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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html lang=en>
<head><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv=Content-Type>
<title>CSS Writing Modes Module Level 3</title>
<link href=default.css rel=stylesheet type="text/css">
<style type="text/css">
object { vertical-align: middle; }
.sidebar { float: right; background: #eee; border: solid gray; margin: 1em; }
.landscape { height: 10em; }
.portrait { width: 10em; }
.sidebar .figure { margin: 1em; }
.sidebar object { margin: 0 auto; display: block; }
.figurepair { display: table; margin: 1em auto; }
.figurepair .figure { display: table-cell; }
h2, .example { clear: both; }
img, object { max-width: 100%; display: block; margin: 1em auto; }
</style>
<link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED.c
D53
ss" rel=stylesheet
type="text/css">
<body>
<div class=head> <!--begin-logo-->
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img alt=W3C height=48
src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width=72></a> <!--end-logo-->
<h1>CSS Writing Modes Module Level 3</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=longstatus-date>Editor's Draft 31 March 2011</h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:
<dd><a
href="http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-writing-modes/">http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-writing-modes/</a>
<!--
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-writing-modes-20110331">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/ED-css3-writing-modes-20110331</a>
-->
<dt>Latest version:
<dd><a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/">http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-writing-modes/</a>
<dt>Previous version:
<dd><a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-writing-modes-20101202/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-css3-writing-modes-20101202/</a>
<dt>Editors:
<dd><a href="http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact">Elika J. Etemad</a>
(Invited Expert)
<dd><a href="mailto:kojiishi@gluesoft.co.jp">Koji Ishii</a> (<a
href="http://www.antenna.co.jp/">Antenna House</a>)
<dd><a href="mailto:murakami@antenna.co.jp">Shinyu Murakami</a> (<a
href="http://www.antenna.co.jp/">Antenna House</a>)
<dt>Previous Editors:
<dd><a href="mailto:paulnel@microsoft.com">Paul Nelson</a> (<a
href="http://www.microsoft.com/">Microsoft</a>)
<dd><a href="mailto:michelsu@microsoft.com">Michel Suignard</a> (<a
href="http://www.microsoft.com/">Microsoft</a>)
</dl>
<!--begin-copyright-->
<p class=copyright><a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright"
rel=license>Copyright</a> © 2011 <a
href="http://www.w3.org/"><acronym title="World Wide Web
Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>®</sup> (<a
href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><acronym title="Massachusetts Institute
of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><acronym
title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and
Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>, <a
href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
<a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a>
and <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document
use</a> rules apply.</p>
<!--end-copyright-->
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=abstract>Abstract</h2>
<p>CSS3 Writing Modes defines CSS features to support for various
international writing modes, such as left-to-right (e.g. Latin or Indic),
right-to-left (e.g. Hebrew or Arabic), bidirectional (e.g. mixed Latin and
Arabic) and vertical (e.g. Asian scripts).
<p>Inherently bottom-to-top scripts are not handled in this version. See <a
href="#UTN22" rel=biblioentry>[UTN22]<!--{{UTN22}}--></a> for an
explanation of relevant issues.
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=status>Status of this document</h2>
<!--begin-status-->
<p>This is a public copy of the editors' draft. It is provided for
discussion only and may change at any moment. Its publication here does
not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C. Don't cite this document
other than as work in progress.
<p>The (<a
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">archived</a>) public
mailing list <a
href="mailto:www-style@w3.org?Subject=%5Bcss3-writing-modes%5D%20PUT%20SUBJECT%20HERE">
www-style@w3.org</a> (see <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request">instructions</a>) is preferred for
discussion of this specification. When sending e-mail, please put the text
“css3-writing-modes” in the subject, preferably like this:
“[<!---->css3-writing-modes<!---->] <em>…summary of
comment…</em>”
<p>This document was produced by the <a href="/Style/CSS/members">CSS
Working Group</a> (part of the <a href="/Style/">Style Activity</a>).
<p>This document was produced by a group operating under the <a
href="/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 W3C Patent
Policy</a>. W3C maintains a <a href="/2004/01/pp-impl/32061/status"
rel=disclosure>public list of any patent disclosures</a> made in
connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual
knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a
href="/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a
href="/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of the
W3C Patent Policy</a>.</p>
<!--end-status-->
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=Contents>Table of Contents</h2>
<!--begin-toc-->
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#text-flow"><span class=secno>1. </span>Introduction to
Writing Modes</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#placement"><span class=secno>1.1. </span>Module
Interactions</a>
<li><a href="#conventions"><span class=secno>1.2. </span>Document
Conventions</a>
<li><a href="#values"><span class=secno>1.3. </span>Values</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#text-direction"><span class=secno>2. </span>Inline Direction
and Bidirectionality</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#direction"><span class=secno>2.1. </span>Specifying
Directionality: the ‘<code class=property>direction</code>’
property</a>
<li><a href="#unicode-bidi"><span class=secno>2.2. </span>Embeddings and
Overrides: the ‘<code class=property>unicode-bidi</code>’
property</a>
<li><a href="#bidi-example"><span class=secno>2.3. </span>Example of
Bidirectional Text</a>
<li><a href="#bidi-box-model"><span class=secno>2.4. </span>Box model
for inline elements in bidirectional context</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#vertical-intro"><span class=secno>3. </span> Introduction to
Vertical Text</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#writing-mode"><span class=secno>3.1. </span> Block Flow
Direction: the ‘<code class=property>writing-mode</code>’
property</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#inline-alignment"><span class=secno>4. </span> Inline-level
Alignment</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#intro-baselines"><span class=secno>4.1. </span>
Introduction to Baselines</a>
<li><a href="#text-baselines"><span class=secno>4.2. </span> Text
Baselines</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#opentype-baselines"><span class=secno>4.2.1. </span>
Baselines in TrueType/OpenType fonts</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#replaced-baselines"><span class=secno>4.3. </span> Atomic
Inline Baselines</a>
<li><a href="#baseline-alignment"><span class=secno>4.4. </span>
Baseline Alignment</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#intro-text-layout"><span class=secno>5. </span> Introduction
to Intrinsic Text Layout</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#text-orientation"><span class=secno>5.1. </span> Orienting
Text: the ‘<code class=property>text-orientation</code>’
property</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#abstract-box"><span class=secno>6. </span> Abstract Box
Terminology</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#abstract-dimensions"><span class=secno>6.1. </span>
Logical Dimensions</a>
<li><a href="#abstract-directions"><span class=secno>6.2. </span>
Abstract and Physical Directions</a>
<li><a href="#line-directions"><span class=secno>6.3. </span>
Line-relative Directions</a>
<li><a href="#logical-directions"><span class=secno>6.4. </span>
Flow-relative Directions</a>
<li><a href="#logical-to-physical"><span class=secno>6.5. </span>
Abstract-to-Physical Mappings</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#abstract-layout"><span class=secno>7. </span> Abstract Box
Layout</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#vertical-layout"><span class=secno>7.1. </span> Principles
of Layout in Vertical Writing Modes</a>
<li><a href="#dimension-mapping"><span class=secno>7.2. </span>
Dimensional Mapping</a>
<li><a href="#orthogonal-flows"><span class=secno>7.3. </span>
Orthogonal Flows</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li><a href="#orthogonal-auto"><span class=secno>7.3.1. </span>
Auto-sizing in Orthogonal Flows</a>
<li><a href="#orthogonal-multicol"><span class=secno>7.3.2. </span>
Multi-column Layout in Orthogonal Flows</a>
<li><a href="#orthogonal-pagination"><span class=secno>7.3.3. </span>
Paginating Orthogonal Flows</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#logical-direction-layout"><span class=secno>7.4. </span>
Flow-Relative Mappings</a>
<li><a href="#line-mappings"><span class=secno>7.5. </span>
Line-Relative Mappings</a>
<li><a href="#physical-only"><span class=secno>7.6. </span> Purely
Physical Mappings</a>
<li><a href="#caption-side"><span class=secno>7.7. </span> Table Caption
Mappings: the ‘<code class=property>caption-side</code>’
property</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#text-combine"><span class=secno>8. </span>Glyph Composition:
the ‘<code class=property>text-combine</code>’ property</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#bidi-html">Appendix B: Bidi Rules for HTML</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#script-orientations">Appendix A: Script
Orientations</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#appendix-b-references">Appendix B:
References</a>
<ul class=toc>
<li class=no-num><a href="#normative-references">Normative
references</a>
<li class=no-num><a href="#other-references">Other references</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<!--end-toc-->
<h2 id=text-flow><span class=secno>1. </span>Introduction to Writing Modes</h2>
<p>CSS3 Writing Modes defines CSS features to support for various
international writing modes, such as left-to-right (e.g. Latin or Indic),
right-to-left (e.g. Hebrew or Arabic), bidirectional (e.g. mixed Latin and
Arabic) and vertical (e.g. Asian scripts).
<p>A <dfn id=writing-mode0>writing mode</dfn> in CSS is determined by the
‘<a href="#writing-mode1"><code
class=property>writing-mode</code></a>’, ‘<a
href="#direction0"><code class=property>direction</code></a>’, and
‘<a href="#text-orientation0"><code
class=property>text-orientation</code></a>’ properties. It is
defined primarily in terms of its <a
href="#inline-base-direction"><i>inline base direction</i></a> and <a
href="#block-flow-direction"><i>block flow direction</i></a>:
<div class=sidebar>
<div class="figure right"> <object class=landscape
data="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-tb.svg" type="image/svg+xml"></object>
<p class=caption>Latin-based writing mode
</div>
<div class="figure left"> <object class=portrait
data="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-lr-reverse.svg"
type="image/svg+xml"></object>
<p class=caption>Mongolian-based writing mode
</div>
<div class="figure right"> <object class=landscape
data="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-tb.svg" type="image/svg+xml"></object>
<object class=portrait data="diagrams/text-flow-vectors-rl.svg"
type="image/svg+xml"></object>
<p class=caption>Han-based writing mode
</div>
</div>
<p>The <dfn id=inline-base-direction>inline base direction</dfn> is the
primary direction in which content is ordered on a line and defines on
which sides the "start" and "end" of a line are. The ‘<a
href="#direction0"><code class=property>direction</code></a>’
property specifies the inline base direction of an element and, together
with the ‘<a href="#unicode-bidi0"><code
class=property>unicode-bidi</code></a>’ property and the inherent
directionality of any text content, determines the ordering of
inline-level content within a line.
<p>The <dfn id=block-flow-direction>block flow direction</dfn> is the
direction in which block-level boxes stack and the direction in which line
boxes stack within a block container. The ‘<a
href="#writing-mode1"><code class=property>writing-mode</code></a>’
property determines the block flow direction.
<p>A <dfn id=horizontal-writing-mode>horizontal writing mode</dfn> is one
with horizontal lines of text, i.e. a downward or upward block flow. A
<dfn id=vertical-writing-mode>vertical writing mode</dfn> is one with
vertical lines of text, i.e. a leftward or rightward block flow.
<p class=note>These terms should not be confused with <dfn
id=vertical-block-flow>vertical block flow</dfn> (which is a downward or
upward block flow) and <dfn id=horizontal-block-flow>horizontal block
flow</dfn> (which is leftward or rightward block flow). To avoid
confusion, the CSS specifications avoid this latter set of terms.
<p>Writing systems typically have one or two native writing modes. Some
examples are:
<ul>
<li>Latin-based systems are typically written using a left-to-right inline
direction with a downward (top-to-bottom) block flow direction.
<li>Arabic-based systems are typically written using a right-to-left
inline direction with a downward (top-to-bottom) block flow direction.
<li>Mongolian-based systems are typically written using a top-to-bottom
inline direction with a rightward (left-to-right) block flow direction.
<li>Han-based systems are commonly written using a left-to-right inline
direction with a downward (top-to-bottom) block flow direction,
<strong>or</strong> a top-to-bottom inline direction with a leftward
(right-to-left) block flow direction. Many magazines and newspapers will
mix these two writing modes on the same page.
</ul>
<p class=note>See Unicode Technical Note #22 <a href="#UTN22"
rel=biblioentry>[UTN22]<!--{{UTN22}}--></a> (<a
href="http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/style/discuss/vertical-text/paper">HTML
version</a>) for a more in-depth introduction to writing modes and
vertical text.
<p class=issue>Point at Intro to Text Orientation section once it's
written.
<h3 id=placement><span class=secno>1.1. </span>Module Interactions</h3>
<p>This module replaces and extends the ‘<a
href="#unicode-bidi0"><code class=property>unicode-bidi</code></a>’
and ‘<a href="#direction0"><code
class=property>direction</code></a>’ features defined in <a
href="#CSS21" rel=biblioentry>[CSS21]<!--{{!CSS21}}--></a> sections 8.6
and 9.10.
<h3 id=conventions><span class=secno>1.2. </span>Document Conventions</h3>
<p>Conformance requirements are expressed with a combination of descriptive
assertions and RFC 2119 terminology. The key words “MUST”, “MUST
NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”,
“SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in the
normative parts of this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
2119. However, for readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase
letters in this specification.
<p>All of the text of this specification is normative except sections
explicitly marked as non-normative, examples, and notes. <a
href="#RFC2119" rel=biblioentry>[RFC2119]<!--{{!RFC2119}}--></a>
<p>Examples in this specification are introduced with the words “for
example” or are set apart from the normative text with
<code>class="example"</code>, like this:
<div class=example>
<p>This is an example of an informative example.</p>
</div>
<p>Informative notes begin with the word “Note” and are set apart from
the normative text with <code>class="note"</code>, like this:
<p class=note>Note, this is an informative note.
<h3 id=values><span class=secno>1.3. </span>Values</h3>
<p>This specification follows the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/about.html#property-defs">CSS property
definition conventions</a> from <a href="#CSS21"
rel=biblioentry>[CSS21]<!--{{!CSS21}}--></a>. Value types not defined in
this specification are defined in CSS Level 2 Revision 1 <a
href="#CSS21" rel=biblioentry>[CSS21]<!--{{!CSS21}}--></a>. Other CSS
modules may expand the definitions of these value types: for example <a
href="#CSS3COLOR" rel=biblioentry>[CSS3COLOR]<!--{{CSS3COLOR}}--></a>,
when combined with this module, expands the definition of the
<color> value type as used in this specification.
<p>In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions,
all properties defined in this specification also accept the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/cascade.html#value-def-inherit">inherit</a>
keyword as their property value. For readability it has not been repeated
explicitly.
<h2 id=text-direction><span class=secno>2. </span>Inline Direction and
Bidirectionality</h2>
<p>While the characters in most scripts are written from left to right,
certain scripts are written from right to left. In some documents, in
particular those written with the Arabic or Hebrew script, and in some
mixed-language contexts, text in a single (visually displayed) block may
appear with mixed directionality. This phenomenon is called <span
class=index-def id=bidirectionality title="bidirectionality (bidi)"><dfn
id=bidirectionality0>bidirectionality</dfn></span>, or "bidi" for short.
<div class=figure>
<pre><span dir=rtl>با Unicode بنویس.</span>
<!-- --><----- ------> <-
<!-- --><================</pre>
<p class=caption>Bidirectionality</p>
</div>
<p>The Unicode standard (<a
href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/">Unicode Standard Annex #9</a>)
defines a complex algorithm for determining the proper ordering of
bidirectional text. The algorithm consists of an implicit part based on
character properties, as well as explicit controls for embeddings and
overrides. CSS relies on this algorithm to achieve proper bidirectional
rendering. The <span class=propinst-direction>‘<a
href="#direction0"><code class=property>direction</code></a>’</span>
and <span class=propinst-unicode-bidi>‘<a
href="#unicode-bidi0"><code
class=property>unicode-bidi</code></a>’</span> properties allow
authors to specify how the elements and attributes of a document language
map to this algorithm.
<p>User agents that support bidirectional text must apply the Unicode
bidirectional algorithm to every sequence of inline boxes uninterrupted by
a forced (<a
href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Bidirectional_Character_Types">bidi
class B</a>) paragraph break or block boundary. This sequence forms the
<dfn id=paragraph>paragraph</dfn> unit in the bidirectional algorithm.
<p>Except when the ‘<code class=css>plaintext</code>’ value of
‘<a href="#unicode-bidi0"><code
class=property>unicode-bidi</code></a>’ is in effect, the paragraph
embedding level is set according to the value of the ‘<a
href="#direction0"><code class=property>direction</code></a>’
property of the paragraph's element rather than by the heuristic given in
steps P2 and P3 of the Unicode algorithm. The paragraph's element is
usually the containing block, but in the case of a paragraph contained by
bidi <a href="#isolate">isolation</a> it is the isolating inline element
instead.
<p>Because the base directionality of a text depends on the structure and
semantics of the document, the ‘<a href="#direction0"><code
class=property>direction</code></a>’ and ‘<a
href="#unicode-bidi0"><code class=property>unicode-bidi</code></a>’
properties should in most cases be used only to map bidi information in
the markup to its corresponding CSS styles. If a document language
provides markup features to control bidi, authors and users should use
those features and not specify CSS rules to override them.
<p>The HTML 4 specification (<a href="#HTML401"
rel=biblioentry>[HTML401]<!--{{HTML401}}--></a>, section 8.2) defines
bidirectionality behavior for HTML elements. The HTML 4 specification also
contains more information on bidirectionality issues.
<p class=note>Because HTML UAs can turn off CSS styling, we advise HTML
authors to use the HTML ‘<code class=property>dir</code>’
attribute and <bdo> element to ensure correct bidirectional layout
in the absence of a style sheet.
<h3 id=direction><span class=secno>2.1. </span>Specifying Directionality:
the ‘<a href="#direction0"><code
class=property>direction</code></a>’ property</h3>
<table class=propdef>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn id=direction0>direction</dfn>
<tr>
<th>Value:
<td>ltr | rtl
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>ltr
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>yes
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>specified value
</table>
<p>This property specifies the base directionality of text and elements on
a line, and the directionality of embeddings and overrides (see ‘<a
href="#unicode-bidi0"><code class=property>unicode-bidi</code></a>’)
for the Unicode bidirectional algorithm. In addition, it affects the
ordering of <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/tables.html">table</a>
column layout, the direction of horizontal <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visufx.html#overflow">overflow</a>, and
the default alignment of text within a line, and other things that depend
on the base inline base direction.
<p>Values for this property have the following meanings:
<dl>
<dt><strong>ltr</strong>
<dd>Left-to-right directionality.
<dt><strong>rtl</strong>
<dd>Right-to-left directionality.
</dl>
<p class=note>The ‘<a href="#direction0"><code
class=property>direction</code></a>’ property has no effect on bidi
reordering when specified on inline elements whose ‘<a
href="#unicode-bidi0"><code class=property>unicode-bidi</code></a>’
property's value is ‘<code class=css>normal</code>’.
<p>The value of the ‘<a href="#direction0"><code
class=property>direction</code></a>’ property on the root element is
also propagated to the initial containing block and, together with the
‘<a href="#writing-mode1"><code
class=property>writing-mode</code></a>’ property, determines the
document's principal writing mode. (See <a
href="#principal-writing-mode">below</a>.)
<p class=note>Note that the ‘<a href="#direction0"><code
class=property>direction</code></a>’ property of the HTML BODY
element is <em>not</em> propagated to the viewport. That special behavior
only applies to the background and overflow properties.
<p class=note>The ‘<a href="#direction0"><code
class=property>direction</code></a>’ property, when specified for
table column elements, is not inherited by cells in the column since
columns are not the ancestors of the cells in the document tree. Thus, CSS
cannot easily capture the "dir" attribute inheritance rules described in
<a href="#HTML401" rel=biblioentry>[HTML401]<!--{{HTML401}}--></a>,
section 11.3.2.1.
<h3 id=unicode-bidi><span class=secno>2.2. </span>Embeddings and Overrides:
the ‘<a href="#unicode-bidi0"><code
class=property>unicode-bidi</code></a>’ property</h3>
<table class=propdef>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn id=unicode-bidi0>unicode-bidi</dfn>
<tr>
<th>Value:
<td>normal | [ [ embed | isolate ] || [ plaintext | bidi-override ] ]
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>normal
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>all elements, but see prose
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>no
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>specified value
</table>
<p>Values for this property have the following meanings:
<dl>
<dt><strong>normal</strong>
<dd>The element does not open an additional level of embedding with
respect to the bidirectional algorithm. For inline elements, implicit
reordering works across element boundaries.
<dt><strong>embed</strong>
<dd>If the element is inline, this value opens an additional level of
embedding with respect to the bidirectional algorithm. The direction of
this embedding level is given by the ‘<a href="#direction0"><code
class=property>direction</code></a>’ property. Inside the element,
reordering is done implicitly. This corresponds to adding a LRE (U+202A),
for ‘<code class=css>direction: ltr</code>’, or RLE (U+202B),
for ‘<code class=css>direction: rtl</code>’, at the start of
the element and a PDF (U+202C) at the end of the element. <span
class=note>This value has no effect on elements that are not
inline.</span>
<dt><strong>isolate</strong>
<dd>For the purposes of the Unicode bidirectional algorithm, the contents
of the element are considered to be inside a separate, independent
paragraph, and for the purpose of bidi resolution in its containing bidi
paragraph (if any), the element itself is treated as if it were an Object
Replacement Character (U+FFFC). (If the element is broken across multiple
lines, then each box of the element is treated as an Object Replacement
Character.)
<dt><strong>plaintext</strong>
<dd>
<p>For the purposes of the Unicode bidirectional algorithm, the base
directionality of each bidi paragraph for which the element forms the
containing block is determined not by the element's computed ‘<a
href="#direction0"><code class=property>direction</code></a>’ as
usual, but by following rules P2 and P3 of the Unicode bidirectional
algorithm. Note this value has no effect on inline elements.
<dt><strong>bidi-override</strong>
<dd>For inline elements this creates an override. For block-container
elements this creates an override for inline-level descendants not within
another block container element. This means that inside the element,
reordering is strictly in sequence according to the ‘<a
href="#direction0"><code class=property>direction</code></a>’
property; the implicit part of the bidirectional algorithm is ignored.
This corresponds to adding a LRO (U+202D), for ‘<code
class=css>direction: ltr</code>’, or RLO (U+202E), for ‘<code
class=css>direction: rtl</code>’, at the start of the element and a
PDF (U+202C) at the end of the element.
</dl>
<p>The final order of characters within in each bidi paragraph is the same
as if the bidi control codes had been added as described above, markup had
been stripped, and the resulting character sequence had been passed to an
implementation of the Unicode bidirectional algorithm for plain text that
produced the same line-breaks as the styled text. If an inline element is
broken around a bidi paragraph boundary (e.g. if split by a block or
forced paragraph break), then the bidi control codes corresponding to the
end of the element are added before the interruption and the codes
corresponding to the start of the element are added after it. (In other
words, any embedding levels or overrides started by the element are closed
at the paragraph break and reopened on the other side of it.)
<p>In this process, replaced elements with ‘<code class=css>display:
inline</code>’ are treated as neutral characters, unless their
‘<a href="#unicode-bidi0"><code
class=property>unicode-bidi</code></a>’ property has a value other
than ‘<code class=property>normal</code>’, in which case they
are treated as strong characters in the ‘<a href="#direction0"><code
class=property>direction</code></a>’ specified for the element. All
other atomic inline-level boxes are treated as neutral characters always.
<p>Please note that in order to be able to flow inline boxes in a uniform
direction (either entirely left-to-right or entirely right-to-left), more
inline boxes (including anonymous inline boxes) may have to be created,
and some inline boxes may have to be split up and reordered before
flowing.
<p>Because the Unicode algorithm has a limit of <em title="According to
unicode 3.0, chapter 3, section 12, definition BD2. Specifically, page 58
here: http://www.unicode.org/unicode/uni2book/ch03.pdf"> 61 levels</em> of
embedding, care should be taken not to use <span
class=propinst-unicode-bidi>‘<a href="#unicode-bidi0"><code
class=property>unicode-bidi</code></a>’</span> with a value other
than ‘<code class=property>normal</code>’ unless appropriate.
In particular, a value of ‘<code
class=property>inherit</code>’ should be used with extreme caution.
However, for elements that are, in general, intended to be displayed as
blocks, a setting of ‘<code class=css>unicode-bidi:
isolate</code>’ is preferred to keep the element together in case
display is changed to inline (see example below).
<p>The following example shows an XML document with bidirectional text. It
illustrates an important design principle: document language designers
should take bidi into account both in the language proper (elements and
attributes) and in any accompanying style sheets. The style sheets should
be designed so that bidi rules are separate from other style rules, and
such rules should not be overridden by other style sheets so that the
document language's bidi behavior is preserved.
<h3 id=bidi-example><span class=secno>2.3. </span>Example of Bidirectional
Text</h3>
<div class=example>
<p>In this example, lowercase letters stand for inherently left-to-right
characters and uppercase letters represent inherently right-to-left
characters. The text stream is shown in logical backing store order.</p>
<pre class=xml-example><code class=xml>
<HEBREW>
<PAR>HEBREW1 HEBREW2 english3 HEBREW4 HEBREW5</PAR>
<PAR>HEBREW6 <EMPH>HEBREW7</EMPH> HEBREW8</PAR>
</HEBREW>
<ENGLISH>
<PAR>english9 english10 english11 HEBREW12 HEBREW13</PAR>
<PAR>english14 english15 english16</PAR>
<PAR>english17 <HE-QUO>HEBREW18 english19 HEBREW20</HE-QUO></PAR>
</ENGLISH>
</code></pre>
<p>Since this is arbitrary XML, the style sheet is responsible for setting
the writing direction. This is the style sheet:</p>
<pre>
/* Rules for bidi */
HEBREW, HE-QUO {direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;}
ENGLISH {direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;}
<
8096
/div>/* Rules for presentation */
HEBREW, ENGLISH, PAR {display: block;}
EMPH {font-weight: bold;}
</pre>
<p>The HEBREW element is a block with a right-to-left base direction, the
ENGLISH element is a block with a left-to-right base direction. The PARs
are blocks that inherit the base direction from their parents. Thus, the
first two PARs are read starting at the top right, the final three are
read starting at the top left. Please note that HEBREW and ENGLISH are
chosen as element names for explicitness only; in general, element names
should convey structure without reference to language.</p>
<p>The EMPH element is inline-level, and since its value for <span
class=propinst-unicode-bidi>‘<a href="#unicode-bidi0"><code
class=property>unicode-bidi</code></a>’</span> is ‘<code
class=property>normal</code>’ (the initial value), it has no effect
on the ordering of the text. The HE-QUO element, on the other hand,
creates an embedding.</p>
<p>The formatting of this text might look like this if the line length is
long:</p>
<pre class=ascii-art>
5WERBEH 4WERBEH english3 2WERBEH 1WERBEH
8WERBEH <b>7WERBEH</b> 6WERBEH
english9 english10 english11 13WERBEH 12WERBEH
english14 english15 english16
english17 20WERBEH english19 18WERBEH
</pre>
<p>Note that the HE-QUO embedding causes HEBREW18 to be to the right of
english19.</p>
<p>If lines have to be broken, it might be more like this:</p>
<pre class=ascii-art>
2WERBEH 1WERBEH
-EH 4WERBEH english3
5WERB
-EH <b>7WERBEH</b> 6WERBEH
8WERB
english9 english10 en-
glish11 12WERBEH
13WERBEH
english14 english15
english16
english17 18WERBEH
20WERBEH english19
</pre>
<p>Because HEBREW18 must be read before english19, it is on the line above
english19. Just breaking the long line from the earlier formatting would
not have worked. Note also that the first syllable from english19 might
have fit on the previous line, but hyphenation of left-to-right words in
a right-to-left context, and vice versa, is usually suppressed to avoid
having to display a hyphen in the middle of a line.</p>
</div>
<!-- example -->
<h3 id=bidi-box-model><span class=secno>2.4. </span>Box model for inline
elements in bidirectional context</h3>
<!-- CSS2.1 8.6 -->
<p>For each line box, UAs must take the inline boxes generated for each
element and render the margins, borders and padding in visual order (not
logical order).
<p>When the element's ‘<a href="#direction0"><code
class=property>direction</code></a>’ property is ‘<code
class=css>ltr</code>’, the left-most generated box of the first line
box in which the element appears has the left margin, left border and left
padding, and the right-most generated box of the last line box in which
the element appears has the right padding, right border and right margin.
<p>When the element's ‘<a href="#direction0"><code
class=property>direction</code></a>’ property is ‘<code
class=css>rtl</code>’, the right-most generated box of the first
line box in which the element appears has the right padding, right border
and right margin, and the left-most generated box of the last line box in
which the element appears has the left margin, left border and left
padding.
<h2 id=vertical-intro><span class=secno>3. </span> Introduction to Vertical
Text</h2>
<p>In addition to extensions to CSS2.1‘<code class=css>s support for
bidirectional text, this module introduces the rules and properties needed
to support vertical text layout in CSS. </code>
<p>Unlike languages that use the Latin script which are primarily laid out
horizontally, Asian languages such as Chinese and Japanese can be laid out
vertically. The Japanese example below shows the same text laid out
horizontally and vertically. In the horizontal case, text is read from
left to right, top to bottom. For the vertical case, the text is read top
to bottom, right to left. Indentation from the left edge in the
left-to-right horizontal case translates to indentation from the top edge
in the top-to-bottom vertical case.
<div class=figure>
<p><img alt="A comparison of horizontal and vertical Japanese shows that
although the lines rotate, the characters remain upright. Some glyphs,
however change: a period mark shifts from the bottom left of its glyph
box to the top right. Running headers, however, may remain laid out
horizontally across the top of the page." src=vert-horiz-comparison.png></p>
<p class=caption>Comparison of vertical and horizontal Japanese: iBunko
application (iOS)</p>
</div>
<p class=note>For Chinese and Japanese lines are ordered either right to
left, while for Mongolian and Manchu left to right.
<p>The change from horizontal to vertical writing can affect
8871
not just the
layout, but also the typesetting. For example, the position of a
punctuation mark within its spacing box can change from the horizontal to
the vertical case, and in some cases alternate glyphs are used.
<p>Vertical text that includes Latin script text or text from other scripts
normally displayed horizontally can display that text in a number of ways.
For example, Latin words can be rotated sideways, or each letter can be
oriented upright:
<div class=figure>
<p><img alt="A dictionary definition for ヴィルス
might write the English word ‘<code
class=property>virus</code>’ rotated 90° clockwise, but stack
the letters of the initialisms </code>’RNA' and 'DNA' upright."
src=vert-latin-layouts.png></p>
<p class=caption>Examples of Latin in vertical Japanese: Daijirin Viewer
1.4 (iOS)</p>
</div>
<p>In some special cases such as two-digit numbers in dates, text is fit
compactly into a single vertical character box:
<div class=figure>
<p><img alt="An exerpt from MacFan shows several possible vertical layouts
for numbers: the two-digit month and day are written as
horizontal-in-vertical blocks; the years are written with each character
upright; except in the English phrase “for Mac 2011”, where
the date is rotated to match the rotated Latin."
src=vert-number-layouts.png></p>
<p class=caption>Mac Fan, December 2010, p.49</p>
</div>
<p>Layouts often involve a mixture of vertical and horizontal elements:
<div class=figure>
<p><img alt="Magazines often mix horizontal and vertical layout; for
example, using one orientation for the main article text and a different
one for sidebar or illustrative content." src=vert-horiz-combination.png></p>
<p class=caption>Mixture of vertical and horizontal elements</p>
</div>
<p>Vertical text layouts also need to handle bidirectional text layout;
clockwise-rotated Arabic, for example, is laid out bottom-to-top.
<h3 id=writing-mode><span class=secno>3.1. </span> Block Flow Direction:
the ‘<a href="#writing-mode1"><code
class=property>writing-mode</code></a>’ property</h3>
<table class=propdef>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name:
<td><dfn id=writing-mode1>writing-mode</dfn>
<tr>
<th>Value:
<td>horizontal-tb | vertical-rl | vertical-lr
<tr>
<th>Initial:
<td>horizontal-tb
<tr>
<th>Applies to:
<td>All elements except table row groups, table column groups, table
rows, and table columns
<tr>
<th>Inherited:
<td>yes
<tr>
<th>Percentages:
<td>N/A
<tr>
<th>Media:
<td>visual
<tr>
<th>Computed value:
<td>specified value
</table>
<p>This property sets the block flow direction. Possible values:
<dl>
<dt>horizontal-tb