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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
<title>CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3</title>
<link href="../default.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-[STATUS].css" rel=stylesheet type="text/css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="head">
<!--logo-->
<h1>CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc">[LONGSTATUS] [DATE]</h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:
<dd><a href="[VERSION]">[VERSION]</a>
<dt>Latest version:
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-cascade">http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-cascade</a>
<dt>Editor's draft:
<dd><a href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/[SHORTNAME]/">http://dev.w3.org/csswg/[SHORTNAME]/</var></a>
<dt>Previous version:
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-css3-cascade-20051215">http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-css3-cascade-20051215</a>
<dt>Editors:
<dd class='vcard'>
<a class='email fn' href="mailto:howcome@opera.com">Håkon Wium Lie</a> (<span class='org'>Opera Software</span>)
<dd class='vcard'>
<a class='url fn' href="http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact">Elika J. Etemad</a> (<span class='org'>Mozilla</span>)
<dd class='vcard'>
<a class='url fn' href="http://www.xanthir.com/contact/">Tab Atkins Jr.</a> (<span class='org'>Google</span>)
</dl>
<!--copyright-->
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc">Abstract</h2>
<p>
This CSS3 module describes how to collate style rules
and assign values to all properties on all elements.
Values either come from style sheets or the property's initial value.
By way of cascading and inheritance,
values are propagated to all properties on all elements.
<h2 class="no-num no-toc">
Status of this document</h2>
<!--status-->
<h2 class="no-num no-toc">
Table of contents</h2>
<!--toc-->
<hr>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>
One of the fundamental design principles of CSS is <em>cascading</em>,
which allows several style sheets to influence the presentation of a document.
When different declarations try to set a value for the same element/property combination,
the conflicts must somehow be resolved.
<p>
The opposite problem arises when no declarations try to set a the value for an element/property combination.
In this case, a value must be found by way of <em>inheritance</em>
or by looking at the property's <em>initial value</em>.
<p>
The rules for finding the specified value for all properties on all elements are described in this specification.
The rules for finding the specified values in the page context and the margin boxes are described in [[CSS3PAGE]].
<h2 id="at-import">
Importing style sheets: the ''@import'' rule</h2>
<p>
The <dfn>''@import''</dfn> rule allows users to import style rules from other style sheets.
Any ''@import'' rules must follow all ''@charset'' rules
and precede all other at-rules and rule sets in a style sheet.
The ''@import'' keyword must be followed by the URI of the style sheet to include.
A string is also allowed;
it will be interpreted as if it had url(…) around it.
<div class="example">
<p>
The following lines are equivalent in meaning
and illustrate both '@import' syntaxes
(one with ''url()'' and one with a bare string):
<pre><!--
-->@import "mystyle.css";
<!--
-->@import url("mystyle.css");</pre>
</div>
<p>
So that user agents can avoid retrieving resources for unsupported media types,
authors may specify media-dependent ''@import'' rules.
These <dfn title="conditional import|media-dependent import">conditional imports</dfn> specify comma-separated “media queries” after the URI.
<div class=example>
<p>
The following rules illustrate how ''@import'' rules can be made media-dependent:
<pre><!--
-->@import url("fineprint.css") print;
<!--
-->@import url("bluish.css") projection, tv;
<!--
-->@import url("narrow.css") handheld and (max-width: 400px);</pre>
</div>
<p>
The full syntax of the expressions after the URL
is defined by the Media Queries specification [[!MEDIAQ]].
<p>
In the absence of any media queries,
the import is unconditional.
Specifying ''all'' for the medium has the same effect.
<h2 id='shorthand'>
Shorthand Properties</h2>
<p>
Some properties are <dfn>shorthand properties</dfn>,
meaning that they allow authors to specify the values of several properties with a single property.
A shorthand property sets all of its longhand sub-properties,
exactly as if expanded in place.
<div class='example'>
<p>
For example, the CSS 2.1 'font' property
is a shorthand property for setting 'font-style', 'font-variant', 'font-weight', 'font-size', 'line-height', and 'font-family' all at once. The multiple style rules of this example:
<pre>
h1 {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 14pt;
font-family: Helvetica;
font-variant: normal;
font-style: normal;
}</pre>
<p>can therefore be rewritten as
<pre>h1 { font: bold 12pt/14pt Helvetica }</pre>
</div>
<p>
When values are omitted from a shorthand form,
unless otherwise defined,
each "missing" sub-property is assigned its <i>initial value</i>.
<p class='note'>
This means that a shorthand property declaration always sets <em title=''>all</em> of its subproperties,
even those that are not explicitly set.
Carelessly used, this might result in inadvertently resetting some sub-properties.
Carefully used, a shorthand can guarantee a "blank slate"
by resetting sub-properties inadvertently cascaded from other sources.
For example, writing ''background: green'' rather than ''background-color: green''
ensures that the background color overrides any earlier declarations
that might have set the background to an image.
<p>
In some cases, a shorthand might have different syntax
or special keywords
that don't directly correspond to values of its sub-properties.
(In such cases, the shorthand will explicitly define the expansion of its values.)
<p>
If a shorthand is specified as one of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-values/#common-keywords">CSS-wide keywords</a>,
it sets all of its sub-properties to that keyword.
(Note that these keywords cannot be combined with other values in a single declaration, not even in a shorthand.)
<p>
Declaring a shorthand property to be ''!important''
is equivalent to declaring all of its sub-properties to be "!important".
<h3 id="all-shorthand">
Resetting All Properties: the ''all'' property</h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn>all</dfn>
<tr>
<th>Value:
<td>initial | inherit | default
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>See individual properties
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>See individual properties
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>See individual properties
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>See individual properties
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>See individual properties
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>See individual properties
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>See individual properties
</table>
<p>
The ''all'' property is a shorthand that resets <em title=''>all</em> CSS properties.
It only accepts the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-values/#common-keywords">CSS-wide keywords</a>.
<div class='example'>
<p>
For example, if an author specifies ''all: default'' on an element
it will block all inheritance and reset all properties,
as if no rules appeared in the author level of the cascade.
<p>
This can be useful for the root element of a "widget" included in a page,
which does not wish to inherit the styles of the outer page.
</div>
<h2 id="cascade-and-inheritance">
Cascading and Inheritance</h2>
<p>
The cascading and inheritance process
takes a set of declarations as input,
and outputs a specified value for each property on each element.
<h3 id='filter-declarations'>
Filtering Declarations</h3>
<p>
In order to find the specified values,
implementations must first identify all declarations that apply to each element.
A declaration applies to an element if:
<ul>
<li>
It belongs to a stylesheet that currently applies to this document.
<li>
It is not qualified by a conditional rule [[!CSS3-CONDITIONAL]] with a false condition.
<li>
It belongs to a ruleset whose selector matches the element. [[!SELECT]]
(Taking <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors4/#scoping">scoping</a> into account, if necessary.)
</ul>
<p>
The remaining declarations form,
for each property on each element,
an unordered list of values.
The next section,
the cascade process,
orders these lists.
<h3 id='cascade'>
Cascading Declarations</h3>
<p>
The cascade algorithm takes an unordered list of declarations
for a given property on an element
and sorts it by precedence as determined below.
<p>
User agents must sort declarations according to the following criteria,
in descending order of importance:
<dl>
<dt>Origin
<dd>
The origin of a declaration is based on where it comes from
and whether or not it is declared ''!important'' (see below).
The precedence of the various origins is, in descending order:
<ol>
<li>Transition declarations [[!CSS3-TRANSITIONS]]
<li>Important user agent declarations
<li>Important user declarations
<li>Important override declarations [[!DOM-LEVEL-2-STYLE]]
<li>Important author declarations
<li>Animation declarations [[!CSS3-ANIMATIONS]]
<li>Normal override declarations [[!DOM-LEVEL-2-STYLE]]
<li>Normal author declarations
<li>Normal user declarations
<li>Normal user agent declarations
</ol>
<p>
Declarations from origins earlier in this list win over declarations from later origins.
<dt>Scope
<dd>
If a declaration belongs to a ruleset with a <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors4/#scoping">scoped selector</a>,
the element it is scoped to can affect the cascade.
For the purpose of this step,
all other declarations are considered to be scoped to the root element.
<p>
If the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors4/#scoping-element">scoping elements</a> of two declarations
have an ancestor/descendant relationship,
the declaration whose scoping element is the descendant wins.
<dt>Specificity
<dd>
The <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#specificity">Selectors module</a> [[!SELECT]] and the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css-style-attr/#interpret">Style Attributes module</a> [[CSS-STYLE-ATTR]] describe how to compute the specificity.
The declaration with the highest specificity wins.
<dt>Order of appearance.
<dd>
Rules from imported style sheets are treated as if their stylesheets were substituted in place of the ''@import'' rule.
Stylesheets independently linked by the originating document are treated as if they were concatenated in linking order,
as determined by the host document language.
The last declaration wins.
</dl>
<p>
The <dfn>output of the cascade</dfn>
is a (potentially empty) sorted list of declarations for each property on each element.
<h4 id='cascading-origins'>
Cascading Origins</h4>
<p>
Each style rule has an origin,
which determines where it enters the cascade.
CSS defines three core origins:
<dl>
<dt>Author
<dd>
The author specifies style sheets for a source document according to the conventions of the document language. For instance, in HTML, style sheets may be included in the document or linked externally.
<dt>User
<dd>
The user may be able to specify style information for a particular document.
For example, the user may specify a file that contains a style sheet
or the user agent may provide an interface that generates a user style sheet
(or behaves as if it did).
<dt>User agent
<dd>
Conforming user agents must apply a default style sheet
(or behave as if they did).
A user agent's default style sheet should present the elements of the document language in ways that satisfy general presentation expectations for the document language
(e.g., for visual browsers, the EM element in HTML is presented using an italic font).
See e.g. the <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/rendering.html#the-css-user-agent-style-sheet-and-presentational-hints">HTML user agent style sheet</a>.
</dl>
<p>
Extensions to CSS define the following additional origins:
<dl>
<dt>Override
<dd>
<a>DOM Level 2 Style</a> [[!DOM-LEVEL-2-STYLE]] defines an interface for "override" styles,
which enter the cascade at a higher level than other author rules.
<dt>Animation
<dd>
CSS Animations [[CSS3-ANIMATIONS]] generate "virtual" rules representing their effects when running.
<dt>Transition
<dd>
Like CSS Animations, CSS Transitions [[CSS3-TRANSITIONS]] generate "virtual" rules representing their effects when running.
</dl>
<h4 id='important-rules'>
''!important'' rules</h4>
<p>
CSS attempts to create a balance of power between author and user style sheets.
By default, rules in an author's style sheet override those in a user's style sheet.
<p>
However, for balance, an "!important" declaration takes precedence over a normal declaration.
Author and user style sheets may contain "!important" declarations,
with user "!important" rules overriding author "!important" rules.
This CSS feature improves accessibility of documents by giving users with special requirements
(large fonts, color combinations, etc.)
control over presentation.
<p>
A declaration is "!important" if the last two tokens in its value are the delimiter token ''!'' followed by the identifier token ''important''.
Declaring a shorthand property (e.g., 'background') to be "!important" is equivalent to
declaring all of its sub-properties to be "!important".
<p>
User agent stylesheets may also contain "!important" rules.
These override all author and user rules.
<div class='example'>
<p>
The first rule in the user's style sheet in the following example contains an "!important" declaration,
which overrides the corresponding declaration in the author's style sheet.
The second declaration will also win due to being marked "!important".
However, the third rule in the user's style sheet is not "!important"
and will therefore lose to the second rule in the author's style sheet
(which happens to set style on a shorthand property).
Also, the third author rule will lose to the second author rule since the second rule is "!important".
This shows that "!important" declarations have a function also within author style sheets.
<pre>
/* From the user's style sheet */
p { text-indent: 1em !important }
p { font-style: italic !important }
p { font-size: 18pt }
/* From the author's style sheet */
p { text-indent: 1.5em !important }
p { font: normal 12pt sans-serif !important }
p { font-size: 24pt }</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="preshint">
Precedence of Non-CSS Presentational Hints</h4>
<p>
The UA may choose to honor presentational hints in a source document's markup,
for example the <code>bgcolor</code> attribute or <code><s></code> element in [[HTML]].
All document language-based styling must be translated to corresponding CSS rules
and either enter the cascade at the user agent level or
be treated as author level rules with a specificity of zero placed at the start of the author style sheet.
A document language may define whether a presentational hint enters at the UA or author level of the cascade;
if so, the UA must behave accordingly.
For example, [[SVG11]] maps its presentation attributes into the author level.
<p class="note">
Presentational hints entering the cascade at the UA level can be overridden by user styles.
Presentational hints entering the cascade at the author level can be overridden by the author's use of the ''default'' keyword.
Host languages should choose the appropriate level for presentational hints with these considerations in mind.
<h4 id="cascaded-value">
The Cascaded Value</h4>
<p>
The <dfn>cascaded value</dfn> represents the result of the cascade.
It is the value of the highest declaration in the <i>output of the cascade</i>
(after any rollback steps have been performed, see below).
If the <i>output of the cascade</i> is an empty list,
the <i>cascaded value</i> is the ''inherit'' keyword
if the property is an <i>inherited property</i>
(as defined by its property definition table)
or the ''initial'' keyword otherwise.
<h3 id="defaulting">
Inheritance and Defaulting</h3>
<p>
In most cases, the <i>specified value</i> is the <i>cascaded value</i>.
However, the ''initial'', ''inherit'', and ''default'' values
are handled specially when they are the <i>cascaded value</i> of a property.
<h4 id="initial">
Initial value: the ''initial'' keyword</h3>
<p>
Each property has an <dfn>initial value</dfn>,
defined in the property's definition table.
If the <i>cascaded value</i> is the ''initial'' keyword,
the property's <i>initial value</i> becomes its <i>specified value</i>.
<h4 id="inheritance">
Inheritance: the ''inherit'' keyword</h3>
<p>
Some properties are <dfn title="inherited property|inherited properties">inherited properties</dfn>,
as defined in their property definition table.
This means that,
unless the cascade results in a value,
the value will be determined by inheritance.
<p>
Inheritance propagates property values from parent elements to their children.
The <dfn>inherited value</dfn> of a property on an element
is the <i>computed value</i> of the property on the element's parent element.
For the root element,
which has no parent element,
the <i>inherited value</i> is the <i>initial value</i> of the property.
<p>
Pseudo-elements inherit according to a fictional tag sequence described for each pseudo-element [[!SELECT]].
<p class='note'>
Note that inheritance follows the document tree and is not intercepted by <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#box-gen">anonymous boxes</a>,
or otherwise affected by manipulations of the box tree.
<p>
If the <i>cascaded value</i> of a property is the ''inherit'' keyword,
the <i>inherited value</i> becomes the property's <i>specified</i> and <i>computed values</i>.
<h4 id='default-keyword'>
Rolling back the cascade: the ''default'' keyword</h4>
<p>
CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3 introduces the ''default'' keyword
as a <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-values/#common-keywords">CSS-wide keyword</a>
accepted by all properties.
<p>
If the <i>cascaded value</i> is the ''default'' keyword,
then the origin level to which it belongs is discarded from the cascade,
resulting in a new <i>cascaded value</i>.
This continues until the <i>cascaded value</i> is not ''default''
or until the <i>output of the cascade</i> is empty.
<h2 id="value-stages">
Stages of Value Computation</h2>
<p>
Once a user agent has parsed a document and constructed a document tree,
it must assign,
for every element in the tree,
a value to every property that applies to the target media type.
<p>
The final value of a CSS3 property for a given element is the result of a four-step calculation:
<ul>
<li>
First, cascading and inheritance yields the <i>specified value</i>.
<li>
Second, relative values are computed into absolute values as far as possible without formatting the document,
thereby yielding the <i>computed value</i>.
<li>
The computed value is transformed into the <i>used value</i> in the formatting process.
<li>
Finally, the computed value is transformed to the <i>actual value</i>
based on constraints of local environment.
</ul>
<h3 id="specified">
Finding the specified value</h3>
<p>
The <dfn>specified value</dfn> is the output of the <a href="#cascade-and-inheritance">cascading and inheritance process</a>.
<p>
The cascading and inheritance process guarantees that a <i>specified value</i> exists for every property on every element.
<h3 id="computed">
Finding the computed value</h3>
<p>
A <i>specified value</i> can be either absolute (i.e., not relative to another value, as in 'red' or '2mm') or relative (i.e., relative to another value, as in 'auto', '2em').
<p>
For absolute values,
no extra processing is needed to find the computed value.
For relative values, on the other hand,
computation is necessary to find the computed value:
percentages must be multiplied by a reference value
(each property defines which value that is),
values with relative units
(em, ex, vh, vw)
must be made absolute by multiplying with the appropriate reference size,
certain keywords
(e.g., 'smaller', 'bolder')
must be replaced according to their definitions,
and valid relative URLs must be resolved to become absolute.
See examples (f), (g) and (h) in the <a href="#stages-examples">table below</a>.
<p>
The <dfn>computed value</dfn> is the result of resolving the <i>specified value</i>
as defined in the "Computed Value" line of the property definition table.
Generally, this means resolving the <i>specified value</i>
insofar as possible without formatting the document.
<p class="note">
The <i>computed value</i> is the value that is transferred from parent to child during <i>inheritance</i>.
<p>
The <i>computed value</i> exists even when the property does not apply
(as defined by the "Applies To" line).
However, some properties may define the <i>computed value</i> of a property for an element
to depend on whether the property applies to that element.
<h3 id='used'>
Finding the used value</h3>
<p>
<i>Computed values</i> are processed as far as possible without formatting the document.
Some values, however, can only be determined when the document is being laid out.
For example, if the width of an element is set to be a certain percentage of its containing block,
the width cannot be determined until the width of the containing block has been determined.
The <dfn>used value</dfn> is the result of taking the <i>computed value</i>
and resolving any remaining dependencies into an absolute value.
<h3 id="actual">
Finding the actual value</h3>
<p>
A <i>used value</i> is in principle ready to be used,
but a user agent may not be able to make use of the value in a given environment.
For example, a user agent may only be able to render borders with integer pixel widths
and may therefore have to approximate the computed width.
Also, the font size of an element may need adjustment based on the availability of fonts
or the value of the 'font-size-adjust' property.
The <dfn>actual value</dfn> is the used value after any such approximations have been made.
<p class="note">
By probing the actual values of elements,
much can be learned about how the document is laid out.
However, not all information is recorded in the actual values.
For example, the actual value of the 'page-break-after' property
does not reflect whether there is a page break or not after the element.
Similarly, the actual value of 'orphans'
does not reflect how many orphan lines there is in a certain element.
See examples (j) and (k) in the <a href="#stages-examples">table below</a>.
<h3 id="stages-examples">
Examples</h3>
<table class="data">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>
<th>Property
<th>Winning declaration
<!-- <th>Cascaded value -->
<th>Specified value
<th>Computed value
<th>Used value
<th>Actual value
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>(a)
<th>'text-align'
<td><code class="declaration">text-align: left</code>
<!-- <td>''left''-->
<td>''left''
<td>''left''
<td>''left''
<td>''left''
<tr>
<td>(b)
<th>'border-top-width', 'border-right-width', 'border-bottom-width', 'border-left-width'
<td><code class="declaration">border-width: inherit</code>
<!-- <td>''inherit'' -->
<td class="say">''4.2px''
<td>''4.2px''
<td>''4.2px''
<td>''4px''
<tr>
<td>(c)
<th>'width'
<td><small>(none)</small>
<!-- <td><small>(none)</small>-->
<td>''auto'' <small>(initial value)</small>
<td>''auto''
<td>''120px''
<td>''120px''
<tr>
<td>(d)
<th>'list-style-position'
<td><code class="declaration">list-style-position: inherit</code>
<!-- <td>''inherit'' -->
<td class="say">''inside''
<td>''inside''
<td>''inside''
<td>''inside''
<tr>
<td>(e)
<th>'list-style-position'
<td><code class="declaration">list-style-position: initial</code>
<!-- <td>''initial''-->
<td>''outside'' <small>(initial value)</small>
<td>''outside''
<td>''outside''
<td>''outside''
<tr>
<td>(f)
<th>'font-size'
<td><code class="declaration">font-size: 1.2em</code>
<!-- <td>''1.2em''-->
<td>''1.2em''
<td class="say">''14.1px''
<td>''14.1px''
<td>''14px''
<tr>
<td>(g)
<th>'width'
<td><code class="declaration">width: 80%</code>
<!-- <td>''80%''-->
<td>''80%''
<td>''80%''
<td class="say">''354.2px''
<td>''354px''
<tr>
<td>(h)
<th>'width'
<td><code class="declaration">width: auto</code>
<!-- <td>''auto''-->
<td>''auto''
<td>''auto''
<td class="say">''134px''
<td>''134px''
<tr>
<td>(i)
<th>'height'
<td><code class="declaration">height: auto</code>
<!-- <td>''auto''-->
<td>''auto''
<td>''auto''
<td class="say">''176px''
<td>''176px''
<tr>
<td>(j)
<th>'page-break-after'
<td><small>(none)</small>
<!-- <td><small>(none)</small>-->
<td>''auto'' <small>(initial value)</small>
<td>''auto''
<td>''auto''
<td>''auto''
<tr>
<td>(k)
<th>'orphans'
<td><code class="declaration">orphans: 3</code>
<!-- <td>''3''-->
<td>''3''
<td>''3''
<td>''3''
<td>''3''
</table>
<h2>Conformance</h2>
<p>[TBD]
<h2 class="no-num" id="acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</h2>
<p>David Baron contributed to this specification.
<h2 class=no-num id='references'>References</h2>
<h3 class="no-num" id="normative-references">Normative references</h3>
<!--normative-->
<h3 class="no-num" id="other-references">Other references</h3>
<!--informative-->
<h2 class="no-num" id="index">Index</h2>
<!--index-->
<h2 class="no-num" id="property-index">Property index</h2>
<!-- properties -->
</body>
</html>