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<pre class='metadata'>
Title: CSS Flexible Box Layout Module Level 1
Shortname: css-flexbox
Level: 1
Status: ED
Work Status: Testing
Group: csswg
ED: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-flexbox/
TR: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-flexbox-1/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/CR-css-flexbox-1-20181119/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/CR-css-flexbox-1-20181108/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/CR-css-flexbox-1-20171019/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/CR-css-flexbox-1-20160526/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/CR-css-flexbox-1-20160301/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-css-flexbox-1-20150514/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-css-flexbox-1-20140925/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-css-flexbox-1-20140325/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-css3-flexbox-20120918/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-flexbox-20120612/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-flexbox-20120322/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-flexbox-20111129/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-flexbox-20110322/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-css3-flexbox-20090723/
Abstract: The specification describes a CSS box model optimized for user interface design. In the flex layout model, the children of a flex container can be laid out in any direction, and can “flex” their sizes, either growing to fill unused space or shrinking to avoid overflowing the parent. Both horizontal and vertical alignment of the children can be easily manipulated. Nesting of these boxes (horizontal inside vertical, or vertical inside horizontal) can be used to build layouts in two dimensions.
Editor: Tab Atkins Jr., Google, http://xanthir.com/contact/, w3cid 42199
Editor: Elika J. Etemad / fantasai, Invited Expert, http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact, w3cid 35400
Editor: Rossen Atanassov, Microsoft, ratan@microsoft.com, w3cid 49885
Former Editor: Alex Mogilevsky, Microsoft Corporation, alexmog@microsoft.com
Former Editor: L. David Baron, Mozilla https://www.mozilla.org/, https://dbaron.org/, w3cid 15393
Former Editor: Neil Deakin, Mozilla Corporation, enndeakin@gmail.com
Former Editor: Ian Hickson, formerly of Opera Software, ian@hixie.ch
Former Editor: David Hyatt, formerly of Netscape Corporation, hyatt@apple.com
!Issues List: <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-flexbox-1/issues">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-flexbox-1/issues</a>
Ignored Terms: auto, first formatted line, first letter
Ignored Vars: item’s own max-content, maximum min-content among all items
WPT Path Prefix: css/css-flexbox/
</pre>
<pre class='link-defaults'>
spec: css2; type: property
text: margin
text: min-width
text: max-width
text: min-height
text: max-height
spec: css-break-3; type: property; text: break-after
spec: css-sizing-3;
type: value;
for: width
text: min-content
text: max-content
text: fit-content
type: property; text: box-sizing
spec: css-align-3;
type: value; text: start
type:dfn; text:alignment baseline
spec: css-position-3; type: property; text: left
spec: css-writing-modes-3; type: dfn;
text: start
text: end
spec: css-pseudo-4; type: selector;
text: ::first-line
text: ::first-letter
</pre>
<style>
img { background: transparent; }
code.one-line { white-space: pre; }
.code-and-figure {
display: table;
margin: 0 auto;
border-spacing: 1em;
}
.code-and-figure > div {
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: middle;
}
ol.layout-start { counter-reset: list 0; }
ol.layout-start,
ol.continue { list-style: none; }
ol.layout-start > li,
ol.continue > li { position: relative; counter-increment: list; }
ol.layout-start > li::before,
ol.continue > li::before { content: counter(list) "."; position: absolute; left: -4.5em; width: 4em; text-align: right; }
.compact, .compact li {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
/* Overview catalog example */
#overview-example {
display:table;
margin: 0 auto 1em;
border-spacing: .5em 0;
min-width: 672px;
color: black;
}
#overview-example > .col {
display: table-column;
background: hsl(60,100%,90%);
}
#overview-example > .desc {
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: top;
width: 300px;
padding: 1em 1em 0;
text-align: left;
border: thick solid hsl(60,80%,50%);
border-radius: 1em 1em 0 0;
border-bottom: none;
}
#overview-example > .desc > img {
margin: 0 auto;
display: block;
}
#overview-example > .desc > h1 {
background: transparent;
}
#overview-example > .buttons {
display: table-row;
}
#overview-example > .buttons > div {
display: table-cell;
border: thick solid hsl(60,80%,50%);
border-radius: 0 0 1em 1em;
border-top: none;
text-align: center;
}
#overview-example button {
background-color: hsl(120,100%,40%);
border: medium inset hsl(120,70%,40%);
border-radius: 1em;
padding: .5em;
font-weight: bold;
color: white;
font-size: 1.6em;
cursor: pointer;
width: 90%;
margin: 1em auto;
}
/* Visibility: Collapse example */
#visibility-collapse-example {
display: table;
width: 100%;
box-shadow: 3px 3px 10px canvas;
}
#visibility-collapse-example > article,
#visibility-collapse-example > nav {
display: table-cell;
}
#visibility-collapse-example > article {
width: 100%;
background: canvas;
}
#visibility-collapse-example ul,
#visibility-collapse-example li {
list-style: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
#visibility-collapse-example > nav > ul {
background: #444;
border-radius: 0.5em;
padding: 0.075em;
}
#visibility-collapse-example li {
padding: 0 0.5em;
background: #ddd;
color: black;
border-radius: 0.40em;
border: #444 solid 0.075em;
white-space: nowrap;
}
#visibility-collapse-example li li {
background: #444;
color: white;
margin: 0 -0.5em;
border-radius: 0;
}
#visibility-collapse-example li li:first-child {
border-radius: 0.375em 0.375em 0 0;
}
#visibility-collapse-example a {
background: transparent;
color: inherit;
}
#visibility-collapse-example > nav > ul > li:target,
#visibility-collapse-example > nav > ul > li:hover {
background: #888;
color: white;
}
#visibility-collapse-example > nav > ul > li:not(:target):not(:hover) > ul {
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
#auto-bar {
overflow: hidden;
padding: .25em 1em;
background: #ddd;
list-style: none;
margin: 0;
border-radius: .3em;
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
#auto-bar { background: #444; }
}
#auto-bar > li {
float: left;
margin: 0;
}
#auto-bar > li:first-child:after,
#auto-bar > li:first-child + li:after {
content: " | ";
white-space: pre;
}
#auto-bar > li > a {
display: inline-block;
padding: 0 .25em;
border-radius: .3em;
border: none;
background: transparent;
}
#auto-bar > li > a:not(:hover):not(:focus) {
text-decoration: none;
}
#auto-bar > li > a:hover {
color: #ddd;
background: #444;
}
#auto-bar > #login { float: right; }
.cross-auto-figure > div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: 70px;
background: #888;
padding: 0 .5em;
border-radius: 1em;
border: 1px solid transparent;
}
.cross-auto-figure > div > div {
border-spacing: 0;
display: table;
background: #ddd;
color: black;
text-align: center;
margin: .5em auto;
padding: .5em;
border-radius: .5em;
}
.axis { color: hsl( 0,80%,40%); }
.side { color: hsl(240,80%,50%); }
.size { color: hsl(120,80%,30%); }
</style>
<h2 id="intro">
Introduction</h2>
<em>This section is not normative.</em>
CSS 2.1 defined four layout modes — algorithms which determine
the size and position of boxes based on their relationships
with their sibling and ancestor boxes:
* block layout, designed for laying out documents
* inline layout, designed for laying out text
* table layout, designed for laying out 2D data in a tabular format
* positioned layout, designed for very explicit positioning without much regard for other elements in the document
This module introduces a new layout mode, <dfn export>flex layout</dfn>,
which is designed for laying out more complex applications and webpages.
<h3 id="overview">
Overview</h3>
<em>This section is not normative.</em>
Flex layout is superficially similar to block layout.
It lacks many of the more complex text- or document-centric properties
that can be used in block layout, such as
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#floats">floats</a> and
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-multicol/">columns</a>.
In return it gains simple and powerful tools
for distributing space and aligning content
in ways that web apps and complex web pages often need.
The contents of a flex container:
* can be laid out in any <a href="#flex-direction-property">flow direction</a>
(leftwards, rightwards, downwards, or even upwards!)
* can have their display order <a value for="flex-direction" lt="row-reverse">reversed</a> or
'order|rearranged' at the style layer
(i.e., visual order can be independent of source and speech order)
* can be laid out linearly along a single (<a lt="main axis">main</a>) axis or
<a href="#flex-wrap-property">wrapped</a> into multiple lines along a secondary (<a lt="cross axis">cross</a>) axis
* can <a href="#flexibility">“flex” their sizes</a>
to respond to the available space
* can be <a href="#alignment">aligned</a> with respect to their container or each other on the secondary (<a lt="cross axis">cross</a>)
* can be dynamically <a href="#visibility-collapse">collapsed</a> or uncollapsed
along the <a>main axis</a> while preserving the container's <a>cross size</a>
<div class='example'>
Here's an example of a catalog where each item has a title, a photo, a description, and a purchase button.
The designer's intention is that each entry has the same overall size,
that the photo be above the text,
and that the purchase buttons are aligned at the bottom, regardless of the length of the item's description.
Flex layout makes many aspects of this design easy:
* The catalog uses flex layout to lay out rows of items horizontally,
and to ensure that items within a row are all equal-height.
Each entry is then itself a column flex container,
laying out its contents vertically.
* Within each entry, the source document content is ordered logically
with the title first, followed by the description and the photo.
This provides a sensible ordering for speech rendering and in non-CSS browsers.
For a more compelling visual presentation, however,
'order' is used to pull the image up from later in the content to the top,
and 'align-self' is used to center it horizontally.
* An <a href="#auto-margins"><css>auto</css> margin</a> above the purchase button
forces it to the bottom within each entry box,
regardless of the height of that item's description.
<pre class="lang-css">
#deals {
display: flex; /* Flex layout so items <a property lt="align-self">have equal height</a> */
flex-flow: row wrap; /* <a section href="#flex-flow-property">Allow items to wrap into multiple lines</a> */
}
.sale-item {
display: flex; /* Lay out each item using flex layout */
flex-flow: column; /* <a section href="#flex-flow-property">Lay out item's contents vertically</a> */
}
.sale-item > img {
order: -1; /* Shift image before other content (in visual order) */
align-self: center; /* <a property lt="align-self">Center the image cross-wise (horizontally)</a> */
}
.sale-item > button {
margin-top: auto; /* <a section href="#auto-margins">Auto top margin pushes button to bottom</a> */
}
</pre>
<pre class="lang-markup">
<section id="deals">
<section class="sale-item">
<h1>Computer Starter Kit</h1>
<p>This is the best computer money can buy, if you don’t have much money.
<ul>
<li>Computer
<li>Monitor
<li>Keyboard
<li>Mouse
</ul>
<img src="images/computer.jpg"
alt="You get: a white computer with matching peripherals.">
<button>BUY NOW</button>
</section>
<section class="sale-item">
…
</section>
…
</section>
</pre>
<figure>
<div id="overview-example">
<div class="col"></div>
<div class="col"></div>
<div class="desc">
<img src="images/computer.jpg" alt='You get: a white computer with matching keyboard and monitor.'>
<h1 id=quiet-pubrules-1 style="font-size: 1.4em;">Computer Starter Kit</h1>
<p>
This is the best computer money can buy,
if you don't have much money.
<ul>
<li>Computer
<li>Monitor
<li>Keyboard
<li>Mouse
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desc">
<img src="images/printer.png" alt='You get: beautiful ASCII art.'>
<h1 id=quiet-pubrules-2 style="font-size: 1.4em;">Printer</h1>
<p>
Only capable of printing
ASCII art.
<ul>
<li>Paper and ink not included.
</ul>
</div>
<div class="buttons">
<div><button>BUY NOW</button></div>
<div><button>BUY NOW</button></div>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption>
An example rendering of the code above.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<h3 id="placement">
Module interactions</h3>
This module extends the definition of the 'display' property [[!CSS2]],
adding a new block-level and new inline-level display type,
and defining a new type of formatting context
along with properties to control its layout.
None of the properties defined in this module apply to the ''::first-line'' or ''::first-letter'' pseudo-elements.
The <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css-align/">CSS Box Alignment Module</a>
extends and supersedes the definitions of the alignment properties
('justify-content', 'align-items', 'align-self', 'align-content')
introduced here.
<h3 id="values">
Value Definitions</h3>
This specification follows the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/about.html#property-defs">CSS property definition conventions</a> from [[!CSS2]]
using the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values-3/#value-defs">value definition syntax</a> from [[!CSS-VALUES-3]].
Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values & Units [[!CSS-VALUES-3]].
Combination with other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.
In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions,
all properties defined in this specification
also accept the <a>CSS-wide keywords</a> as their property value.
For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.
<h2 id='box-model'>
Flex Layout Box Model and Terminology</h2>
A <dfn export>flex container</dfn> is the box generated by an element with a
computed 'display' of ''flex'' or ''inline-flex''.
In-flow children of a flex container are called <dfn export lt="flex item" id="flex-item">flex items</dfn>
and are laid out using the flex layout model.
Unlike block and inline layout,
whose layout calculations are biased to the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/#abstract-box">block and inline flow directions</a>,
flex layout is biased to the <dfn export lt="flex direction">flex directions</dfn>.
To make it easier to talk about flex layout,
this section defines a set of flex flow–relative terms.
The 'flex-flow' value and the <a>writing mode</a>
determine how these terms map
to physical directions (top/right/bottom/left),
axes (vertical/horizontal), and sizes (width/height).
<figure>
<img src='images/flex-direction-terms.svg' width=665 height=277 alt>
<figcaption>
An illustration of the various directions and sizing terms as applied to a ''row'' flex container.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<dl id="main" export>
<dt class='axis'>main axis
<dt class='axis'>main dimension
<dd>
The <dfn lt="main axis|main-axis">main axis</dfn> of a flex container is the primary axis along which <a>flex items</a> are laid out.
It extends in the <dfn>main dimension</dfn>.
<dt class='side'>main-start
<dt class='side'>main-end
<dd>
The <a>flex items</a> are placed within the container
starting on the <dfn>main-start</dfn> side
and going toward the <dfn>main-end</dfn> side.
<dt class='size'>main size
<dt class='size'>main size property
<dd>
The <dfn>main size</dfn> of a [=flex container=] or [=flex item=]
refers to its [=width=] or [=height=],
whichever is in the [=main dimension=].
Its <dfn>main size property</dfn>
is either its 'width' or 'height' property,
whichever is in the [=main dimension=].
Likewise, its <dfn lt="min main size property">min</dfn> and
<dfn lt="max main size property">max main size properties</dfn>
are its 'min-width'/'max-width' or 'min-height'/'max-height' properties,
whichever are in the <a>main dimension</a>,
and determine its <dfn lt="min main size">min</dfn>/<dfn>max main size</dfn>.
In [=flex layout=], the [=main size=] is controlled by the 'flex' property
rather than directly by the [=main size property=].
Note: This means any references to a flex item's used size in the [=main dimension=]
([=width=], [=height=], [=inline size=], [=block size=])
refers to its post-flexing [=main size=].
</dl>
<dl id="cross" export>
<dt class='axis'>cross axis
<dt class='axis'>cross dimension
<dd>
The axis perpendicular to the <a>main axis</a> is called the <dfn lt="cross axis|cross-axis">cross axis</dfn>.
It extends in the <dfn>cross dimension</dfn>.
<dt class='side'>cross-start
<dt class='side'>cross-end
<dd>
<a>Flex lines</a> are filled with items and placed into the container
starting on the <dfn>cross-start</dfn> side of the flex container
and going toward the <dfn>cross-end</dfn> side.
<dt class='size'>cross size
<dt class='size'>cross size property
<dd>
The <dfn>cross size</dfn> of a [=flex container=] or [=flex item=]
refers to its [=width=] or [=height=],
whichever is in the [=cross dimension=].
Its <dfn>cross size property</dfn>
is either its 'width' or 'height' property,
whichever is in the [=cross dimension=].
Likewise, its <dfn lt="min cross size property">min</dfn> and
<dfn lt="max cross size property">max cross size properties</dfn>
are its 'min-width'/'max-width' or 'min-height'/'max-height' properties,
whichever are in the <a>cross dimension</a>,
and determine its <dfn lt="min cross size">min</dfn>/<dfn>max cross size</dfn>.
</dl>
Additional sizing terminology used in this specification
is defined in <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS-SIZING-3/">CSS Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sizing</a>. [[!CSS-SIZING-3]]
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<h2 id='flex-containers'>
Flex Containers: the ''flex'' and ''inline-flex'' 'display' values</h2>
<div class="informative">
<pre class="propdef partial">
Name: display
New values: flex | inline-flex
</pre>
</div>
<dl dfn-type=value dfn-for=display>
<dt><dfn>flex</dfn>
<dd>
This value causes an element to generate a <a>flex container</a> box
that is <a>block-level</a> when placed in <a>flow layout</a>.
<wpt>
display-flex-001.htm
</wpt>
<dt><dfn>inline-flex</dfn>
<dd>
This value causes an element to generate a <a>flex container</a> box
that is <a>inline-level</a> when placed in <a>flow layout</a>.
</dl>
A <a>flex container</a> establishes a new <dfn export>flex formatting context</dfn> for its contents.
This is the same as establishing a block formatting context,
except that flex layout is used instead of block layout.
For example, floats do not intrude into the flex container,
and the flex container's margins do not collapse with the margins of its contents.
<a>Flex containers</a> form a containing block for their contents
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visudet.html#containing-block-details">exactly like block containers do</a>. [[!CSS2]]
The 'overflow' property applies to <a>flex containers</a>.
Flex containers are not block containers,
and so some properties that were designed with the assumption of block layout don't apply in the context of flex layout.
In particular:
* 'float' and 'clear' do not create floating or clearance of <a>flex item</a>,
and do not take it out-of-flow.
* 'vertical-align' has no effect on a flex item.
* the ''::first-line'' and ''::first-letter'' pseudo-elements do not apply to <a>flex containers</a>,
and <a>flex containers</a> do not contribute a <a>first formatted line</a> or <a>first letter</a>
to their ancestors.
<!--
Issue: When the Pseudo-Elements spec exists,
align this language with whatever algo we define for figuring out where to search for first-line/letter content.
-->
If an element's specified 'display' is ''inline-flex'',
then its 'display' property computes to ''flex''
in certain circumstances:
the table in <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#dis-pos-flo">CSS 2.1 Section 9.7</a>
is amended to contain an additional row,
with ''inline-flex'' in the "Specified Value" column
and ''flex'' in the "Computed Value" column.
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<h2 id='flex-items'>
Flex Items</h2>
Loosely speaking, the <a>flex items</a> of a <a>flex container</a>
are boxes representing its in-flow contents.
Each in-flow child of a <a>flex container</a>
becomes a <a>flex item</a>,
and each contiguous sequence of child <a>text runs</a>
is wrapped in an <a>anonymous</a> <a>block container</a> <a>flex item</a>.
However, if the entire sequence of child <a>text runs</a> contains only
[=document white space characters=]
(i.e. characters that can be affected by the 'white-space' property)
it is instead not rendered (just as if its <a>text nodes</a> were ''display:none'').
<wpt>
anonymous-flex-item-001.html
anonymous-flex-item-002.html
anonymous-flex-item-003.html
anonymous-flex-item-004.html
anonymous-flex-item-005.html
anonymous-flex-item-006.html
</wpt>
<div class="example">
<p>Examples of flex items:
<pre class="lang-markup">
<div style="display:flex">
<!-- flex item: block child -->
<div id="item1">block</div>
<!-- flex item: floated element; floating is ignored -->
<div id="item2" style="float: left;">float</div>
<!-- flex item: anonymous block box around inline content -->
anonymous item 3
<!-- flex item: inline child -->
<span>
item 4
<!-- flex items do not <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#anonymous-block-level">split</a> around blocks -->
<q style="display: block" id=not-an-item>item 4</q>
item 4
</span>
</div>
</pre>
<figure>
<figcaption>Flex items determined from above code block</figcaption>
<a href="examples/flex-item-determination.html">
<object type="image/png" data="images/flex-item-determination.png">
<ol>
<li>Flex item containing <samp>block</samp>.
<li>Flex item containing <samp>float</samp>.
<li>(Anonymous, unstyleable) flex item containing <samp>anonymous item 3</samp>.
<li>Flex item containing three blocks in succession:
<ul>
<li>Anonymous block containing <samp>item 4</samp>.
<li><code><q></code> element block containing <samp>item 4</samp>.
<li>Anonymous block containing <samp>item 4</samp>.
</ul>
</ol>
</object>
</a>
</figure>
Note that the inter-element white space disappears:
it does not become its own flex item,
even though the inter-element text <em>does</em> get wrapped in an anonymous flex item.
Note also that the anonymous item's box is unstyleable,
since there is no element to assign style rules to.
Its contents will however inherit styles (such as font settings) from the flex container.
</div>
A <a>flex item</a> [=establishes an independent formatting context=] for its contents.
However, flex items themselves are <dfn export>flex-level</dfn> boxes, not block-level boxes:
they participate in their container's flex formatting context,
not in a block formatting context.
<hr>
Note: Authors reading this spec may want to
<a href="#item-margins">skip past the following box-generation and static position details</a>.
If the [=computed value|computed=] 'display' value of an element's nearest ancestor element
(skipping ''display:contents'' ancestors)
is ''flex'' or ''inline-flex'',
the element's own 'display' value is [=blockified=].
(See <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#dis-pos-flo">CSS2.1§9.7</a> [[!CSS2]]
and [[css-display-3#transformations]]
for details on this type of 'display' value conversion.)
Note: Blockification still occurs even when the ''flex'' or ''inline-flex'' element does not end up generating a [=flex container=] box,
e.g. when it is [=replaced element|replaced=]
or in a ''display: none'' subtree.
Note: Some values of 'display' normally trigger the creation of anonymous boxes around the original box.
If such a box is a <a>flex item</a>,
it is blockified first,
and so anonymous box creation will not happen.
For example, two contiguous <a>flex items</a> with ''display: table-cell''
will become two separate ''display: block'' <a>flex items</a>,
instead of being wrapped into a single anonymous table.
In the case of flex items with ''display: table'',
the table wrapper box becomes the <a>flex item</a>,
so the 'align-self' property applies to it.
The contents of any caption boxes contribute to the calculation of
the table wrapper box's min-content and max-content sizes.
However, like 'width' and 'height', the 'flex' longhands apply to the table box as follows:
the <a>flex item</a>’s final size is calculated
by performing layout as if the distance between
the table wrapper box's edges and the table box's content edges
were all part of the table box's border+padding area,
and the table box were the <a>flex item</a>.
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<h3 id='abspos-items'>
Absolutely-Positioned Flex Children</h3>
As it is out-of-flow,
an absolutely-positioned child of a <a>flex container</a> does not participate in flex layout.
The [=cross-axis=] edges of the [=static-position rectangle=]
of an absolutely-positioned child of a <a>flex container</a>
are the [=content edges=] of the [=flex container=]
The [=main-axis=] edges of the [=static-position rectangle=]
are where the [=margin edges=] of the child would be positioned
if it were the sole <a>flex item</a> in the <a>flex container</a>,
assuming both the child and the flex container
were fixed-size boxes of their used size.
(For this purpose,
''margin/auto'' margins are treated as zero.)
<wpt>
abspos/abspos-autopos-htb-ltr.html
abspos/abspos-autopos-htb-rtl.html
abspos/abspos-autopos-vlr-ltr.html
abspos/abspos-autopos-vlr-rtl.html
abspos/abspos-autopos-vrl-ltr.html
abspos/abspos-autopos-vrl-rtl.html
</wpt>
<div class='example'>
The effect of this is that if you set, for example,
''align-self: center;'' on an absolutely-positioned child of a <a>flex container</a>,
auto offsets on the child will center it in the <a>flex container's</a> <a>cross axis</a>.
</div>
<h3 id='item-margins'>
Flex Item Margins and Paddings</h3>
The margins of adjacent <a>flex items</a> do not
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/box.html#collapsing-margins">collapse</a>.
Percentage margins and paddings on <a>flex items</a>,
like those on <a>block boxes</a>,
are resolved against the <a>inline size</a> of their <a>containing block</a>,
e.g. left/right/top/bottom percentages
all resolve against their <a>containing block</a>’s <em>width</em>
in horizontal <a>writing modes</a>.
Auto margins expand to absorb extra space in the corresponding dimension.
They can be used for alignment,
or to push adjacent flex items apart.
See <a href="#auto-margins">Aligning with <span class=css>auto</span> margins</a>.
<h3 id='painting'>
Flex Item Z-Ordering</h3>
<a>Flex items</a> paint exactly the same as inline blocks [[!CSS2]],
except that 'order'-modified document order is used in place of raw document order,
and 'z-index'
values other than ''z-index/auto'' create a stacking context
even if 'position' is ''static''
(behaving exactly as if 'position' were ''relative'').
Note: Descendants that are positioned outside a flex item still participate
in any stacking context established by the flex item.
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<h3 id='visibility-collapse'>
Collapsed Items</h3>
Specifying ''visibility:collapse'' on a flex item
causes it to become a <dfn export lt="collapsed flex item" local-lt="collapsed">collapsed flex item</dfn>,
producing an effect similar to ''visibility:collapse'' on a table-row or table-column:
the [=collapsed flex item=] is removed from rendering entirely,
but leaves behind a "strut" that keeps the flex line's cross-size stable.
Thus, if a flex container has only one flex line,
dynamically collapsing or uncollapsing items
may change the <a>flex container</a>'s <a>main size</a>, but
is guaranteed to have no effect on its <a>cross size</a>
and won't cause the rest of the page's layout to "wobble".
Flex line wrapping <em>is</em> re-done after collapsing, however,
so the cross-size of a flex container with multiple lines might or might not change.
Though [=collapsed flex items=] aren't rendered,
they do appear in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/intro.html#formatting-structure">formatting structure</a>.
Therefore, unlike on ''display:none'' items [[!CSS2]],
effects that depend on a box appearing in the formatting structure
(like incrementing counters or running animations and transitions)
still operate on collapsed items.
<div class="example">
In the following example,
a sidebar is sized to fit its content.
''visibility: collapse'' is used to dynamically hide parts of a navigation sidebar
without affecting its width, even though the widest item (“Architecture”)
is in a collapsed section.
<figure>
<figcaption>Sample live rendering for example code below</figcaption>
<div id="visibility-collapse-example">
<!-- No, don't look at this source code, look at the other source code. -->
<nav>
<ul>
<li id="nav-about"><a href="#nav-about">About</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#">History</a>
<li><a href="#">Mission</a>
<li><a href="#">People</a>
</ul>
<li id="nav-projects"><a href="#nav-projects">Projects</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#">Art</a>
<li><a href="#">Architecture</a>
<li><a href="#">Music</a>
</ul>
<li id="nav-interact"><a href="#nav-interact">Interact</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#">Blog</a>
<li><a href="#">Forums</a>
<!-- li><a href="#">Events</a> -->
</ul>
</ul>
</nav>
<article>
Hover over the menu to the left:
each section expands to show its sub-items.
In order to keep the sidebar width (and this main area width) stable,
''visibility: collapse'' is used instead of ''display: none''.
This results in a sidebar that is always wide enough for the word “Architecture”,
even though it is not always visible.
</article>
</div>
</figure>
<pre class="lang-css">
@media (min-width: 60em) {
/* <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-mediaqueries/#width">two column layout only when enough room</a> (relative to default text size) */
div { display: flex; }
#main {
flex: 1; /* <a href="#flexibility">Main takes up all remaining space</a> */
order: 1; /* Place it after (to the right of) the navigation */
min-width: 12em; /* Optimize main content area sizing */
}
}
/* menu items use flex layout so that visibility:collapse will work */
nav > ul > li {
display: flex;
flex-flow: column;
}
/* dynamically collapse submenus when not targeted */
nav > ul > li:not(:target):not(:hover) > ul {
visibility: collapse;
}
</pre>
<pre class="lang-markup">
<div>
<article id="main">
Interesting Stuff to Read
</article>
<nav>
<ul>
<li id="nav-about"><a href="#nav-about">About</a>
…
<li id="nav-projects"><a href="#nav-projects">Projects</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="…">Art</a>
<li><a href="…">Architecture</a>
<li><a href="…">Music</a>
</ul>
<li id="nav-interact"><a href="#nav-interact">Interact</a>
…
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<footer>
…
</pre>
</div>
To compute the size of the strut, flex layout is first performed with all items uncollapsed,
and then re-run with each [=collapsed flex item=] replaced by a strut that maintains
the original cross-size of the item's original line.
See the <a href="#layout-algorithm">Flex Layout Algorithm</a>
for the normative definition of how ''visibility:collapse''
interacts with flex layout.
Note: Using ''visibility:collapse'' on any flex items
will cause the flex layout algorithm to repeat partway through,
re-running the most expensive steps.
It's recommended that authors continue to use ''display:none'' to hide items
if the items will not be dynamically collapsed and uncollapsed,
as that is more efficient for the layout engine.
(Since only part of the steps need to be repeated when 'visibility' is changed,
however, 'visibility: collapse' is still recommended for dynamic cases.)
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<h3 id="min-size-auto">
Automatic Minimum Size of Flex Items</h3>
Note: The ''min-width/auto'' keyword,
representing an <a>automatic minimum size</a>,
is the new initial value of the 'min-width' and 'min-height' properties.
The keyword was previously defined in this specification,
but is now defined in the [[!CSS-SIZING-3|CSS Sizing]] module.
To provide a more reasonable default <a>minimum size</a> for <a>flex items</a>,
the used value of a <a>main axis</a> <a>automatic minimum size</a>
on a <a>flex item</a> that is not a <a>scroll container</a>
is its [=content-based minimum size=];
for <a>scroll containers</a> the <a>automatic minimum size</a> is zero, as usual.
The <dfn>content-based minimum size</dfn> of a [=flex item=]
is the smaller of its [=specified size suggestion=] and its [=content size suggestion=]
if its [=specified size suggestion=] exists;
otherwise, the smaller of its [=transferred size suggestion=] and its [=content size suggestion=]
if the element is [=replaced element|replaced=]
<!-- https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues/6069 -->
and its [=transferred size suggestion=] exists;
otherwise its [=content size suggestion=].
In all cases, the size is clamped by the [=maximum size|maximum=] [=main size=] if it's <a>definite</a>.
<!-- This differs from Grid's definition
(which just consults the first of specified,transferred,content that exists)
because we explicitly want to let flex items shrink to their min-content size.
Grid doesn't have similarly meaningful shrinkability, so it doesn't need to care. -->
The <a>content size suggestion</a>, <a>specified size suggestion</a>, and <a>transferred size suggestion</a>
used in this calculation account for the relevant min/max/preferred size properties
so that the <a>content-based minimum size</a> does not interfere with any author-provided constraints,
and are defined below:
<dl>
<dt><dfn>specified size suggestion</dfn>
<dd>
If the item’s [=preferred size|preferred=] [=main size=] is <a>definite</a> and not [=automatic size|automatic=],
then the <a>specified size suggestion</a> is that size.
It is otherwise undefined.
<dt><dfn>transferred size suggestion</dfn>
<dd>
If the item has a [=preferred aspect ratio=]
and its [=preferred size|preferred=] [=cross size=] is <a>definite</a>,
then the <a>transferred size suggestion</a> is that size
(clamped by its [=minimum size|minimum=] and [=maximum size|maximum=] [=cross sizes=] if they are <a>definite</a>),
converted through the aspect ratio.
It is otherwise undefined.
<dt><dfn>content size suggestion</dfn>
<dd>
The <a>content size suggestion</a> is the <a>min-content size</a> in the <a>main axis</a>,