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<!DOCTYPE html public '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN'
'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd'>
<html lang="en" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" >
<title>CSS Grid Positioning Module Level 3</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../default.css">
<style type="text/css">
.cols { width: 500px; height: 200px; background: #fff; position: relative; border: solid 10px blue; margin: 0.5em 2em 1em 0; font: bold 14px/19px Arial, sans-serif }
.cols p { padding: 3px; margin: 0; }
.gap { position: absolute; background: black; width: 5px; bottom: 0px; top: 0px; border: 10px solid red; border-top-width: 0; border-bottom-width: 0; }
.rep { position: absolute; background: #333; height: 110px; width: 100px; color: white; z-index: 4 }
.issue { color:red; font-style:italic;}
.todo { background:yellow; font-style:italic;}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="head">
<!--logo-->
<h1>CSS Grid Positioning Module Level 3</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc">[LONGSTATUS] [DATE]</h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt>
<dd><a
href="[VERSION]">http://www.w3.org/TR/[YEAR]/MO-[SHORTNAME]-[CDATE]</a></dd>
<dt>Latest version:</dt>
<dd><a
href="[LATEST]">http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-grid</a></dd>
<dt>Previous version:</dt>
<dd>none
<dt>Editors:</dt>
<dd>Alex Mogilevsky, Microsoft, <a href="mailto:alexmog@microsoft.com">alexmog@microsoft.com</a></dd>
<dt>Authors:</dt>
<dd>Alex Mogilevsky, Microsoft, <a href="mailto:alexmog@microsoft.com">alexmog@microsoft.com</a></dd>
<dd>Markus Mielke, Microsoft, <a href="mailto:alexmog@microsoft.com">mmielke@microsoft.com</a></dd>
</dl>
<!--begin-copyright-->
<p>[If you keep the <!--comment-->, the copyright will be included
here automatically]</p>
<!--end-copyright-->
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=abstract>Abstract</h2>
<p>This module describes integration of grid-based layout (similar to the grids
traditionally used in books and newspapers) with CSS sizing and positioning. </p>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=status>Status of this document</h2>
<!--begin-status-->
<p>[If you keep the <!--comment-->, the status boilerplate will be
included here automatically.]</p>
<!--end-status-->
<p>This is the first public working draft of this module.
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="contents">Table of contents</h2>
<!--begin-toc-->
<p>[If you keep the <!--comment--> the table of contents will be
included here automatically.]</p>
<!--end-toc-->
<h2 id=dependencies>Dependencies on other modules</h2>
<p>This CSS3 module depends on the following other CSS3 modules:</p>
<ul>
<li>[[!CSS3VAL]] </li>
</ul>
<p>It has non-normative (informative) references to the following other CSS3
modules:</p>
<ul>
<li>[[CSS3COL]]</li>
<li>[[CSS3GCPM]]</li>
<li>[[MEDIAQ]]</li>
<li>[[CSS3LAYOUT]]</li>
</ul>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>Grid systems have provided great value to print designers for many years
[[THEGRID]]. Now same concepts are applied to online content [[SXSWGRIDS]],
[[AGBDL]].
Unlike print media however, dimensions of online devices vary broadly; a single
fixed-sized grid that worked perfectly for print pages only works in a subset of
web scenarios. Really adaptable solutions require dealing with a grid that
adapts to fit devices of varying form factors.</p>
<p>This module adds capabilities for sizing and positioning in terms of a
scalable grid
. The grid can be specified directly by
author, or can be implied from existing two-dimensional structures (tables or
multi-column elements).</p>
<p>Grid positioning addresses layout in continuous media and in paged media.</p>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<p>Let's start with an illustration of grid in action.</p>
<h3>Example 1</h3>
<div class="figure">
<img src="grid1_small.jpg" alt="example of a 3-column layout with an image that spans the whole page and a 2-column box in bottom left corner">
<p class="caption">Floats in multi-column layout</p>
</div>
<p style="height: 18px">Figure 1 shows a 3-column layout in paged media. It can
be seen as a grid with 6 vertical lines (at each column boundary) and horizontal
lines at margins.</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>body { columns:3; column-gap:2em; }
float1 { float:page bottom left; <strong>width:3gr;</strong> }
/* Figure 1 */
</pre>
</div>
<p>The statement "float:page bottom left" positions the image at the
bottom left corner of the page (as defined in [[CSS3GCPM]])</p>
<p>Property "width:3gr" makes it 3 "grid units" wide, where a "grid unit" is the
distance between two adjacent grid lines. Each boundary between a column and a
gap automatically produces a grid line, therefore to specify "two columns,
including the gap between columns, but not including any gaps outside the
columns" we can just say "3gr".</p>
<p>Also, in this example the author has added a horizontal line to align
illustrations with. This can be done by explicitly defining grid lines:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>
body { columns:3; column-gap:2em;
<strong>grid-rows: 1.5in 1fr;</strong> }
div.illustrations
{ float:page top left; width:5gr; height:1gr;}
float1 { float:page bottom left; width:3gr; }
/* Figure 2 */
</pre>
</div>
<p>In this example, "grid-rows" divides vertical space with explicit grid lines. </p>
<p>"1fr" is a flex unit ('fr' for 'fraction'). If multiple flex units are used,
they take space proportional to their values. If we wanted to define
vertical lines that would exactly match the 3-column layout with 2em gaps we
could say</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>
grid-columns: 1fr 2em 1fr 2em 1fr;
</pre>
</div>
<p>When only one value has a 'fr' unit (as in "grid-rows: 1.5in 1fr" above), it
just takes all remaining space regardless of the number.</p>
<h3>Example 2 </h3>
<p>The following example illustrates the use of a grid in construction of a complex web site
(see [[SXSWGRIDS]] for how exactly this was built).
Note how groups of elements are aligned with different sets of grid lines.</p>
<div class="figure">
<img src="Yeeaahh_grid.png" style="float:left; width:9cm;"
alt="[image of a complex page with overlaid grid]">
<img src="Yeeaahh.png" style="float:left; width:9cm;" alt="[image of complex page]">
<p class="caption" style="clear:left">Complex site designed with a grid</p>
</div>
<h2>Grid
declarations</h2>
<p>There are two ways to define a grid.</p>
<ol>
<li>Explicit grid: defined with 'grid-columns', 'grid-rows' properties.</li>
<li>Implicit grid: automatically created by elements with a natural grid
structure (multi-column elements and tables). </li>
</ol>
<h3>Explicit grid</h3>
<p>Grid lines can be defined in terms of rows and columns. Rows are always
horizontal and columns are always vertical (this doesn't change in vertical
writing modes)</p>
<h4>'grid-columns' and 'grid-rows' properties</h4>
<table class="propdef">
<tr>
<td>Name: </td>
<td>
<dfn>grid-columns</dfn>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Value: </td>
<td>[[<length>|<percentage>|<fraction>] | <br />
repeat([<length>|<percentage>|<fraction> ]+)]+ | <br />
none | inherit
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Initial: </td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Applies to: </td>
<td>non-replaced block-level elements </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Inherited: </td>
<td>no </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Percentages: </td>
<td><span>refer to width of the block</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Media: </td>
<td>visual, paged </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Computed value:
</td>
<td>specified value </td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="propdef">
<tr>
<td>Name: </td>
<td>
<dfn>grid-rows</dfn>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Value: </td>
<td>[[<length>|<percentage>|<fraction>] | <br />
([<length>|<percentage>|<fraction> ]+)['['<integer>']']? ]+ | <br />
none | inherit
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Initial: </td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Applies to: </td>
<td>non-replaced block-level elements </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Inherited: </td>
<td>no </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Percentages: </td>
<td><span>refer to height of block</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Media: </td>
<td>visual, paged </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Computed value:
</td>
<td>specified value </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p >When grid-rows or grid-columns are specified, grid lines are defined as
follows:</p>
<ol>
<li>'start' edge of content box (logical start according to writing mode)
defines a grid line</li>
<li>each row or column of specified grid adds one line at the specified
distance from previous line </li>
<li>if the last specified row or column does not reach the 'end' edge of the
content box, another grid line is added at the edge of the content box</li>
</ol>
<p > </p>
<p >Space for each column or row of the grid can be defined as</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Length</b>.<ul>
<li>Note that gr
unit can also be used here (it refers to grid of the containing block)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>Percentage</b> of containing block height and width<ul>
<li>Exact behavior of percentage when mixed with other units and/or
total percentage not equal to 100% is UA-specific. If possible UA should
apply the same distribution algorithm as for column widths of an empty
table</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fraction</strong> is a non-negative floating-point number
followed by 'fr'. Each fraction value takes portion of available space
proportional to the number. </li>
</ul>
<p>For example this rule </p>
<div class="example">
<pre>div { grid-columns: 50% 1fr 1fr 4em }
</pre>
</div>
<ul>
<li>adds one grid line in the middle of containing block, </li>
<li>another one 4em from the right</li>
<li>another one in the middle of remaining space</li>
</ul>
<p class="issue">'fr' needs a precise definition. It is possible that there
isn't any space to distribute between fractions, what happens then? fr
becomes zero?</p>
<p>Grid lines can be defined in repeating groups using "repeat()"
construct. Nested repeating groups are not allowed.</p>
<p>For example this rule</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>div { grid-rows: 4em repeat(0.25em 1em); }
</pre>
</div>
<ul>
<li>defines a header row of 4em</li>
<li>adds as many additional rows as necessary, alternating heights of 0.25em
and 1em.
</li>
</ul>
<p class="issue">It was proposed that property names refer to horizontalvertical
lines instead of rows/columns (because they in fact define lines, not rows and
columns). Possible alternatives: <strong>
grid-horizontal-lines/grid-vertical-lines; </strong>or perhaps simply <strong>
grid-horizontal/grid-vertical.</strong></p>
<p class="issue">It was proposed to have syntax for repeating a certain number
of times. It is not strictly necessary (if the number of times is known the
values can be repeated inline) but handy.</p>
<h3>Implicit grid</h3>
<p>Elements with a natural grid structure automatically define a grid that aligns with the
structure. It is called an<em> implicit grid</em>.<em> </em>Such elements are</p>
<h4>Multi-column
element</h4>
<p>Left and right edges of each column form a grid line. There
are twice as many grid lines as there are columns.</p>
<h4>Table</h4>
<p>Border box of each table column defines two vertical lines; border box of
each table row defines two horizontal lines. In collapsing border model there is
always a pair of identical grid lines between each pair of rows and columns.
Maintaining same amount of lines per column keeps the definition consistent
across all table models and multi-column elements (e.g. a span over 2 columns is
always 3gr)</p>
<p class="issue">Definition of a grid for a table is only meaningful if there is
something that can use it. Currently there are no table floats. Should there be?
Something like "float:top left table; float-offset:2gr 4gr" would use the table
grid. Is there a use case for such floats? There is still absolute positioning
that can target at table of course...</p>
<h4>Viewport</h4>
<p>Viewport always defines a single-cell grid with the size of the viewport. </p>
<h4>Priority
of explicit grid definition</h4>
<p>If explicit grid properties grid-columns or grid-rows are
specified on an element with an implicit grid, the explicit properties have
priority.</p>
<h2>Grid units</h2>
<p><b>'gr'</b> is used to position in
relation to the grid lines. Actual value of each gr depends on the grid cell
in which it is used. </p>
<p>Example</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>div { columns:3; }
div img { float: top left column;
float-offset: 2gr;
width: 1gr }
</pre>
</div>
<p>The image is positioned over the 2<sup>nd</sup>
column (left edge of second column is 2<sup>nd</sup> grid line from left; its
width is the distance to the next grid line).</p>
<div class=cols>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor<br>sit amet. Nam at jus.<br>
Sed imp er di et ris.<br>Cur abi tur et sapen.<br>
Vivamus a metus.<br> Aenean at risus<br> pharetra ante
luctu<br> feugiat quis enim.<br> Cum sociis natoque<br>
penatibus et magni.
<div style="position: absolute; left: 175px; top: 115px; z-index: 6">
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor<br>sit amet. Nam at jus.<br>
Sed imp er di et ris.<br>Cur abi tur et sapen.
</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 350px; top: 0px; z-index: 6">
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor<br>sit amet. Nam at jus.<br>
Sed imp er di et ris.<br>Cur abi tur et sapen.<br>
Vivamus a metus.<br> Aenean at risus<br> pharetra ante
luctu<br> feugiat quis enim.<br> Cum sociis natoque<br>
penatibus et magni.
</div>
<div class=rep style="top: 0; left: 175px; width: 150px"></div>
<div class=gap style="left: 150px"></div>
<div class=gap style="left: 325px"></div>
</div>
<p>Fractions of gr unit can be used too. In this example</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>div img { float:left column; float-offset: 0.5gr; width: 2gr; }
</pre>
</div>
<p>the image takes exactly the width required to stretch from
the middle of first column to the middle of second column. width:2gr in the
example doesn't start from exactly a grid line, therefore it is calculated as a
sum of grid parts (2gr = 0.5gr + 1gr + 0.5gr),
which ends in the middle of second column.</p>
<div class=cols>
<p style="width:140px;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Nam at jus.
<span style="float:right; width: 68px; height:110px; "></span>
Sed imp er di et ris. Cur abi tur et sapen. Fusce sed ligula a turpis.
Vivamus a metus.
</p>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 175px; width:140px; top: 0; z-index:4;">
<p style="width:140px">
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Nam jus.
<br><span style="float:left; width: 78px; height:110px; "></span>
<span class=rep style="left: -100px; top:auto; width: 175px"></span>
Sed imp er di et ris. Cur abi
tur et sapen. Fusce
sed ligula a turpis.
</p>
</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 350px; top: 0; z-index: 6;">
<p style="width:140px;">Lorem ipsum dolor<br>sit amet. Nam at jus.<br>
Sed imp er di et ris.<br>Cur abi tur et sapen.<br>
Aenean at risus<br> pharetra ante
luctu<br> feugiat quis enim.<br> Cum sociis natoque<br>
penatibus et magni.</div>
<div class=gap style="left: 150px"></div>
<div class=gap style="left: 325px"></div>
</div>
<h3>Applicability of grid units</h3>
<p>Grid units are applicable to all properties of block elements that take
values of type <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-values/#lengths"><length></a>.</p>
<p>When applied to margins, borders and padding, grid units refer to grid lines
in the direction of line progression (horizontal in layout with horizontal
lines).</p>
<p>Grid units never apply to inline elements, including inline blocks.</p>
<h3>Grid container</h3>
<p>Since separate grids can be defined on nested elements, it must be defined
which grid is referred to for every use of 'gr' unit.</p>
<p>For all cases where 'gr' unit is applicable the grid is taken from the
containing block (which is found as defined as defined in CSS2.1
section 10.1).</p>
<p>In this example, div1 is the positioning parent and
therefore grid of div1 is used for positioning:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><style>
<strong>.div1 { position:absolute; grid-columns:4em repeat(1em 4em); }</strong> /* this grid is used */
.div2 { columns-width:10em; column-gap:1em; }
img { position:absolute; left:2gr; width:3gr; }
</style>
<div class="div1">
<div class="div2">
<img />
</div>
</div>
</pre>
</div>
<p>However in the next example, grid of div2 is used by the float, because it is
the float's containing block:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><style>
.div1 { position:absolute; grid-columns:4.5em (1em 4.5em); }
<strong>.div2 { columns-width:10em; column-gap:1em; }</strong> /* this grid is used */
img { float:left; float-offset:2gr; width:3gr; }
</style>
<div class="div1">
<div class="div2">
<img />
</div>
</div>
</pre>
</div>
<h3>Reference point for grid units</h3>
<p class="issue">Calculating grid units require a
reference point within the grid and direction. This needs a precise definition.
For the same element, grid units for position and size may have different
reference points (but probably not different directions).</p>
<p class="issue">Define how 'gr' is used on in-flow blocks. Is '1gr' generally
equivalent to '100%' there?</p>
<h2>Grid in overflow</h2>
<p>When a measure defined in grid units extends outside the boundaries of grid
container, grid lines are repeated according to the following rules</p>
<ul>
<li>If overflow is in positive direction (right/bottom in
left-to-right/top-to-bottom flow, direction of text and block progression in
other flows)<ul>
<li>Explicit grid<ul>
<li>If the grid definition ends with a repeat pattern (regardless of
repeat count), the same pattern continues indefinitely</li>
<li>Otherwise, the last column or row size is repeated </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Multi-column element<ul>
<li>Additional (gap, column) pairs are added.
<ul>
<li>Current definition of multi-column layout doesn't allow
variable-width columns; when it does, the last column with the
last column gap should be repeated</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Table<ul>
<li>The last column is repeated</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Viewport<ul>
<li>Additional lines are added, separated by the size of the
viewport</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If overflow is in negative direction<ul>
<li>The same sequence is used as in positive direction, but mirrored.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="issue">Add an example</p>
<p class="issue">How important is an overflow grid? What use cases would suffer
if 'gr' is just set to zero in overflow?</p>
<h2>Issues</h2>
<h3>Grid on shrink-to-fit elements</h3>
<p class="issue">Specifying a grid on an element with shrink-to-fit sizing can
create difficult or unsolvable problems, similar to use percentages within
shrink to fit but even more complicated. Consider ignoring grid definition on
anything shrink-to-fit.</p>
<h3>Additional implicit grid lines</h3>
<p class="issue">On the implicit grids for
multi-column elements, it might be useful to have one grid line on the left and
right edge of each column, as well as a single grid line between each pair of
columns. Perhaps doing the same thing for tables, one line on each side of the
border spacing and another at the row/column boundary.</p>
<h3>Snap to grid</h3>
<p class="issue">Should there be an option to align flow content to next
available gridline? It opens really cool scenarios. But are they compelling
enough to create a next available notion?</p>
<h3>Undefined grid and notion of 'default' grid</h3>
<p class="issue">When a grid unit is used in context where there isn't an
explicit or implicit grid specified, what should it be? Reaching to nearest
parent with a defined grid may or may not be the right choice. There is an
option to give any element a "default grid" of one cell.</p>
<h3>Page grid</h3>
<p>It must be possible to define different grids
1926
for left and right pages. Also,
any page with different dimensions (such as named pages) should be able to
define its own grid. </p>
<p class="issue">Add grid-columns/grid-rows to @page rule</p>
<h3>Named grid lines and cells</h3>
<p class="issue">If grid is used extensively, named grid locations would be
quite helpful. Defining named grid lines could look for example like this:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>body { grid-columns: "left-edge" 1fr 1em 1fr 0.5em "center" 0.5em 1fr 1em 1fr "right-edge";
</pre>
</div>
<p class="issue">This syntax doesn't easily extend to named cells. It was
noted however that named cells also open a possibility for named flows (by
providing a sequence of named cells to fill) which makes the feature quite
attractive and further approaches Advanced Layout scenarios.</p>
<h3>Templates in CSS3 Advanced Layout module</h3>
<p class="issue">"Template-based positioning" in CSS3 Advanced Layout module [[CSS3LAYOUT]]
defines scalable templates for content to fill and also used the term "grid".
</p>
<p><span class="issue">The relationship between the
6768
se modules certainly needs to
be well defined. </span></p>
<p><span class="issue">Note that technically these modules are not contradictory
(as long as is defined how an advanced-layout template produces an implicit
grid).</span> </p>
<h2 class="no-num" id=acknowledgments>Acknowledgments</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">This specification is made possible by input from Håkon
Wium Lie, Steve Zilles, Mike Duggan, Bill Hill, Geraldine Wade, Rikkert Koppes,
Peter Linss [to be added].</p>
<p>Thanks to Khoi Vinh for the “Yeeaahh!” Example.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="no-num" id=references>References</h2>
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