Overview.bs

<pre class='metadata'>
Title: CSS Regions Module Level 1
Status: ED
Work Status: Exploring
Shortname: css-regions
Level: 1
Group: csswg
TR: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-regions-1/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-css-regions-1-20141009/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-css3-regions-20140218/
ED: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-regions/
Editor: Rossen Atanassov, Microsoft Corporation, ratan@microsoft.com, w3cid 49885
Editor: Alan Stearns, Adobe Systems&#44; Inc., stearns@adobe.com, w3cid 46659
Former Editor: Vincent Hardy, Adobe Systems&#44; Inc., vhardy@adobe.com
!Issues list: <a href="https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/buglist.cgi?query_format=advanced&amp;product=CSS&amp;component=Regions&amp;resolution=---&amp;cmdtype=doit">In Bugzilla</a>
Abstract: The CSS Regions module allows content from one or more elements to flow through one or more boxes called CSS Regions, fragmented as defined in [[!CSS3-BREAK]]. This module also defines CSSOM to expose both the inputs and outputs of this fragmentation.
Link Defaults: css21 (property) max-height, dom-core-ls (interface) range
Ignored Terms: document, element, eventtarget
</pre>

<h2 id="introduction">
Introduction</h2>

<em>This section is non-normative.</em>

	The core concept behind CSS Regions
	is the ability to say,
	"Display <em>this</em> content (a <a>named flow</a>)
	over <em>there</em> (a <a>region chain</a>)."
	The simplest example is:

	<div class="example">
		<pre><code>
			#this {
				flow-into: my-flow;
			}

			#there {
				flow-from: my-flow;
			}
		</code></pre>
	</div>

	These two declarations will take
	the element that matches <code>#this</code>,
	put it into a flow named "my-flow",
	and display the contents of "my-flow"
	in the box from the element that matches <code>#there</code>.
	This example has a single content source for the <a>named flow</a>,
	and a single box for the <a>region chain</a>.
	<a>Named flows</a> can also have multiple sources
	and use multiple boxes for the <a>region chain</a>.

	The <a>named flow</a> mechanism can be used
	in several different ways -
	some of which are
	custom overflow handling,
	aggregating content,
	linked display boxes,
	magazine-style layout,
	and flowing content through areas in a paginated view.

	<div class="example">
		Linked display boxes can be created
		to display article content above and below
		other content on a page.
		Given markup like this:

		<pre><code class="html">
			&lt;article&gt; ...some content... &lt;/article&gt;
			&lt;aside&gt; ad or image content &lt;/aside&gt;
		</code></pre>

		The &lt;aside&gt; content will be displayed
		below all of the article content.
		On a large screen the page might display without scrolling,
		but on a small screen the &lt;aside&gt; content
		might not be visible until the view scrolls.
		If it's important to show at least some
		of the &lt;aside&gt; content in the initial view,
		CSS Regions can fragment the article content across two boxes -
		one above the &lt;aside&gt; and one below.

		In this example (for simplicity's sake)
		we create the boxes with additional elements:

		<pre><code class="html">
			&lt;article&gt; ...some content... &lt;/article&gt;

			&lt;div class="top region"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
			&lt;aside&gt; ad or image content &lt;/aside&gt;
			&lt;div class="region"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</code></pre>

		<pre><code>
			article {
				flow-into: article-flow;
			}
			.region {
				flow-from: article-flow;
			}
			.top {
				max-height: 80vh;
			}
		</code></pre>

		So the top box in the <a>region chain</a>
		is limited to 80% of the viewport height.
		If the article content doesn't fit in that box,
		the article will continue
		in the second box after the &lt;aside&gt; content.

		<figure style="float:left; margin:1em;">
			<img alt="Article and aside rendering without CSS Regions"
				src="images/linked-boxes-before.png"/>
			<figcaption>
				Rendering without CSS Regions
			</figcaption>
		</figure>

		<figure style="float:left; margin:1em;">
			<img alt="Article and aside rendering with CSS Regions"
				src="images/linked-boxes-after.png"/>
			<figcaption>
				Rendering with CSS Regions
			</figcaption>
		</figure>

		<p style="clear:left;">In the images above,
			the gray area represents
			the content below the screen edge
			in the initial view.

		This example links just two boxes together,
		but more boxes could be added to the <a>region chain</a>
		to regularly interleave other content with the article.
	</div>

	<div class="example">

		Custom overflow handling can be accomplished by linking a separate overflow box. In this example, the overflow box is nestled inside a menu in the markup, and only displays if the menu is toggled.

		<pre><code class="html">
			&lt;nav&gt; ...some links... &lt;/nav&gt;

			&lt;div class="menu"&gt;
				&lt;nav&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;
				...some more links...
			&lt;/div&gt;
		</code></pre>

		If the links in the main nav element are placed in a <a>named flow</a>, that flow can be directed through both the main nav element and the overflow nav box in the menu:

		<pre><code>
			nav a {
				flow-into: nav-link-flow;
			}
			nav {
				flow-from: nav-link-flow;
			}
		</code></pre>

		Then the main nav element and the menu can be arranged with constraints such that when the screen is too narrow for the main nav element to display all of the navigation links, the overflow moves to the menu.

		<figure>
			<img alt="Wide nav bar showing all of the links"
				src="images/menu-wide.png"/>
			<figcaption>
				Wide rendering with menu shown
			</figcaption>
		</figure>

		<figure>
			<img alt="Narrow nav bar with some of the links in the menu"
				src="images/menu-narrow.png"/>
			<figcaption>
				Narrow rendering with menu shown
			</figcaption>
		</figure>

	</div>

	<div class="example">

		Since content is assigned to a <a>named flow</a> using a CSS selector, the content can come from multiple sources. The resulting aggregation can be displayed in a single box or flowed through multiple boxes as above.

		So given this markup:

		<pre><code class="html">
			&lt;div class="breaking-news"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

			&lt;article&gt;News story&lt;/article&gt;
			&lt;article class="breaking"&gt;Sports story&lt;/article&gt;
			&lt;article&gt;News story&lt;/article&gt;
			&lt;article class="breaking"&gt;Entertainment story&lt;/article&gt;
			&lt;article&gt;Sports story&lt;/article&gt;
		</code></pre>

		You can take the "breaking" stories and display them above all the others using two lines of CSS:

		<pre><code>
			.breaking {
				flow-into: breaking-news;
			}
			.breaking-news {
				flow-from: breaking-news;
			}
		</code></pre>

		Given more data accessible to CSS selectors, you could rearrange the articles in other ways (sports on top, etc.) depending on the user's preferences.

	</div>

	<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

		<strong><a>CSS Regions</a> are independent from layout</strong>

		Any of the CSS layout facilities can be used
		to create, position and size boxes that can become <a>CSS Regions</a>.

		The CSS Regions module does not
		define a layout mechanism
		and is meant to integrate
		with existing and future CSS layout facilities.
	</div>

	<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

		<strong><a>CSS Regions</a> do not have to be elements</strong>

		The CSS Regions module is independent
		of the layout of boxes and
		the mechanisms used to create them.

		For simplicity,
		our examples tend to
		use elements to define the boxes.
		Any other mechanism available
		in markup or style
		to create stylable boxes could be used instead,
		such as pseudo-elements
		or the @slot rule proposed
		by the CSS Page Template Module [[CSS3-PAGE-TEMPLATE]].


		The only requirement
		for box to become a <a>CSS Region</a>
		is that the 'flow-from' property applies to the box.
	</div>

<h2 id="css-regions-concepts">
CSS Regions concepts</h2>

<h3 id="regions">
Regions</h3>

	A <dfn export>CSS Region</dfn>
	is a block container
	that has an associated
	<em><a>named flow</a></em>
	(see the 'flow-from' property).

<h3 id="region-chain-section">
Region chain</h3>

	A <dfn export>region chain</dfn>
	is the sequence of regions
	that are associated with
	a <a>named flow</a>.
	<a>CSS Regions</a> in a
	<a>region chain</a> receive content from the
	<a>named flow</a> following their order in the chain.
	<a>CSS Regions</a> are organized
	into a <a>region chain</a>
	according to the document order.

<h3 id=last-region>
Last region</h3>

	A <a>CSS region</a> is deemed to be the <dfn lt="last usable region | last usable CSS region">last usable region</dfn>
	in a <a>region chain</a>
	if it is the first region in that chain to have <a>layout containment</a>,
	or the last region in the chain if none of them have <a>layout containment</a>
	(See [[!CSS-CONTAIN-1]]).

<h3 id="named-flow-section">
Named flows</h3>

	A <dfn>named flow</dfn> is the ordered sequence of content
	associated with a flow with a given identifier.
	Contents in a <a>named flow</a> are ordered
	according to the document order.

	Content is placed into a <a>named flow</a>
	with the 'flow-into' property.
	The content in a <a>named flow</a> is laid out
	in the <a>region chain</a>
	that is associated with this <a>named flow</a>
	using the 'flow-from' property.

	Content from a <a>named flow</a>
	is broken up between regions
	according to the regions flow breaking rules.

	A <a>named flow</a> is created when
	some content is moved
	into the flow with the given identifier
	or when at least one <a>CSS Region</a>
	requests content from that flow.

<h3 id="regions-flow-breaking-rules">
Regions flow breaking rules</h3>

	Breaking a <a>named flow</a> across a <a>region chain</a>
	is similar to breaking a document's content across pages
	(see [[CSS3PAGE]])
	or a multi-column element's content across column boxes
	(see [[CSS3COL]]).
	One difference is that page boxes are generated
	based on the available content
	whereas a <a>region chain</a> is a set of recipient boxes
	for the <a>named flow</a> content
	whose dynamic generation is not in the scope
	of this specification.

	Each <a>CSS Region</a> in turn
	consumes content from its associated <a>named flow</a>.
	The <a>named flow</a> content is positioned
	in the current region
	until a natural or forced region break occurs,
	at which point the next region
	in the <a>region chain</a>
	becomes the current region.
	If there are no more usable <a>CSS Regions</a>
	in the <a>region chain</a>
	and there is still content in the flow,
	the positioning of the remaining content
	is controlled by the 'region-fragment' property
	on the <a>last usable CSS Region</a> in the chain.

	The CSS regions module follows
	the fragmentation rules defined
	in the CSS Fragmentation Module Level 3
	(see [[!CSS3-BREAK]]).


<h2 id="properties">
Properties</h2>

<h3 id="the-flow-into-property">
The 'flow-into' property</h3>

	<div class="issue-marker wrapper">
	<div class="issue-marker">
		<a href="https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/show_bug.cgi?id=16527">Issue-16527</a>
		<div class="issue-details">
				<p class="short-desc">[Shadow]: getFlowByName and shadow DOM</p>
		</div>
	</div>
	</div>

	The ‘flow-into’ property can place an element
	or its contents
	into a <a>named flow</a>.
	Content that belongs to the same flow
	is laid out in the <a>region chain</a>
	associated with that flow.

	<pre class='propdef'>
		Name: flow-into
		Value: none | <<ident>> [element|content]?
		Initial: none
		Applies To: All elements, but not <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-elements">pseudo-elements</a> such as <code>::first-line</code>, <code>::first-letter</code>, <code>::before</code> or <code>::after</code>.
		Inherited: no
		Computed Value: as specified
		Media: visual
	</pre>

	<dl>
		<dt>none</dt>

		<dd>
			The element is not moved
			to a <a>named flow</a>
			and normal CSS processing takes place.
		</dd>

		<dt><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a></dt>

		<dd>
			If the keyword <dfn>element</dfn> is present
			or neither keyword is present,
			then the element is taken out
			of its parent's flow
			and placed into the flow
			with the name '<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a>'.
			If the keyword <dfn>content</dfn> is present,
			then only the element's contents
			are placed into the named flow.
			The element or content is said to have
			a <dfn id="specified-flow">specified flow</dfn>.
			The values <code class=css>none</code>, <code class=css>inherit</code>, <code class=css>default</code>, <code class=css>auto</code> and <code class=css>initial</code>
			are invalid flow names.
		</dd>
	</dl>

	The 'flow-into' property affects
	the visual formatting of elements or contents
	placed into a <a>named flow</a>
	and of the <a>region chain</a> laying out content
	from a <a>named flow</a>.
	The 'flow-into' property does not affect
	the CSS cascade and inheritance
	for the elements on which it is specified.
	The 'flow-into' property does not affect the
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-dom-20120405/#introduction-to-the-dom">DOM</a>
	[[!DOM]] position of an element or its contents.
	The 'flow-into' property does not affect ordering
	in non-visual media
	(such as <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-speech/">speech</a>).
	Likewise, 'flow-into' does not affect
	the default traversal order
	of sequential navigation modes
	(such as cycling through links,
	see e.g. <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#sequential-focus-navigation-and-the-tabindex-attribute"><code>tabindex</code></a> [[HTML401]]).

	A <a>named flow</a> needs to be associated
	with a <a>region chain</a>
	(one or more <a>CSS Regions</a>)
	for its content to be visually formatted.
	If no <a>region chain</a> is associated
	with a given <a>named flow</a>,
	the content in the <a>named flow</a>
	is not rendered:
	it does not generate boxes
	and is not displayed.

	The children of an element or content
	with a specified flow
	may themselves have a specified flow,
	in which case they become
	the next sibling of the latest element
	or content collected in that flow.
	In some cases,
	the child can become the next sibling
	for one of its ancestors in the same flow.

	Content in a <a>named flow</a>
	is sequenced in document order.
	The visual formatting model
	uses the relationships between content
	in the named flow as input,
	rather than the contents&rsquo; position
	in the DOM.

	Each <a>CSS Region</a> in a <a>region chain</a>
	establishes a containing block for absolutely positioned
	elements in the <a>named flow</a> (see [[!CSS21]]).
	That first <a>CSS Region</a> in a <a>region chain</a>
	establishes the initial containing block for such absolutely
	positioned elements.
	<span>Regions</span> don't establish a containing block for
	fixed positioned elements in the <a>named flow</a>.
	Such fixed positioned elements are still positioned relative
	to the viewport or the page area even if they have been
	redirected into a named flow

	The first region defines the principal
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/#writing-mode">writing mode</a>
	for the entire flow.
	The writing mode
	on subsequent regions is ignored.

	If an element has <a>style containment</a> (See [[!CSS-CONTAIN-1]]),
	then the 'flow-into' property must be <a for=property>scoped</a> to that element.

	<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

		The 'flow-into' property moves an element into the flow
		and the interplay with selectors should be considered carefully.

		For example,

		<pre>table {flow-into: table-content}</pre>

		will move all tables in the "table-content"
		<a>named flow</a>.
		However, the

		<pre>table &gt; * {flow-into: table-content} ...</pre>

		selector will move all immediate children
		of all table elements
		into the "table-content" <a>named flow</a>
		(which may be useful as it will usually result,
		if the immediate children are rows,
		in merging rows of multiple tables),
		but the

		<pre>table * {flow-into: table-content}</pre>

		selector will move all descendants
		of table elements into the "table-content" <a>named flow</a>,
		transforming the element tree
		into a flat list in order of opening tags
		(which is probably not intentional).
		This will make all the descendants
		of table elements siblings
		in the <a>named flow</a>.
		Having the descendants become siblings
		in the <a>named flow</a>
		results in a different processing
		(see <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/tables.html#anonymous-boxes">CSS 2.1's anonymous table objects</a>).
		This note illustrates how authors must exercise caution
		when choosing a particular selector
		for setting the 'flow-into' property
		to avoid unintended results.
	</div>

	<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

		Another consequence of moving elements
		into <a>named flows</a> is that surrounding whitespace
		is not moved into the named flow.
		If you have code like this:

		<pre>
		span {flow-into: span-content}
		&lt;span&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;
		&lt;span&gt;two&lt;/span&gt;
		</pre>

		Then the "span-content" named flow contents
		will contain this:

		<pre>
		&lt;span&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;two&lt;/span&gt;
		</pre>

		Which will change the display
		from "one two" to "onetwo".
		If whitespace is significant,
		then moving the parent
		that contains the whitespace
		to the named flow
		is required.
	</div>

<h3 id="flow-from">
The 'flow-from' property</h3>

	The 'flow-from' property makes
	a block container a region
	and associates it with
	a <a>named flow</a>.

	<pre class='propdef'>
		Name: flow-from
		Value: <<ident>> | none | inherit
		Initial: none
		Applies To: Non-replaced <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#block-boxes">block containers</a>. <br/> This might be expanded in future versions of the specification to allow other types of containers to receive flow content.
		Inherited: no
		Computed Value: as specified
		Media: visual
	</pre>

	<dl>
		<dt><strong>none</strong></dt>

		<dd>
			The block container is not a <a>CSS Region</a>.
		</dd>

		<dt><strong><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a></strong></dt>

		<dd>
			The block container becomes a <a>CSS Region</a>
			(except as detailed in the text below),
			and is ordered in a <a>region chain</a>
			according to its document order.
			The content from the flow
			with the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a>
			name will be <a href="#region-flow-break">broken
			into fragments</a> and visually formatted in the
			<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#principal-box">principal boxes</a>
			of the <span>regions</span>
			in the <a>region chain</a>.
			<br/>
			If there is no flow with name
			<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a>,
			then the block container does not
			format any content visually.
		</dd>
	</dl>

	If the 'content' property computes
	to something else than ''content/normal''
	(or ''content/none'' for a pseudo-element),
	the block container does not become
	a <a>CSS Region</a>.
	If the 'display' property
	of the block container
	or one of its ancestors
	computes to ''display/none'',
	the block container does not become
	a <a>CSS Region</a>.

	A <a>CSS Region</a>&rsquo;s document children
	are not visually formatted
	unless they are directed
	to a <a>named flow</a>
	with an associated <a>region chain</a>.

	Block container pseudo-elements where
	the value of 'flow-from' computes to an
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a>
	and the value of 'content' computes to ''content/none''
	are generated as <a>CSS Regions</a>,
	which is an update to the behavior
	described in [[!CSS21]].

	If an element has <a>style containment</a> (See [[!CSS-CONTAIN-1]]),
	then the 'flow-from' property must be <a for=property>scoped</a> to that element.

	<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

		A block container becomes a <a>CSS Region</a>
		when its 'flow-from' property is set
		to a valid <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a> value,
		even if there is no content contributing
		to the referenced flow.
		For example:

		<pre>
		&lt;style&gt;
		.article{
				flow-into: thread;
		}
		.region{
				flow-from: thread;
		}
		&lt;/style&gt;
		&lt;html&gt;
		&lt;body&gt;
			&lt;div class=region&gt;div content&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/body&gt;
		&lt;/html&gt;
		</pre>

		There is no element matching
		the <code>.article</code> selector
		and therefore no content
		in the <code>thread</code> flow.
		However, the block container matching
		the <code>.region</code> selector
		is still associated with
		that empty <a>named flow</a>
		and, consequently,
		its children are not formatted visually.
	</div>

	<div class=note><span class=note-prefix>Note </span>

		At the time of this note-writing, the <code>display</code> values that
		always result in a non-replaced block container include
		<code>block</code>, <code>inline-block</code>, <code>table-cell</code>,
		<code>table-caption</code>, and <code>list-item</code>. All of these
		display values work as regions with non-replaced elements.

		The <code>flex</code> and <code>grid</code> display values do not
		result in block containers (they are defined as flex containers and grid
		elements, respectively). So ‘<a href="#flow-from"><code
		class=property>flow-from</code></a>’ combined with those display values
		does not result in a <a>CSS Region</a>.
	</div>

	<a>CSS Regions</a>
	create a new
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#z-index">stacking context</a>.
	<a>CSS Regions</a>
	establish a new
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#block-formatting">block formatting Context</a>.
	Exclusions (see [[CSS3-EXCLUSIONS]])
	potentially impact the content
	laid out in <a>region chains</a>,
	just as for non-regions.

	<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

		With <a>region chains</a>,
		an element may be split across multiple boxes
		and these boxes may overlap
		(for example if they are absolutely positioned).
		So fragments of the same element
		can overlap each other.
		Since each element has a single z-index,
		it would be required to find another mechanism
		to decide in which order
		the fragments are rendered.
		Since each <a>CSS Region</a> creates
		a new stacking context,
		it is clear that each fragment is rendered separately
		and their rendering order follows
		the regular CSS rendering model.

		Fragments rendering separately
		is also relevant to elements that might normally
		be rendered as a unit
		(for example,
		an element with its own stacking context,
		or with transparency).
		Each fragment of these elements
		is separately contained in the stacking context
		created by the <a>CSS Region</a>,
		so each fragment of these elements
		is rendered separately.
	</div>

	See the
	<a href="#regions-visual-formatting-details">regions visual formatting details</a>
	section for a description of how
	'width' and 'height' values are resolved
	for <a>CSS Region</a> boxes.

<h4 id="circular-dependencies">
Cycle Detection</h4>

	<a>named flows</a> containing elements
	where the value of 'flow-from' computes to an
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a>
	can produce nonsensical circular relationships,
	such as a <a>named flow</a>
	containing <a>CSS Regions</a>
	in its own <a>region chain</a>.
	These relationships can be easily
	and reliably detected and resolved, however,
	by keeping track of a dependency graph
	and using common cycle-detection algorithms.

	The dependency graph consists of edges such that:

<ul>
	<li>
		Every <a>named flow</a> depends on its elements
		where the value of 'flow-from' computes to an
		<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a>.
	</li>
	<li>
		Every element in a <a>named flow</a>
		where the value of 'flow-from' computes to an
		<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a>
		depends on the <a>named flow</a> with the
		<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a>
		name.
	</li>
</ul>

	If the graph contains a cycle,
	any elements where the value of 'flow-from'
	computes to an
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607/syndata.html#value-def-identifier">&lt;ident&gt;</a>
	participating in the cycle
	do not become <a>CSS Regions</a>.

	<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

		For example, styling like this:

		<pre>
		#id {
			flow-into: foolish;
			flow-from: foolish;
		}
		</pre>

		would move the <code>#id</code> element to a "foolish" <a>named flow</a>,
		and try to make the <code>#id</code> element
		a <a>CSS Region</a> for the "foolish" <a>named flow</a>.
		The "foolish" <a>named flow</a> would then contain its own region,
		creating a cycle.
		So the <code>#id</code> element does not become a <a>CSS Region</a>.
	</div>

	<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

		The content keyword can be used to break cycles in some circumstances:

		<pre>
		#id {
			flow-into: not-so-foolish content;
			flow-from: not-so-foolish;
		}
		</pre>

		Here only the contents of the <code>#id</code> element are moved to the <a>named flow</a>, and the box for the <code>#id</code> element <em>does</em> become a <a>CSS Region</a>. Since the <a>named flow</a> does not contain the element itself, there is no cycle. With this declaration the <code>#id</code> element becomes a single-box <a>region chain</a> for its contents, and other boxes could be added to the chain to customize overflow.
	</div>

<h4 id="fragmenting-regions">
Nested fragmentation contexts</h4>

	A <a>CSS Region</a> that contains
	a fragment of a <a>named flow</a>
	can itself be fragmented if it is nested
	within a fragmentation context [[!CSS3-BREAK]],
	such as when a layout
	using a <a>region chain</a> is printed.
	In these cases break opportunities
	in the named flow fragment
	contained by the <a>CSS Region</a>
	are determined using the standard
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-break/">fragmentation rules</a>.
	In other words,
	each region box and its associated fragment
	should break as if it were a simple div
	containing the fragment contents.
	This can be controlled by using
	an avoid break value on the <a>CSS Region</a>,
	if that is desired.

	A <a>CSS Region</a> can be part
	of the contents of a separate named flow,
	as long as there are no cycles broken
	by the <a href="#circular-dependencies">Cycle Detection</a>
	described above.
	This case is a <dfn>nested region context</dfn>,
	which has an effect
	on the <a href="#regions-visual-formatting-steps">Visual Formatting Steps</a>
	described below.

<h3 id="region-flow-break">
Region flow break properties: 'break-before', 'break-after', 'break-inside'</h3>

<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

	This section is also defined in [[!CSS3-BREAK]].
	If that specification moves to last call
	with the region values,
	the section here can be replaced by a reference.
</div>

	User agents laying out content in multiple regions
	must determine where content breaks occur.
	The problem of breaking content into fragments fitting in regions
	is similar to breaking content into pages or columns.

	Each break ends layout in the current region
	and causes remaining pieces of content
	from the <a>named flow</a> to be visually formatted
	in the following region in the <a>region chain</a>,
	if there is one.

	The following extends
	the 'break-before', 'break-after' and 'break-inside' properties
	from the [[!CSS3COL]] specification to account for regions.
	The additional values are described below.

	<pre class='propdef'>
		Name: break-before
		Value: auto | always | avoid | left | right | page | column | region | avoid-page | avoid-column | avoid-region
		Initial: auto
		Applies To: block-level elements
		Inherited: no
		Computed Value: as specified
		Media: visual
	</pre>

	<pre class='propdef'>
		Name: break-after
		Value: auto | always | avoid | left | right | page | column | region | avoid-page | avoid-column | avoid-region
		Initial: auto
		Applies To: block-level elements
		Inherited: no
		Computed Value: as specified
		Media: visual
	</pre>

	<pre class='propdef'>
		Name: break-inside
		Value: auto | avoid | avoid-page | avoid-column | avoid-region
		Initial: auto
		Applies To: block-level elements
		Inherited: no
		Computed Value: as specified
		Media: visual
	</pre>

	These properties describe page, column and region break behavior
	before/after/inside the generated box. These values are normatively defined
	in [[!CSS3COL]]:

	This specification adds the following new values:

	<dl>
		<dt>region</dt>

		<dd>Always force a region break before (after) the generated box.</dd>

		<dt>avoid-region</dt>

		<dd>Avoid a region break before (after, inside) the generated box.</dd>
	</dl>

	The behavior of region breaks with regards to regions
	is identical to the behavior of page breaks with regards to pages,
	as defined in the [[!CSS21]].

<h3 id="the-region-fragment-property">
The region-fragment property</h3>

	<pre class='propdef'>
		Name: region-fragment
		Value: auto | break
		Initial: auto
		Applies To: <a>CSS Regions</a>
		Inherited: no
		Computed Value: as specified
		Media: visual
	</pre>

	The 'region-fragment' property controls the behavior
	of the <a>last usable region</a>
	associated with a <a>named flow</a>.

	<dl>
		<dt>auto</dt>

		<dd>
			Content flows as it would in a regular content box.
			If the content exceeds the container box,
			it is subject to the
			<a href= "https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visufx.html#propdef-overflow">overflow</a>
			property's computed value on the <a>CSS Region</a>.
			Region breaks must be ignored on the <a>last usable region</a>.
		</dd>

		<dt>break</dt>

		<dd>

			If the content fits within the <a>CSS Region</a>,
			then this property has no effect.
			If the content does not fit within the <a>CSS Region</a>,
			the content breaks as if flow was going to continue in a subsequent region.
			See the <a href= "#regions-flow-breaking-rules">breaking rules</a> section.
			A forced region break takes precedence over a natural break point.

			Flow content that follows the last break in the <a>last usable region</a> is not rendered.
		</dd>
	</dl>

	The 'region-fragment' property does not influence
	the size of the region it applies to.

	The following code sample illustrates
	the usage of the 'region-fragment' property.

	<div class="example">
		<pre>
		&lt;style&gt;
			article {
				flow-into: article-flow;
			}
			#region-1, #region-2 {
				flow-from: article-flow;
				<strong>region-fragment: break;</strong> /* or auto */
				<strong>overflow: visible;</strong> /* or hidden */
			}
		&lt;/style&gt;

		&lt;body&gt;
			&lt;article&gt;...&lt;/article&gt;
			&lt;div id="region-1"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
			&lt;div id="region-2"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/body&gt;
		</pre>
	</div>

	<figure>
		<table style="border: 1px solid gray;width: 100%;">
			<tr>
				<td>article with two<br>
				overflowing lines</td>

				<td><code>region-fragment: break<br>
				overflow: visible</code></td>

				<td><code>region-fragment: auto<br>
				overflow: visible</code></td>
			</tr>

			<tr>
				<td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;"><img src=
				"images/region-overflow-flow.png" alt=
				"flow content rendering"></td>

				<td><img src="images/region-overflow-break-visible.png" alt=
				"rendering with region-fragment:break and overflow:visible"></td>

				<td><img src="images/region-overflow-auto-visible.png"
				alt="rendering with region-fragment:auto and overflow:visible"></td>
			</tr>

			<tr>
				<td><code>region-fragment: break<br>
					overflow: hidden</code></td>

				<td><code>region-fragment: auto<br>
				overflow: hidden</code></td>
			</tr>

			<tr>
				<td><img src="images/region-overflow-break-hidden.png" alt=
				"rendering with region-fragment:break and overflow:hidden"></td>

				<td><img src="images/region-overflow-auto-hidden.png"
				alt="rendering with region-fragment:auto and overflow:hidden"></td>
			</tr>
		</table>

		<figcaption>
			Combinations of region-fragment and overflow.
		</figcaption>
	</figure>

	<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

		The 'overflow' property is honored on a region:
		if region content overflows,
		such as the borders of elements
		on the last line,
		the 'overflow' property controls
		the visibility of the overflowing content.
		See the 'overflow' property definition ([[CSS21]]).
	</div>

<h2 id="cssom_view_and_css_regions">
CSSOM</h2>

	Since content may flow into multiple regions,
	authors need a way to determine if there are enough regions
	to flow all the content from a named flow.
	This is especially important considering that the size of regions
	or the size of the content may change depending on the display context.
	For example,
	flowing the same content on a mobile phone with a small screen
	may require more regions than on a large desktop display.
	Another example is the user changing
	the font size of text flowing through regions.
	Depending on the change,
	new regions may be needed to accommodate for the additional space required
	to fit the larger text or some regions may need to be removed for smaller text.

<h3 id="the-namedflow-interface">
The NamedFlow interface</h3>

	The following APIs allow scripts
	to reference a <a idl>NamedFlow</a>
	object representation of a <a>named flow</a>.

	An additional attribute on the
	<a href= "https://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-document">
		<code class= "idl">Document</code></a>
	interface provide access to <a>named flows</a>.

	<pre class="idl">
		partial interface Document {
			readonly attribute NamedFlowMap namedFlows;
		};
	</pre>

	The
	<dfn id="document-namedflows"><code class="idl">namedFlows</code></dfn>
	attribute on the
	<a href= "https://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-document">
		<code class= "idl">Document</code>
	</a>
	interface returns a static snapshot
	of all the current <a>named flows</a>
	in the document.

	The <dfn attribute for="Document"><code class="idl">namedFlows</code></dfn>
	map must include all <a>named flows</a>
	that are currently in the <code>CREATED</code> state.
	The list must not include <a>named flows</a>
	that are in the <code>NULL</code> state.

	The
	{{NamedFlowMap}}
	interface provides a map of current
	<a idl>NamedFlow</a> instances
	in the document.
	The <a idl>NamedFlowMap</a> object
	is a snapshot of the data,
	and is read-only.

	<pre class="idl">
		[Exposed=Window,
		 MapClass(CSSOMString, NamedFlow)] interface NamedFlowMap {
			NamedFlow? get(CSSOMString flowName);
			boolean has(CSSOMString flowName);
			NamedFlowMap set(CSSOMString flowName, NamedFlow flowValue);
			boolean delete(CSSOMString flowName);
		};
	</pre>

	The map entries in a
	<a idl>NamedFlowMap</a> object
	are the named flow idents
	paired with their
	<a idl>NamedFlow</a> objects.
	The <dfn method for="NamedFlowMap">get()</dfn>
	and <dfn method for="NamedFlowMap">has()</dfn>
	methods return null and false respectively
	if there is no <a idl>NamedFlow</a>
	with the given ident.
	The <dfn method for="NamedFlowMap">set()</dfn>
	and <dfn method for="NamedFlowMap">delete()</dfn>
	methods always throw an
	<code>InvalidAccessError</code> exception,
	as this map is read-only.
	The <a idl>NamedFlowMap</a> interface
	uses the rest of the default map
	<a href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/#es-map-members">class methods</a>.

	The {{NamedFlow}}
	interface offers a representation
	of a <a>named flow</a> instance.

	The <a idl>NamedFlow</a> interface
	can be used for different purposes.
	For example, the <code>getRegionsByContent()</code> method
	can help navigate by bookmark:
	a script can find the <a>CSS Regions</a>
	that display a particular anchor
	and bring them to view.

	Likewise, the interface allows authors
	to check if all content has been fitted
	into existing regions.
	If it has, the <a idl>overset</a> attribute
	would be false.

	<pre class="idl">
		[Exposed=Window]
		interface NamedFlow : EventTarget {
			readonly attribute CSSOMString name;
			readonly attribute boolean overset;
			sequence&lt;Region&gt; getRegions();
			readonly attribute short firstEmptyRegionIndex;
			sequence&lt;Node&gt; getContent();
			sequence&lt;Region&gt; getRegionsByContent(Node node);
		};
	</pre>

	The <dfn attribute for="NamedFlow"><code class="idl">name</code></dfn> attribute
	returns the name of the <a idl>NamedFlow</a> instance.

	The <dfn attribute for="NamedFlow"><code class="idl">overset</code></dfn>
	attribute returns true
	if there are <a>named flow</a> fragments
	that do not fit
	in the associated <a>region chain</a>
	(including the case where
	there are <a>named flow</a> fragments
	but no regions in the <a>region chain</a>).
	Otherwise, it returns false.

	The <dfn method for="NamedFlow"><code class="idl">getRegions()</code></dfn>
	method returns the sequence
	of regions in the <a>region chain</a>
	associated with the <a>named flow</a>.
	Regions after the <a>last usable region</a>, if any, are included.
	Note that the returned values
	is a static sequence
	in document order.

	The <dfn attribute for="NamedFlow">firstEmptyRegionIndex</dfn>
	is the index of the first region
	in the <a>region chain</a> with the <code>regionOverset</code> attribute
	set to <code>empty</code>.
	If all regions have the <code>regionOverset</code> attribute
	set to <code>fit</code> or <code>overset</code>,
	the value for <code>firstEmptyRegionIndex</code> is <code>-1</code>.
	If there are no regions in the <a>region chain</a>,
	the value is <code>-1</code> as well.

	The <dfn method for="NamedFlow">getContent()</dfn>
	method returns an ordered collection
	of nodes that constitute the <a>named flow</a>.
	The returned list is a static snapshot
	of the <a>named flow</a> content
	at the time the method is invoked.
	This list contains the contents
	that were moved to the <a>named flow</a>
	by the flow-into property
	but not any descendants
	(unless the descendants are themselves
	moved to the <a>named flow</a>).

	The <dfn method for="NamedFlow">getRegionsByContent()</dfn>
	method returns the sequence of regions
	that contain at least part
	of the target content node
	if it belongs to the <a>named flow</a> directly
	or one of its ancestors belongs to the <a>named flow</a>.
	Otherwise, the method returns
	an empty sequence.
	The returned value
	is a static sequence
	in document order.

	The <a>named flow</a> states are :

	<ul>
		<li>
			<code class="idl">NULL</code>: the <a>named flow</a>
			contains no conent and has no <a>region chain</a>.
		</li>
		<li>
			<code class="idl">CREATED</code>: the <a>named flow</a>
			either contains content or has a <a>region chain</a>.
		</li>
	</ul>

	A <a idl>NamedFlow</a> object is live:
	it always represents the <a>named flow</a>
	with the corresponding name even if
	that <a>named flow</a> has transitioned
	to the <code>NULL</code> state.

<h3 id="the-region-interface">
The Region interface</h3>

	The {{Region}}
	interface is a
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/#idl-implements-statements">supplemental interface</a>
	which must be implemented by all objects
	(<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-element">
		<code class= "idl">Elements</code></a>,
	pseudo-elements or other CSS constructs
	such as <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css3-page-template/#templates-and-slots">slots</a>) in an implementation which can be <a>CSS Regions</a>.

	<pre class="idl">
		[Exposed=Window,
		 NoInterfaceObject]
		interface Region {
			readonly attribute CSSOMString regionOverset;
			sequence&lt;Range&gt;? getRegionFlowRanges();
		};

		Element implements Region;
	</pre>

	The <dfn attribute for="Region"><code class= "idl">regionOverset</code></dfn>
	attribute returns one of the following values:

	<dl>
		<dt>''overset''</dt>

		<dd>
			The region is the <a>last usable region</a> in the
			<a>region chain</a> and
			not able to fit the remaining content from the <a>named flow</a>.
			Note that the region's
			<a href= "https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visufx.html#overflow">
				<code class= "idl">overflow</code></a>
			property value can be used to control the
			visibility of the overflowing content and the
			'region-fragment' property controls whether or not fragmentation happens
			on the content that overflows the <a>last usable region</a>.
		</dd>

		<dt>''fit''</dt>

		<dd>
			The region's flow fragment content
			fits into the region's
			<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/box.html#box-dimensions">content box</a>.
			If the region is the <a>last usable region</a>
			in the <a>region chain</a>,
			it means that the content
			fits without overflowing.
			If the region is not the <a>last usable region</a>
			in the <a>region chain</a>,
			that means the <a>named flow</a> content
			may be further fitted in subsequent regions.
			In this last case,
			note that the <a>named flow</a> fragment may be empty
			(for example if the region is too small
			to accommodate any content).
			This value is returned if the <a idl>Region</a> object
			is not (or no longer) a region.
		</dd>

		<dt>''empty''</dt>

		<dd>
			All content from the <a>named flow</a> was fitted in prior regions.
		</dd>

	</dl>

	If there is no content
	in the <a>named flow</a>,
	all regions associated
	with that <a>named flow</a>
	should have their <a idl>regionOverset</a>
	attribute return ''empty''.
	If there is content in the flow
	but that content does not
	generate any box for visual formatting,
	the ''overset'' attribute on the first region
	in the <a>region chain</a> associated
	with the flow will return ''fit''.

	The <dfn method for="Region">getRegionFlowRanges()</dfn> method
	returns an array of <a href= "https://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-range">Range</a>
	instances corresponding to fragment
	from the <a>named flow</a>
	that is laid out in the region.
	If the region has not received a fragment
	because it is too small to accommodate any,
	the method returns a single <a idl>Range</a>
	where the <code>startContainer</code>
	and <code>startOffset</code>
	have the same values as
	the <code>endContainer</code>
	and <code>endOffset</code>
	and therefore the collapsed attribute
	on the <a idl>Range</a> is true.
	In that situation,
	if the region is the first
	in the <a>region chain</a>,
	the <code>startContainer</code>
	is the first <code>Node</code>
	in the <a>named flow</a>
	and the <code>startOffset</code> is zero.
	If the region is the <a>last usable region</a>
	in the <a>region chain</a>
	(but not the first and only one),
	the <code>startContainer</code>
	and <code>startOffset</code>
	are the same values as
	the <code>endContainer</code>
	and <code>endOffset</code>
	on the previous region
	in the <a>region chain</a>.
	The method returns null
	if the <span>region</span> object
	is not (or no longer) a region.

	A <a idl>Region</a> instance
	may represent an object
	that is no longer a <span>region</span>.
	This may happen for example
	if the 'flow-from' property
	on the corresponding pseudo-element,
	element or other construct
	becomes ''flow-from/none''
	but a script is still holding
	a reference to the <a idl>Region</a> object.

<h3 id="named-flow-events">
Named flow events</h3>

	<a idl>NamedFlow</a>
	objects are <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-eventtarget">EventTargets</a>
	which dispatch the following events
	for their respective triggers.
	These events are asynchronous,
	and fire at the end of the
	<a href="#named-flows-layout">regions visual formatting</a>
	steps.

	The regionfragmentchange event is dispatched
	on any change to a named flow's fragmentation through its <a>region chain</a>,
	including changes to any overset fragment.

	<table class="event-desc" style="border: 1px solid gray">
		<tbody>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Type</th>
				<td class="eventname"><strong><code>regionfragmentchange</code></strong></td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Interface</th>
				<td><code><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-uievents">UIEvent</a></code> (see [[!DOM-LEVEL-3-EVENTS]])</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Sync / Async</th> <td>Async</td></tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Bubbles</th> <td>No</td></tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Target</th>
				<td><a idl>NamedFlow</a></td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Cancelable</th> <td>Yes</td></tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Default action</th> <td>none</td></tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Context info</th>
				<td>
					<ul>
						<li><code class="attribute-name">Event.target</code>:
							<a idl>NamedFlow</a> whose fragmentation has changed.
						</li>
					</ul>
				</td>
			</tr>
		</tbody>
	</table>


	The regionoversetchange event is dispatched
	if any of the regionOverset values change
	in a named flow's <a>region chain</a>,
	including when regions are added or removed from the chain.

	<table class="event-desc" style="border: 1px solid gray">
		<tbody>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Type</th>
				<td class="eventname"><strong><code>regionoversetchange</code></strong></td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Interface</th>
				<td><code><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-UIEvent">UIEvent</a></code> (see [[!DOM-LEVEL-3-EVENTS]])</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Sync / Async</th> <td>Async</td></tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Bubbles</th> <td>No</td></tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Target</th>
				<td><a idl>NamedFlow</a></td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Cancelable</th> <td>Yes</td></tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Default action</th> <td>none</td></tr>
			<tr class="assert must"><th>Context info</th>
				<td>
					<ul>
						<li><code class="attribute-name">Event.target</code>:
							<a idl>NamedFlow</a> whose <a>region chain</a> has regionOverset values that have changed.
						</li>
					</ul>
				</td>
			</tr>
		</tbody>
	</table>

<h3 id="cssomview-and-regions">
Clarifications on pre-existing APIs</h3>

<h4 id="cssomview-getclientrects-and-getboundingclientrect">
<code class="idl">getClientRects()</code> and <code>getBoundingClientRect()</code></h4>

	The <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-view/">CSSOM View Module</a>
	defines how user agents compute
	the bounding client rectangle
	for an element (<code class="idl">getBoundingClientRect()</code>)
	and its generated boxes (<code class="idl">getClientRects()</code>).

	This definition applies to
	the (possibly) multiple boxes
	generated for an element in a named flow
	flowing through a <a>region chain</a>.
	The <code class="idl">getClientRects()</code> method
	returns the list of boxes generated
	for each of the element fragments
	laid out in different regions.
	The <code>getBoundingClientRect()</code> method
	operates as specified in the
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-view/">CSSOM View Module</a>
	as well and is computed
	from the set of rectangles
	returned by <code class="idl">getClientRects()</code>.

<h4 id="cssomview-offset-attributes">
<code class="idl">offsetTop</code>, <code class="idl">offsetLeft</code>,
<code class="idl">offsetWidth</code>, <code class="idl">offsetHeight</code> and <code class="idl">offsetParent</code></h4>

	The computation of the
	<a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#extensions-to-the-htmlelement-interface">offset attributes</a>
	for elements laid out in a <a>named flow</a> follow the
	<a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#extensions-to-the-htmlelement-interface">specification</a>
	[[!CSSOM]].
	For the purpose of these algorithms,
	the <em>first CSS layout box</em> associated
	with an element laid out in a <a>named flow</a>
	is the first box generated for the first region the element is laid out into.
	In the offsetParent algorithm,
	the nearest ancestor search skips
	from the topmost named flow elements directly to the body element.

<h2 id="multi-column-regions">
Multi-column regions</h2>

	A
	<a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css3-multicol/#multi-column-element">multi-column</a>
	[[CSS3COL]]
	element can be
	assigned to a <a>region chain</a>.
	The element becomes part
	of the <a>region chain</a>
	for the associated <a>named flow</a>,
	and flows its content fragments
	through columns according to
	the multi-column specification
	[[!CSS3COL]].
	In particular,
	when computing the
	<a href="#rfcb-flow-fragment-height-resolution">flow fragment height</a>
	of a multi-column element
	that is associated with a <em><a>named flow</a></em>,
	the 'column-fill'
	[[!CSS3COL]]
	property is honored
	to balance the fragments of content
	that would flow through
	its columns.

	Overflow of multicol regions
	is mostly handled
	according to the same rules
	as other <a>CSS Regions</a>.
	If the remainder of the named flow
	does not fit
	in the multicol region,
	then the rest
	of the content flows into
	the remaining <a>region chain</a>.
	However,
	if a multicol region
	is the <a>last usable region</a>
	in a <a>region chain</a>,
	then the multicol region must follow the
	<a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css3-multicol/#overflow-columns">overflow column rules</a>
	[[!CSS3COL]].

	<div class="example">

		The following example:

		<pre>
		&lt;style&gt;
			article {
					flow-into: article-flow;
			}

			#multi-col {
					column-count: 2;
					flow-from: article;
					height: 6em;
					column-gap: 1em;
			}

			#remainder {
					flow-from: article;
					height: auto;
			}
		&lt;/style&gt;

		&lt;body&gt;
			&lt;article&gt;...&lt;/article&gt;
			&lt;div id="multicol"&gt&lt;/div&gt;
			&lt;div id="remainder"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/body&gt;
		</pre>

		is equivalent in rendering to, for example:

		<pre>
		&lt;style&gt;
			article {
					flow-into: article-flow;
			}

			#flex {
					display: flex;
					flex-pack: justify;
					height: 6em;
			}

			#flex > div {
					flow-from: article;
					width: calc(50% - 0.5em);
			}

			#remainder {
					flow-from: article;
					height: auto;
			}
		&lt;/style&gt;

		&lt;body&gt;
			&lt;article&gt;...&lt;/article&gt;
			&lt;div id="flex"&gt;
				&lt;div /&gt;
				&lt;div /&gt;
			&lt;/div&gt;
			&lt;div id="remainder"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/body&gt;
		</pre>
	</div>

<h2 id="pseudo_elements">
Pseudo-elements</h2>

	It can be useful
	to visually mark the content
	to highlight that a content thread
	is flowing through the <a>region chain</a>.
	For example, a marker
	such as <em>'continued below'</em> clearly indicates,
	at the end of a <a>CSS Region</a>,
	that there is more content in the flow
	which can be found by scrolling past
	whatever content interrupts the <a>region chain</a>.

	The '::before' and '::after' pseudo-elements (see [[!SELECT]])
	let content authors mark the beginning
	and end of a region with such markers.

<h2 id="regions-visual-formatting-details">
Regions visual formatting details</h2>

	Regions are laid out by CSS and take part in the normal box model and other layout models
	offered by CSS modules such as flexible boxes ([[CSS3-FLEXBOX]]). However, <span>regions</span>
	lay out a fragment of their <a>named flow</a> instead of laying out descendant content as happens with other
	boxes.

	This section describes the model for laying out <span>regions</span>
	and for laying out <a>named flow</a> content into regions.
	The descriptions in this section are biased towards a horizontal writing mode,
	using ''width'' for logical width (or measure)
	and ''height'' for logical height (or extent)
	as <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/#abstract-dimensions">defined</a>
	in the CSS Writing Modes Module [[!CSS3-WRITING-MODES]]).
	To use this model in a vertical writing mode apply the principles
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/#vertical-layout">described</a>
	in that specification.

<h3 id="processing-model">
Processing model</h3>

	The '::before' content is laid out
	in the region prior to
	any other content coming from the flow.

	The '::after' content is laid out
	in the region after laying out
	the flow fragment content into the <span>RFCB</span>.
	Then, flow content is removed from the fragment
	to accommodate the '::after' content.
	Accommodating means that the '::after' content
	is laid out without overflowing the region.

	If there is not enough room to accommodate
	the ::before content,
	the '::after' content after removing all flow fragment content,
	or a combination of the two,
	then the ::before and/or ::after content overflows that region.

<h3 id="regions-flow-content-box">
The Region Flow Content Box (RFCB)</h3>

	A region box lays out the following boxes:

	<ul>
		<li>
			The boxes generated by its <code>::before</code> and
			<code>::after</code> pseudo-elements, if any.
		</li>
		<li>
			The anonymous <dfn>region flow content box</dfn>
			(called <dfn>RFCB</dfn> in this document)
			which contains the fragment of the <a>named flow</a>
			that the region receives.
		</li>
	</ul>

	<figure>
		<img src="images/RFCB.svg" width=600 alt="The ::before, RFCB and ::after boxes contained in the Region Box"/>
		<figcaption>
			The Region Flow Content Box (RFCB)
		</figcaption>
	</figure>

	Laying out a <span>region</span> box follows the same processing rules
	as for any other <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#block-boxes">block container box</a>.

	The <span>RFCB</span> is a
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#block-boxes">block container box</a>
	with a computed 'width' of ''width/auto'' and whose used 'height' is resolved as detailed below.

	Since the <span>RFCB</span> is a <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#block-boxes">block container box</a>, the ::before box and ::after box will also be block containers, though the contents of ::before and ::after may be inline within those boxes.

<h4 id="rfcb-width-resolution">
RFCB 'width' resolution</h4>

	At various points in the visual formatting of documents containing regions,
	the used 'width' of RFCBs and regions need to be resolved.
	In all cases, the resolution is done following the rules for
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visudet.html#Computing_widths_and_margins">calculating widths and margins</a> (see [[!CSS21]]).
	Sometimes, resolving the used 'width' value requires
	measuring the content's <code>min-content</code>
	and <code>max-content</code> values
	(as <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/#orthogonal-auto">defined</a>
	in the CSS Writing Modes Module [[!CSS3-WRITING-MODES]]).
	or an RFCB, <strong>these measures are made
	on the <em>entire</em> associated <a>named flow</a> content</strong>.

	As a consequence,
	all <span>RFCBs</span> of <span>regions</span> associated
	with a given <a>named flow</a>
	share the same <code>min-content</code>
	and <code>max-content</code> measures.

	This approach is consistent with the
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-break/#varying-size-boxes">box model for breaking</a> ([[!CSS3-BREAK]]).


<h3 id="regions-visual-formatting-steps">
Regions visual formatting steps</h3>

	Formatting documents that contain <a>named flows</a> laid out in regions
	is a three-step process:

	<ul>
		<li>
			<em>Step 1: RFCB <dfn>flow fragment height</dfn> resolution</em>.
			In this step, the heights of fragments fitting in the regions' RFCBs are resolved.
		</li>
		<li>
			<em>Step 2: document and regions layout</em>.
			In this step, the document content and regions are laid out.
			However, <a>named flow</a> content is not laid out in regions yet.
		</li>
		<li>
			<em>Step 3: <a>named flow</a> layout</em>.
			In this step, the content of <a>named flows</a>
			is laid out in their respective <a>region chains</a>.
		</li>
	</ul>

	<figure>
		<img src="images/regions-layout-three-steps.svg" width=600 alt="visual representation of the three-step process"/>
		<figcaption>
			Regions visual formatting steps
		</figcaption>
	</figure>

<h4 id="rfcb-flow-fragment-height-resolution">
Step 1: RFCB flow fragment height resolution</h4>

	Conceptually, resolving the flow fragment height is a two phase process.

<h5 id="rfcb-flow-fragment-height-resolution-phase-1">
RFCB flow fragment height resolution, Phase 1</h5>

	The document is laid out with a
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/cascade.html#used-value">used</a> height of zero
	for all <span>RFCB</span>s. In this phase, the content of <a>named flows</a> is not laid out in
	<span>regions</span>. This phase yields resolved position and sizes for all regions and
	their RFCBs in the document.

<h5 id="rfcb-flow-fragment-height-resolution-phase-2">
RFCB flow fragment height resolution, Phase 2</h5>

	<a>named flows</a> are laid out in <span>regions</span>.
	The user agent resolves
	the <em><span>flow fragment height</span></em>
	for the <span>RFCB</span>s
	using the remainder of the flow
	and accounting for <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-break/">fragmentation rules</a>.
	This process accounts for constraints
	such as the 'height' or 'max-height' values,
	as described in the CSS 2.1 section
	on <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visudet.html#Computing_heights_and_margins">calculating heights and margins</a>
	(see the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visudet.html#normal-block">Block-level non-replaced elements in normal flow...</a>
	section and the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visudet.html#block-root-margin">complicated cases</a> section).
	During this phase,
	generated content is laid out
	according to the <a href="#processing-model">rules</a>
	described earlier in this document.

	In a <a>nested region context</a>,
	this phase will trigger
	the beginning of Step 1
	for any inner <a>named flows</a>
	whose regions are contained
	in the outer <a>named flow</a>.
	All of Step 1 for inner flows
	must recursively complete before Step 1
	for an outer flow completes.

<h4 id="regions-boxes-layout">
Step 2: region boxes layout</h4>

	In this step, the document is laid out according to the normal CSS layout rules.

	If a measure of the content is required to resolve the used 'width' of the region box,
	the value is resolved as described in the
	<a href="#rfcb-width-resolution">RFCB width resolution</a> section.

	If a measure of the content is required to resolve the used height of the RFCB
	(for example if the region box is absolutely positioned),
	the <span>flow fragment height</span> resolved in Step 1 is used
	for the vertical content measure of the RFCB.

	At the end of this step,
	regions are laid out and ready to receive content
	from their associated <a>named flows</a>.

<h4 id="named-flows-layout">
Step 3: named flows layout</h4>

	In this final step,
	the content of <a>named flows</a>
	is laid out in the <span>regions</span>' RFCBs
	along with the generated content boxes.

	The used 'width' for RFCBs is resolved
	<a href="#rfcb-width-resolution">as described before</a>.

	The used 'height' of RFCBs is resolved
	such that none of the boxes
	in the region box's normal flow
	overflow the region's box.
	In other words,
	the RFCB boxes are stretched vertically
	to accommodate as much
	of the flow as possible
	without overflowing the region box
	and accounting for
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-break/">fragmentation rules</a>
	and generated content boxes.

	During this phase,
	generated content is laid out
	according to the <a href="#processing-model">rules</a>
	described earlier in this document.

	In a <a>nested region context</a>,
	this step will trigger Step 2
	for inner <a>named flows</a>
	whose regions are contained
	in the outer <a>named flow</a>.
	Fragmentation of the inner regions
	may result as they are laid out
	in the outer <a>region chain</a>.
	Once Step 3 for an outer named flow is complete,
	Step 3 for the inner <a>named flows</a> recursively begins.

	Once Step 3 for a named flow is complete,
	The conditions for the
	<a href="#named-flow-events">named flow events</a> are checked,
	and if the triggers are met
	the events dispatch at this point.

	<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

		The model for resolving auto sized regions will cause,
		under certain circumstances,
		the flow content to be overset or underset.
		In other words,
		it will not fit tightly.
		The model prevents having circular dependencies
		in the layout model.
		Implementations may decide to apply
		further layout steps
		to ensure that the whole flow content
		is displayed to the user,
		even in edge cases.
	</div>

<h3 id="regions-visual-formatting-implementation-note">
Regions visual formatting: implementation note</h3>

	The process for resolving an RFCB's 'height' and the three-step process used to
	lay out documents containing regions and <a>named flows</a> are
	<em>conceptual</em> descriptions of what the layout
	should yield and implementations should optimize to reduce the number of
	steps and phases necessary wherever possible.

<h3 id="regions-visual-formatting-examples">
Regions visual formatting example</h3>

	This section is non-normative.

	This example considers a document where content flows between three regions,
	and region boxes are intermixed with the normal document content.

	<div class="example">
		<pre>
		&lt;style&gt;
			article {
					flow-into: article;
			}

			#rA, #rB, #rC {
					flow-from: article;
					height: auto;

					margin: 1em 1em 0em 1em;
					padding: 1em;
					border: 3px solid #46A4E9;
			}

			#rA {
					width: auto;
			}

			#rB {
					float: left;
					width: 15em;
					max-height: 150px;
			}

			#rC {
					float: right;
					width: 12em;
			}

			#main-flow {
					padding: 0em 1em 0em 1em;
			}
		&lt;/style&gt;

		&lt;body&gt;
				&lt;article&gt;
						&lt;p style="break-after:region;"&gt;I am not a ... &lt;/p&gt;
						&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;
				&lt;/article&gt;

				&lt;div id="rA"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div id="rB"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div id="rC"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

				&lt;div id="main-flow"&gt;
						&lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor ...&lt;/p&gt;
				&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/body&gt;
		</pre>
	</div>

	The following sections and figures illustrate the intermediate results
	for the visual formatting process.
	In the following, we call RFCB-A, RFCB-B and RFCB-C
	the <span>RFCBs</span> for regions rA, rB and rC respectively.

<h4 id="step1-phase1-example">
Step 1 - Phase 1: Laying out RFCBs with used height of zero</h4>

	Applying the rules for Step 1, Phase 1,
	the computed ''width/auto'' 'width' values for the RFCBs are resolved
	to used values according to the normal
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visudet.html#Computing_widths_and_margins">CSS layout rules</a>
	meaning they stretch to the width
	of their containing block's content box.

	<ol>
		<li>RFCB-A: stretches to fit the rA content box.
			<p>Since rA also has an ''width/auto'' 'width', its own used 'width' is stretched to fit the
			<code>&lt;body&gt;</code> content box.</p>
		</li>
		<li>RFCB-B: stretches to fit the <code>rB</code> content box.</li>
		<li>RFCB-C: stretches to fit the <code>rC</code> content box.</li>
	</ol>

	Also applying the rules for Step 1, Phase 1,
	the used values for the RFCBs 'height' properties are all zero.

	Conceptually, this produces the layout illustrated below.

	<figure>
		<img src="images/flow-fragment-height-phase-1.png" width=500 alt="Step 1 - Phase 1: Layout RFCBs with used heights of 0"/>
		<figcaption>
			Step 1 - Phase 1: Layout RFCBs with used heights of 0
		</figcaption>
	</figure>

<h4 id="step1-phase2-example">
Step 1 - Phase 2: Layout flow to compute the RFCBs' flow fragments heights</h4>

	In this second phase of Step 1,
	the named flow is laid out in <span>regions</span>
	and the height of each fragment falling in each RFCB is computed.

	The user agent lays out as much
	of the flow into an area with RFCB-A's used 'width'.
	rA's 'height' computes to ''width/auto''
	and there is no vertical maximum height for RFCA's 'height'.
	However, because there is a break after the first paragraph
	in the "article" <code>named flow</code>,
	only this first paragraph is laid out
	in RFCB-A and FH-A (the flow fragment height for RFCB-A)
	is resolved by laying out this first paragraph in the used 'width'.

	At this point, the user agent lays out as much
	of the remaining flow as possible in RFCB-B.
	Because rB's 'max-height' computed value is "150px",
	the user agent only lays out the "article" named flow
	using RFCB-B's used 'width' until the point where
	laying out additional content would cause RFCB-B to overflow rB's box.
	The fragment height for RFCB-B is resolved: FH-B (<code>150px</code>).

	Finally, the user agent lays out the remainder of the flow in RFCB-C.
	Because rC has no other constraints and no region breaks,
	the remaining content is laid out in RFCB-C's used 'width'.
	This results in a resolved flow fragment height: FH-C.

	<figure>
		<img src="images/flow-fragment-height-phase-2.png" width=370 alt="Step 1 - Phase 2: Measure flow fragments heights"/>
		<figcaption>
			Step 1 - Phase 2: Measure flow fragments heights
		</figcaption>
	</figure>

<h4 id="step2-example">
Step 2: Layout document and regions without named flows</h4>

	The used 'width' of RFCB-A, RFCB-B and RFCB-C
	are resolved as in the previous step.
	However, the 'height' is resolved differently.

	Resolving the 'height' of rA
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visudet.html#normal-block">requires a content measure</a>
	which is FH-A (the flow fragment height for RFCB-A).

	The 'height' of rB results from first computing its
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visudet.html#block-root-margin">content measure</a>
	and then applying the
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visudet.html#min-max-heights">rules for max-height</a>.
	Here, the vertical content measure evaluates to FH-B.
	After applying the rules for 'max-height'
	and accounting for margins, padding and borders,
	the used 'height' of rB is resolved to LH-B
	(<code>150px</code>).

	The 'height' of rC's box results from
	<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visudet.html#block-root-margin">calculating its content measure</a>:
	FH-C becomes rC's used 'height'.

	<figure>
		<img src="images/regions-visual-formatting-step-2.png" width=370 alt="Step 2: Layout document and regions without named flows"/>
		<figcaption>
			Step 2: Layout document and regions without <a>named flows</a>
		</figcaption>
	</figure>

<h4 id="step3-example">
Step 3: named flows layout</h4>

	In this final step,
	the <code>article</code> <a>named flow</a>
	is laid out in its <a>region chain</a>.
	The used 'width' for each of the RFCB
	is resolved as in step 1 above.

	The used 'height' for the RFCB is a result
	of laying out the as much of the content
	in the <span>region</span> without overflowing its content box
	and following the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-break/">fragmentation rules</a>.

	Because the computed 'width' of the RFCB has not changed
	and the fragmentation rules applied are the same as in Phase 1, Step 2,
	the used 'height' for RFCB-A, RFCB-B and RFCB-C
	are LH-A, LH-B and LH-C, respectively.

	There may be situations where the used 'height'
	of RFCBs resolved in Step 3 are different
	from the <span>flow fragment height</span>
	computed in Step 1 Phase 2.

	<figure>
		<img src="images/regions-visual-formatting-step-3.png" width=370 alt="Step 3: Final result after laying out named flows in regions"/>
		<figcaption>
			Step 3: Final result after laying out <a>named flows</a> in regions
		</figcaption>
	</figure>

<h2 id="relation-to-document-events">
Relation to document events</h2>

	The CSS Regions module does not alter
	the normal processing of events
	in the document tree.
	In particular,
	if an event occurs on an element
	that is part of a <a>named flow</a>,
	the <a href= "https://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#events">event's bubble and capture phases</a>
	happen following the document tree order.

	<div class="note"><span class="note-prefix">Note </span>

		This means that in most cases
		<a>CSS Regions</a>
		will not receive user events
		that trigger on their named flow content.
		Event handlers for named flow content can check
		<code><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#extensions-to-the-document-interface">getElementsFromPoint()</a></code> [[CSSOM-VIEW]]
		to find the <a>CSS Region</a>
		where the user event occurred.
		Future versions of CSS-UI may provide
		a more general solution for user event bubbling
		where the stack of elements
		at the event coordinates

	</div>

<h2 id="relation-to-other-specifications">
Relation to other specifications</h2>

	This specification is related to other specifications
	as described in the references section.
	In addition, it is related to the following specifications:

	<ol>
		<li>
			CSS Fragmentation Module Level 3 [[CSS3-BREAK]].
			This module defines the rules for fragmenting content over multiple containers
			and applies to <a>CSS Regions</a>
			in addition to applying to multi-column and paged media.
		</li>

		<li>
			CSS Pagination Templates Module Level 3 [[CSS3-PAGE-TEMPLATE]].
			This module defines a syntax to define layout templates
			which can be used when paginating content.
			The page templates use regions.
		</li>

		<li>
			CSS Exclusions Module [[CSS3-EXCLUSIONS]].
			This module defines a generic way to define exclusions
			around which content can flow.
			This can be seen as an extension to CSS floats.
			In advanced layout designs,
			it is expected that the CSS Exclusions module
			will be commonly combined with the CSS Regions module.
		</li>

		<li>
			CSS Line Grid Module [[CSS3-LINE-GRID]].
			This module defines a concept of line grid
			to align the position of lines in different elements.
			The line grid functionality is related and needed
			for aligning content flowing in separate regions.
		</li>
	</ol>

<h2 id="usecases">
Use Cases</h2>

	Use cases are described on
	<a href="http://wiki.csswg.org/spec/css3-regions/regions-use-cases">these</a>
	<a href="http://wiki.csswg.org/spec/css3-regions/regions-print-use-cases">pages</a>.

<h2 id="changes">
Changes</h2>

<h3 id="changes_from_Feb_18_2014">
Changes from <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-css3-regions-20140218/">February 18<sup>th</sup> 2014</a> version</h3>

	<ul>
		<li>Added three simpler examples to the introduction</li>
		<li>Moved complex example to the <a href="http://wiki.csswg.org/spec/css3-regions/complex-layout-example">CSSWG wiki</a></li>
		<li>Moved the effects of CSS containment to this specification from [[CSS-CONTAIN-1]].
	</ul>

<h3 id="changes_from_May_28_2013">
Changes from <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css3-regions-20130528/">May 28<sup>th</sup> 2013</a> version</h3>

	<ul>
		<li>Removed region styling from this level</li>
		<li>Changed ::region() to ::region</li>
		<li>display:none elements do not become CSS Regions</li>
		<li>Clarify accessibility interactions with flow-into</li>
		<li>Change NamedFlowCollection to NamedFlowMap</li>
		<li>Remove mention of run-in and clarify ::before and ::after block containers</li>
		<li>Removed custom element syntax from examples</li>
		<li>Changed NamedFlowCollection getters back to null when there is no NamedFlow.</li>
		<li>Removed issue on user events and added note describing solution(s)</li>
		<li>Changed type of NamedFlow.getContent() from NodeList to sequence&lt;Node&gt;</li>
	</ul>

<h3 id="changes_from_Aug_28_2012">
Changes from <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-regions-20120823/">August 28<sup>th</sup> 2012</a> version</h3>

	<ul>
		<li>Changed @region rule to ::region() functional pseudo-element</li>
		<li>Removed CSSRegionStyleRule (see above)</li>
		<li>Tied named flow event triggers to visual processing model</li>
		<li>Described how visual formatting of nested regions works</li>
		<li>Added content and element keywords to flow-into</li>
		<li>Added regionoversetchange event</li>
		<li>renamed regionlayoutupdate to regionfragmentchange</li>
		<li>Defined offsetParent interaction</li>
		<li>Removed implication of DOM manipulation</li>
		<li>Changed Appendix A to use custom element layout.</li>
		<li>Noted change in pseudo-element generation with flow-from.</li>
		<li>Changed case of regionlayoutupdate to match other events in [[DOM-LEVEL-3-EVENTS]].</li>
		<li>Added section on fragmenting the fragmenters.</li>
		<li>Added section on handling circular flow-from and flow-into situations.</li>
		<li>Added alignment and justification to region styling properties.</li>
		<li>Added timing for regionLayoutUpdate event.</li>
		<li>Clarified interaction between content and flow-from for pseudo-elements.</li>
		<li>Changed NamedFlowCollection getters to return undefined when there is no NamedFlow.</li>
		<li>Changed region-overflow property to region-fragment.</li>
	</ul>

<h3 id="changes_from_May_03_2012">
Changes from <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-regions-20120503/">May 3<sup>rd</sup> 2012</a> version</h3>

	<ul>
		<li>Removed exceptions from the Region interface.</li>
		<li>Changed NamedFlowCollection from live to a static snapshot.</li>
		<li>Changed NamedFlow to inherit from EventTarget.</li>
		<li>Removed flowFrom from Region interface and changed method name to getComputedRegionStyle().</li>
		<li>Region interface is now a supplemental interface with the [NoInterfaceObject] extended attribute.</li>
		<li>Added note for regionLayoutUpdate dispatching in nested flows.</li>
		<li>Removed Document.getFlowByName() in favor of NamedFlowCollection.namedItem().</li>
		<li>Changed to overset:false for NULL NamedFlow.</li>
		<li>Changed regionLayoutUpdate to not bubble.</li>
	</ul>

<h3 id="older_changes">Older Changes</h3>

	Older changelogs are <a href="http://wiki.csswg.org/spec/css3-regions/older-changelogs">archived</a> on the CSSWG wiki.

<h2 class="no-num" id="acknowledgments">
Acknowledgments</h2>

	The editors are grateful to the CSS working group
	for their feedback and help with the genesis of this specification.

	In addition, the editors would like to thank
	the following individuals for their contributions,
	either during the conception of CSS Regions
	or during its development and specification review process:

	Erik Arvidsson,
	Tab Atkins,
	Catalin Badea,
	Mihai Balan,
	Andrei Bucur,
	Razvan Caliman,
	Alexandru Chiculita,
	Phil Cupp,
	Arron Eicholz,
	John Jansen,
	CJ Gammon,
	Dimitri Glazkov,
	Daniel Glazman,
	Arno Gourdol,
	Catalin Grigoroscuta,
	David Hyatt,
	Brian Heuston,
	Ian Hickson,
	Jonathan Hoersch,
	Michael Jolson,
	Brad Kemper,
	Håkon Wium Lie,
	Kang-Hao (Kenny) Lu,
	Mihai Maerean,
	Markus Mielke,
	Robert O'Callahan,
	Theresa O'Connor,
	Mihnea Ovidenie,
	Virgil Palanciuc,
	Olga Popiv,
	Christoph Päper,
	Anton Prowse,
	Florian Rivoal,
	Peter Sorotokin,
	Elliott Sprehn,
	Radu Stavila,
	Christian Stockwell,
	Eugene Veselov,
	Boris Zbarsky,
	Stephen Zilles
	and the CSS Working Group members.