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<!DOCTYPE html public '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN'
'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd'>
<html lang="en" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" >
<title>CSS Grid Positioning Module Level 3</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../default.css">
<style type="text/css">
.cols { width: 500px; height: 200px; background: #fff; position: relative; border: solid 10px blue; margin: 0.5em 2em 1em 0; font: bold 14px/19px Arial, sans-serif }
.cols p { padding: 3px; margin: 0; }
.gap { position: absolute; background: black; width: 5px; bottom: 0px; top: 0px; border: 10px solid red; border-top-width: 0; border-bottom-width: 0; }
.rep { position: absolute; background: #333; height: 110px; width: 100px; color: white; z-index: 4 }
.issue { color:red; font-style:italic;}
.todo { background:yellow; font-style:italic;}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="head">
<!--logo-->
<h1>CSS Grid Positioning Module Level 3</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc">[LONGSTATUS] [DATE]</h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt>
<dd><a
href="[VERSION]">http://www.w3.org/TR/[YEAR]/MO-[SHORTNAME]-[CDATE]</a></dd>
<dt>Latest version:</dt>
<dd><a
href="[LATEST]">http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-grid</a></dd>
<dt>Previous version:</dt>
<dd>none
<dt>Feedback:</dt>
<dd><a href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?subject=%5B[css-grid-position]%5D%20feedback"
>www-style@w3.org</a>
with subject line “<kbd>[css-grid-position]
<var>… message topic …</var></kbd>”
(<a rel="discussion" href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/"
>archives</a>)
<dt>Editors:</dt>
<dd>Alex Mogilevsky, Microsoft, <a href="mailto:alexmog@microsoft.com">alexmog@microsoft.com</a></dd>
<dt>Authors:</dt>
<dd>Alex Mogilevsky, Microsoft, <a href="mailto:alexmog@microsoft.com">alexmog@microsoft.com</a></dd>
<dd>Markus Mielke, Microsoft, <a href="mailto:alexmog@microsoft.com">mmielke@microsoft.com</a></dd>
</dl>
<!--begin-copyright-->
<p>[If you keep the <!--comment-->, the copyright will be included
here automatically]</p>
<!--end-copyright-->
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<details class="annoying-warning" open>
<summary>Obsoletion Notice</summary>
This specification is not being actively maintained, and should not be used as a guide for implementations. It may be revived in the future, but for now should be considered obsolete. <br>If you have questions or comments on this specification, please send an email to the CSS Working Group's mailing list at <a href="mailto:www-style@w3.org">www-style@w3.org</a>. (Before sending mail for the first time, you have to subscribe at <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/</a>.)
</details>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=abstract>Abstract</h2>
<p>This module describes integration of grid-based layout (similar to the grids
traditionally used in books and newspapers) with CSS sizing and positioning. </p>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=status>Status of this document</h2>
<!--begin-status-->
<p>[If you keep the <!--comment-->, the status boilerplate will be
included here automatically.]</p>
<!--end-status-->
<p>This is the first public working draft of this module.
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="contents">Table of contents</h2>
<!--begin-toc-->
<p>[If you keep the <!--comment--> the table of contents will be
included here automatically.]</p>
<!--end-toc-->
<h2 id=dependencies>Dependencies on other modules</h2>
<p>This CSS3 module depends on the following other CSS3 modules:</p>
<ul>
<li>[[!CSS3VAL]] </li>
</ul>
<p>It has non-normative (informative) references to the following other CSS3
modules:</p>
<ul>
<li>[[CSS3COL]]</li>
<li>[[CSS3GCPM]]</li>
<li>[[MEDIA
ECB2
Q]]</li>
<li>[[CSS3LAYOUT]]</li>
</ul>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>Grid systems have provided great value to print designers for many years
[[THEGRID]]. Now same concepts are applied to online content [[SXSWGRIDS]],
[[AGBDL]].
Unlike print media however, dimensions of online devices vary broadly; a single
fixed-sized grid that worked perfectly for print pages only works in a subset of
web scenarios. Really adaptable solutions require dealing with a grid that
adapts to fit devices of varying form factors.</p>
<p>This module adds capabilities for sizing and positioning in terms of a
scalable grid
. The grid can be specified directly by
author, or can be implied from existing two-dimensional structures (tables or
multi-column elements).</p>
<p>Grid positioning addresses layout in continuous media and in paged media.</p>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<p>Let's start with an illustration of grid in action.</p>
<h3>Example 1</h3>
<div class="figure">
<img src="grid1_small.jpg" alt="example of a 3-column layout with an image that spans the whole page and a 2-column box in bottom left corner">
<p class="caption">Floats in multi-column layout</p>
</div>
<p style="height: 18px">Figure 1 shows a 3-column layout in paged media. It can
be seen as a grid with 6 vertical lines (at each column boundary) and horizontal
lines at margins.</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>body { columns:3; column-gap:2em; }
float1 { float:page bottom left; <strong>width:3gr;</strong> }
/* Figure 1 */
</pre>
</div>
<p>The statement "float:page bottom left" positions the image at the
bottom left corner of the page (as defined in [[CSS3GCPM]])</p>
<p>Property "width:3gr" makes it 3 "grid units" wide, where a "grid unit" is the
distance between two adjacent grid lines. Each boundary between a column and a
gap automatically produces a grid line, therefore to specify "two columns,
including the gap between columns, but not including any gaps outside the
columns" we can just say "3gr".</p>
<p>Also, in this example the author has added a horizontal line to align
illustrations with. This can be done by explicitly defining grid lines:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>
body { columns:3; column-gap:2em;
<strong>grid-rows: 1.5in 1fr;</strong> }
div.illustrations
{ float:page top left; width:5gr; height:1gr;}
float1 { float:page bottom left; width:3gr; }
/* Figure 2 */
</pre>
</div>
<p>In this example, "grid-rows" divides vertical space with explicit grid lines. </p>
<p>"1fr" is a flex unit ('fr' for 'fraction'). If multiple flex units are used,
they take space proportional to their values. If we wanted to define
vertical lines that would exactly match the 3-column layout with 2em gaps we
could say</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>
grid-columns: 1fr 2em 1fr 2em 1fr;
</pre>
</div>
<p>When only one value has a 'fr' unit (as in "grid-rows: 1.5in 1fr" above), it
just takes all remaining space regardless of the number.</p>
<h3>Example 2 </h3>
<p>The following example illustrates the use of a grid in construction of a complex web site
(see [[SXSWGRIDS]] for how exactly this was built).
Note how groups of elements are aligned with different sets of grid lines.</p>
<div class="figure">
<img src="Yeeaahh_grid.png" style="float:left; width:9cm;"
alt="[image of a complex page with overlaid grid]">
<img src="Yeeaahh.png" style="float:left; width:9cm;" alt="[image of complex page]">
<p class="caption" style="clear:left">Complex site designed with a grid</p>
</div>
<h2>Grid
declarations</h2>
<p>There are two ways to define a grid.</p>
<ol>
<li>Explicit grid: defined with 'grid-columns', 'grid-rows' properties.</li>
<li>Implicit grid: automatically created by elements with a natural grid
structure (multi-column elements and tables). </li>
</ol>
<h3>Explicit grid</h3>
<p>Grid lines can be defined in terms of rows and columns. Rows are always
horizontal and columns are always vertical (this doesn't change in vertical
writing modes)</p>
<h4>'grid-columns' and 'grid-rows' properties</h4>
<table class="propdef">
<tr>
<td>Name: </td>
<td>
<dfn>grid-columns</dfn>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Value: </td>
<td>[[<length>|<percentage>|<fraction>] | <br />
repeat([<length>|<percentage>|<fraction> ]+)]+ | <br />
none | inherit
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Initial: </td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Applies to: </td>
<td>non-replaced block-level elements </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Inherited: </td>
<td>no </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Percentages: </td>
<td><span>refer to width of the block</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Media: </td>
<td>visual, paged </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Computed value:
</td>
<td>specified value </td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="propdef">
<tr>
<td>Name: </td>
<td>
<dfn>grid-rows</dfn>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Value: </td>
<td>[[<length>|<percentage>|<fraction>] | <br />
([<length>|<percentage>|<fraction> ]+)['['<integer>']']? ]+ | <br />
none | inherit
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Initial: </td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Applies to: </td>
<td>non-replaced block-level elements </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Inherited: </td>
<td>no </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Percentages: </td>
<td><span>refer to height of block</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Media: </td>
<td>visual, paged </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Computed value:
</td>
<td>specified value </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p >When grid-rows or grid-columns are specified, grid lines are defined as
follows:</p>
<ol>
<li>'start' edge of content box (logical start according to writing mode)
defines a grid line</li>
<li>each row or column of specified grid adds one line at the specified
distance from previous line </li>
<li>if the last specified row or column does not reach the 'end' edge of the
content box, another grid line is added at the edge of the content box</li>
</ol>
<p > </p>
<p >Space for each column or row of the grid can be defined as</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Length</b>.<ul>
<li>Note that gr
unit can also be used here (it refers to grid of the containing block)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>Percentage</b> of containing block height and width<ul>
<li>Exact behavior of percentage when mixed with other units and/or
total percentage not equal to 100% is UA-specific. If possible UA should
apply the same distribution algorithm as for column widths of an empty
table</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fraction</strong> is a non-negative floating-point number
followed by 'fr'. Each fraction value takes portion of available space
proportional to the number. </li>
</ul>
<p>For example this rule </p>
<div class="example">
<pre>div { grid-columns: 50% 1fr 1fr 4em }
</pre>
</div>
<ul>
<li>adds one grid line in the middle of containing block, </li>
<li>another one 4em from the right</li>
<li>another one in the middle of remaining space</li>
</ul>
<p class="issue">'fr' needs a precise definition. It is possible that there
isn't any space to distribute between fractions, what happens then? fr
becomes zero?</p>
<p>Grid lines can be defined in repeating groups using "repeat()"
construct. Nested repeating groups are not allowed.</p>
<p>For example this rule</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>div { grid-rows: 4em repeat(0.25em 1em); }
</pre>
</div>
<ul>
<li>defines a header row of 4em</li>
<li>adds as many additional rows as necessary, alternating heights of 0.25em
and 1em.
</li>
</ul>
<p class="issue">It was proposed that property names refer to horizontalvertical
lines instead of rows/columns (because they in fact define lines, not rows and
columns). Possible alternatives: <strong>
grid-horizontal-lines/grid-vertical-lines; </strong>or perhaps simply <strong>
grid-horizontal/grid-vertical.</strong></p>
<p class="issue">It was proposed to have syntax for repeating a certain number
of times. It is not strictly necessary (if the number of times is known the
values can be repeated inline) but handy.</p>
<h3>Implicit grid</h3>
<p>Elements with a natural grid structure automatically define a grid that aligns with the
structure. It is called an<em> implicit grid</em>.<em> </em>Such elements are</p>
<h4>Multi-column
element</h4>
<p>Left and right edges of each column form a grid line. There
are twice as many grid lines as there are columns.</p>
<h4>Table</h4>
<p>Border box of each table column defines two vertical lines; border box of
each table row defines two horizontal lines. In collapsing border model there is
always a pair of identical grid lines between each pair of rows and columns.
Maintaining same amount of lines per column keeps the definition consistent
across all table models and multi-column elements (e.g. a span over 2 columns is
always 3gr)</p>
<p class="issue">Definition of a grid for a table is only meaningful if there is
something that can use it. Currently there are no table floats. Should there be?
Something like "float:top left table; float-offset:2gr 4gr" would use the table
grid. Is there a use case for such floats? There is still absolute positioning
that can target at table of course...</p>
<h4>Viewport</h4>
<p>Viewport always defines a single-cell grid with the size of the viewport. </p>
<h4>Priority
of explicit grid definition</h4>
<p>If explicit grid properties grid-columns or grid-rows are
specified on an element with an implicit grid, the explicit properties have
priority.</p>
<h2>Grid units</h2>
<p><b>'gr'</b> is used to position in
relation to the grid lines. Actual value of each gr depends on the grid cell
in which it is used. </p>
<p>Example</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>div { columns:3; }
div img { float: top left column;
float-offset: 2gr;
width: 1gr }
</pre>
</div>
<p>The image is positioned over the 2<sup>nd</sup>
column (left edge of second column is 2<sup>nd</sup> grid line from left; its
width is the distance to the next grid line).</p>
<div class=cols>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor<br>sit amet. Nam at jus.<br>
Sed imp er di et ris.<br>Cur abi tur et sapen.<br>
Vivamus a metus.<br> Aenean at risus<br> pharetra ante
luctu<br> feugiat quis enim.<br> Cum sociis natoque<br>
penatibus et magni.
<div style="position: absolute; left: 175px; top: 115px; z-index: 6">
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor<br>sit amet. Nam at jus.<br>
Sed imp er di et ris.<br>Cur abi tur et sapen.
</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 350px; top: 0px; z-index: 6">
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor<br>sit amet. Nam at jus.<br>
Sed imp er di et ris.<br>Cur abi tur et sapen.<br>
Vivamus a metus.<br> Aenean at risus<br> pharetra ante
luctu<br> feugiat quis enim.<br> Cum sociis natoque<br>
penatibus et magni.
</div>
<div class=rep style="top: 0; left: 175px; width: 150px"></div>
<div class=gap style="left: 150px"></div>
<div class=gap style="left: 325px"></div>
</div>
<p>Fractions of gr unit can be used too. In this example</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>div img { float:left column; float-offset: 0.5gr; width: 2gr; }
</pre>
</div>
<p>the image takes exactly the width required to stretch from
the middle of first column to the middle of second column. width:2gr in the
example doesn't start from exactly a grid line, therefore it is calculated as a
sum of grid parts (2gr = 0.5gr + 1gr + 0.5gr),
which ends in the middle of second column.</p>
<div class=cols>
<p style="width:140px;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Nam at jus.
<span style="float:right; width: 68px; height:110px; "></span>
Sed imp er di et ris. Cur abi tur et sapen. Fusce sed ligula a turpis.
Vivamus a metus.
</p>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 175px; width:140px; top: 0; z-index:4;">
<p style="width:140px">
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Nam jus.
<br><span style="float:left; width: 78px; height:110px; "></span>
<span class=rep style="left: -100px; top:auto; width: 175px"></span>
Sed imp er di et ris. Cur abi
tur et sapen. Fusce
sed ligula a turpis.
</p>
</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 350px; top: 0; z-index: 6;">
<p style="width:140px;">Lorem ipsum dolor<br>sit amet. Nam at jus.<br>
Sed imp er di et ris.<br>Cur abi tur et sapen.<br>
Aenean at risus<br> pharetra ante
luctu<br> feugiat quis enim.<br> Cum sociis natoque<br>
penatibus et magni.</div>
<div class=gap style="left: 150px"></div>
<div class=gap style="left: 325px"></div>
</div>
<h3>Applicability of grid units</h3>
<p>Grid units are applicable to all properties of block elements that take
values of type <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-values/#lengths"><length></a>.</p>
<p>When applied to margins, borders and padding, grid units refer to grid lines
in the direction of line progression (horizontal in layout with horizontal
lines).</p>
<p>Grid units never apply to inline elements, including inline blocks.</p>
<h3>Grid container</h3>
<p>Since separate grids can be defined on nested elements, it must be defined
which grid is referred to for every use of 'gr' unit.</p>
<p>For all cases where 'gr' unit is applicable the grid is taken from the
containing block (which is found as defined as defined in CSS2.1
section 10.1).</p>
<p>In this example, div1 is the positioning parent and
therefore grid of div1 is used for positioning:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><style>
<strong>.div1 { position:absolute; grid-columns:4em repeat(1em 4em); }</strong> /* this grid is used */
.div2 { columns-width:10em; column-gap:1em; }
img { position:absolute; left:2gr; width:3gr; }
</style>
<div class="div1">
<div class="div2">
<img />
</div>
</div>
</pre>
</div>
<p>However in the next example, grid of div2 is used by the float, because it is
the float's containing block:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><style>
.div1 { position:absolute; grid-columns:4.5em (1em 4.5em); }
<strong>.div2 { columns-width:10em; column-gap:1em; }</strong> /* this grid is used */
img { float:left; float-offset:2gr; width:3gr; }
</style>
<div class="div1">
<div class="div2">
<img />
</div>
</div>
</pre>
</div>
<h3>Reference point for grid units</h3>
<p class="issue">Calculating grid units require a
reference point within the grid and direction. This needs a precise definition.
For the same element, grid units for position and size may have different
reference points (but probably not different directions).</p>
<p class="issue">Define how 'gr' is used on in-flow blocks. Is '1gr' generally
equivalent to '100%' there?</p>
<h2>Grid in overflow</h2>
<p>When a measure defined in grid units extends outside the boundaries of grid
container, grid lines are repeated according to the following rules</p>
<ul>
<li>If overflow is in positive direction (right/bottom in
left-to-right/top-to-bottom flow, direction of text and block progression in
other flows)<ul>
<li>Explicit grid<ul>
<li>If the grid definition ends with a repeat pattern (regardless of
repeat count), the same pattern continues indefinitely</li>
<li>Otherwise, the last column or row size is repeated </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Multi-column element<ul>
<li>Additional (gap, column) pairs are added.
<ul>
<li>Current definition of multi-column layout doesn't allow
variable-width columns; when it does, the last column with the
last column gap should be repeated</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Table<ul>
<li>The last column is repeated</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Viewport<ul>
<li>Additional lines are added, separated by the size of the
viewport</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If overflow is in negative direction<ul>
<li>The same sequence is used as in positive direction, but mirrored.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="issue">Add an example</p>
<p class="issue">How important is an overflow grid? What use cases would suffer
if 'gr' is just set to zero in overflow?</p>
<h2>Issues</h2>
<h3>Grid on shrink-to-fit elements</h3>
<p class="issue">Specifying a grid on an element with shrink-to-fit sizing can
create difficult or unsolvable problems, similar to use percentages within
shrink to fit but even more complicated. Consider ignoring grid definition on
anything shrink-to-fit.</p>
<h3>Additional implicit grid lines</h3>
<p class="issue">On the implicit grids for
multi-column elements, it might be useful to have one grid line on the left and
right edge of each column, as well as a single grid line between each pair of
columns. Perhaps doing the same thing for tables, one line on each side of the
border spacing and another at the row/column boundary.</p>
<h3>Snap to grid</h3>
<p class="issue">Should there be an option to align flow content to next
available gridline? It opens really cool scenarios. But are they compelling
enough to create a next available notion?</p>
<h3>Undefined grid and notion of 'default' grid</h3>
<p class="issue">When a grid unit is used in context where there isn't an
explicit or implicit grid specified, what should it be? Reaching to nearest
parent with a defined grid may or may not be the right choice. There is an
option to give any element a "default grid" of one cell.</p>
<h3>Page grid</h3>
<p>It must be possible to define different grids for left and right pages. Also,
any page with different dimensions (such as named pages) should be able to
define its own grid. </p>
<p class="issue">Add grid-columns/grid-rows to @page rule</p>
<h3>Named grid lines and cells</h3>
<p class="issue">If grid is used extensively, named grid locations would be
quite helpful. Defining named grid lines could look for example like this:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre>body { grid-columns: "left-edge" 1fr 1em 1fr 0.5em "center" 0.5em 1fr 1em 1fr "right-edge";
</pre>
</div>
<p class="issue">This syntax doesn't easily extend to named cells. It was
noted however that named cells also open a possibility for named flows (by
providing a sequence of named cells to fill) which makes the feature quite
attractive and further approaches Advanced Layout scenarios.</p>
<h3>Templates in CSS3 Advanced Layout module</h3>
<p class="issue">"Template-based positioning" in CSS3 Advanced Layout module [[CSS3LAYOUT]]
defines scalable templates for content to fill and also used the term "grid".
</p>
<p><span class="issue">The relationship between these modules certainly needs to
be well defined. </span></p>
<p><span class="issue">Note that technically these modules are not contradictory
(as long as is defined how an advanced-layout template produces an implicit
grid).</span> </p>
<h2 class="no-num" id=acknowledgments>Acknowledgments</h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">This specification is made possible by input from Håkon
Wium Lie, Steve Zilles, Mike Duggan, Bill Hill, Geraldine Wade, Rikkert Koppes,
Peter Linss [to be added].</p>
<p>Thanks to Khoi Vinh for the “Yeeaahh!” Example.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="no-num" id=references>References</h2>
<h3 class="no-num" id="normative-references">Normative references</h3>
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<p>[Here will be inserted the file "normative.inc"]</p>
<p> </p>
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<h3 class="no-num" id="other-references">Other references</h3>
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<h2 class="no-num" id="index">Index</h2>
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<h2 class="no-num" id="property-index">Property index</h2>
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