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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<title>CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1</title>
<link href="../default.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="../csslogo.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon">
<style>
body {
background: url("https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/logo-ED") top left no-repeat white;
background-attachment: fixed;
color: black;
font-family: sans-serif;
margin: 0 auto;
max-width: 50em;
padding: 2em 1em 2em 70px;
}
:link { color: #00C; background: transparent }
:visited { color: #609; background: transparent }
a[href]:active { color: #C00; background: transparent }
a[href]:hover { background: #ffa }
a[href] img { border-style: none }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { text-align: left }
h1, h2, h3 { color: #005A9C; }
h1 { font: 170% sans-serif }
h2 { font: 140% sans-serif }
h3 { font: 120% sans-serif }
h4 { font: bold 100% sans-serif }
h5 { font: italic 100% sans-serif }
h6 { font: small-caps 100% sans-serif }
.hide { display: none }
div.head { margin-bottom: 1em }
div.head h1 { margin-top: 2em; clear: both }
div.head table { margin-left: 2em; margin-top: 2em }
p.copyright { font-size: small }
p.copyright small { font-size: small }
pre { margin-left: 2em }
dt { font-weight: bold }
ul.toc, ol.toc {
list-style: none;
}
</style>
<style type="text/css">
.example {
clear:both
}
.pseudo-code {
font-family:monospace
}
.pseudo-code > ol {
list-style-type:decimal
}
.pseudo-code > ol > li > ol {
list-style-type:lower-latin
}
.pseudo-code > ol > li > ol > li > ol {
list-style-type:lower-roman
}
.pseudo-code ul {
list-style-type:disc
}
dd > p:nth-child(1) {
margin-top:0
}
dd:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
dl.phase {
padding-left: .5em;
border-left: .5em #e0e0e0 solid;
}
</style>
<script>self = (typeof window !== 'undefined')
? window // if in browser
: (
(typeof WorkerGlobalScope !== 'undefined' && self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)
? self // if in worker
: {} // if in node js
);
/**
* Prism: Lightweight, robust, elegant syntax highlighting
* MIT license http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php/
* @author Lea Verou http://lea.verou.me
*/
var Prism = (function(){
// Private helper vars
var lang = /\blang(?:uage)?-(?!\*)(\w+)\b/i;
var _ = self.Prism = {
util: {
encode: function (tokens) {
if (tokens instanceof Token) {
return new Token(tokens.type, _.util.encode(tokens.content), tokens.alias);
} else if (_.util.type(tokens) === 'Array') {
return tokens.map(_.util.encode);
} else {
return tokens.replace(/&/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/\u00a0/g, ' ');
}
},
type: function (o) {
return Object.prototype.toString.call(o).match(/\[object (\w+)\]/)[1];
},
// Deep clone a language definition (e.g. to extend it)
clone: function (o) {
var type = _.util.type(o);
switch (type) {
case 'Object':
var clone = {};
for (var key in o) {
if (o.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
clone[key] = _.util.clone(o[key]);
}
}
return clone;
case 'Array':
return o.slice();
}
return o;
}
},
languages: {
extend: function (id, redef) {
var lang = _.util.clone(_.languages[id]);
for (var key in redef) {
lang[key] = redef[key];
}
return lang;
},
// Insert a token before another token in a language literal
insertBefore: function (inside, before, insert, root) {
root = root || _.languages;
var grammar = root[inside];
var ret = {};
for (var token in grammar) {
if (grammar.hasOwnProperty(token)) {
if (token == before) {
for (var newToken in insert) {
if (insert.hasOwnProperty(newToken)) {
ret[newToken] = insert[newToken];
}
}
}
ret[token] = grammar[token];
}
}
return root[inside] = ret;
},
// Traverse a language definition with Depth First Search
DFS: function(o, callback, type) {
for (var i in o) {
if (o.hasOwnProperty(i)) {
callback.call(o, i, o[i], type || i);
if (_.util.type(o[i]) === 'Object') {
_.languages.DFS(o[i], callback);
} else if (_.util.type(o[i]) === 'Array') {
_.languages.DFS(o[i], callback, i);
}
}
}
}
},
highlightAll: function(async, callback) {
var elements = document.querySelectorAll('code[class*="language-"], [class*="language-"] code, code[class*="lang-"], [class*="lang-"] code');
for (var i=0, element; element = elements[i++];) {
if (element.classList.contains("idl")) {
// Bikeshed handles IDL blocks already.
continue;
}
_.highlightElement(element, async === true, callback);
}
var elements = document.querySelectorAll('pre[class*="language-"], [class*="language-"] pre, pre[class*="lang-"], [class*="lang-"] pre');
for (var i=0, element; element = elements[i++];) {
if (element.firstElementChild && element.firstElementChild.tagName.toLowerCase() == "code") {
// Already handled by the previous loop
continue;
}
if (element.classList.contains("idl")) {
// Bikeshed handles IDL blocks already.
continue;
}
_.highlightElement(element, async === true, callback);
}
},
highlightElement: function(element, async, callback) {
// Find language
var language, grammar, parent = element;
while (parent && !lang.test(parent.className)) {
parent = parent.parentNode;
}
if (parent) {
language = (parent.className.match(lang) || [,''])[1];
grammar = _.languages[language];
}
if (!grammar) {
return;
}
// Set language on the element, if not present
element.className = element.className.replace(lang, '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ') + ' language-' + language;
// Set language on the parent, for styling
parent = element.parentNode;
if (/pre/i.test(parent.nodeName)) {
parent.className = parent.className.replace(lang, '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ') + ' language-' + language;
}
var code = element.textContent;
if(!code) {
return;
}
var env = {
element: element,
language: language,
grammar: grammar,
code: code
};
_.hooks.run('before-highlight', env);
if (async && self.Worker) {
var worker = new Worker(_.filename);
worker.onmessage = function(evt) {
env.highlightedCode = Token.stringify(JSON.parse(evt.data), language);
_.hooks.run('before-insert', env);
env.element.innerHTML = env.highlightedCode;
callback && callback.call(env.element);
_.hooks.run('after-highlight', env);
};
worker.postMessage(JSON.stringify({
language: env.language,
code: env.code
}));
}
else {
env.highlightedCode = _.highlight(env.code, env.grammar, env.language)
_.hooks.run('before-insert', env);
env.element.innerHTML = env.highlightedCode;
callback && callback.call(element);
_.hooks.run('after-highlight', env);
}
},
highlight: function (text, grammar, language) {
var tokens = _.tokenize(text, grammar);
return Token.stringify(_.util.encode(tokens), language);
},
tokenize: function(text, grammar, language) {
var Token = _.Token;
var strarr = [text];
var rest = grammar.rest;
if (rest) {
for (var token in rest) {
grammar[token] = rest[token];
}
delete grammar.rest;
}
tokenloop: for (var token in grammar) {
if(!grammar.hasOwnProperty(token) || !grammar[token]) {
continue;
}
var patterns = grammar[token];
patterns = (_.util.type(patterns) === "Array") ? patterns : [patterns];
for (var j = 0; j < patterns.length; ++j) {
var pattern = patterns[j],
inside = pattern.inside,
lookbehind = !!pattern.lookbehind,
lookbehindLength = 0,
alias = pattern.alias;
pattern = pattern.pattern || pattern;
for (var i=0; i<strarr.length; i++) { // Don’t cache length as it changes during the loop
var str = strarr[i];
if (strarr.length > text.length) {
// Something went terribly wrong, ABORT, ABORT!
break tokenloop;
}
if (str instanceof Token) {
continue;
}
pattern.lastIndex = 0;
var match = pattern.exec(str);
if (match) {
if(lookbehind) {
lookbehindLength = match[1].length;
}
var from = match.index - 1 + lookbehindLength,
match = match[0].slice(lookbehindLength),
len = match.length,
to = from + len,
before = str.slice(0, from + 1),
after = str.slice(to + 1);
var args = [i, 1];
if (before) {
args.push(before);
}
var wrapped = new Token(token, inside? _.tokenize(match, inside) : match, alias);
args.push(wrapped);
if (after) {
args.push(after);
}
Array.prototype.splice.apply(strarr, args);
}
}
}
}
return strarr;
},
hooks: {
all: {},
add: function (name, callback) {
var hooks = _.hooks.all;
hooks[name] = hooks[name] || [];
hooks[name].push(callback);
},
run: function (name, env) {
var callbacks = _.hooks.all[name];
if (!callbacks || !callbacks.length) {
return;
}
for (var i=0, callback; callback = callbacks[i++];) {
callback(env);
}
}
}
};
var Token = _.Token = function(type, content, alias) {
this.type = type;
this.content = content;
this.alias = alias;
};
Token.stringify = function(o, language, parent) {
if (typeof o == 'string') {
return o;
}
if (Object.prototype.toString.call(o) == '[object Array]') {
return o.map(function(element) {
return Token.stringify(element, language, o);
}).join('');
}
var env = {
type: o.type,
content: Token.stringify(o.content, language, parent),
tag: 'span',
classes: ['token', o.type],
attributes: {},
language: language,
parent: parent
};
if (env.type == 'comment') {
env.attributes['spellcheck'] = 'true';
}
if (o.alias) {
var aliases = _.util.type(o.alias) === 'Array' ? o.alias : [o.alias];
Array.prototype.push.apply(env.classes, aliases);
}
_.hooks.run('wrap', env);
var attributes = '';
for (var name in env.attributes) {
attributes += name + '="' + (env.attributes[name] || '') + '"';
}
return '<' + env.tag + ' class="' + env.classes.join(' ') + '" ' + attributes + '>' + env.content + '</' + env.tag + '>';
};
if (!self.document) {
if (!self.addEventListener) {
// in Node.js
return self.Prism;
}
// In worker
self.addEventListener('message', function(evt) {
var message = JSON.parse(evt.data),
lang = message.language,
code = message.code;
self.postMessage(JSON.stringify(_.util.encode(_.tokenize(code, _.languages[lang]))));
self.close();
}, false);
return self.Prism;
}
// Get current script and highlight
var script = document.getElementsByTagName('script');
script = script[script.length - 1];
if (script) {
_.filename = script.src;
if (document.addEventListener && !script.hasAttribute('data-manual')) {
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', _.highlightAll);
}
}
return self.Prism;
})();
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
module.exports = Prism;
}
;
Prism.languages.markup = {
'comment': /<!--[\w\W]*?-->/g,
'prolog': /<\?.+?\?>/,
'doctype': /<!DOCTYPE.+?>/,
'cdata': /<!\[CDATA\[[\w\W]*?]]>/i,
'tag': {
pattern: /<\/?[\w:-]+\s*(?:\s+[\w:-]+(?:=(?:("|')(\\?[\w\W])*?\1|[^\s'">=]+))?\s*)*\/?>/gi,
inside: {
'tag': {
pattern: /^<\/?[\w:-]+/i,
inside: {
'punctuation': /^<\/?/,
'namespace': /^[\w-]+?:/
}
},
'attr-value': {
pattern: /=(?:('|")[\w\W]*?(\1)|[^\s>]+)/gi,
inside: {
'punctuation': /=|>|"/g
}
},
'punctuation': /\/?>/g,
'attr-name': {
pattern: /[\w:-]+/g,
inside: {
'namespace': /^[\w-]+?:/
}
}
}
},
'entity': /\&#?[\da-z]{1,8};/gi
};
// Plugin to make entity title show the real entity, idea by Roman Komarov
Prism.hooks.add('wrap', function(env) {
if (env.type === 'entity') {
env.attributes['title'] = env.content.replace(/&amp;/, '&');
}
});
;
Prism.languages.css = {
'comment': /\/\*[\w\W]*?\*\//g,
'atrule': {
pattern: /@[\w-]+?.*?(;|(?=\s*{))/gi,
inside: {
'punctuation': /[;:]/g
}
},
'url': /url\((["']?).*?\1\)/gi,
'selector': /[^\{\}\s][^\{\};]*(?=\s*\{)/g,
'property': /(\b|\B)[\w-]+(?=\s*:)/ig,
'string': /("|')(\\?.)*?\1/g,
'important': /\B!important\b/gi,
'punctuation': /[\{\};:]/g,
'function': /[-a-z0-9]+(?=\()/ig
};
if (Prism.languages.markup) {
Prism.languages.insertBefore('markup', 'tag', {
'style': {
pattern: /<style[\w\W]*?>[\w\W]*?<\/style>/ig,
inside: {
'tag': {
pattern: /<style[\w\W]*?>|<\/style>/ig,
inside: Prism.languages.markup.tag.inside
},
rest: Prism.languages.css
}
}
});
};
Prism.languages.css.selector = {
pattern: /[^\{\}\s][^\{\}]*(?=\s*\{)/g,
inside: {
'pseudo-element': /:(?:after|before|first-letter|first-line|selection)|::[-\w]+/g,
'pseudo-class': /:[-\w]+(?:\(.*\))?/g,
'class': /\.[-:\.\w]+/g,
'id': /#[-:\.\w]+/g
}
};
Prism.languages.insertBefore('css', 'ignore', {
'hexcode': /#[\da-f]{3,6}/gi,
'entity': /\\[\da-f]{1,8}/gi,
'number': /[\d%\.]+/g
});;
</script>
<style>/* http://prismjs.com/download.html?themes=prism&languages=clike */
/**
* prism.js default theme for JavaScript, CSS and HTML
* Based on dabblet (http://dabblet.com)
* @author Lea Verou
*/
code[class*="language-"],
pre[class*="language-"] {
color: black;
text-shadow: 0 1px white;
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<img alt="W3C" height="48" src="https://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width="72">
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</p>
<h1 class="p-name no-ref" id="title">CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="subtitle"><span class="content">Editor’s Draft,
<time class="dt-updated" datetime="2015-01-08">8 January 2015</time></span></h2>
<div data-fill-with="spec-metadata">
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt>
<dd><a class="u-url" href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-grid/">http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-grid/</a></dd>
<dt>Latest version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css-grid-1/">http://www.w3.org/TR/css-grid-1/</a></dd>
<dt>Previous Versions:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-css-grid-1-20140513/" rel="previous">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-css-grid-1-20140513/</a></dd>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-css-grid-1-20140123/" rel="previous">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-css-grid-1-20140123/</a></dd>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css3-grid-layout-20130402/" rel="previous">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css3-grid-layout-20130402/</a></dd>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-grid-layout-20121106/" rel="previous">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-grid-layout-20121106/</a></dd>
<dt>Feedback:</dt>
<dd><span><a href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?subject=%5Bcss-grid%5D%20feedback">www-style@w3.org</a> with subject line “<kbd>[css-grid] <var>… message topic …</var></kbd>” (<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/" rel="discussion">archives</a>)</span></dd>
<dt>Issue Tracking:</dt>
<dd><a href="#issues-index">Inline In Spec</a></dd>
<dt class="editor">Editors:</dt>
<dd class="editor">
<div class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-url url" href="http://www.xanthir.com/contact/">Tab Atkins Jr.</a> (<span class="p-org org">Google</span>)</div>
</dd>
<dd class="editor">
<div class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-url url" href="http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact">fantasai</a> (<span class="p-org org">Mozilla</span>)</div>
</dd>
<dd class="editor">
<div class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:ratan@microsoft.com">Rossen Atanassov</a> (<span class="p-org org">Microsoft</span>)</div>
</dd>
<dt>Former Editors:</dt>
<dd>
<div class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:alexmog@microsoft.com">Alex Mogilevsky</a> (<span class="p-org org">Microsoft Corporation</span>)</div>
</dd>
<dd>
<div class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:pcupp@microsoft.com">Phil Cupp</a> (<span class="p-org org">Microsoft Corporation</span>)</div>
</dd>
<dt>Issues list:</dt>
<dd><span><a href="https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/buglist.cgi?product=CSS&component=Grid+Layout&bug_status=NEW&bug_status=ASSIGNED&bug_status=REOPENED">In Bugzilla</a></span></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div data-fill-with="warning"></div>
<p class="copyright" data-fill-with="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> © 2014 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup> (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>, <a href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">Beihang</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.
</p>
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="abstract"><span class="content">Abstract</span></h2>
<div class="p-summary" data-fill-with="abstract">
<p>This CSS module defines a two-dimensional grid-based layout system, optimized for user interface design. In the grid layout model, the children of a grid container can be positioned into arbitrary slots in a flexible or fixed predefined layout grid.</p>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/">CSS</a> is a language for describing the rendering of structured documents
(such as HTML and XML)
on screen, on paper, in speech, etc.</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="status"><span class="content">Status of this document</span></h2>
<div data-fill-with="status">
<p>
This is a public copy of the editors’ draft.
It is provided for discussion only and may change at any moment.
Its publication here does not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C.
Don’t cite this document other than as work in progress.
</p>
<p>
The (<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">archived</a>) public mailing list
<a href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?Subject=%5Bcss-grid%5D%20PUT%20SUBJECT%20HERE">www-style@w3.org</a>
(see <a href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request">instructions</a>)
is preferred for discussion of this specification.
When sending e-mail,
please put the text “css-grid” in the subject,
preferably like this:
“[css-grid] <em>…summary of comment…</em>”
</p>
<p>
This document was produced by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/members">CSS Working Group</a>
(part of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/">Style Activity</a>).
</p>
<p>
This document was produced by a group operating under
the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy</a>.
W3C maintains a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32061/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent disclosures</a>
made in connection with the deliverables of the group;
that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent.
An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a>
must disclose the information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>.
</p>
<p>
This document is governed by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2014/Process-20140801/">1 August 2014 W3C Process Document</a>.
</p></div>
<div data-fill-with="at-risk">
<p>The following features are at-risk, and may be dropped during the CR period:
</p>
<ul>
<li>the <a class="css" data-link-for="grid-template-rows" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-grid-template-rows-grid-template-columns-subgrid">subgrid</a> value of <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-grid-template-columns">grid-template-columns</a> and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-grid-template-rows">grid-template-rows</a>, and its component parts individually</li>
</ul></div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="contents"><span class="content">Table of Contents</span></h2>
<div data-fill-with="table-of-contents" role="navigation">
<ul class="toc" role="directory">
<li><a href="#intro"><span class="secno">1</span> <span class="content">
Introduction and Overview</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#background"><span class="secno">1.1</span> <span class="content">
Background and Motivation</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#adapting-to-available-space"><span class="secno">1.2</span> <span class="content">
Adapting Layouts to Available Space</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#source-independence"><span class="secno">1.3</span> <span class="content">
Source-Order Independence</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#grid-layering"><span class="secno">1.4</span> <span class="content">
Grid Layering of Elements</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#grid-concepts"><span class="secno">2</span> <span class="content">
Grid Layout Concepts and Terminology</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#grid-track-concept"><span class="secno">2.1</span> <span class="content">
Grid Tracks and Cells</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#grid-line-concept"><span class="secno">2.2</span> <span class="content">
Grid Lines</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#grid-area-concept"><span class="secno">2.3</span> <span class="content">
Grid Areas</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#grid-model"><span class="secno">3</span> <span class="content">
Grid Containers</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#grid-containers"><span class="secno">3.1</span> <span class="content">
Establishing Grid Containers: the <span class="css" data-link-for="display" data-link-type="maybe" title="grid">grid</span> and <span class="css" data-link-type="maybe" title="inline-grid">inline-grid</span> <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="display">display</span> values</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#intrinsic-sizes"><span class="secno">3.2</span> <span class="content">
Sizing Grid Containers</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#grid-items"><span class="secno">4</span> <span class="content">
Grid Items</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#visibility-collapse"><span class="secno">4.1</span> <span class="content">
Collapsed Grid Items: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="visibility">visibility</span> property</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#order-property"><span class="secno">4.2</span> <span class="content">
Reordered Grid Items: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="order">order</span> property</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#static-position"><span class="secno">4.3</span> <span class="content">
Static Position of Grid Container Children</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#z-order"><span class="secno">4.4</span> <span class="content">
Z-axis Ordering: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="z-index">z-index</span> property</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#grid-definition"><span class="secno">5</span> <span class="content">
The Explicit Grid</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#track-sizing"><span class="secno">5.1</span> <span class="content">
Track Sizing: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-template-rows">grid-template-rows</span> and <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-template-columns">grid-template-columns</span> properties</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#named-lines"><span class="secno">5.1.1</span> <span class="content">
Named Grid Lines: the <span class="css">(<span class="production" data-link-type="type" title="<custom-ident>"><custom-ident></span>*)</span> syntax</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#repeat-notation"><span class="secno">5.1.2</span> <span class="content">
Repeating Rows and Columns: the <span class="css" data-link-type="maybe" title="repeat()">repeat()</span> notation</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#fr-unit"><span class="secno">5.1.3</span> <span class="content">
Flexible Lengths: the <span class="css">fr</span> unit</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#subgrids"><span class="secno">5.1.4</span> <span class="content">
Subgrids: the <span class="css" data-link-for="grid-template-rows" data-link-type="maybe" title="subgrid">subgrid</span> keyword</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#resolved-track-list"><span class="secno">5.1.5</span> <span class="content">
Resolved Values</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#grid-template-areas-property"><span class="secno">5.2</span> <span class="content">
Named Areas: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-template-areas">grid-template-areas</span> property</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#implicit-named-lines"><span class="secno">5.2.1</span> <span class="content">
Implicit Named Lines</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#implicit-named-areas"><span class="secno">5.2.2</span> <span class="content">
Implicit Named Areas</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#explicit-grid-shorthand"><span class="secno">5.3</span> <span class="content">
Explicit Grid Shorthand: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-template">grid-template</span> property</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#implicit-grids"><span class="secno">6</span> <span class="content">
The Implicit Grid</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#auto-tracks"><span class="secno">6.1</span> <span class="content">
Sizing Auto-generated Rows and Columns: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-auto-rows">grid-auto-rows</span> and <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-auto-columns">grid-auto-columns</span> properties</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#grid-auto-flow-property"><span class="secno">6.2</span> <span class="content">
<span data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport="" title="auto-placement|automatic placement">Automatic Placement</span>: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-auto-flow">grid-auto-flow</span> property</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#grid-shorthand"><span class="secno">7</span> <span class="content">
Grid Definition Shorthand: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid">grid</span> property</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#overlarge-grids"><span class="secno">8</span> <span class="content">
Clamping Overlarge Grids</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#placement"><span class="secno">9</span> <span class="content">
Placing Grid Items</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#common-uses"><span class="secno">9.1</span> <span class="content">
Common Patterns for Grid Placement</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#common-uses-named-areas"><span class="secno">9.1.1</span> <span class="content">
Named Areas</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#common-uses-numeric"><span class="secno">9.1.2</span> <span class="content">
Numeric Indexes and Spans</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#common-uses-named-lines"><span class="secno">9.1.3</span> <span class="content">
Named Lines and Spans</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#common-uses-auto-placement"><span class="secno">9.1.4</span> <span class="content">
Auto Placement</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#common-uses-auto-sizing"><span class="secno">9.1.5</span> <span class="content">
Auto Sizing Subgrids</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#line-placement"><span class="secno">9.2</span> <span class="content">
Line-based Placement: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-row-start">grid-row-start</span>, <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-column-start">grid-column-start</span>, <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-row-end">grid-row-end</span>, and <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-column-end">grid-column-end</span> properties</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#grid-placement-errors"><span class="secno">9.2.1</span> <span class="content">
Grid Placement Conflict Handling</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#placement-shorthands"><span class="secno">9.3</span> <span class="content">
Placement Shorthands: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-column">grid-column</span>, <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-row">grid-row</span>, and <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="grid-area">grid-area</span> properties</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#abspos-items"><span class="secno">9.4</span> <span class="content">
Absolutely-positioned Grid Items</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#auto-placement-algo"><span class="secno">9.5</span> <span class="content">
Grid Item Placement Algorithm</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#alignment"><span class="secno">10</span> <span class="content">
Alignment</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#auto-margins"><span class="secno">10.1</span> <span class="content">
Aligning with <span data-link-for="margin" data-link-type="value" title="auto">auto</span> margins</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#row-align"><span class="secno">10.2</span> <span class="content">
Row-axis Alignment: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="justify-self">justify-self</span> and <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="justify-items">justify-items</span> properties</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#column-align"><span class="secno">10.3</span> <span class="content">
Column-axis Alignment: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="align-self">align-self</span> and <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="align-items">align-items</span> properties</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#grid-align"><span class="secno">10.4</span> <span class="content">
Aligning the Grid: the <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="justify-content">justify-content</span> and <span class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" title="align-content">align-content</span> properties</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#grid-baselines"><span class="secno">10.5</span> <span class="content">
Grid Baselines</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#layout-algorithm"><span class="secno">11</span> <span class="content">
Grid Sizing</span></a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a href="#algo-overview"><span class="secno">11.1</span> <span class="content">
Grid Sizing Algorithm</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#algo-terms"><span class="secno">11.2</span> <span class="content">