter(chapter) ". ";
counter-increment: chapter; /* Add 1 to chapter */
counter-reset: section; /* Set section to 0 */
}
h2::before {
content: counter(chapter) "." counter(section) " ";
counter-increment: section;
}
</pre>
</div>
Inheriting counters must be done <em>before</em> resetting counters,
which must be done <em>before</em> setting counters,
which must be done <em>before</em> incrementing counters,
which must be done <em>before</em> using counters
(for example, in the 'content' property).
<div class='note' highlight=css>
The counter properties follow the cascading rules as normal.
Thus, due to cascading, the following style sheet:
<div class='example'>
<pre>
h1 { counter-reset: section -1 }
h1 { counter-reset: imagenum 99 }
</pre>
</div>
will only reset ''imagenum''.
To reset both counters,
they have to be specified together:
<div class='example'>
<pre>H1 { counter-reset: section -1 imagenum 99 }</pre>
</div>
The same principles apply to the 'counter-set' and 'counter-increment' properties.
</div>
<h3 id="list-item-counter">
The special ''list-item'' counter</h3>
<a>List items</a> automatically increment
a special <dfn value for="counter-increment, counter-set, counter-reset, counter(), counters()">list-item</dfn> <a>counter</a>.
Unless the 'counter-increment' property explicitly specifies
a different increment for the ''list-item'' <a>counter</a>,
it must be incremented by 1 on every <a>list item</a>,
at the same time that <a>counters</a> are normally incremented.
(This has no effect on the values of the 'counter-*' properties.)
Issue: More definition.
<h3 id="creating-counters">
Creating and Inheriting Counters</h3>
Every element has a (possibly empty) set of counters.
Like many other CSS values,
an element can inherit counters from another element.
However, unlike other CSS values,
the method that counters are inherited is somewhat complex.
A counter and its value are inherited <em>separately</em>,
possibly from different elements.
If an element has a previous sibling,
it must inherit all of the sibling's counters.
Otherwise, if the element has a parent,
it must inherit all of the parent's counters.
Otherwise, the element must have an empty set of counters.
The element then inherits counter <em>values</em>
from the immediately preceding element <strong>in document order</strong>.
This must be done by examining the set of counters that the immediately preceding element has,
and, for every counter that exists in both the element's set and the preceding element's set,
giving the element's counter the same value.
(If an element is the first element in the document,
and thus has no immediately preceding element,
it also doesn't have a parent or a previous sibling,
and thus no counters to begin with.)
<div class='example' id='counter-inheritance-example'>
Take the following code as an example:
<pre highlight=html>
<ul style='counter-reset: example 0;'>
<b class='foo'><li id='foo' style='counter-increment: example;'></b>
foo
<b class='bar'><div id='bar' style='counter-increment: example;'>bar</div></b>
</li>
<b class='baz'><li id='baz'></b>
baz
</li>
</ul>
</pre>
Recall that "in document order" turns a document tree into an ordered list,
where an element comes before its children,
and its children come before its next sibling.
In other words,
for a language like HTML,
its the order in which the parser encounters start tags as it reads the document.
In here, the <{ul}> element establishes a new counter named "example",
and sets its value to 0.
The <b class='foo'>"foo"</b> element, being the first child of the <{ul}>,
inherits this counter.
Its parent is also its immediately preceding element in document order,
so it inherits the value 0 with it,
and then immediately increments the value to 1.
The same happens with the <b class='bar'>"bar"</b> element.
It inherits the "example" counter from <b class='foo'>"foo"</b>,
and inherits the value 1 from it as well
and increments it to 2.
However, the <b class='baz'>"baz"</b> element is a bit different.
It inherits the "example" counter from the <b class='foo'>"foo"</b> element,
its previous sibling.
However, rather than inheriting the value 1 from <b class='foo'>"foo"</b> along with the counter,
in inherits the value 2 from <b class='bar'>"bar"</b>, the previous element in document order.
This behavior allows a single counter to be used throughout a document,
continuously incrementing,
without the author having to worry about the nested structure of their document.
</div>
<style>
#counter-inheritance-example b.foo { color: hsl(0, 80%, 40%); }
#counter-inheritance-example b.bar { color: hsl(120, 80%, 30%); }
#counter-inheritance-example b.baz { color: hsl(240, 80%, 50%); }
</style>
Elements can create additional counters on themselves,
which can then be passed onto siblings or children.
To <dfn>create a new counter</dfn>,
specify an element that's creating it,
a name,
and a starting value.
The effect depends on what other counters of that name exist on the element:
<ul>
<li>
If no counters of that name exist on the element,
create a new counter with that name on the element.
<li>
Otherwise, if a counter of that name exists on the element,
and it was created by a preceding sibling,
replace the innermost counter of that name on the element
with a newly-created counter with that name.
<li>
Otherwise, create a new counter with that name
and nest it inside of the innermost counter with that name.
</ul>
Regardless, the value of the new counter is set to the provided starting value.
<h3 id='nested-counters'>
Nested Counters</h3>
Counters are "self-nesting";
<a lt="create a new counter">creating a new counter</a> in an element
which already has a counter with the same name
simply creates a new counter of the same name,
nested inside the existing counter.
This is important for situations like lists in HTML,
where lists can be nested inside lists to arbitrary depth.
It would be impossible to define uniquely named counters for each level.
As explained in a later section,
the ''counter()'' function only uses the innermost counter of a given name on the element,
but the ''counters()'' function uses all counters of a given name that contain the element.
<div class="example">
Thus, the following suffices to number nested list items.
The result is very similar to that of setting ''display:list-item'' and ''list-style: inside'' on the LI element:
<pre highlight=css>
ol { counter-reset: item }
li { display: block }
li::before { content: counter(item) ". "; counter-increment: item }
</pre>
In this example,
an <a element>ol</a> will create a counter,
and all children of the <a element>ol</a> will refer to that counter.
</div>
<div class="example" id='counter-nesting-example'>
If we denote the <var>n</var><sup>th</sup> instance of the "item" counter by item[<var>n</var>],
then the following HTML fragment will use the indicated counters.
(We assume the style sheet as given in the example above).
<div class='ol'>
<div class='ol'><code><ol></code> item[0] is created, set to 0
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[0] is incremented to 1</div>
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[0] is incremented to 2
<div class='ol'><code><ol></code> item[1] is created, set to 0, nested in item[0]
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[1] is incremented to 1</div>
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[1] is incremented to 2</div>
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[1] is incremented to 3
<div class='ol'><code><ol></code> item[2] is created, set to 0, nested in item[1]
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[2] is incremented to 1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[1] is incremented to 4
<div class='ol'><code><ol></code> item[3] is created, set to 0, nested in item[1]
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[3] is incremented to 1</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[1] is incremented to 5</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[0] is incremented to 3</div>
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[0] is incremented to 4</div>
</div>
<div class='ol'><code><ol></code> item[4] is created, set to 0
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[4] is incremented to 1</div>
<div class='li'><code><li></code> item[4] is incremented to 2</div>
</div>
</div>
<style>
#counter-nesting-example .ol { background: rgba(0,0,0,.1); margin: .5em 0; padding: .2em .5em; }
#counter-nesting-example .li > .ol { margin: 0 0 0 1em; }
#counter-nesting-example .li { list-style: none; margin-left: 1em;}
</style>
</div>
<h3 id='counters-without-boxes'>
Counters in elements that do not generate boxes</h3>
An element that does not generate a box
(for example, an element with 'display' set to ''display/none'', or a pseudo-element with 'content' set to ''content/none'')