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<pre class='metadata'>
Title: CSS Values and Units Module Level 3
Group: CSSWG
Shortname: css-values
Level: 3
Status: ED
Work Status: Testing
ED: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/
TR: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/CR-css-values-3-20160929/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2015/CR-css-values-3-20150611/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-css3-values-20130730/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-css3-values-20130404/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-css3-values-20120828/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-values-20120308/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-css3-values-20110906/
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-css3-values-20060919
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-css3-values-20050726
Previous Version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2001/WD-css3-values-20010713/
Editor: Tab Atkins, Google, http://xanthir.com/contact/, w3cid 42199
Editor: fantasai, http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact, w3cid 35400
Former Editor: Håkon Wium Lie, Opera Software, howcome@opera.com
Abstract: This CSS module describes the common values and units that CSS properties accept and the syntax used for describing them in CSS property definitions.
At Risk: ''attr()''
Ignored Terms: <spacing-limit>, containing block, pairing, property
Ignored Vars: Cn+1, n
Inline Github Issues: yes
</pre>
<pre class='link-defaults'>
spec: css-backgrounds-3; type: type; text: <position>
spec: css2; type: property; text: border-collapse
spec: css-color-4; type: value; text: currentcolor
spec: css-color-4; type: value; text: color
spec: css-cascade-4; type: at-rule; text: @import
</pre>
<style>
code, small { white-space: nowrap }
pre.value { font: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
#propvalues td { text-align: right; }
#propvalues td + td { text-align: left; }
dt + dt::before { content: ", "; }
dt { display: inline; }
td > small { display: block; }
</style>
<h2 id="intro">
Introduction</h2>
The value definition field of each CSS property can contain keywords,
data types (which appear between ''<'' and ''>''), and information on how
they can be combined.
Generic data types (<<length>> being the most widely used)
that can be used by many properties are described in this specification,
while more specific data types (e.g., <<spacing-limit>>)
are described in the corresponding modules.
<h3 id="placement">
Module Interactions</h3>
This module replaces and extends the data type definitions in [[!CSS21]]
sections
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/about.html#value-defs">1.4.2.1</a>,
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#values">4.3</a>,
and <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/aural.html#aural-intro">A.2</a>.
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<h2 id="value-defs">
Value Definition Syntax</h2>
The <dfn for=CSS export>value definition syntax</dfn> described here
is used to define the set of valid values for CSS properties
(and the valid syntax of many other parts of CSS).
A value so described can have one or more components.
<h3 id="component-types">
Component Value Types</h3>
Component value types are designated in several ways:
<ol>
<li>
<a href="#keywords">keyword</a> values (such as <css>auto</css>, ''disc'', etc.),
which appear literally, without quotes (e.g. <code>auto</code>)
<li>
basic data types, which appear between ''<'' and ''>''
(e.g., <<length>>, <<percentage>>, etc.).
For <a>numeric data types</a>,
this type notation can annotate any range restrictions
using the [[#numeric-ranges|bracketed range notation]] described below.
<li>
types that have the same range of values as a property bearing the same name
(e.g., <<'border-width'>>, <<'background-attachment'>>, etc.).
In this case, the type name is the property name (complete with quotes) between the brackets.
Such a type does <em>not</em> include <a href="#common-keywords">CSS-wide keywords</a> such as ''inher
8096
it'',
and also does not include any top-level <a href="#mult-comma">comma-separated-list multiplier</a>
(i.e. if property <css>pairing</css> is defined as <css>[ <<custom-ident>> <<integer>>? ]#</css>,
then <<'pairing'>> is equivalent to <css>[ <<custom-ident>> <<integer>>? ]</css>,
not <css><<custom-ident>> <<integer>> ]#</css>).
<li>
non-terminals that do not share the same name as a property.
In this case, the non-terminal name appears between ''<'' and ''>'',
as in <<spacing-limit>>.
Notice the distinction between <<border-width>> and <<'border-width'>>:
the latter is defined as the value of the 'border-width' property,
the former requires an explicit expansion elsewhere.
The definition of a non-terminal is typically located near its first appearance in the specification.
</ol>
Some property value definitions also include the slash (/),
the comma (,),
and/or parentheses as literals.
These represent their corresponding tokens.
Other non-keyword literal characters that may appear in a component value,
such as “+”,
must be written enclosed in single quotes.
<strong><dfn lt="," id='comb-comma' export grammar>Commas</dfn> specified in the grammar are implicitly omissible</strong> in some circumstances,
when used to separate optional terms in the grammar.
Within a top-level list in a property or other CSS value,
or a function's argument list,
a comma specified in the grammar must be omitted if:
<ul>
<li>
all items preceding the comma have been omitted
<li>
all items following the comma have been omitted
<li>
multiple commas would be adjacent (ignoring <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax/#whitespace">white space</a>/comments),
due to the items between the commas being omitted.
</ul>
<div class='example'>
For example, if a function can accept three arguments in order,
but all of them are optional,
the grammar can be written like:
<pre class='prod'>
example( first? , second? , third? )
</pre>
Given this grammar,
writing ''example(first, second, third)'' is valid,
as is ''example(first, second)'' or ''example(first, third)'' or ''example(second)''.
However, ''example(first, , third)'' is invalid, as one of those commas are no longer separating two options;
similarly, ''example(,second)'' and ''example(first,)'' are invalid.
''example(first second)'' is also invalid,
as commas are still required to actually separate the options.
If commas were not implicitly omittable,
the grammar would have to be much more complicated
to properly express the ways that the arguments can be omitted,
greatly obscuring the simplicity of the feature.
</div>
All CSS properties also accept the <a href="#common-keywords">CSS-wide keyword values</a>
as the sole component of their property value.
For readability these are not listed explicitly in the property value syntax definitions.
For example, the full value definition of 'border-color'
is <code><color>{1,4} | inherit | initial | unset</code>
(even though it is listed as <code><color>{1,4}</code>).
Note: This implies that, in general,
combining these keywords with other component values in the same declaration
results in an invalid declaration.
For example,
''background: url(corner.png) no-repeat, inherit;'' is invalid.
<h3 id="component-combinators">
Component Value Combinators</h3>
Component values can be arranged into property values as follows:
<ul export dfn-type="grammar">
<li>Juxtaposing components means that
all of them must occur, in the given order.
<li>A double ampersand (<dfn id='comb-all'>&&</dfn>) separates two or more components,
all of which must occur, in any order.
<li>A double bar (<dfn id='comb-any'>||</dfn>) separates two or more options:
one or more of them must occur, in any order.
<li>A bar (<dfn id='comb-one'>|</dfn>) separates two or more alternatives:
exactly one of them must occur.
<li>Brackets ([ ]) are for grouping.
</ul>
Juxtaposition is stronger than the double ampersand, the double
ampersand is stronger than the double bar, and the double bar
is stronger than the bar. Thus, the following lines are equivalent:
<pre>
a b | c || d && e f
[ a b ] | [ c || [ d && [ e f ]]]
</pre>
For reorderable combinators (||, &&),
ordering of the grammar does not matter:
components in the same grouping may be interleaved in any order.
Thus, the following lines are equivalent:
<pre>
a || b || c
b || a || c
</pre>
<h3 id="component-multipliers">
Component Value Multipliers</h3>
Every type, keyword, or bracketed group may be followed by one of
the following modifiers:
<ul export dfn-type="grammar">
<li>An asterisk (<dfn id='mult-zero-plus'>*</dfn>) indicates that the preceding type, word, or
group occurs zero or more times.
<li>A plus (<dfn id='mult-one-plus'>+</dfn>) indicates that the preceding type, word, or group
occurs one or more times.
<li>A question mark (<dfn id='mult-opt'>?</dfn>) indicates that the preceding type, word, or
group is optional (occurs zero or one times).
<li>A single number in curly braces (<dfn id='mult-num'>{<var>A</var>}</dfn>)
indicates that the preceding type, word, or group occurs <var>A</var> times.
<li>A comma-separated pair of numbers in curly braces (<dfn id='mult-num-range'>{<var>A</var>,<var>B</var>}</dfn>)
indicates that the preceding type, word, or group occurs at least
<var>A</var> and at most <var>B</var> times.
The <var>B</var> may be omitted ({<var>A</var>,})
to indicate that there must be at least <var>A</var> repetitions,
with no upper bound on the number of repetitions.
<li>A hash mark (<dfn id='mult-comma'>#</dfn>) indicates that the preceding type, word, or
group occurs one or more times, separated by comma tokens
(which may optionally be surrounded by <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax/#whitespace">white space</a> and/or comments).
It may optionally be followed by the curly brace forms, above,
to indicate precisely how many times the repetition occurs,
like ''<length>#{1,4}''.
<li>An exclamation point (<dfn id='mult-req'>!</dfn>) after a group indicates that the group is required
and must produce at least one value;
even if the grammar of the items within the group would otherwise allow the entire contents to be omitted,
at least one component value must not be omitted.
</ul>
For repeated component values (indicated by ''*'', ''+'', or ''#''),
UAs must support at least 20 repetitions of the component.
If a property value contains more than the supported number of repetitions,
the declaration must be ignored as if it were invalid.
<h3 id='combinator-multiplier-patterns'>
Combinator and Multiplier Patterns</h3>
There are a small set of common ways to combine multiple independent <a>component values</a> in particular numbers and orders.
In particular, it's common to want to express that,
from a set of component value,
the author must select zero or more, one or more, or all of them,
and in either the order specified in the grammar or in any order.
All of these can be easily expressed using simple patterns of <a href="#component-combinators">combinators</a> and <a href="#component-multipliers">multipliers</a>:
<table class='data'>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>
<th>in order
<th>any order
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>zero or more
<td><pre>A? B? C?</pre>
<td><pre> A? || B? || C?</pre>
<tr>
<th>one or more
<td><pre> [ A? B? C? ]!</pre>
<td><pre>A || B || C</pre>
<tr>
<th>all
<td><pre>A B C </pre>
<td><pre>A && B && C</pre>
</table>
Note that all of the "any order" possibilities are expressed using combinators,
while the "in order" possibilities are all variants on juxtaposition.
<h3 id="component-whitespace">
Component Values and White Space</h3>
Unless otherwise specified,
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax/#whitespace">white space</a> and/or comments may appear before, after, and/or between
components combined using the above
<a href="#component-combinators">combinators</a> and
<a href="#component-multipliers">multipliers</a>.
Note: In many cases, spaces will in fact be <em>required</em> between components
in order to distinguish them from each other.
For example, the value ''1em2em'' would be parsed as a single <<dimension-token>>
with the number ''1'' and the identifier ''em2em'',
which is an invalid unit.
In this case, a space would be required before the ''2''
to get this parsed as the two lengths ''1em'' and ''2em''.
<h3 id="value-examples">
Property Value Examples</h3>
Below are some examples of properties with their corresponding value
definition fields
<div class=example>
<table class="data" id="propvalues">
<thead>
<tr><th>Property
<th>Value definition field
<th>Example value
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>'orphans'
<td><integer>
<td>''3''
<tr><td>'text-align'
<td>left | right | center | justify
<td>''text-align/center''
<tr><td>'padding-top'
<td><length> | <percentage>
<td>''5%''
<tr><td>'outline-color'
<td><color> | invert
<td>''#fefefe''
<tr><td>'text-decoration'
<td>none | underline || overline || line-through || blink
<td>''overline underline''
<tr><td><a property>font-family</a>
<td>[ <family-name> | <generic-family> ]#
<td>''"Gill Sans", Futura, sans-serif''
<tr><td>'border-width'
<td>[ <length> | thick | medium | thin ]{1,4}
<td>''2px medium 4px''
<tr><td>'text-shadow'
<td>[ inset? && [ <length>{2,4} && <color>? ] ]# | none
<td>''3px 3px rgba(50%, 50%, 50%, 50%), lemonchiffon 0 0 4px inset''
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h2 id="textual-values">
Textual Data Types</h2>
The <dfn>textual data types</dfn> include
various keywords and identifiers
as well as strings (<<string>>) and URLs (<<url>>).
CSS <dfn export lt="CSS identifier | CSS ident | identifier | ident">identifiers</dfn>,
generically denoted by <dfn><ident></dfn>,
consist of a sequence of characters conforming to the <<ident-token>> grammar. [[!CSS3SYN]]
Identifiers cannot be quoted;
otherwise they would be interpreted as strings.
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<h3 id="keywords">
Pre-defined Keywords</h3>
In the value definition fields,
keywords with a pre-defined meaning appear literally.
Keywords are <a>CSS identifiers</a>
and are interpreted <a lt="ASCII case-insensitive">ASCII case-insensitively</a>
(i.e., [a-z] and \[A-Z] are equivalent).
<div class="example">
For example, here is the value definition for the 'border-collapse'
property:
<pre>Value: collapse | separate</pre>
And here is an example of its use:
<pre>table { border-collapse: separate }</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="common-keywords">
CSS-wide keywords: ''initial'', ''inherit'' and ''unset''</h4>
As defined <a href="#component-types">above</a>,
all properties accept the <dfn export>CSS-wide keywords</dfn>,
which represent value computations common to all CSS properties.
The ''initial'' keyword represents the value specified as the property's initial value.
The ''inherit'' keyword represents the computed value of the property on the element's parent.
The ''unset'' keyword acts as either ''inherit'' or ''initial'',
depending on whether the property is inherited or not.
All of these keywords are normatively defined in the Cascade module. [[!CSS3CASCADE]]
Other CSS specifications can define additional CSS-wide keywords.
<!-- Make it easier to add CSS-wide keywords by defining a grammar production. -->
<h3 id='custom-idents'>
Author-defined Identifiers: the <<custom-ident>> type</h3>
Some properties accept arbitrary author-defined identifiers as a component value.
This generic data type is denoted by <dfn id="identifier-value"><custom-ident></dfn>,
and represents any valid CSS <a>identifier</a>
that would not be misinterpreted as a pre-defined keyword in that property's value definition.
Such identifiers are fully case-sensitive,
even in the ASCII range
(e.g. ''example'' and ''EXAMPLE'' are two different, unrelated user-defined identifiers).
The <a>CSS-wide keywords</a> are not valid <<custom-ident>>s.
The ''default'' keyword is reserved
and is also not a valid <<custom-ident>>.
Specifications using <<custom-ident>> must specify clearly
what other keywords are excluded from <<custom-ident>>, if any--
for example by saying that any pre-defined keywords in that property's value definition are excluded.
Excluded keywords are excluded in all <a lt="ASCII case-insensitive">ASCII case permutations</a>.
When parsing positionally-ambiguous keywords in a property value,
a <<custom-ident>> production can only claim the keyword if no other unfulfilled production can claim it.
<div class="example">
For example, the shorthand declaration ''animation: ease-in ease-out''
is equivalent to the longhand declarations
''animation-timing-function: ease-in; animation-name: ease-out;''.
''ease-in'' is claimed by the <<easing-function>> production belonging to 'animation-timing-function',
leaving ''ease-out'' to be claimed by the <<custom-ident>> production belonging to 'animation-name'.
</div>
Note: When designing grammars with <<custom-ident>>,
the <<custom-ident>> should always be "positionally unambiguous",
so that it's impossible to conflict with any keyword values in the property.
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<h3 id="strings">
Quoted Strings: the <<string>> type</h3>
<dfn export lt="string">Strings</dfn> are denoted by <dfn id="string-value"><string></dfn>
and consist of a sequence of characters delimited by double quotes or
single quotes. They correspond to the <<string-token>> production
in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax/">CSS Syntax Module</a> [[!CSS3SYN]].
<div class=example>
Double quotes cannot occur inside double quotes, unless
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters">escaped</a>
(as <code>"\""</code> or as <code>"\22"</code>).
Analogously for single quotes (<code>'\''</code> or <code>'\27'</code>).
<pre>
content: "this is a 'string'.";
content: "this is a \"string\".";
content: 'this is a "string".';
content: 'this is a \'string\'.'
</pre>
</div>
It is possible to break strings over several lines, for aesthetic or
other reasons, but in such a case the newline itself has to be escaped
with a backslash (\). The newline is subsequently removed from the
string. For instance, the following two selectors are exactly the
same:
<div class="example">
6D5E
<p style="display:none">Example(s):
<pre>
a[title="a not s\
o very long title"] {/*...*/}
a[title="a not so very long title"] {/*...*/}
</pre>
</div>
Since a string cannot directly represent a newline, to include a
newline in a string, use the escape "\A". (Hexadecimal A is the line
feed character in Unicode (U+000A), but represents the generic notion
of "newline" in CSS.)
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<h3 id="urls">
Resource Locators: the <<url>> type</h3>
The <dfn>url()</dfn> <a>functional notation</a>,
denoted by <<url>>,
represents a <dfn noexport>URL</dfn>,
which is a pointer to a resource.
The typical syntax of a <<url>> is:
<pre class="prod"><dfn id="url-value"><url></dfn> = url( <<string>> <<url-modifier>>* )</pre>
<div class="example">
Below is an example of a URL being used as a background image:
<pre>body { background: url("http://www.example.com/pinkish.gif") }</pre>
</div>
A <<url>> may alternately be written without quotation marks around the URL itself,
in which case it is <a lt="consume a url token" spec=css-syntax-3>specially-parsed</a>
as a <<url-token>> [[!CSS3SYN]].
<div class="example">
For example, the following declarations are identical:
<pre>
background: url("http://www.example.com/pinkish.gif");
background: url(http://www.example.com/pinkish.gif);
</pre>
</div>
Note: This unquoted syntax is cannot accept a <<url-modifier>> argument
and has extra escaping requirements:
parentheses, <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax/#whitespace">whitespace</a> characters,
single quotes (') and double quotes (") appearing in a URL
must be escaped with a backslash,
e.g. ''url(open\(parens)'', ''url(close\)parens)''.
(In quoted <<string>> ''url()''s,
only newlines and the character used to quote the string need to be escaped.)
Depending on the type of URL,
it might also be possible to write these characters as URL-escapes
(e.g. ''url(open%28parens)'' or ''url(close%29parens)'')
as described in [[URL]].
Some CSS contexts (such as ''@import'') also allow a <<url>>
to be represented by a bare <<string>>, without the ''url()'' wrapper.
In such cases the string behaves identically to a ''url()'' function containing that string.
<div class="example">
For example, the following statements are identical:
<pre>
@import url("base-theme.css");
@import "base-theme.css";
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="relative-urls">
Relative URLs</h4>
In order to create modular style sheets that are not dependent on
the absolute location of a resource, authors should use relative URLs.
Relative URLs (as defined in [[!URL]]) are resolved to full URLs
using a base URL. RFC 3986, section 3, defines the normative
algorithm for this process.
For CSS style sheets, the base URL is that of the style sheet itself,
not that of the styled source document.
Style sheets embedded within a document have
the base URL associated with their container.
When a <<url>> appears in the computed value of a property,
it is resolved to an absolute URL,
as described in the preceding paragraph.
The computed value of a URL that the UA cannot resolve to an absolute URL is the specified value.
<div class="example">
For example, suppose the following rule:
<pre>body { background: url("tile.png") }</pre>
is located in a style sheet designated by the URL:
<pre>http://www.example.org/style/basic.css</pre>
The background of the source document's <code><body></code>
will be tiled with whatever image is described by the resource designated by the URL:
<pre>http://www.example.org/style/tile.png</pre>
The same image will be used regardless of the URL of the source document containing the <code><body></code>.
</div>
<h5 id='local-urls'>
Fragment URLs</h5>
To work around some common eccentriticites in browser URL handling,
CSS has special behavior for fragment-only urls.
If a ''url()''’s value starts with a U+0023 NUMBER SIGN (<code>#</code>) character,
parse it as per normal for URLs,
but additionally set the <dfn export for="url()">local url flag</dfn> of the ''url()''.
When matching a ''url()'' with the <a>local url flag</a> set,
ignore everything but the URL's fragment,
and resolve that fragment against the current document that relative URLs are resolved against.
This reference must always be treated as same-document
(rather than cross-document).
When <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-1/#serializing-css-values">serializing</a>
a ''url()'' with the <a>local url flag</a> set,
it must serialize as just the fragment.
<details class=note>
<summary>What “browser eccentricities”?</summary>
Theoretically, browsers should re-resolve any relative URLs,
including fragment-only URLs,
whenever the document's base URL changes
(such as through mutation of the <{base}> element,
or calling {{History/pushState()}}).
In many cases they don't, however,
and so without special handling,
fragment-only URLs will suddenly become cross-document references
(pointing at the previous base URL)
and break in many of the places they're used.
Since fragment-only URLs express a clear semantic
of wanting to refer to the current document
regardless of what its current URL is,
this hack preserves the expected behavior at least in these cases.
</details>
<h4 id="url-empty">
Empty URLs</h4>
If the value of the ''url()'' is the empty string
(like ''url("")'' or ''url()''),
the url must resolve to an invalid resource
(similar to what the url ''about:invalid'' does).
Note: This matches the behavior of empty urls for embedded resources elsewhere in the web platform,
and avoids excess traffic re-requesting the stylesheet or host document
due to editting mistakes leaving the ''url()'' value empty,
which are almost certain to be invalid resources for whatever the ''url()'' shows up in.
Linking on the web platform <em>does</em> allow empty urls,
so if/when CSS gains some functionality to control hyperlinks,
this restriction can be relaxed in those contexts.
<h4 id='url-modifiers'>
URL Modifiers</h4>
The ''url()'' function supports specifying additional <dfn><url-modifier></dfn>s,
which change the meaning or the interpretation of the URL somehow.
A <<url-modifier>> is either an <<ident>> or a <a>functional notation</a>.
This specification does not define any <<url-modifier>>s,
but other specs may do so.
Note: A <<url>> that is either unquoted or not wrapped in ''url()'' notation
cannot accept any <<url-modifier>>s.
<h2 id="numeric-types">
Numeric Data Types</h2>
The <dfn>numeric data types</dfn> include
<<integer>>,
<<number>>,
<<percentage>>,
and various <a>dimensions</a>
including <<length>>, <<angle>>, <<time>>, <<frequency>>, and <<resolution>>.
Note: While general-purpose <a>dimensions</a> are defined here,
some other modules define additional data types
(e.g. [[css-grid-1]] introduces ''fr'' units)
whose usage is more localized.
<h3 id="numeric-ranges">
Range Restrictions and Range Definition Notation</h3>
Properties can restrict numeric values to some range.
If the value is outside the allowed range,
then unless otherwise specified,
the declaration is invalid and must be <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#ignore">ignored</a>.
Range restrictions can be annotated in the numeric type notation
using <dfn local-lt="bracketed range notation">CSS bracketed range notation</dfn>--
<code>[<var>min</var>,<var>max</var>]</code>--
within the angle brackets, after the identifying keyword,
indicating a closed range
between (and including) <var>min</var> and <var>max</var>.
For example, <<integer [0,10]>> indicates an integer between ''0'' and ''10'', inclusive.
Note: CSS values generally do not allow open ranges;
thus only square-bracket notation is used.
CSS theoretically supports infinite precision and infinite ranges for all value types;
however in reality implementations have finite capacity.
UAs should support reasonably useful ranges and precisions.
Range extremes that are ideally unlimited
are indicated using ∞ or −∞ as appropriate.
If no range is indicated,
either by using the <a>bracketed range notation</a>
or in the property description,
then <code>[−∞,∞]</code> is assumed.
Note: At the time of writing,
the <a>bracketed range notation</a> is new;
thus in most CSS specifications
any range limitations are described only in prose.
(For example, “Negative values are not allowed” or
“Negative values are invalid”
indicate a <code>[0,∞]</code> range.)
This does not make them any less binding.
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The recommended minimum ranges and precision,
and the required rounding and clamping rules,
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<h3 id="integers">
Integers: the <<integer>> type</h3>
Integer values are denoted by <dfn id="integer-value"><integer></dfn>.
When written literally,
an <dfn export>integer</dfn> is one or more decimal digits ''0'' through ''9''
and corresponds to a subset of the <<number-token>> production
in the CSS Syntax Module [[!CSS3SYN]].
The first digit of an integer may be immediately preceded by <css>-</css> or <css>+</css>
to indicate the integer's sign.
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<h3 id="numbers">
Real Numbers: the <<number>> type</h3>
Number values are denoted by <dfn id="number-value"><number></dfn>,
and represent real numbers, possibly with a fractional component.
When written literally,
a <dfn export>number</dfn> is either an <a>integer</a>,
or zero or more decimal digits followed by a dot (.) followed by one or more decimal digits
and optionally an exponent composed of "e" or "E" and an integer.
It corresponds to the <<number-token>> production
in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax/">CSS Syntax Module</a> [[!CSS3SYN]].
As with integers, the first character of a number may be immediately preceded by ''-'' or ''+''
to indicate the number's sign.
<h3 id='dimensions'>
Numbers with Units: <a>dimension</a> values</h3>
The general term <dfn export>dimension</dfn> refers to
a number with a unit attached to it;
and is denoted by <dfn><dimension></dfn>.
When written literally,
a <a>dimension</a> is a <a>number</a>
immediately followed by a unit identifier,
which is an <a>identifier</a>.
It corresponds to the <<dimension-token>> production
in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax/">CSS Syntax Module</a> [[!CSS3SYN]].
Like keywords, unit identifiers are <a>ASCII case-insensitive</a>.
<wpt>
css/css-values/angle-units-003.html
</wpt>
CSS uses <<dimension>>s to specify
distances (<<length>>),
durations (<<time>>),
frequencies (<<frequency>>),
resolutions (<<resolution>>),
and other quantities.
<h4 id="compat">
Compatible Units</h4>
When <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-1/#serializing-css-values">serializing</a> <a>computed values</a> [[!CSSOM]],
<dfn export local-lt=compatible>compatible units</dfn>
(those related by a static multiplicative factor,
like the 96:1 factor between ''px'' and ''in'',
or the the computed 'font-size' factor between ''em'' and ''px'')
are converted into a single <dfn export local-lt=canonical>canonical unit</dfn>.
Each group of compatible units defines which among them is the <a>canonical unit</a>
that will be used for serialization.
When serializing <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-1/#resolved-values">resolved values</a>
that are <a>used values</a>,
all value types (percentages, numbers, keywords, etc.)
that represent lengths are considered <a>compatible</a> with lengths.
Likewise any future API that returns <a>used values</a>
must consider any values represent distances/durations/frequencies/etc.
as <a>compatible</a> with the relevant class of <a>dimensions</a>,
and canonicalize accordingly.
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<h3 id="percentages">
Percentages: the <<percentage>> type</h3>
Percentage values are denoted by <dfn id="percentage-value"><percentage></dfn>,
and indicates a value that is some fraction of another reference value.
When written literally,
a <dfn export>percentage</dfn> consists of a <a>number</a>
immediately followed by a percent sign ''%''.
It corresponds to the <<percentage-token>> production
in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax/">CSS Syntax Module</a> [[!CSS3SYN]].
Percentage values are always relative to another quantity,
for example a length.
Each property that allows percentages also defines the quantity to which the percentage refers.
This quantity can be a value of another property for the same element,
the value of a property for an ancestor element,
a measurement of the formatting context
(e.g., the width of a <a>containing block</a>),
or something else.
<h3 id="mixed-percentages">
Mixing Percentages and Dimensions</h3>
In cases where a <<percentage>> can represent the same quantity
as a <a>dimension</a> or <a>number</a> in the same <a>component value</a> position,
and can therefore be combined with them in a ''calc()'' expression,
the following convenience notations may be used in the property grammar:
: <dfn><length-percentage></dfn>
:: Equivalent to <code class=prod>[ <<length>> | <<percentage>> ]</code>,
where the <<percentage>> will resolve to a <<length>>.
: <dfn><frequency-percentage></dfn>
:: Equivalent to <code class=prod>[ <<frequency>> | <<percentage>> ]</code>,
where the <<percentage>> will resolve to a <<frequency>>.
: <dfn><angle-percentage></dfn>
:: Equivalent to <code class=prod>[ <<angle>> | <<percentage>> ]</code>,
where the <<percentage>> will resolve to an <<angle>>.
: <dfn><time-percentage></dfn>
:: Equivalent to <code class=prod>[ <<time>> | <<percentage>> ]</code>,
where the <<percentage>> will resolve to a <<time>>.
: <dfn><number-percentage></dfn>
:: Equivalent to <code class=prod>[ <<number>> | <<percentage>> ]</code>,
where the <<percentage>> will resolve to a <<number>>.
<div class="example">
For example, the 'width' property can accept a <<length>> or a <<percentage>>,
both representing a measure of distance.
This means that ''width: calc(500px + 50%);'' is allowed--
both values are converted to absolute lengths and added.
If the containing block is ''1000px'' wide,
then ''width: 50%;'' is equivalent to ''width: 500px'',
and ''width: calc(50% + 500px)'' thus ends up equivalent to ''width: calc(500px + 500px)'' or ''width: 1000px''.
On the other hand, the second and third arguments of the ''hsl()'' function
can only be expressed as <<percentage>>s.
Although ''calc()'' productions are allowed in their place,
they can only combine percentages with themselves,
as in ''calc(10% + 20%)''.
</div>
Note: Specifications should never alternate <<percentage>> in place of a dimension
in a grammar unless they are <a>compatible</a>.
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<h2 id="lengths">
Distance Units: the <<length>> type</h2>
Lengths refer to distance measurements
and are denoted by <dfn id="length-value"><length></dfn> in the property definitions.
A length is a <a>dimension</a>.
For zero lengths the unit identifier is optional
(i.e. can be syntactically represented as the <<number>> ''0'').
However, if a ''0'' could be parsed as either a <<number>> or a <<length>> in a property
(such as 'line-height'),
it must parse as a <<number>>.
Properties may restrict the length value to some range.
If the value is outside the allowed range,
the declaration is invalid and must be <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/conform.html#ignore">ignored</a>.
While some properties allow negative length values,
this may complicate the formatting and there may be implementation-specific limits.
If a negative length value is allowed but cannot be supported,
it must be converted to the nearest value that can be supported.
In cases where the <a lt="used value">used</a> length cannot be supported,
user agents must approximate it in the <a lt="actual value">actual</a> value.
There are two types of length units: <a lt="relative length">relative</a> and <a lt="absolute length">absolute</a>.
<h3 id="relative-lengths">
Relative Lengths</h3>
<dfn lt="relative length">Relative length units</dfn> specify a length relative to another length.
Style sheets that use relative units can more easily scale from one output environment to another.
The relative units are:
<table class="data">
<caption>Informative Summary of Relative Units</caption>
<thead>
<tr><th>unit<th>relative to
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>''em''
<td>font size of the element
<tr><td>''ex''
<td>x-height of the element's font
<tr><td>''ch''
<td>width of the "0" (ZERO, U+0030) glyph in the element's font
<tr><td>''rem''
<td>font size of the root element
<tr><td>''vw''
<td>1% of viewport's width
<tr><td>''vh''
<td>1% of viewport's height
<tr><td>''vmin''
<td>1% of viewport's smaller dimension
<tr><td>''vmax''
<td>1% of viewport's larger dimension
</tbody>
</table>
Child elements do not inherit the relative values as specified for their parent;
they inherit the <a>computed values</a>.
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<h4 id="font-relative-lengths">
Font-relative Lengths: the ''em'', ''ex'', ''ch'', ''rem'' units</h4>
The <dfn export id="font-relative-length">font-relative lengths</dfn> refer to the font metrics of the element on which they are used--
or, in the case of ''rem'', the metrics of the root element).
<dl export dfn-type=value dfn-for="<length>">
<dt><dfn id="em" lt="em">em unit</dfn>
<dd>
Equal to the computed value of the 'font-size' property of the element on which it is used.
<div class="example">
The rule:
<pre>h1 { line-height: 1.2em }</pre>