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<!doctype html><html lang="en">
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<title>CSS Text Decoration Module Level 3</title>
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport">
<meta content="testing" name="csswg-work-status">
<meta content="ED" name="w3c-status">
<link href="../default.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="../csslogo.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon">
<style>
body {
background-image: url("https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/logo-ED");
};
</style>
<meta content="Bikeshed 1.0.0" name="generator">
<script defer="" src="//test.csswg.org/harness/annotate.js#css-text-decor-3_dev/css-text-decor-3" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body class="h-entry">
<div class="head">
<p data-fill-with="logo"><a class="logo" href="http://www.w3.org/"> <img alt="W3C" height="48" src="https://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width="72"> </a> </p>
<h1 class="p-name no-ref" id="title">CSS Text Decoration Module Level 3</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="subtitle"><span class="content">Editor’s Draft, <time class="dt-updated" datetime="2016-01-31">31 January 2016</time></span></h2>
<div data-fill-with="spec-metadata">
<dl>
<dt>This version:
<dd><a class="u-url" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-text-decor-3/">https://drafts.csswg.org/css-text-decor-3/</a>
<dt>Latest version:
<dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-decor-3/">https://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-decor-3/</a>
<dt>Previous Versions:
<dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-css-text-decor-3-20130801/" rel="previous">https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-css-text-decor-3-20130801/</a>
<dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css-text-decor-3-20130103/" rel="previous">https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css-text-decor-3-20130103/</a>
<dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css-text-decor-3-20121113/" rel="previous">https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css-text-decor-3-20121113/</a>
<dt>Feedback:
<dd><span><a href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?subject=%5Bcss-text-decor%5D%20YOUR%20TOPIC%20HERE">www-style@w3.org</a> with subject line “<kbd>[css-text-decor] <i data-lt="">… message topic …</i></kbd>” (<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/" rel="discussion">archives</a>)</span>
<dt>Test Suite:
<dd><a href="http://test.csswg.org/suites/css-text-decor-3_dev/nightly-unstable/">http://test.csswg.org/suites/css-text-decor-3_dev/nightly-unstable/</a>
<dt>Issue Tracking:
<dd><a href="#issues-index">Inline In Spec</a>
<dd><span><a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Tracker/products/10">http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Tracker/products/10</a></span>
<dt class="editor">Editors:
<dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-url url" href="http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact">Elika J. Etemad / fantasai</a> (<span class="p-org org">Invited Expert</span>)
<dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:kojiishi@gmail.com">Koji Ishii</a> (<span class="p-org org">Google</span>)
</dl>
</div>
<div data-fill-with="warning"></div>
<p class="copyright" data-fill-with="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> © 2016 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup> (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>, <a href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">Beihang</a>). W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply. </p>
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="abstract"><span class="content">Abstract</span></h2>
<div class="p-summary" data-fill-with="abstract">
<p>This module contains the features of CSS relating to text decoration, such as underlines, text shadows, and emphasis marks.</p>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/">CSS</a> is a language for describing the rendering of structured documents
(such as HTML and XML)
on screen, on paper, in speech, etc.
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="status"><span class="content">Status of this document</span></h2>
<div data-fill-with="status">
<p> This is a public copy of the editors’ draft.
It is provided for discussion only and may change at any moment.
Its publication here does not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C.
Don’t cite this document other than as work in progress. </p>
<p> The (<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">archived</a>) public mailing list <a href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?Subject=%5Bcss-text-decor%5D%20PUT%20SUBJECT%20HERE">www-style@w3.org</a> (see <a href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request">instructions</a>)
is preferred for discussion of this specification.
When sending e-mail,
please put the text “css-text-decor” in the subject,
preferably like this:
“[css-text-decor] <em>…summary of comment…</em>” </p>
<p> This document was produced by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/members">CSS Working Group</a> (part of the <
1798
;a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/">Style Activity</a>). </p>
<p> This document was produced by a group operating under
the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy</a>.
W3C maintains a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32061/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent disclosures</a> made in connection with the deliverables of the group;
that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent.
An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>. </p>
<p> This document is governed by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2015/Process-20150901/" id="w3c_process_revision">1 September 2015 W3C Process Document</a>. </p>
<p></p>
</div>
<div data-fill-with="at-risk">
<p>The following features are at-risk, and may be dropped during the CR period: </p>
<ul>
<li>The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-skip">text-decoration-skip</a> property.
<li>The line positioning rules.
<li>The ability to place both emphasis marks and ruby on the same base text.
</ul>
<p>“At-risk” is a W3C Process term-of-art, and does not necessarily imply that the feature is in danger of being dropped or delayed. It means that the WG believes the feature may have difficulting being interoperably implemented in a timely manner, and marking it as such allows the WG to drop the feature if necessary when transitioning to the Proposed Rec stage, without having to publish a new Candidate Rec without the feature first.</p>
</div>
<nav data-fill-with="table-of-contents" id="toc">
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref" id="contents">Table of Contents</h2>
<ol class="toc" role="directory">
<li>
<a href="#intro"><span class="secno">1</span> <span class="content"> Introduction</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#placement"><span class="secno">1.1</span> <span class="content"> Module Interactions</span></a>
<li><a href="#values"><span class="secno">1.2</span> <span class="content"> Values</span></a>
<li><a href="#terms"><span class="secno">1.3</span> <span class="content">Terminology</span></a>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#line-decoration"><span class="secno">2</span> <span class="content"> Line Decoration: Underline, Overline, and Strike-Through</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#text-decoration-line-property"><span class="secno">2.1</span> <span class="content"> Text Decoration Lines: the <span class="property">text-decoration-line</span> property</span></a>
<li><a href="#text-decoration-color-property"><span class="secno">2.2</span> <span class="content"> Text Decoration Color: the <span class="property">text-decoration-color</span> property</span></a>
<li><a href="#text-decoration-style-property"><span class="secno">2.3</span> <span class="content"> Text Decoration Style: the <span class="property">text-decoration-style</span> property</span></a>
<li><a href="#text-decoration-property"><span class="secno">2.4</span> <span class="content"> Text Decoration Shorthand: the <span class="property">text-decoration</span> property</span></a>
<li><a href="#text-decoration-skip-property"><span class="secno">2.5</span> <span class="content"> Text Decoration Line Continuity: the <span class="property">text-decoration-skip</span> property</span></a>
<li><a href="#text-underline-position-property"><span class="secno">2.6</span> <span class="content"> Text Underline Position: the <span class="property">text-underline-position</span> property</span></a>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#emphasis-marks"><span class="secno">3</span> <span class="content"> Emphasis Marks</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#text-emphasis-style-property"><span class="secno">3.1</span> <span class="content"> Emphasis Mark Style: the <span class="property">text-emphasis-style</span> property</span></a>
<li><a href="#text-emphasis-color-property"><span class="secno">3.2</span> <span class="content"> Emphasis Mark Color: the <span class="property">text-emphasis-color</span> property</span></a>
<li><a href="#text-emphasis-property"><span class="secno">3.3</span> <span class="content"> Emphasis Mark Shorthand: the <span class="property">text-emphasis</span> property</span></a>
<li><a href="#text-emphasis-position-property"><span class="secno">3.4</span> <span class="content"> Emphasis Mark Position: the <span class="property">text-emphasis-position</span> property</span></a>
</ol>
<li><a href="#text-shadow-property"><span class="secno">4</span> <span class="content"> Text Shadows: the <span class="property">text-shadow</span> property</span></a>
<li><a href="#painting-order"><span class="secno">5</span> <span class="content"> Painting Order of Text Decorations</span></a>
<li><a href="#acknowledgements"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Appendix A: Acknowledgements</span></a>
<li>
<a href="#changes"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Appendix B:
Changes</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#recent-changes"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Changes since the <span>January 2013 Last Call Working Draft</span></span></a>
</ol>
<li><a href="#default-stylesheet"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Appendix C: Default UA Stylesheet</span></a>
<li>
<a href="#conformance"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Conformance</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#document-conventions"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Document conventions</span></a>
<li><a href="#conform-classes"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Conformance classes</span></a>
<li>
<a href="#conform-responsible"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Requirements for Responsible Implementation of CSS</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#conform-partial"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Partial Implementations</span></a>
<li><a href="#conform-future-proofing"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Implementations of Unstable and Proprietary Features</span></a>
<li><a href="#conform-testing"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content"> Implementations of CR-level Features</span></a>
</ol>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Index</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#index-defined-here"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Terms defined by this specification</span></a>
<li><a href="#index-defined-elsewhere"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Terms defined by reference</span></a>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#references"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">References</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#normative"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Normative References</span></a>
<li><a href="#informative"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Informative References</span></a>
</ol>
<li><a href="#property-index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Property Index</span></a>
<li><a href="#issues-index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Issues Index</span></a>
</ol>
</nav>
<main>
<h2 class="heading settled" data-level="1" id="intro"><span class="secno">1. </span><span class="content"> Introduction</span><a class="self-link" href="#intro"></a></h2>
<p><em>This subsection is non-normative.</em> </p>
<p>This module covers text decoration, i.e. decorating the glyphs
of the text once typeset according to font and typographic rules.
(See <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3text">[CSS3TEXT]</a> and <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3-fonts">[CSS3-FONTS]</a>.)
Such features are traditionally used not only for purely decorative purposes,
but also in some cases to show emphasis, for honorifics,
and to indicate editorial changes such as insertions, deletions, and misspellings. </p>
<p>CSS Levels 1 and 2 only defined very basic <a href="#line-decoration">line decorations</a> (underlines, overlines, and strike-throughs)
appropriate to Western typographical traditions.
Level 3 of this module adds the ability to change
the color, style, position, and continuity of these decorations,
and also introduces <a href="#emphasis-marks">emphasis marks</a> (traditionally used in East Asian typography),
and <a href="#text-shadow-property">shadows</a> (which were proposed then deferred from Level 2). </p>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.1" id="placement"><span class="secno">1.1. </span><span class="content"> Module Interactions</span><a class="self-link" href="#placement"></a></h3>
<p>This module replaces and extends the text-decorating
features defined in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css21">[CSS21]</a> chapter 16. </p>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.2" id="values"><span class="secno">1.2. </span><span class="content"> Values</span><a class="self-link" href="#values"></a></h3>
<p>This specification follows the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/about.html#property-defs">CSS property
definition conventions</a> from <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css21">[CSS21]</a>. Value types not defined in
this specification are defined in CSS Level 2 Revision 1 <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css21">[CSS21]</a>.
Other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types: for
example <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3color">[CSS3COLOR]</a>, when combined with this module, expands the
definition of the <color> value type as used in this specification.</p>
<p>In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions,
all properties defined in this specification also accept the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/cascade.html#value-def-inherit">inherit</a> keyword as their property value. For readability it has not been repeated
explicitly. </p>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.3" id="terms"><span class="secno">1.3. </span><span class="content">Terminology</span><a class="self-link" href="#terms"></a></h3>
<p>The terms <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport="" id="character"><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-text/#grapheme-cluster">character</a><a class="self-link" href="#character"></a></dfn>, <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport="" id="letter"><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-text/#letter">letter</a><a class="self-link" href="#letter"></a></dfn>, and <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport="" id="content-language"><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-text/#content-language">content language</a><a class="self-link" href="#content-language"></a></dfn> as used in this specification are defined in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3text">[CSS3TEXT]</a>.
Other terminology and concepts used in this specification are defined
in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css21">[CSS21]</a> and <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3-writing-modes">[CSS3-WRITING-MODES]</a>. </p>
<h2 class="heading settled" data-level="2" id="line-decoration"><span class="secno">2. </span><span class="content"> Line Decoration: Underline, Overline, and Strike-Through</span><a class="self-link" href="#line-decoration"></a></h2>
<p> The following properties describe line decorations that are added to the content of an element.
When specified on or propagated to an inline box,
that box becomes a <dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport="" id="decorating-box">decorating box<a class="self-link" href="#decorating-box"></a></dfn> for that decoration,
applying the decoration to all its fragments.
The decoration is then further propagated to any in-flow block-level boxes that split the inline
(see <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visuren.html#anonymous-block-level">CSS2.1 section 9.2.1.1</a>).
When specified on or propagated to a block container that establishes an inline formatting context,
the decorations are propagated to an anonymous inline box that wraps all the in-flow inline-level children of the block container.
When specified on or propagated to a ruby box,
the decorations are propagated only to the ruby base.
For all other box types,
the decorations are propagated to all in-flow children. </p>
<p class="note" role="note"> Note that text decorations are not propagated to any out-of-flow descendants,
nor to the contents of atomic inline-level descendants such as inline blocks and inline tables.
They are also not propagated to inline children of inline boxes,
although the decoration is <em>applied</em> to such boxes. </p>
<p> By default underlines, overlines, and line-throughs are applied only to non-replaced inline boxes,
and are drawn across all text (including white space, letter spacing, and word spacing).
Atomic inlines, such as images, are not decorated.
The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-skip">text-decoration-skip</a> property can be used to modify this behavior,
for example allowing atomic inlines to be underlined
or requiring that white space be skipped.
Margins, borders, and padding of the <i>decorating box</i> are always skipped. </p>
<p>Relatively positioning a descendant moves all text decorations
applied to it along with the descendant’s text; it does not affect
calculation of the decoration’s initial position on that line.
The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css2/visufx.html#propdef-visibility">visibility</a> property, <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-shadow">text-shadow</a>, filters, and other graphical transformations
likewise affect text decorations as part of the text they’re drawn on,
even if the decorations were specified on an ancestor box,
and do not affect the calculation of their initial positions or thicknesses.
(In the case of line decorations drawn over an atomic inline
or across the margins/borders/padding of a non-replaced inline box,
they are analogously associated with the affected atomic inline / non-replaced inline box
rather than with the <i>decorating box</i>.) </p>
<div class="example" id="example-0cf84204">
<a class="self-link" href="#example-0cf84204"></a>
<p>In the following style sheet and document fragment:</p>
<pre> blockquote { text-decoration: underline; color: blue; }
em { display: block; }
cite { color: fuchsia; }</pre>
<pre> <blockquote>
<p>
<span>
Help, help!
<em> I am under a hat! </em>
<cite> —GwieF </cite>
</span>
</p>
</blockquote></pre>
<p>...the underlining for the blockquote element is propagated to an
anonymous inline box that surrounds the span element, causing
the text "Help, help!" to be blue, with the blue underlining from
the anonymous inline underneath it, the color being taken from the
blockquote element. The <code><em>text</em></code> in the em block is also underlined, as it is in an in-flow block to
which the underline is propagated. The final line of text is fuchsia,
but the underline underneath it is still the blue underline from the
anonymous inline element.</p>
<p><img alt="Sample rendering of the above underline example" src="underline-example.png"></p>
<p>This diagram shows the boxes involved in the example above. The
rounded aqua line represents the anonymous inline element wrapping
the inline contents of the paragraph element, the rounded blue line
represents the span element, and the orange lines represent the
blocks.</p>
</div>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.1" id="text-decoration-line-property"><span class="secno">2.1. </span><span class="content"> Text Decoration Lines: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-line">text-decoration-line</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#text-decoration-line-property"></a></h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-text-decoration-line">text-decoration-line<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-text-decoration-line"></a></dfn>
<tr>
<th><a href="#values">Value</a>:
<td>none | [ underline || overline || line-through || blink ]
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>none
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>no (but see prose)
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>as specified
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>no
</table>
<p>Specifies what line decorations, if any, are added to the element.
Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-decoration-line" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-decoration-line-none">none<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-decoration-line-none"></a></dfn>
<dd>Neither produces nor inhibits text decoration.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-decoration-line" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-decoration-line-underline">underline<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-decoration-line-underline"></a></dfn>
<dd>Each line of text is underlined.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-decoration-line" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-decoration-line-overline">overline<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-decoration-line-overline"></a></dfn>
<dd>Each line of text has a line over it (i.e. on the opposite
side from an underline).
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-decoration-line" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-decoration-line-line-through">line-through<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-decoration-line-line-through"></a></dfn>
<dd>Each line of text has a line through the middle.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-decoration-line" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-decoration-line-blink">blink<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-decoration-line-blink"></a></dfn>
<dd> The text blinks (alternates between visible and invisible).
Conforming user agents may simply not blink the text.
Note that not blinking the text is one technique to satisfy <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/UAAG/guidelines.html#tech-on-off-blinking-text">checkpoint 3.3 of WAI-UAAG</a>.
This value is <strong>deprecated</strong> in favor of Animations <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3-animations">[CSS3-ANIMATIONS]</a>.
</dl>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.2" id="text-decoration-color-property"><span class="secno">2.2. </span><span class="content"> Text Decoration Color: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-color">text-decoration-color</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#text-decoration-color-property"></a></h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-text-decoration-color">text-decoration-color<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-text-decoration-color"></a></dfn>
<tr>
<th><a href="#values">Value</a>:
<td><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#color0"><span class="value-inst-color"><color></span></a>
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#currentcolor">currentColor</a>
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>no
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>the computed color
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>as <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-transitions/#animtype-color">color</a>
</table>
<p>This property specifies the color of text decoration (underlines
overlines, and line-throughs) set on the element with <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-line">text-decoration-line</a>.</p>
<p> The color of text decorations must remain the same on all decorations originating from a given element,
even if descendant boxes have different specified colors. </p>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.3" id="text-decoration-style-property"><span class="secno">2.3. </span><span class="content"> Text Decoration Style: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-style">text-decoration-style</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#text-decoration-style-property"></a></h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-text-decoration-style">text-decoration-style<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-text-decoration-style"></a></dfn>
<tr>
<th><a href="#values">Value</a>:
<td>solid | double | dotted | dashed | wavy
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>solid
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>no
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>as specified
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>no
</table>
<p>This property specifies the style of the line(s) drawn for
text decoration specified on the element. Values have the
same meaning as for the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-background/#the-border-style">border-style
properties</a> <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3bg">[CSS3BG]</a>. <span class="css">wavy</span> indicates a wavy line.</p>
<p> The style of text decorations must remain the same on all decorations originating from a given element,
even if descendant boxes have different specified styles. </p>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.4" id="text-decoration-property"><span class="secno">2.4. </span><span class="content"> Text Decoration Shorthand: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration">text-decoration</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#text-decoration-property"></a></h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-text-decoration">text-decoration<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-text-decoration"></a></dfn>
<tr>
<th><a href="#values">Value</a>:
<td><var><a class="production" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-line"><‘text-decoration-line’></a></var> || <var><a class="production" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-style"><‘text-decoration-style’></a></var> || <var><a class="production" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-color"><‘text-decoration-color’></a></var>
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>none
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>no
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>see individual properties
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>see individual properties
</table>
<p>This property is a shorthand for setting <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-line">text-decoration-line</a>, <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-color">text-decoration-color</a>, and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-style">text-decoration-style</a> in one declaration.
Omitted values are set to their initial values. A <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration">text-decoration</a> declaration that omits both the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-color">text-decoration-color</a> and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-style">text-decoration-style</a> values is backwards-compatible
with CSS Levels 1 and 2.</p>
<div class="example" id="example-f6728bec">
<a class="self-link" href="#example-f6728bec"></a>
<p>The following example underlines unvisited links with a solid blue
underline in CSS1 and CSS2 UAs and a navy dotted underline in CSS3 UAs.</p>
<pre><code>:link {
color: blue;
text-decoration: underline;
text-decoration: navy dotted underline; /* <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#ignore">Ignored</a> in CSS1/CSS2 UAs */
}</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.5" id="text-decoration-skip-property"><span class="secno">2.5. </span><span class="content"> Text Decoration Line Continuity: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-skip">text-decoration-skip</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#text-decoration-skip-property"></a></h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-text-decoration-skip">text-decoration-skip<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-text-decoration-skip"></a></dfn>
<tr>
<th><a href="#values">Value</a>:
<td>none | [ objects || spaces || ink || edges || box-decoration ]
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>objects
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>yes
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>as specified
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>no
</table>
<p class="note" role="note">Note: Level 4 of this specification
defines additional values (<span class="css">leading-spaces</span> and <span class="css">trailing-spaces</span>),
and uses them in the initial value of this property.
At the time of writing,
this is experimental and may still change,
which is why it has not been incorporated into this level.</p>
<p>This property specifies what parts of the element’s content
any text decoration affecting the element must skip over. It
controls all text decoration lines drawn by the element
and also any text decoration lines drawn by its ancestors.
Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-decoration-skip" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-decoration-skip-none">none<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-decoration-skip-none"></a></dfn>
<dd>Skip nothing: text-decoration is drawn for all text content
and across atomic inline-level boxes.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-decoration-skip" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-decoration-skip-objects">objects<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-decoration-skip-objects"></a></dfn>
<dd>Skip this element (its entire margin box) if it is an atomic inline
(such as an image or inline-block).
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-decoration-skip" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-decoration-skip-spaces">spaces<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-decoration-skip-spaces"></a></dfn>
<dd>Skip all spacing, i.e. all <i>characters</i> with the Unicode White_Space property <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-uax44">[UAX44]</a> and all <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-text/#word-separator">word separators</a>,
plus any adjacent <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-text-3/#propdef-letter-spacing">letter-spacing</a> or <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-text-3/#propdef-word-spacing">word-spacing</a>.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-decoration-skip" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-decoration-skip-ink">ink<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-decoration-skip-ink"></a></dfn>
<dd>
Skip over where glyphs are drawn:
interrupt the decoration line to let the shape of the text show through
where the text decoration would otherwise cross over a glyph.
The UA must skip a small distance to either side of the glyph outline.
<div class="figure">
<p><img alt="An alphabetic underline through Myanmar text skips around descenders and the vertical strokes of combining characters that drop below the alphabetic baseline." src="decoration-skip-ink.png" title="text-decoration-skip: ink"> </p>
<p class="caption"><a class="css" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-skip">text-decoration-skip: ink</a></p>
</div>
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-decoration-skip" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-decoration-skip-edges">edges<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-decoration-skip-edges"></a></dfn>
<dd>
The UA should place the start and end of the line inwards slightly
(e.g. by half a line thickness)
from the content edge of the <i>decorating box</i> so that,
e.g. two underlined elements side-by-side do not appear to have a single underline.
(This is important in Chinese, where underlining is a form of punctuation.)
<div class="figure">
<p><img alt="An underline below a series of Chinese characters has a gap between two adjacent underlining elements." src="decoration-skip-edges.png" title="text-decoration-skip: edges"> </p>
<p class="caption"><a class="css" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration-skip">text-decoration-skip: edges</a> for <code><u>石井</u><u>艾俐俐</u></code> </p>
</div>
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-decoration-skip" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-decoration-skip-box-decoration">box-decoration<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-decoration-skip-box-decoration"></a></dfn>
<dd> Skip over the box’s margin, border, and padding areas.
Note that this only has an effect on decorations imposed by an ancestor;
a <i>decorating box</i> never draws over its own box decoration.
</dl>
<p class="note" role="note">Note that this property inherits and that descendant
elements can have a different setting.</p>
<p class="note" role="note"> Note that CSS 2.1 required skipping margins, borders, and padding always.
In this level, by default only the margins, borders, and padding of the <i>decorating box</i> are skipped.
In the future CSS2.1 may be updated to match this new default. </p>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.6" id="text-underline-position-property"><span class="secno">2.6. </span><span class="content"> Text Underline Position: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-underline-position">text-underline-position</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#text-underline-position-property"></a></h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-text-underline-position">text-underline-position<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-text-underline-position"></a></dfn>
<tr>
<th><a href="#values">Value</a>:
<td>auto | [ under || [ left | right ] ]
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>auto
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>yes
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>as specified
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>no
</table>
<p>This property sets the position of an underline specified on the element.
(It does not affect underlines specified by ancestor elements.)
If <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-left">left</a> or <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-right">right</a> is specified alone, <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-under">under</a> is also implied. </p>
<div class="example" id="example-affafc32">
<a class="self-link" href="#example-affafc32"></a>
<p>The following example styles modern Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
texts with the appropriate underline positions in both horizontal
and vertical text: </p>
<pre>:root:lang(ja), [lang|=ja], :root:lang(ko), [lang|=ko] { text-underline-position: under right; }:root:lang(zh), [lang|=zh] { text-underline-position: under left; }</pre>
<p>(Note that these rules are part of the suggested <a href="#default-stylesheet">default UA style sheet</a>.) </p>
</div>
<p>Values have the following meanings: </p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-underline-position" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="underline-auto">auto<a class="self-link" href="#underline-auto"></a></dfn>
<dd>
The user agent may use any algorithm to determine the
underline’s position; however it must be placed at or under
the alphabetic baseline.
<p class="note" role="note">It is suggested that the default underline position
be close to the alphabetic baseline,
unless that would either cross subscripted (or otherwise lowered) text
or draw over glyphs from Asian scripts such as Han or Tibetan
for which an alphabetic underline is too high:
in such cases, shifting the underline lower
or aligning to the em box edge as described for <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-under">under</a> may be more appropriate. </p>
<div class="figure">
<p><img alt="In a typical Latin font, the underline is positioned slightly
below the alphabetic baseline, leaving a gap between the line
and the bottom of most Latin letters, but crossing through
descenders such as the stem of a 'p'." src="underline-position-alphabetic.png" title="text-underline-position: alphabetic"> </p>
<p class="caption">A typical “alphabetic” underline is positioned just below the alphabetic baseline </p>
</div>
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-underline-position" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="underline-under">under<a class="self-link" href="#underline-under"></a></dfn>
<dd>
The underline is positioned <i>under</i> the element’s text content.
In this case the underline usually does not cross the descenders.
(This is sometimes called “accounting” underline.)
This value can be combined with <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-left">left</a> or <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-right">right</a> if a particular side is preferred in vertical writing modes.
<div class="figure">
<p><img alt="In a typical Latin font, the underline is far enough
below the text that it does not cross the bottom of a 'g'." src="underline-position-under.png" title="text-underline-position: under"> </p>
<p class="caption"><a class="css" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-underline-position">text-underline-position: under</a></p>
</div>
<div class="example" id="example-fc4e6f92">
<a class="self-link" href="#example-fc4e6f92"></a>
<p>Because <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-underline-position">text-underline-position</a> inherits, and is not reset
by the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration">text-decoration</a> shorthand, the following example
switches the document to use <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-under">under</a> underlining, which can
be more appropriate for writing systems with long, complicated
descenders. It is also often useful for mathematical or chemical
texts that use many subscripts. </p>
<pre>:root { text-underline-position: under; }</pre>
</div>
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-underline-position" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="underline-left">left<a class="self-link" href="#underline-left"></a></dfn>
<dd>In vertical writing modes, the underline is aligned as for <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-under">under</a>, except it is always aligned to the left edge of the text.
If this causes the underline to be drawn on the "over" side of
the text, then an overline also switches sides and is drawn on
the "under" side.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-underline-position" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="underline-right">right<a class="self-link" href="#underline-right"></a></dfn>
<dd>In vertical writing modes, the underline is aligned as for <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-under">under</a>, except it is always aligned to the right edge of the text.
If this causes the underline to be drawn on the "over" side of
the text, then an overline also switches sides and is drawn on
the "under" side.
</dl>
<div class="figure" id="fig-text-underline-position">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td> <img alt="In mixed Japanese-Latin vertical text, 'text-underline-position: left'
places the underline on the left side of the text." src="underline-position-left.png" title="text-underline-position: left">
<td> <img alt="In mixed Japanese-Latin vertical text, 'text-underline-position: right'
places the underline on the right side of the text." src="underline-position-right.png" title="text-underline-position: right">
<tr>
<td><a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-left">left</a>
<td><a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-right">right</a>
</table>
<p class="caption">In vertical writing modes, the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-underline-position">text-underline-position</a> values <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-left">left</a> and <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-right">right</a> allow placing the underline on either
side of the text. (In horizontal writing modes, both values are
treated as <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#underline-under">under</a>.)</p>
</div>
<p>The exact position and thickness of line decorations is UA-defined in this level.
However, for underlines and overlines
the UA must use a single thickness and position on each line
for the decorations deriving from a single <i>decorating box</i>. </p>
<div class="figure">
<p><img alt="A single underline drawn under varying font sizes and vertical positions must be a single line." src="underline-single.png"> vs. <img alt="Drawing multiple line segments, each with the position and thickness appropriate to the decorated text, is incorrect." src="underline-broken.png"> </p>
<p class="caption">Correct and incorrect rendering of <code><u>A<sup>B</sup><big>C</big>D</u></code> </p>
</div>
<div class="note" role="note">
<p>Note, since line decorations can span elements with varying font sizes and
vertical alignments, the best position for a line decoration is not
necessarily the ideal position dictated by the <i>decorating box</i>.
For example, an overline positioned to a small font
will effectively become a line-through if the element contains text in a significantly larger font-size.
Even for underlines, if the text is not aligned to the alphabetic baseline
(for example, in vertical typesetting styles, text is aligned to the central baseline by default)
an underline will cut through descendant text of a larger font-size. </p>
<div class="figure">
<p><img alt="" src="leftline-cross.png"> </p>
</div>
</div>
<p>UAs <em>must</em> adjust line positions to match the shifted metrics of <i>decorating boxes</i> positioned with <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css2/visudet.html#propdef-vertical-align">vertical-align</a> <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css21">[CSS21]</a> or subscripted/superscripted via <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-fonts-3/#propdef-font-variant-position">font-variant-position</a> <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3-fonts">[CSS3-FONTS]</a>,
but <em>must not</em> adjust the line position or thickness in response to descendants of a <i>decorating box</i> that are so styled.
This allows superscripts and subscripts to be properly decorated
(underlined, struck through, etc.)
but prevents them from distorting or breaking the positioning of such decorations on their ancestors. </p>
<div class="figure">
<p><img alt="An underline for just the superscript 'st' in '1st' is drawn just below the superscript,
whereas an underline for the entire text is drawn at the appropriate position for full-size text." src="underline-superscript.png"> </p>
<p class="caption">Example of underline applied to <abbr title="element with 'vertical-align' or 'font-variant-position' applied">superscripted text</abbr> vs. underline applied to <abbr title="element containing an element with 'vertical-align' or 'font-variant-position' applied">text containing a superscript</abbr> </p>
</div>
<p>Some font formats (such as OpenType) can offer information
about the appropriate position of a line decoration.
The UA should use such information
(such as the underline thickness,
or appropriate alphabetic underline position)
from the font wherever appropriate. </p>
<p class="note" role="note">Typically, OpenType font metrics give the position of an <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-counter-styles-3/#valdef-counter-style-system-alphabetic">alphabetic</a> underline;
in some cases (especially in CJK fonts), it gives the position of a <span class="css">under left</span> underline.
(In this case, the font’s underline metrics typically touch the bottom edge of the em box).
The UA may but is not required to correct for incorrect font metrics. </p>
<h2 class="heading settled" data-level="3" id="emphasis-marks"><span class="secno">3. </span><span class="content"> Emphasis Marks</span><a class="self-link" href="#emphasis-marks"></a></h2>
<p>East Asian documents traditionally use small symbols next to each glyph to emphasize
a run of text. For example:</p>
<div class="figure">
<p> <img alt="Example of emphasis in Japanese appearing over the text" class="example" height="28" id="example-d41d8cd9" src="text-emphasis-ja.gif" width="225"></p>
<p class="caption">Accent emphasis (shown in blue for clarity) applied to Japanese text</p>
</div>
<p>The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis">text-emphasis</a> shorthand, and its <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-style">text-emphasis-style</a> and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-color">text-emphasis-color</a> longhands,
can be used to apply such marks to the text.
The <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-position">text-emphasis-position</a> property, which inherits separately,
allows setting the emphasis marks’ position with respect to the text. </p>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.1" id="text-emphasis-style-property"><span class="secno">3.1. </span><span class="content"> Emphasis Mark Style: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-style">text-emphasis-style</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#text-emphasis-style-property"></a></h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-text-emphasis-style">text-emphasis-style<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-style"></a></dfn>
<tr>
<th><a href="#values">Value</a>:
<td>none |
[ [ filled | open ] || [ dot | circle | double-circle | triangle | sesame ] ] | <a class="noxref" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-string"><span class="value-inst-string"><string></span></a>
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>none
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>yes
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td><span class="css">none</span>, a pair of keywords representing the shape and fill, or
a string
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>no
</table>
<p>This property applies emphasis marks to the element’s text.
Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-style" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-none">none<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-none"></a></dfn>
<dd>No emphasis marks.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-style" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-filled">filled<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-filled"></a></dfn>
<dd>The shape is filled with solid color.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-open">open<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-open"></a></dfn>
<dd>The shape is hollow.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-style" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-dot">dot<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-dot"></a></dfn>
<dd>Display small circles as marks.
The filled dot is U+2022 '•', and the open dot is U+25E6 '◦'.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-style" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-circle">circle<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-circle"></a></dfn>
<dd>Display large circles as marks.
The filled circle is U+25CF '●', and the open circle is U+25CB '○'.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-style" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-double-circle">double-circle<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-double-circle"><
3272
/a></dfn>
<dd>Display double circles as marks.
The filled double-circle is U+25C9 '◉', and the open double-circle is U+25CE '◎'.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-style" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-triangle">triangle<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-triangle"></a></dfn>
<dd>Display triangles as marks.
The filled triangle is U+25B2 '▲', and the open triangle is U+25B3 '△'.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-style" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-sesame">sesame<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-sesame"></a></dfn>
<dd>Display sesames as marks.
The filled sesame is U+FE45 '﹅', and the open sesame is U+FE46 '﹆'.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-style" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-string"><var><string></var><a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-string"></a></dfn>
<dd>Display the given string as marks.
Authors should not specify more than one <i>character</i> in <string>.
The UA may truncate or ignore strings consisting of more than one grapheme cluster.
</dl>
<p>If a shape keyword is specified but neither of <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-filled">filled</a> nor <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-open">open</a> is
specified, <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-filled">filled</a> is assumed. If only <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-filled">filled</a> or <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-open">open</a> is specified,
the shape keyword computes to <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-circle">circle</a> in horizontal writing mode and <a class="css" data-link-type="maybe" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-style-sesame">sesame</a> in vertical writing mode.</p>
<p>The marks should be drawn using the element’s font settings with its
size scaled down to 50%. However, not all fonts have all these glyphs,
and some fonts use inappropriate sizes for emphasis marks in these
code points. The UA may opt to use a font known to be good for
emphasis marks, or the marks may instead be synthesized by the UA.
Marks must remain upright in vertical writing modes: like CJK
characters, they do not rotate to match the writing mode.</p>
<p class="note" role="note"> One example of good fonts for emphasis marks is Adobe’s opensource project, <a href="http://sourceforge.net/adobe/kenten-generic/">Kenten Generic OpenType Font</a>,
which is specially designed for the emphasis marks. </p>
<p>The marks are drawn once for each <i>character</i>. However,
emphasis marks are not drawn for characters that are:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-text/#word-separator">Word separators</a> or that
belong to the Unicode separator classes (Z*).
(But note that emphasis marks <em>are</em> drawn for a space
that combines with any combining characters.)
<li>Characters belonging to the Unicode classes for control codes
and unassigned characters (Cc, Cf, Cn).
</ul>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.2" id="text-emphasis-color-property"><span class="secno">3.2. </span><span class="content"> Emphasis Mark Color: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-color">text-emphasis-color</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#text-emphasis-color-property"></a></h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-text-emphasis-color">text-emphasis-color<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-color"></a></dfn>
<tr>
<th><a href="#values">Value</a>:
<td><color>
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#currentcolor">currentColor</a>
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>yes
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>as specified
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>as <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-transitions/#animtype-color">color</a>
</table>
<p>This property specifies the foreground color of the emphasis marks.</p>
<p class="note" role="note"> The <dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-emphasis-color" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-emphasis-color-currentcolor">currentcolor<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-emphasis-color-currentcolor"></a></dfn> keyword computes to itself
and is resolved to the value of <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-color-3/#color0">color</a> after inheritance is performed.
This means <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-color">text-emphasis-color</a> by default matches the text <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-color-3/#color0">color</a> even as <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-color-3/#color0">color</a> changes across elements. </p>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.3" id="text-emphasis-property"><span class="secno">3.3. </span><span class="content"> Emphasis Mark Shorthand: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis">text-emphasis</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#text-emphasis-property"></a></h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-text-emphasis">text-emphasis<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-text-emphasis"></a></dfn>
<tr>
<th><a href="#values">Value</a>:
<td><a class="production" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-style"><‘text-emphasis-style’></a> || <a class="production" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-color"><‘text-emphasis-color’></a>
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>see individual properties
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>yes
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>see individual properties
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>see individual properties
</table>
<p>This property is a shorthand for setting <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-style">text-emphasis-style</a> and <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-color">text-emphasis-color</a> in one declaration.
Omitted values are set to their initial values.</p>
<p class="note" role="note">Note that <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-position">text-emphasis-position</a> is not reset in this
shorthand. This is because typically the shape and color vary, but the
position is consistent for a particular language throughout the document.
Therefore the position should inherit independently.</p>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.4" id="text-emphasis-position-property"><span class="secno">3.4. </span><span class="content"> Emphasis Mark Position: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-position">text-emphasis-position</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#text-emphasis-position-property"></a></h3>
<table class="propdef">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-text-emphasis-position">text-emphasis-position<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-position"></a></dfn>
<tr>
<th><a href="#values">Value</a>:
<td>[ over | under ] && [ right | left ]
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>over right
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>yes
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>as specified
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>no
</table>
<p>This property describes where emphasis marks are drawn at.
The values have following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-position" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-position-over">over<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-position-over"></a></dfn>
<dd>Draw marks over the text in horizontal writing mode.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-position" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-position-under">under<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-position-under"></a></dfn>
<dd>Draw marks under the text in horizontal writing mode.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-position" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-position-right">right<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-position-right"></a></dfn>
<dd>Draw marks to the right of the text in vertical writing mode.
<dt><dfn class="css" data-dfn-for="text-text-emphasis-position" data-dfn-type="value" data-export="" id="valdef-text-text-emphasis-position-left">left<a class="self-link" href="#valdef-text-text-emphasis-position-left"></a></dfn>
<dd>Draw marks to the left of the text in vertical writing mode.
</dl>
<p>Emphasis marks are drawn exactly as if each character was
assigned the mark as its ruby annotation text with the ruby position
given by <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis-position">text-emphasis-position</a> and the ruby alignment as centered. </p>
<p>The effect of emphasis marks on the line height is the same as for
ruby text.</p>
<div class="note" role="note">
<p>Note, the preferred position of emphasis marks depends on the
language. In Japanese for example, the preferred position is <span class="css">over right</span>. In Chinese, on the other hand, the preferred
position is <span class="css">under right</span>.
The informative table below summarizes the preferred
emphasis mark positions for Chinese and Japanese:</p>
<table class="data">
<caption>Preferred emphasis mark and ruby position</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" scope="col">Language
<th colspan="2" scope="col">Preferred position
<th colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col">Illustration
<tr>
<th>Horizontal
<th>Vertical
<tbody>
<tr>
<td scope="row">Japanese
<td rowspan="2">over
<td r
389C
owspan="2">right
<td rowspan="2"> <img alt="Emphasis marks appear over each emphasized character in horizontal Japanese text." height="28" src="text-emphasis-ja.gif" title="Emphasis (shown in blue for clarity) applied above a fragment of Japanese text" width="225">
<td rowspan="3"> <img alt="Emphasis marks appear on the right of each emphasized character in vertical Japanese text." height="89" src="text-emphasis-v.gif" title="Emphasis applied on the right of a fragment of Japanese text" width="34">
<tr>
<td scope="row">Mongolian
<tr>
<td scope="row">Chinese
<td>under
<td>right
<td> <img alt="Emphasis marks appear below each emphasized character in horizontal Simplified Chinese text." height="28" src="text-emphasis-zh.gif" title="Emphasis (shown in blue for clarity) applied below a fragment of Chinese text" width="133">
</table>
</div>
<p>If emphasis marks are applied to characters
for which ruby is drawn in the same position as the emphasis mark,
the emphasis marks are placed outside the ruby. </p>
<div class="figure">
<p><img alt="In this example, emphasis marks are applied to 4 characters, two of which have ruby.
The dots are placed above each character (aligned with the ruby) for the bare characters,
and above the ruby text for the annotated characters." height="50" src="text-emphasis-ruby.png" width="134"></p>
<p class="caption">Emphasis marks applied to 4 characters, with ruby also on 2 of them</p>
</div>
<div class="example" id="example-4e7b7b79">
<a class="self-link" href="#example-4e7b7b79"></a>
<p>Some editors prefer to hide emphasis marks when they conflict with ruby.
In HTML, this can be done with the following style rule: </p>
<pre>ruby { text-emphasis: none; }</pre>
<p>Some other editors prefer to hide ruby when they conflict with emphasis marks.
In HTML, this can be done with the following pattern: </p>
<pre>em { text-emphasis: dot; } /* Set text-emphasis for <em> elements */em rt { display: none; } /* Hide ruby inside <em> elements */</pre>
</div>
<h2 class="heading settled" data-level="4" id="text-shadow-property"><span class="secno">4. </span><span class="content"> Text Shadows: the <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-shadow">text-shadow</a> property</span><a class="self-link" href="#text-shadow-property"></a></h2>
<table class="def propdef" data-link-for-hint="text-shadow">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn class="css" data-dfn-type="property" data-export="" id="propdef-text-shadow">text-shadow<a class="self-link" href="#propdef-text-shadow"></a></dfn>
<tr class="value">
<th>Value:
<td class="prod">none <a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#comb-one">|</a> [ <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#length-value"><length></a><a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#mult-num-range">{2,3}</a> && <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-color-3/#valuea-def-color" title="Expands to: indigo | gold | firebrick | indianred | yellow | darkolivegreen | darkseagreen | slategrey | darkslategrey | greenyellow | mediumorchid | silver | papayawhip | dimgray | black | springgreen | crimson | lightsalmon | brown | turquoise | lightseagreen | cyan | transparent | skyblue | gray | darkturquoise | goldenrod | darkgreen | darkviolet | darkgray | lime | lightpink | teal | darkmagenta | lightgoldenrodyellow | lavender | yellowgreen | thistle | violet | navy | dimgrey | orchid | blue | ghostwhite | honeydew | cornflowerblue | maroon | purple | darkkhaki | mediumpurple | cornsilk | red | bisque | burlywood | darkcyan | khaki | wheat | deepskyblue | rebeccapurple | darkred | steelblue | aliceblue | lightslategrey | gainsboro | mediumturquoise | floralwhite | coral | aqua | mediumslateblue | lightcyan | darksalmon | beige | azure | lightsteelblue | oldlace | mediumvioletred | royalblue | olivedrab | sienna | lightcoral | orangered | navajowhite | slategray | palegreen | mistyrose | seashell | mediumspringgreen | fuchsia | chartreuse | blanchedalmond | peru | aquamarine | white | darkslategray | tomato | ivory | dodgerblue | currentcolor | lemonchiffon | lightgreen | orange | forestgreen | darkgrey | olive | mintcream | antiquewhite | cadetblue | moccasin | limegreen | saddlebrown | grey | darkslateblue | lightskyblue | deeppink | plum | lightgrey | darkgoldenrod | slateblue | sandybrown | magenta | tan | rosybrown | pink | lightblue | palevioletred | mediumseagreen | linen | darkorange | powderblue | seagreen | snow | mediumblue | midnightblue | paleturquoise | palegoldenrod | whitesmoke | darkorchid | salmon | lightslategray | lawngreen | chocolate | lightgray | hotpink | lightyellow | lavenderblush | darkblue | mediumaquamarine | green | blueviolet | peachp
8C46
uff"><color></a><a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#mult-opt">?</a> ]<a data-link-type="grammar" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#mult-comma">#</a>
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>none
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>yes
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>n/a
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>any <a class="production css" data-link-type="type" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/#length-value"><length></a> made absolute; any specified color computed; otherwise as specified
<tr>
<th>Animatable:
<td>as <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-transitions/#animtype-shadow-list">shadow list</a>
</table>
<p>This property accepts a comma-separated list of shadow effects to
be applied to the text of the element. Values are interpreted as for <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#box-shadow">box-shadow</a> <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css3bg">[CSS3BG]</a>.
(But note that spread values and the <span class="css">inset</span> keyword are not allowed.)
Each layer shadows the element’s text and all its text decorations
(composited together).
If the color of the shadow is not specified,
the shadow has the resulting color of the ink that it shadows. </p>
<p>The shadow effects are applied front-to-back: the first shadow is on
top. The shadows may thus overlay each other, but they never overlay
the text itself. The shadow must be painted at a stack level between
the element’s border and/or background, if present, and the elements
text and text decoration. UAs should avoid painting text shadows over
text in adjacent elements belonging to the same stack level and stacking
context. (This may mean that the exact stack level of the shadows depends
on whether the element has a border or background: the exact stacking
behavior of text shadows is thus UA-defined.)
It is undefined whether a given shadow layer shadows
each glyph or decoration independently
or if the text and/or decorations are flattened and then shadowed. </p>
<p>Unlike <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#box-shadow">box-shadow</a>, text shadows are not clipped to the shadowed
shape and may show through if the text is partially-transparent.
Like <a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds-3/#box-shadow">box-shadow</a>, text shadows do not influence layout, and do not
trigger scrolling or increase the size of the scrollable area. </p>
<p class="note" role="note">The painting order of shadows defined here is the opposite
of that defined in the 1998 <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512">CSS2 Recommendation</a>.</p>
<p>The <span class="css">text-shadow</span> property applies to both the <code>::first-line</code> and <code>::first-letter</code> pseudo-elements.</p>
<h2 class="heading settled" data-level="5" id="painting-order"><span class="secno">5. </span><span class="content"> Painting Order of Text Decorations</span><a class="self-link" href="#painting-order"></a></h2>
<p> As in <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-css21">[CSS21]</a>, text decorations are drawn immediately over/under the text they decorate,
in the following order (bottommost first): </p>
<ul>
<li>shadows (<a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-shadow">text-shadow</a>)
<li>underlines (<a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration">text-decoration</a>)
<li>overlines (<a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration">text-decoration</a>)
<li>text
<li>emphasis marks (<a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-emphasis">text-emphasis</a>)
<li>line-through (<a class="property" data-link-type="propdesc" href="#propdef-text-decoration">text-decoration</a>)
</ul>
<p> Where line decorations are drawn across box decorations or atomic inlines,
they are drawn over non-positioned content and just below any positioned descendants
(immediately below layer #8 in CSS2.1 Appendix E). </p>
<h2 class="no-num heading settled" id="acknowledgements"><span class="content"> Appendix A: Acknowledgements</span><a class="self-link" href="#acknowledgements"></a></h2>
<p>This specification would not have been possible without the help from:
Ayman Aldahleh, Bert Bos, Tantek Çelik, Stephen Deach, John Daggett,
Martin Dürst,
Laurie Anna Edlund, Ben Errez, Yaniv Feinberg, Arye Gittelman, Ian
Hickson, Martin Heijdra, Richard Ishida, Masayasu Ishikawa,
Michael Jochimsen, Eric LeVine, Ambrose Li, Håkon Wium Lie, Chris Lilley,
Ken Lunde, Nat McCully, Shinyu Murakami, Paul Nelson, Chris Pratley, Marcin Sawicki,
Arnold Schrijver, Rahul Sonnad, Michel Suignard, Takao Suzuki,
Frank Tang, Chris Thrasher, Etan Wexler, Chris Wilson, Masafumi Yabe
and Steve Zilles.</p>
<h2 class="no-num heading settled" id="changes"><span class="content">Appendix B:
Changes</span><a class="self-link" href="#changes"></a></h2>
<h3 class="no-num heading settled" id="recent-changes"><span class="content"> Changes since the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-css-text-decor-3-20130103/">January 2013 Last Call Working Draft</a></span><a class="self-link" href="#recent-changes"></a></h3>