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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Visual formatting model</title>
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<hr class="navbar">
<h1><a name="q0">9 Visual formatting model</a></h1>
<div class="subtoc">
<p><strong>Contents</strong>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#visual-model-intro" class="tocxref">9.1 Introduction to the visual formatting model</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#viewport" class="tocxref">9.1.1 The viewport</a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#containing-block" class="tocxref">9.1.2 <span class="index-def" title="containing block"> Containing blocks</span></a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#box-gen" class="tocxref">9.2 Controlling box generation</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#block-boxes" class="tocxref">9.2.1 Block-level elements and block boxes</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline4"><a href="visuren.html#anonymous-block-level" class="tocxref"><ins>9.2.1.1</ins> Anonymous block boxes</a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#inline-boxes" class="tocxref">9.2.2 Inline-level elements and inline boxes</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline4"><a href="visuren.html#anonymous" class="tocxref"><ins>9.2.2.1</ins> Anonymous inline boxes</a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#run-in" class="tocxref">9.2.3 <del>Compact boxes 9.2.4</del>Run-in boxes</a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#display-prop" class="tocxref"> <del>9.2.5</del><ins>9.2.4</ins> The <span class="propinst-display">'display'</span> property</a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#positioning-scheme" class="tocxref">9.3 Positioning schemes</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#choose-position" class="tocxref">9.3.1 Choosing a positioning scheme: <span class="propinst-position">'position'</span> property</a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#position-props" class="tocxref">9.3.2 Box offsets: <span class="propinst-top">'top'</span>, <span class="propinst-right">'right'</span>, <span class="propinst-bottom">'bottom'</span>, <span class="propinst-left">'left'</span></a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#normal-flow" class="tocxref">9.4 Normal flow</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#block-formatting" class="tocxref">9.4.1 Block formatting <del>context</del><ins>contexts</ins></a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#inline-formatting" class="tocxref">9.4.2 Inline formatting <del>context</del><ins>contexts</ins></a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#relative-positioning" class="tocxref">9.4.3 Relative positioning</a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#floats" class="tocxref">9.5 Floats</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#float-position" class="tocxref">9.5.1 Positioning the float: the <span class="propinst-float">'float'</span> property</a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#flow-control" class="tocxref">9.5.2 Controlling flow next to floats: the <span class="propinst-clear">'clear'</span> property</a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#absolute-positioning" class="tocxref">9.6 Absolute positioning</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#fixed-positioning" class="tocxref">9.6.1 Fixed positioning</a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#dis-pos-flo" class="tocxref">9.7 Relationships between 'display', 'position', and 'float'</a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#comparison" class="tocxref">9.8 Comparison of normal flow, floats, and absolute positioning</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#comp-normal-flow" class="tocxref">9.8.1 Normal flow</a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#comp-relpos" class="tocxref">9.8.2 Relative positioning</a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#comp-float" class="tocxref">9.8.3 Floating a box</a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#comp-abspos" class="tocxref">9.8.4 Absolute positioning</a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#layers" class="tocxref">9.9 Layered presentation</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#z-index" class="tocxref">9.9.1 Specifying the stack level: the <span class="propinst-z-index">'z-index'</span> property</a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#direction" class="tocxref">9.10 Text direction: the <span class="propinst-direction">'direction'</span> and <span class="propinst-unicode-bidi">'unicode-bidi'</span> properties</a>
</ul>
</div>
<h2>9.1 <a name="visual-model-intro">Introduction to the visual formatting model</a></h2>
<p>This chapter and the next describe the <a name="x0"><span class="index-def"
title="visual formatting model">visual formatting model</span></a>: how user
agents process the <a href="conform.html#doctree">document tree</a>
for visual <a href="media.html">media</a>.
</p>
<p>In the visual formatting model, each element in the document tree
generates zero or more boxes according to the <a href="box.html">box
model</a>. The layout of these boxes is governed by:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="box.html#box-dimensions">box dimensions</a> and <a
href="#box-gen">type</a>.
</li><li><a href="#positioning-scheme">positioning scheme</a>
(normal flow, float, and <del>absolute).</del><ins>absolute positioning).</ins>
</li><li>relationships between elements
in the <a href="conform.html#doctree">document tree.</a>
</li><li>external information (e.g., viewport size, <a
href="conform.html#intrinsic">intrinsic</a> dimensions of images, etc.).
</li></ul>
<p>The properties defined in this chapter and the next apply to both
<a href="media.html#continuous-media-group">continuous media</a> and
<a href="media.html#paged-media-group">paged media</a>. <span class="paged">
However, the
meanings of the <a href="box.html#margin-properties">margin
properties</a> vary when applied to paged media (see the <a
href="page.html#page-margins">page model</a> for details).
</span>
</p>
<p>The visual formatting model does not specify all aspects of
formatting (e.g., it does not specify a letter-spacing algorithm). <a
href="conform.html#conformance">Conforming user agents</a> may behave
differently for those formatting issues not covered by this
specification.
</p>
<h3>9.1.1 <a name="viewport">The viewport</a></h3>
<p>User agents for <a
href="media.html#continuous-media-group">continuous media</a>
generally offer users a <a name="x1"><span class="index-def" title="viewport">
<dfn>viewport</dfn></span></a> (a window or other
viewing area on the screen) through which users consult a
document. User agents may change the document's layout when the
viewport is resized (see the <a
href="visudet.html#containing-block-details">initial containing block</a>).
</p>
<p>
When the viewport is smaller than the <del>document's initial containing block,</del><ins>area of the canvas on which
the document is rendered,</ins> the user agent should offer a scrolling
mechanism.
There is at most
one viewport per <a href="intro.html#canvas">canvas</a>, but user
agents may render to more than one canvas (i.e., provide different
views of the same document).
</p>
<h3>9.1.2 <span class="index-def" title="containing block">
<a name="containing-block">Containing blocks</a></span>
</h3>
<p>In <del>CSS2,</del><ins>CSS 2.1,</ins> many box positions and sizes are calculated with respect
to the edges
of a rectangular box called a <a name="x3"><span class="index-def"
title="containing block"><dfn>containing block</dfn></span></a>. In
general, generated boxes act as containing blocks for descendant
boxes; we say that a box "establishes" the containing block for its
descendants. The phrase "a box's containing block" means "the
containing block in which the box lives," not the one it generates.
</p>
<p>Each box is given a position with respect to its containing block,
but it is not confined by this containing block; it may <a
href="visufx.html#overflow">overflow</a>.
</p>
<p>The <a href="visudet.html#containing-block-details"> <del>root of the document tree generates a box that serves as the initial containing block for subsequent layout. The width of the initial containing block may be specified with the 'width' property for the root element. If this property has the value 'auto', the user agent supplies the initial width (e.g., the user agent uses the current width of the viewport ). The height of the initial containing block may be specified with the 'height' property for the root element. If this property has the value 'auto', the containing block height will grow to accommodate the document's content. The initial containing block cannot be positioned or floated (i.e., user agents ignore the 'position' and 'float' properties for the root element). The</del>details</a> of
how a containing block's dimensions are calculated are described in
the <a href="visudet.html">next chapter</a>.
</p>
<h2>9.2 <a name="box-gen">Controlling box generation</a></h2>
<p>The following sections describe the types of boxes that may be
generated in <del>CSS2.</del><ins>CSS 2.1.</ins> A box's type affects, in part, its behavior in the
visual formatting model. The <a href="visuren.html#propdef-display" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-display">'display'</span></a> property, described below,
specifies a box's type.
</p>
<h3>9.2.1 <a name="block-boxes">Block-level elements and block boxes</a></h3>
<p><span class="index-def" title="block-level
element"><a name="block-level"><dfn>Block-level elements</dfn></a></span> are those elements of the source document that are formatted visually as
blocks (e.g., paragraphs). <del>Several</del><ins>The following</ins> values of the <a href="visuren.html#propdef-display" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-display">'display'</span></a> property make an element
block-level: 'block', 'list-item', <del>'compact' and 'run-in' (part of the time; see compact and run-in boxes ),</del>and 'table'.
</p>
<p><a name="x5"><span class="index-def" title="block-level box"><dfn>Block-level
<del>elements generate</del><ins>boxes</ins></dfn></span></a> <ins>are boxes that participate in</ins>
a <a href="#block-formatting"> <del>principal</del>block <ins>formatting context.</ins></a> <ins>Each
block-level element generates a</ins> <span class="index-def"
title="principal block-level
box"><a name="principal-box"><dfn><ins>principal block-level</ins>
box</dfn></a></span> that <del>only</del>contains <del>block boxes . The principal block box establishes the containing block for</del>descendant boxes and generated
content and is also the box involved in any positioning scheme.
<del>Principal block boxes participate in a block formatting context .</del>Some block-level elements <ins>may</ins> generate additional boxes <del>outside of</del><ins>in addition
to</ins> the
principal box: 'list-item' <del>elements and those with markers .</del><ins>elements.</ins> These additional boxes are
placed with respect to the principal box.
<p> <del>Anonymous block boxes</del><ins>Except for table boxes, which are described</ins> in a <del>document like this: <DIV> Some text <P>More text </DIV> (and assumi
A35B
ng the DIV and the P both have 'display: block'), the DIV appears to have both inline content</del><ins>later chapter,</ins> and
<ins>replaced elements, a block-level box is also a</ins> block <del>content.</del><ins>container box.
A</ins> <span class="index-def" title="block container box"><a
name="block-container-box"><dfn ><ins>block
container box</ins></dfn></a></span> <ins>either
contains only block-level boxes or establishes an inline formatting
context and thus contains only inline-level boxes. Not all block
container boxes are block-level boxes: non-replaced inline blocks
and non-replaced table cells are block containers but not block-level
boxes. Block-level boxes that are also block containers are
called</ins> <a name="x8"><span class="index-def" title="block box"><dfn><ins>block
boxes</ins></dfn></span></a><ins>.</ins>
<p><ins>The three terms "block-level box," "block container box," and
"block box" are sometimes abbreviated as "block" where unambiguous.</ins>
<h4><ins>9.2.1.1</ins> <a name="anonymous-block-level"><ins>Anonymous block boxes</ins></a></h4>
<p><ins>In a document like this:</ins>
</p>
<pre><code class="html">
<ins><DIV>
Some text
<P>More text
</DIV></ins>
</code></pre>
<p>
<ins>(and assuming the DIV and the P both have 'display: block'), the
DIV appears to have both inline content and block content.</ins> To make it
easier to define the formatting, we assume that there is an <em><a name="x9"><span
class="index-def" title="anonymous">anonymous block box</span></a></em>
around "Some text".
</p>
<div class="figure">
<p><img src="images/anon-block.png" alt="diagram showing the three
boxes for the example above"><SPAN class="dlink"> <A name="img-anon-block" href="images/longdesc/anon-block-desc.html" title="Long description for anonymous block box">[D]</A></SPAN>
</p><p class="caption">Diagram showing the
three boxes, of which one is anonymous, for the example above.
</p></div>
<p>In other words: if a block <ins>container</ins> box (such as that generated
for the DIV above) has <del>another block</del><ins>a block-level</ins> box inside it (such as the P
above), then we force it to have <em>only</em> <del>block</del><ins>block-level</ins> boxes
inside <del>it, by wrapping</del><ins>it.</ins>
<p><ins>When an inline box contains an in-flow block-level box, the inline box
(and its inline ancestors within the same line box) are broken around
the block-level box (and</ins> any <ins>block-level siblings that are consecutive
or separated only by collapsible whitespace and/or out-of-flow
elements), splitting the</ins> inline <ins>box into two boxes (even if either
side is empty), one on each side of the block-level box(es). The line</ins>
boxes <ins>before the break and after the
break are enclosed</ins> in <del>an</del>anonymous block <ins>boxes, and the block-level box
becomes a sibling of those anonymous boxes. When such an inline box is
affected by relative positioning, any resulting translation also
affects the block-level box contained in the inline</ins> box.
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P>
<p>This model would apply in the following example if the following
rules:</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<del>/* Note: HTML UAs may not respect these rules */ BODY</del><ins>p</ins> { display: inline }
<del>P</del><ins>span</ins> { display: block }
</code></pre>
<p>were used with this HTML document:</p>
<pre class="html-example"><code class="html">
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML <del>4.0 Transitional//EN"></del><ins>4.01//EN"></ins>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Anonymous text interrupted by a block</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<ins><P></ins>
<em>This is anonymous text before the <del>P. <P>This</del><ins>SPAN.</ins></em>
<ins><SPAN>This</ins> is the content of <del>P.</></del><ins>SPAN.</SPAN></ins>
<em>This is anonymous text after the <del>P.</del><ins>SPAN.</ins></em>
<ins></P></ins>
</BODY>
</code></pre>
<p>The <del>BODY</del><ins>P</ins> element contains a chunk (C1) of anonymous text followed
by a block-level element followed by another chunk (C2) of anonymous
text. The resulting boxes would be <del>an anonymous</del><ins>a</ins> block box <del>for</del><ins>representing the</ins> BODY,
containing an anonymous block box around C1, the <del>P</del><ins>SPAN</ins> block box, and
another anonymous block box around C2.
</p></div>
<p>The properties of anonymous boxes are inherited from the
enclosing non-anonymous box <del>(in</del><ins>(e.g., in</ins> the <del>example:</del><ins>example just below the subsection heading "Anonymous block boxes",</ins> the one for DIV).
Non-inherited properties have their initial value. For example,
the font of the anonymous box is inherited from the DIV, but the
margins will be 0.
</p>
<p>
<del>9.2.2 Inline-level</del><ins>Properties set on</ins> elements <del>and inline</del><ins>that cause anonymous block</ins> boxes <del>Inline-level elements are those elements of</del><ins>to be
generated still apply to</ins> the <del>source document that do not form new blocks</del><ins>boxes and content of that element. For
example, if a border had been set on the P element in the above
example, the border would be drawn around C1 (open at the end of the
line) and C2 (open at the start of the line).</ins>
</p>
<p>
<ins>Some user agents have implemented borders on inlines containing
blocks in other ways, e.g., by wrapping such nested blocks inside
"anonymous line boxes" and thus drawing inline borders around such
boxes. As CSS1 and CSS2 did not define this behavior, CSS1-only and
CSS2-only user agents may implement this alternative model and still
claim conformance to this part of CSS 2.1. This does not apply to UAs
developed after this specification was released.</ins>
</p>
<p><ins>Anonymous block boxes are ignored when resolving percentage values
that would refer to it: the closest non-anonymous ancestor box is used
instead. For example, if the child of the anonymous block box inside
the DIV above needs to know the height of its containing block to
resolve a percentage height, then it will use the height of the
containing block formed by the DIV, not of the anonymous block box.</ins>
<h3><ins>9.2.2</ins> <a name="inline-boxes"><ins>Inline-level elements and inline boxes</ins></a></h3>
<p><span class="index-def" title="inline-level element">
<a name="inline-level"><dfn><ins>Inline-level
elements</ins></dfn></a></span> <ins>are those elements of the source document that
do not form new blocks</ins> of content; the content is distributed in lines
(e.g., emphasized pieces of text
within a paragraph, inline images,
etc.). <del>Several</del><ins>The following</ins> values of the <a href="visuren.html#propdef-display" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-display">'display'</span></a> property make an element
<del>inline:</del><ins>inline-level:</ins> 'inline', 'inline-table', <del>'compact' and 'run-in' (part of the time; see compact</del>and <del>run-in boxes ).</del><ins>'inline-block'.</ins>
Inline-level elements generate <a name="x11"><span class="index-def"
title="inline-level box"><dfn> <del>inline</del><ins>inline-level</ins>
boxes</dfn></span></a> <del>. Inline</del><ins>, which are</ins> boxes <del>may</del><ins>that</ins> participate in <del>several</del><ins>an inline</ins>
formatting <del>contexts: Within a block box,</del><ins>context.</ins>
<p>An <span class="index-def" title="inline box"><a
name="inline-box"><dfn>inline
<del>boxes</del><ins>box</ins></dfn></a></span> <ins>is one that is both inline-level and whose
contents</ins> participate in <del>an</del><ins>its containing</ins> inline formatting <del>context .</del><ins>context.</ins> A
<del>compact inline box is given</del><ins>non-replaced element with</ins> a <del>position in the margin</del><ins>'display' value</ins> of <del>a block</del><ins>'inline' generates an
inline</ins> box.
<del>Marker</del><ins>Inline-level</ins> boxes <ins>that</ins> are <del>also given positions outside of a block box. Anonymous</del><ins>not</ins> inline boxes <ins>(such as replaced
inline-level elements, inline-block elements, and inline-table
elements) are called</ins> <a name="x13"><span class="index-def" title="atomic
inline-level box"><dfn><ins>atomic inline-level boxes</ins></dfn></span></a> <ins>because
they participate in their inline formatting context as a single opaque
box.</ins>
<h4><ins>9.2.2.1</ins> <a name="anonymous"><ins>Anonymous inline boxes</ins></a></h4>
<p><ins>Any text that is directly contained inside a block container element (not
inside an inline element) must be treated as an anonymous inline
element.</ins>
<p>In a document <ins>with HTML markup</ins> like this:</p>
<div class="html-example">
<pre><code class="html">
<del><P>Some <EM>emphasized</em> text</P></del><ins><p>Some <em>emphasized</em> text</p></ins>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>the <code> <del>P</del><ins><p></ins></code> generates a block box, with several inline boxes inside
it. The box for "emphasized" is an inline box generated by an inline
element <del>(EM),</del><ins>(</ins><code><ins><em></ins></code><ins>),</ins> but the other boxes ("Some" and "text") are inline boxes generated by a block-level element <del>(P).</del><ins>(</ins><code><ins><p></ins></code><ins>).</ins> The latter are called <a name="x14"><span
class="index-def" title="anonymous inline boxes">anonymous inline
boxes</span></a>, because they <del>don't</del><ins>do not</ins> have an associated inline-level element.
</p>
<p>Such anonymous inline boxes inherit inheritable properties from
their block parent box. Non-inherited properties have their initial
value. In the example, the color of the anonymous <del>initial</del><ins>inline</ins> boxes is
inherited from the P, but the background is transparent.
</p>
<p>
<ins>White space content that would subsequently be collapsed away according to the</ins> <a href="text.html#propdef-white-space" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-white-space"><ins>'white-space'</ins></span></a> <ins>property does not generate any anonymous inline boxes.</ins>
</p>
<p>If it is clear from the context which type of anonymous box is
meant, both anonymous inline boxes and anonymous block boxes are
simply called anonymous boxes in this specification.
</p>
<p>There are more types of anonymous boxes that arise when formatting
<a href="tables.html#anonymous-boxes">tables</a>.
</p>
<h3>9.2.3 <a name="run-in"> <del>Compact</del><ins>Run-in</ins> boxes</a></h3>
<p> <del>A compact box behaves as follows: If a block box (that does not float and is not absolutely positioned ) follows</del><ins>[This section exists so that</ins> the <del>compact box,</del><ins>section numbers are</ins> the <del>compact box</del><ins>same as in
previous drafts.</ins> <a name="x15"><span class="index-def" title="run-in"><ins>'Display:
run-in'</ins></span></a> is <del>formatted like a one-line inline box. The resulting</del><ins>now defined in CSS level 3 (see</ins> <a
href="/TR/css3-box"><ins>CSS basic</ins> box <del>width is compared to one of the side margins of</del><ins>model</ins></a><ins>).]</ins>
<h3><ins>9.2.4</ins> <a name="display-prop">The</a> <a href="visuren.html#propdef-display" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-display"><ins>'display'</ins></span></a> <ins>property</ins></h3>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'display'"><a name="propdef-display" class="propdef-title"><strong><ins>'display'</ins></strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>inline |</ins> block <del>box.</del><ins>| list-item | inline-block |
table | inline-table | table-row-group | table-header-group |
table-footer-group | table-row | table-column-group | table-column |
table-cell | table-caption | none |</ins> <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit"><ins>inherit</ins></span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Initial:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>inline</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Applies to:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>all elements</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Inherited:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>no</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Percentages:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>N/A</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Media:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><a href="media.html#all-media-group" class="noxref"><ins>all</ins></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>see text</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>The <del>choice</del><ins>values</ins> of <del>left or right margin is determined by the 'direction' specified for</del><ins>this property have</ins> the <ins>following meanings:</ins></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="index-def" title="'block', definition of"><a
name="value-def-block"><strong><ins>block</ins></strong></a></span>
</dt>
<dd><ins>This value causes an</ins> element <del>producing the containing</del><ins>to generate a</ins> block <del>for the compact box and following</del>box.
</dd>
<dt><span class="index-def" title="'inline-block', definition of"><a
name="value-def-inline-block"><strong> <del>If the inline box width is less than or equal</del><ins>inline-block</ins>
8096
</strong></a></span>
</dt>
<dd><ins>This value causes an element</ins> to <ins>generate an inline-level block
container.</ins>
The <del>margin, the inline box</del><ins>inside of an inline-block</ins> is <del>given a position in the margin</del><ins>formatted</ins> as <del>described immediately below. Otherwise, the compact box becomes</del>a block <del>box.</del><ins>box, and</ins> the
<del>compact box</del><ins>element itself</ins> is <del>given a position in the margin</del><ins>formatted</ins> as <del>follows: it is outside (to the left or right) of the first line box of the block, but it affects the calculation of that line box's height . The 'vertical-align' property of the compact box determines the vertical position of the compact box relative to that line box. The horizontal position of the compact box is always in the margin of the block</del><ins>an atomic inline-level</ins> box.
</dd>
<dt><span class="index-def" title="'inline', definition of"><a
name="value-def-inline"><strong><ins>inline</ins></strong></a></span>
</dt>
<dd><ins>This value causes</ins> an element <del>that cannot be formatted on</del><ins>to generate</ins> one <del>line cannot be placed in the margin of the following block. For example, a 'compact'</del><ins>or more inline boxes.</ins>
</dd>
<dt><span class="index-def" title="'list-item', definition of"><a
name="value-def-list-item"><strong><ins>list-item</ins></strong></a></span>
</dt>
<dd><ins>This value causes an</ins> element <ins>(e.g., LI</ins> in <del>HTML that contains a BR element will always be formatted as</del><ins>HTML) to generate</ins> a
<ins>principal</ins> block box <del>(assuming the default style for BR, which inserts a newline). For placing multi-line texts in the margin, the 'float' property is often more appropriate. The following example illustrates</del><ins>and</ins> a <del>compact</del><ins>marker</ins> box. <del><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>A compact box example</TITLE> <STYLE type="text/css"> DT { display: compact } DD { margin-left: 4em } </STYLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <DL> <DT>Short <DD><P>Description goes here. <DT>too long</del>For <ins>information about
lists and examples of list formatting, please consult</ins> the <del>margin <DD><P>Description goes here. </DL> </BODY> </HTML></del><ins>section on</ins>
<a href="generate.html#lists"><ins>lists</ins></a><ins>.</ins>
</dd>
<dt><strong><ins>none</ins></strong></dt>
<dd><a name="x21"><span class="index-def" title="'none'::as display value">This
<del>example might be formatted as: short Description goes here too long for the margin Description goes here The 'text-align' property can be used to align the compact</del><ins>value</ins></span></a> <ins>causes an</ins> element <del>inside the margin: against the left edge of the margin ('left'), against the right edge ('right'), or centered</del><ins>to not appear</ins> in the <a
href="intro.html#formatting-structure"> <del>margin ('center').</del><ins>formatting structure</ins></a> <ins>(i.e.,
in visual media</ins> the <del>value 'justify' doesn't apply,</del><ins>element generates no boxes</ins> and <del>is handled as either 'left' or 'right', depending</del><ins>has no effect</ins> on
<ins>layout). Descendant elements do not generate any boxes either;</ins> the
<del>'direction' of the block-level element in whose margin the compact</del>element <del>is formatted. ('left' if the direction is 'ltr', 'right' if it is 'rtl'.) Please consult the section on generated content for information about how compact boxes interact with generated content. 9.2.4 Run-in boxes A run-in box behaves as follows: If a block box (that does not float</del>and <del>is not absolutely positioned ) follows the run-in box, the run-in box becomes</del><ins>its content are removed from</ins> the <del>first inline box of</del><ins>formatting structure
entirely. This behavior</ins> <strong><ins>cannot</ins></strong> <ins>be overridden by
setting</ins> the <a href="visuren.html#propdef-display" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-display"> <del>block box. Otherwise,</del><ins>'display'</ins></span></a> <ins>property
on</ins> the <del>run-in box becomes a block box. A 'run-in' box is useful for run-in headers, as in this example: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>A run-in box example</TITLE> <STYLE type="text/css"> H3 { display: run-in } </STYLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <H3>A run-in heading.</H3> <P>And a paragraph of text</del><ins>descendants.</ins>
<p><ins>Please note</ins> that <del>follows it. </BODY> </HTML> This example might be formatted as: A run-in heading. And</del>a <del>paragraph</del><ins>display</ins> of <del>text</del><ins>'none' does not create an invisible
box; it creates no box at all. CSS includes mechanisms</ins> that <del>follows it. The properties of the run-in</del><ins>enable an</ins>
element <del>are inherited from its parent</del><ins>to generate boxes</ins> in the <del>source tree,</del><ins>formatting structure that affect
formatting but are</ins> not <del>from the block box it visually becomes part of.</del><ins>visible themselves.</ins> Please consult the section
on <a href="visufx.html#visibility"> <del>generated content</del><ins>visibility</ins></a> for <del>information about how run-in boxes interact with generated content. 9.2.5 The 'display' property 'display' Value: inline | block | list-item | run-in | compact | marker |</del><ins>details.</ins>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<a href="tables.html#value-def-table" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-table">table</span></a> <del>|</del><ins>,</ins>
<a href="tables.html#value-def-inline-table" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inline-table">inline-table</span></a> <del>|</del><ins>,</ins>
<a href="tables.html#value-def-table-row-group" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-table-row-group">table-row-group</span></a> <del>|</del><ins>,</ins>
<a href="tables.html#value-def-table-column" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-table-column"><ins>table-column</ins></span></a><ins>,</ins>
<a href="tables.html#value-def-table-column-group" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-table-column-group"><ins>table-column-group</ins></span></a><ins>,</ins>
<a href="tables.html#value-def-table-header-group" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-table-header-group">table-header-group</span></a> <del>|</del><ins>,</ins>
<a href="tables.html#value-def-table-footer-group" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-table-footer-group">table-footer-group</span></a> <del>|</del><ins>,</ins>
<a href="tables.html#value-def-table-row" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-table-row">table-row</span></a> <del>| table-column-group | table-column |</del><ins>,</ins>
<a href="tables.html#value-def-table-cell" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-table-cell">table-cell</span></a> <del>|</del><ins>, and</ins>
<a href="tables.html#value-def-table-caption" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-table-caption">table-caption</span></a>
</dt>
<dd> <del>| none | inherit Initial: inline Applies to: all elements Inherited: no Percentages: N/A Media: all The</del><ins>These</ins> values <del>of this property have the following meanings: block This value causes</del><ins>cause</ins> an element to <del>generate</del><ins>behave like</ins> a <del>principal block box. inline This value causes an</del><ins>table</ins> element
<ins>(subject</ins> to <del>generate one or more inline boxes. list-item This value causes an element (e.g., LI</del><ins>restrictions described</ins> in <del>HTML) to generate a principal block box and a list-item inline box. For information about lists and examples of list formatting, please consult</del>the <del>section</del><ins>chapter</ins> on <a
href="tables.html"> <del>lists . marker This value declares generated content before or after a box to be a marker. This value should only be used with :before and :after pseudo-elements attached to block-level elements. In other cases, this</del><ins>tables</ins></a><ins>).</ins>
</dd>
</dl>
<p><ins>The computed</ins> value is <del>interpreted</del><ins>the same</ins> as <del>'inline'. Please consult</del>the <del>section on markers</del><ins>specified value, except for
positioned and floating elements (see</ins> <a
href="#dis-pos-flo"><ins>Relationships between 'display', 'position', and
'float'</ins></a><ins>) and</ins> for <del>more information. none This value causes an element to generate no boxes in</del>the <del>formatting structure (i.e.,</del><ins>root element.
For</ins> the <del>element has no effect on layout). Descendant elements do not generate any boxes either; this behavior cannot be overridden by setting</del><ins>root element,</ins> the <del>'display' property</del><ins>computed value is changed as described in
the section</ins> on the <a href="#dis-pos-flo"> <del>descendants. Please</del><ins>relationships between 'display', 'position', and 'float'</ins></a><ins>.</ins>
</p>
<p>Note that <del>a display</del><ins>although the</ins> <a href="about.html#initial-value"><ins>initial
value</ins></a> of <a href="visuren.html#propdef-display" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-display"> <del>'none' does not create an invisible box; it creates no box at all. CSS includes mechanisms that enable an element to generate boxes</del><ins>'display'</ins></span></a> <ins>is
'inline', rules</ins> in the <del>formatting structure that affect formatting but are not visible themselves. Please consult</del><ins>user agent's</ins> <a
href="cascade.html#default-style-sheet"><ins>default style sheet</ins></a> <ins>may</ins> <a
href="cascade.html"><ins>override</ins></a> <ins>this value. See</ins> the <a
href="sample.html"> <del>section on visibility for details. run-in and compact These values create either block or inline boxes, depending on context. Properties apply to run-in and compact boxes based on their final status (inline-level or block-level). For example, the 'white-space' property only applies if the box becomes a block box. table , inline-table , table-row-group , table-column , table-column-group , table-header-group , table-footer-group , table-row , table-cell , and table-caption These values cause an element to behave like a table element (subject to restrictions described in the chapter on tables ). Note that although the initial value of 'display' is 'inline', rules in the user agent's default style sheet may override this value. See the sample style sheet</del><ins>sample style sheet</ins></a> for HTML <del>4.0</del><ins>4</ins> in the
appendix.
</p>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P>
<p>Here are some examples of the <a href="visuren.html#propdef-display" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-display">'display'</span></a> property:
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
p { display: block }
em { display: inline }
li { display: list-item }
img { display: none } /* <del>Don't</del><ins>Do not</ins> display images */
</code></pre>
</div>
<h2> <del>Conforming HTML user agents may ignore the 'display' property.</del>9.3 <a name="positioning-scheme">Positioning schemes</a></h2>
<p>In <del>CSS2,</del><ins>CSS 2.1,</ins> a box may be laid out according to three <a name="x22"><span
class="index-def" title="positioning scheme"><dfn>positioning
schemes:</dfn></span></a></p>
<ol>
<li><a href="#normal-flow">Normal flow</a>. In <del>CSS2,</del><ins>CSS 2.1,</ins> normal
flow includes <a href="#block-formatting">block formatting</a>
of <del>block</del><ins>block-level</ins> boxes,
<a href="#inline-formatting">inline formatting</a>
of <del>inline boxes, relative positioning of block or inline</del><ins>inline-level</ins> boxes, and <a
href="#relative-positioning"><ins>relative</ins> positioning</a> of
<del>compact</del><ins>block-level</ins> and <del>run-in</del><ins>inline-level</ins> boxes.
</li>
<li><a href="#floats">Floats</a>. In the float model,
a box is first laid out according to the normal flow, then
taken out of the flow and shifted
to the left or right as far as possible. Content may
flow along the side of a float.
</li>
<li><a href="#absolute-positioning">Absolute positioning</a>.
In the absolute positioning model, a box is removed from
the normal flow entirely (it has no impact on later siblings)
and assigned a position with respect to a containing block.
</li>
</ol>
<p><ins>An element is called</ins> <dfn><a name="x23"><span class="index-def"><ins>out of
flow</ins></span></a></dfn> <ins>if it is floated, absolutely positioned, or is the
root element. An element is called</ins> <dfn><a name="x24"><span
class="index-def"><ins>in-flow</ins></span></a></dfn> <ins>if it is not out-of-flow. The</ins>
<dfn><a name="x25"><span class="index-def"><ins>flow of an element</ins></span></a></dfn>
<var><ins>A</ins></var> <ins>is the set consisting of</ins> <var><ins>A</ins></var> <ins>and all in-flow
elements whose nearest out-of-flow ancestor is</ins> <var><ins>A</ins></var><ins>.</ins>
<div class="note">
<em><strong>Note.</strong>
<del>CSS2's</del><ins>CSS 2.1's</ins> positioning schemes help authors make their documents
more accessible by allowing them to avoid mark-up tricks
(e.g., invisible images) used for layout effects.
</em>
</div>
<h3>9.3.1 <a name="choose-position">Choosing a positioning scheme:</a> <a href="visuren.html#propdef-position" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-position">'position'</span></a> property</h3>
<p>The <a href="visuren.html#propdef-position" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-position">'position'</span></a> and <a href="visuren.html#propdef-float" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-float">'float'</span></a> properties determine which
of the <del>CSS2</del><ins>CSS 2.1</ins> positioning algorithms is used to calculate
the position of a box.
</p>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'position'"><a name="propdef-position" class="propdef-title"><strong>'position'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td>static | relative | absolute | fixed | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>static
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>all <del>elements, but not to generated content</del><ins>elements</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>no
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>as specified</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>The values of this property have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong>static</strong></dt>
<dd>The box is a normal box, laid out according to the <a
href="#normal-flow">normal flow</a>. The
<a href="visuren.html#propdef-top" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-top"> <del>'left' and</del>'top'</span></a><ins>,</ins>
<a href="visuren.html#propdef-right" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-right"><ins>'right'</ins></span></a><ins>,</ins>
<a href="visuren.html#propdef-bottom" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-bottom"><ins>'bottom'</ins></span></a><ins>,
and</ins> <a href="visuren.html#propdef-left" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-left"><ins>'left'</ins></span></a>
properties do not apply.
</dd>
<dt><strong>relative</strong></dt>
<dd>The box's position is calculated according to the <a
href="#normal-flow">normal flow</a> (this is called the position in
normal flow). Then the box is offset <a
href="#relative-positioning">relative</a> to its normal position. When
a box B is relatively positioned, the position of the following box is
calculated as though B were not offset. <ins>The effect of 'position:relative' on table-row-group, table-header-group, table-footer-group, table-row, table-column-group, table-column, table-cell, and table-caption elements is undefined.</ins>
</dd>
<dt><strong>absolute</strong></dt>
<dd> The box's position (and possibly size) is specified
with the <a href="visuren.html#propdef-top" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-top"> <del>'left'</del><ins>'top'</ins></span></a>,
<a href="visuren.html#propdef-right" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-right">'right'</span></a>,
<a href="visuren.html#propdef-bottom" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-bottom"> <del>'top'</del><ins>'bottom'</ins></span></a>, and
<a href="visuren.html#propdef-left" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-left"> <del>'bottom'</del><ins>'left'</ins></span></a>
properties.
These properties specify offsets with respect to the box's
<a href="#containing-block">containing block</a>. Absolutely
positioned boxes are taken out of the normal flow. This means
they have no impact on the layout of later siblings. Also,
though <a href="#absolutely-positioned">absolutely positioned</a>
boxes have margins, they
do not <a href="box.html#collapsing-margins">collapse</a>
with any other margins.
</dd>
<dt><strong>fixed</strong></dt>
<dd> The box's position is calculated according to the 'absolute'
model, but in addition, the box is <a
href="#fixed-positioning">fixed</a> with respect to some reference.
<ins>As with the 'absolute' model, the box's margins do not collapse with any other margins.</ins>
In the case of <del>continuous</del><ins>handheld, projection, screen, tty, and tv</ins> media <del>,</del><ins>types,</ins>
the box is fixed with respect to the <a href="#viewport">viewport</a>
<del>(and doesn't</del><ins>and does not</ins> move when
<del>scrolled).</del><ins>scrolled.</ins> In the case of <del>paged</del><ins>the print</ins> media <del>,</del><ins>type,</ins> the box is <ins>rendered on every page, and is</ins> fixed with respect to the <del>page,</del><ins>page box,</ins> even if <del>that</del><ins>the</ins> page is seen through a <a href="#viewport">viewport</a>
(in the case of a print-preview, for example). <ins>For other media
types, the presentation is undefined.</ins>
Authors may wish to specify 'fixed' in a
media-dependent way. For instance, an author may want a box to remain
at the top of the <a href="#viewport">viewport</a> on the screen, but
not at the top of each printed page. The two specifications may be
separated by using an <a href="media.html#at-media-rule">@media
rule</a>, as in:
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P>
<pre><code class="css">
@media screen {
h1#first { position: fixed }
}
@media print {
h1#first { position: static }
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<p> <del>9.3.2 Box offsets : 'top'</del><ins>UAs must not paginate the content of fixed boxes.</ins> <span
class="note"><ins>Note that UAs may print invisible content in other
ways. See</ins> <a href="page.html#outside-page-box"><ins>"Content outside the
page box"</ins></a> <ins>in chapter 13.</ins></span>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
<ins>User agents may treat position as 'static' on the root element.</ins>
</p>
<h3><ins>9.3.2</ins> <a name="position-props"><ins>Box offsets</ins></a><ins>:</ins> <a href="visuren.html#propdef-top" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-top"><ins>'top'</ins></span></a>, <a href="visuren.html#propdef-right" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-right">'right'</span></a>, <a href="visuren.html#propdef-bottom" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-bottom">'bottom'</span></a>, <a href="visuren.html#propdef-left" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-left">'left'</span></a></h3>
<p>An element is said to be <span class="index-def" title="positioned
element/box"><a name="positioned-element"><dfn>positioned</dfn></a></span>
if its <a href="visuren.html#propdef-position" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-position">'position'</span></a> property has
a value other than 'static'. Positioned elements generate
positioned boxes, laid out according to four properties:</p>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'top'"><a name="propdef-top" class="propdef-title"><strong>'top'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td><a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length"><length></span></a> | <a href="syndata.html#value-def-percentage" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-percentage"><percentage></span></a> | auto | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>auto
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>positioned elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>no
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>refer to height of containing block
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>if
specified as a length, the corresponding absolute length; if
specified as a percentage, the specified value; otherwise, 'auto'.</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This property specifies how far <del>a</del><ins>an</ins> <a
href="#absolutely-positioned"><ins>absolutely positioned</ins></a> box's top
<del>content</del><ins>margin</ins> edge is offset below the top edge of the box's <a
href="#containing-block">containing block</a>. <ins>For relatively
positioned boxes, the offset is with respect to the top edges of the
box itself (i.e., the box is given a position in the normal flow, then
offset from that position according to these properties).</ins>
</p>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'right'"><a name="propdef-right" class="propdef-title"><strong>'right'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td><a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length"><length></span></a> | <a href="syndata.html#value-def-percentage" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-percentage"><percentage></span></a> | auto | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>auto
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>positioned elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>no
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>refer to width of containing block
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em> <del>This property</del><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>if
specified as a length, the corresponding absolute length; if
specified as a percentage, the specified value; otherwise,
'auto'.</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p><ins>Like 'top', but</ins> specifies how far a box's right <del>content</del><ins>margin</ins> edge is
offset to the left of the right edge of the box's <a
href="#containing-block">containing block</a>. <ins>For relatively
positioned boxes, the offset is with respect to the right edge of the
box itself.</ins>
</p>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'bottom'"><a name="propdef-bottom" class="propdef-title"><strong>'bottom'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td><a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length"><length></span></a> | <a href="syndata.html#value-def-percentage" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-percentage"><percentage></span></a> | auto | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>auto
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>positioned elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>no
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>refer to height of containing block
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em> <del>This property</del><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>if
specified as a length, the corresponding absolute length; if
specified as a percentage, the specified value; otherwise, 'auto'.</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p><ins>Like 'top', but</ins> specifies how far a box's bottom <del>content</del><ins>margin</ins> edge is
offset above the bottom of the box's <a
href="#containing-block">containing block</a>. <ins>For relatively
positioned boxes, the offset is with respect to the bottom edge of the
box itself.</ins>
</p>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'left'"><a name="propdef-left" class="propdef-title"><strong>'left'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td><a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length"><length></span></a> | <a href="syndata.html#value-def-percentage" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-percentage"><percentage></span></a> | auto | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>auto
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>positioned elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>no
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>refer to width of containing block
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em> <del>This property</del><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>if
specified as a length, the corresponding absolute length; if
specified as a percentage, the specified value; otherwise,
'auto'.</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p><ins>Like 'top', but</ins> specifies how far a box's left <del>content</del><ins>margin</ins> edge is
offset to the right of the left edge of the box's <a
href="#containing-block">containing block</a>. <ins>For relatively
positioned boxes, the offset is with respect to the left edge of the
box itself.</ins>
</p>
<p>The values for the four properties have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length"><length></span></a></strong></dt>
<dd>The offset is a fixed distance from the reference edge. <ins>Negative values are allowed.</ins>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a href="syndata.html#value-def-percentage" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-percentage"><percentage></span></a></strong></dt>
<dd>The offset is a percentage of the containing block's width (for <a href="visuren.html#propdef-left" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-left">'left'</span></a> or <a href="visuren.html#propdef-right" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-right">'right'</span></a>) or height (for <a href="visuren.html#propdef-top" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-top">'top'</span></a> and <a href="visuren.html#propdef-bottom" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-bottom">'bottom'</span></a>). <del>For 'top' and 'bottom', if the height of the containing block is not specified explicitly (i.e., it depends on content height), the percentage value is interpreted like 'auto'.</del><ins>Negative values are allowed.</ins>
</dd>
<dt><strong>auto</strong></dt>
<dd><ins>For non-replaced elements,</ins> the effect of this value
depends on which of related properties have the value 'auto' as
well. See the sections on the
<a href="visudet.html#abs-non-replaced-width">width</a>
and <a href="visudet.html#abs-non-replaced-height">height</a>
of <a href="#absolutely-positioned">absolutely positioned</a>,
non-replaced elements for details. For <del>absolutely positioned boxes, the offsets are with respect to</del><ins>replaced elements,</ins> the
<del>box's containing block . For relatively positioned boxes, the offsets are with respect to</del><ins>effect of this value depends only on</ins> the <del>outer edges</del><ins>intrinsic dimensions</ins> of the
<del>box itself (i.e.,</del><ins>replaced content. See</ins> the <del>box is given a position in</del><ins>sections on</ins> the <a
href="visudet.html#abs-replaced-width"> <del>normal flow, then offset from that position according to these properties).</del><ins>width</ins></a> <ins>and</ins> <a
href="visudet.html#abs-replaced-height"><ins>height</ins></a> <ins>of absolutely
positioned, replaced elements for details.</ins>
</dd>
</dl>
<h2>9.4 <a name="normal-flow">Normal flow</a></h2>
<p>Boxes in the normal flow belong to a <a name="x32"><span class="index-def"
title="formatting context">formatting context</span></a>, which <ins>in CSS 2.1</ins>
may be <ins>table,</ins> block or <del>inline, but not both simultaneously. Block</del><ins>inline. In future levels of CSS, other types of
formatting context will be introduced.</ins> <a
href="#block-level"><ins>Block-level</ins></a> boxes participate in a <a
href="#block-formatting">block formatting</a> context. <a
href="#inline-level"> <del>Inline</del><ins>Inline-level</ins> boxes</a> participate in an <a
href="#inline-formatting">inline formatting</a> context. <ins>Table
formatting contexts are described in the</ins> <a href="tables.html"
><ins>chapter on tables.</ins></a>
</p>
<h3>9.4.1 <a name="block-formatting">Block formatting <del>context</del><ins>contexts</ins></a></h3>
<p><ins>Floats, absolutely positioned elements, block containers (such as
inline-blocks, table-cells, and table-captions) that are not block
boxes, and block boxes with 'overflow' other than 'visible'
(except when that value has been propagated to the viewport) establish
new block formatting contexts for their contents.</ins></p>
<p>In a block formatting context, boxes are laid out one after the
other, vertically, beginning at the top of a containing block. The
vertical distance between two sibling boxes is determined by the <a href="box.html#propdef-margin" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-margin">'margin'</span></a> properties. Vertical margins
between adjacent <del>block</del><ins>block-level</ins> boxes in a block formatting context <a
href="box.html#collapsing-margins">collapse</a>.
</p>
<p>
In a block formatting context, each box's left outer edge touches the
left edge of the containing block (for right-to-left formatting, right
edges touch). This is true even in the presence of floats (although a
box's <em> <del>content area</del><ins>line boxes</ins></em> may shrink due to the <ins>floats), unless the box
establishes a new block formatting context (in which case the box itself</ins>
<a href="#bfc-next-to-float"><em><ins>may</ins></em> <ins>become narrower</ins></a> <ins>due to
the</ins> floats).
</p>
<p>For information about page breaks in paged media, please consult
the section on <a href="page.html#allowed-page-breaks">allowed
page breaks</a>.
</p>
<h3>9.4.2 <a name="inline-formatting">Inline formatting <ins>contexts</ins></a></h3>
<p><ins>An inline formatting</ins> context <ins>is established by a block container
box that contains no block-level boxes.</ins>
In an inline formatting context, boxes are laid out horizontally,
one after the other, beginning at the top of a containing
block. Horizontal margins, borders, and padding are respected between
these boxes. The boxes may be aligned vertically in different ways: their
bottoms or tops may be aligned, or the baselines of text within them
may be aligned. The rectangular area that contains the boxes that form
a line is called a <span class="index-def" title="line box"><a
name="line-box"><dfn>line box</dfn></a></span>.
</p>
<p>The width of a line box is determined by a <a
href="#containing-block">containing block</a> <del>.</del><ins>and the presence of floats.</ins>
The height of a line
box is determined by the rules given in the section on <a
href="visudet.html#line-height">line height calculations</a>.
</p>
<p>A line box is always tall enough for all of the boxes it contains.
However, it may be taller than the tallest box it contains
(if, for example, boxes are aligned so that baselines line up).
When the height of a box B is less than the height of the line box containing it,
the vertical alignment of B within the line box is determined by
the <a href="visudet.html#propdef-vertical-align" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-vertical-align">'vertical-align'</span></a> property.
When several <del>inline</del><ins>inline-level</ins> boxes cannot fit horizontally within a single
line box, they are distributed among two or more vertically-stacked
line boxes. Thus, a paragraph is a vertical stack of line boxes. Line
boxes are stacked with no vertical separation <ins>(except as specified
elsewhere)</ins> and they never overlap.
</p>
<p>In general, the left edge of a line box touches the left edge
of its containing block and the right edge touches the right edge of
its containing block. However, floating boxes may come between the
containing block edge and the line box edge. Thus, although line
boxes in the same inline formatting context generally have the same
width (that of the containing block), they may vary in width if
available horizontal space is reduced due to <a
href="#floats">floats</a>. Line boxes in the same inline formatting
context generally vary in height (e.g., one line might contain a tall
image while the others contain only text).
</p>
<p>When the total width of the <del>inline</del><ins>inline-level</ins> boxes on a line is less than the
width of the line box containing them, their horizontal distribution
within the line box is determined by the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-align" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-align">'text-align'</span></a> property. If that
property has the value 'justify', the user agent may stretch <del>the</del><ins>spaces
and words in</ins> inline boxes <ins>(but not inline-table and inline-block
boxes)</ins> as well.
</p>
<p>
<del>Since</del><ins>When</ins> an inline box <del>may not exceed</del><ins>exceeds</ins> the width of a line box, <del>long inline boxes are</del><ins>it is</ins> split into several boxes and these boxes <ins>are</ins> distributed across several line boxes. <ins>If an inline box cannot be split (e.g., if the inline box contains a single character, or language specific word breaking rules disallow a break within the inline box, or if the inline box is affected by a white-space value of nowrap or pre), then the inline box overflows the line box.</ins>
</p>
<p>
When an inline box is split, margins,
borders, and padding have no visual effect where the split <del>occurs. Formatting of margins, borders, and padding may not be fully defined if the split</del>occurs <del>within a bidirectional embedding.</del><ins>(or
at any split, when there are several).</ins>
</p>
<p>Inline boxes may also be split into several boxes <em>within the
same line box</em> due to <a href="#direction">bidirectional text
processing</a>.
</p>
<p id="phantom-line-box"> <del>Here is</del><ins>Line boxes are created as needed to hold
inline-level content within an inline formatting context. Line boxes
that contain no text, no</ins> <a
href="text.html#white-space-prop"><ins>preserved white space,</ins></a> <ins>no inline
elements with non-zero margins, padding, or borders, and no other</ins> <a
href="#positioning-scheme"><ins>in-flow</ins></a> <ins>content (such as images, inline
blocks or inline tables), and do not end with a preserved newline must
be treated as zero-height line boxes for the purposes of determining
the positions of any elements inside of them, and must be treated as
not existing for any other purpose.</ins>
</p>
<div class="html-example"><p>
<ins>Here is</ins> an example of inline box construction. The following paragraph
(created by the HTML block-level element P) contains anonymous text
interspersed with the elements EM and STRONG:
</p>
<pre><code class="html">
<P>Several <EM>emphasized words</EM> appear
<STRONG>in this</STRONG> sentence, dear.</P>
</code></pre>
<p>The P element generates a block box that contains five inline
boxes, three of which are anonymous:</p>
<ul>
<li>Anonymous: "Several"</li>
<li>EM: "emphasized words"</li>
<li>Anonymous: "appear"</li>
<li>STRONG: "in this"</li>
<li>Anonymous: "sentence, dear."</li>
</ul>
<p>To format the paragraph, the user agent flows the five boxes into
line boxes. In this example, the box generated for the P element
establishes the containing block for the line boxes. If the containing
block is sufficiently wide, all the inline boxes will fit into a
single line box:
</p>
<pre>
Several <em>emphasized words</em> appear <strong>in this</strong> sentence, dear.
</pre>
<p>If not, the inline boxes will be split up and distributed across
several line boxes. The previous paragraph might be split as follows:
</p>
<pre>
Several <em>emphasized words</em> appear
<strong>in this</strong> sentence, dear.
</pre>
or like this:
<pre>
Several <em>emphasized</em>
<em>words</em> appear <strong>in this</strong>
sentence, dear.
</pre>
</div>
<p>In the previous example, the EM box was split into two EM boxes
(call them "split1" and "split2"). Margins, borders,
padding, or text decorations have no visible effect after split1 or
before split2.
</p>
<div class="html-example"><p>
Consider the following example:
</p>
<pre><code class="html">
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML <del>4.0//EN"></del><ins>4.01//EN"></ins>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Example of inline flow on several lines</TITLE>
<STYLE type="text/css">
EM {