csswg-drafts/css2/cover.html at c7813d8b03ccf270b35dc6991a99500058e6e8ca · w3c/csswg-drafts · GitHub

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">

<html lang="en">

<title>Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS&nbsp;2.1) Specification</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style/default.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="next" href="about.html">
<link rel="contents" href="cover.html#minitoc">
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<link rel="first" href="cover.html">
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<div class="head">
  <p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img alt="W3C" height="48"
    src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width="72"></a>

  <h1 id="title">Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 2 (CSS&nbsp;2.2) Specification</h1>
  <h2 id="W3C-doctype">W3C Editors Draft 25 September 2014</h2>

  <dl>
  <dt>This version:
  <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/ED-CSS2-20140925">
               http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/ED-CSS2-20140925</a>
  <dt>Latest version:
  <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2">
               http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2</a>
  <dt>Previous versions:
  <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-2
77F4
0110607">
               http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607</a>
  <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-CSS2-20080411/">
               http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-CSS2-20080411/</a>
  <dt>Editors:
  <dd class="vcard"><a class="url fn" lang=nl href="http://www.w3.org/People/Bos/">
               Bert Bos</a>
            &lt;<span class="email">bert&nbsp;@w3.org</span>&gt;</dd>
  <dt>Former editors:
  <dd class="vcard"><a class="url fn" lang=tr href="http://tantek.com/">
               Tantek &Ccedil;elik</a>
            &lt;<span class="email">tantek&nbsp;@cs.stanford.edu</span>&gt;</dd>
  <dd class="vcard"><a class="url fn" lang=en href="http://ian.hixie.ch/">
               Ian Hickson</a>
               &lt;<span class="email">ian&nbsp;@hixie.ch</span>&gt;</dd>
  <dd class="vcard"><a class="url fn n" lang=no href="http://people.opera.com/howcome/">
<span class="given-name">H&aring;kon</span> <span class="additional-name">Wium</span> <span class="family-name">Lie</span></a>
               &lt;<span class="email">howcome&nbsp;@opera.com</span>&gt;</dd>
  <dd class="vcard"><a class="url fn" href="http://www.w3.org/People/chris/">
               Chris Lilley</a>
               &lt;<span class="email">chris&nbsp;@w3.org</span>&gt;</dd>
  <dd class="vcard"><a class="url fn" href="http://www.w3.org/People/Jacobs/">
               Ian Jacobs</a>
               &lt;<span class="email">ij&nbsp;@w3.org</span></dd>
  </dl>

  <p>Please refer to the <a
  href="http://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/ED-CSS2-20140925-errata.html"><strong>
  errata</strong></a> for this document.

  <p>This document is also available in these non-normative formats:
  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/ED-CSS2-20140925/css2.txt">plain text</a>,
  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/ED-CSS2-20140925/css2.tgz">gzip'ed tar file</a>,
  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/ED-CSS2-20140925/css2.zip">zip file</a>,
  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/ED-CSS2-20140925/css2.ps.gz">gzip'ed PostScript</a>,
  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/ED-CSS2-20140925/css2.pdf">PDF</a>.
  See also <a
  href="http://www.w3.org/2005/11/Translations/Query?titleMatch=CSS;lang=any;search1=Submit"><strong>
  translations</strong></a>.

  <p class="copyright"><a
  href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">
  Copyright</a> &copy; 2011 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><acronym
  title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>&reg;</sup>
  (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><acronym title="Massachusetts
  Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a
  href="http://www.ercim.org/"><acronym title="European Research
  Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>, <a
  href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a
  href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">
  liability</a>, <a
  href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">
  trademark</a> and <a
  href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">
  document use</a> rules apply.

  <hr title="Separator from Header">
</div>

<h2 id=abstract>Abstract</h2>

<p>This specification defines Cascading Style Sheets, level&nbsp;2
revision&nbsp;1 (CSS&nbsp;2.1). CSS&nbsp;2.1 is a style sheet language
that allows
authors and users to attach style (e.g., fonts and spacing) to
structured documents (e.g., HTML documents and XML
applications). By separating the presentation style of documents from
the content of documents, CSS&nbsp;2.1 simplifies Web authoring and
site maintenance.

<P>CSS&nbsp;2.1 builds on CSS2 <a href="refs.html#ref-CSS2" rel="biblioentry" class="noxref"><span class="informref">[CSS2]</span></a> which builds on CSS1 <a href="refs.html#ref-CSS1" rel="biblioentry" class="noxref"><span class="informref">[CSS1]</span></a>.
It supports media-specific style sheets so that authors may tailor the
presentation of their documents to visual browsers, aural devices,
printers, braille devices, handheld devices, etc. It also supports
content positioning, table layout, features for internationalization
and some properties related to user interface.

<p>CSS&nbsp;2.1 corrects a few errors in CSS2 (the most important
being a new definition of the height/width of absolutely positioned
elements, more influence for HTML's "style" attribute and a new
calculation of the 'clip' property), and adds a few highly requested
features which have already been widely implemented.
But most of all CSS&nbsp;2.1
represents a "snapshot" of CSS usage: it consists of all CSS features
that are implemented interoperably at the date of publication of the Recommendation.

<p>CSS&nbsp;2.1 is derived from and is intended to replace CSS2. Some
parts of CSS2 are unchanged in CSS&nbsp;2.1, some parts have been
altered, and some parts removed. The removed portions may be used in a
future CSS3 specification. Future specs should refer to CSS&nbsp;2.1
(unless they need features from CSS2 which have been dropped in
CSS&nbsp;2.1, and then they should only reference CSS2 for those
features, or preferably reference such feature(s) in the respective
CSS3 Module that includes those feature(s)).

<h2 id=status>Status of this document</h2>

<p><em>This section describes the status of this document at the time
of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A
list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this
technical report can be found in the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports index at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.</a></em></p>

<p>This is a copy of the editors' draft for the next revision of the
Recommendation. It is used by the working group as an aid in checking
the text of the errata. It is <em>not</em> an official Working Draft.
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<p>This document was produced by the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/members">CSS Working Group</a> (part
of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Style/">Style Activity</a>).

<p>This document was produced by a group operating under
the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 W3C
Patent Policy</a>. W3C maintains a <a rel="disclosure"
href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32061/status">public list of any
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with <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of
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<p>The Working Group has created a <a href="/Style/CSS/Test/">test
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<p>All changes since the previous Working Draft, the previous
Candidate Recommendation and the previous Recommendation are listed
in <a href="changes.html">appendix&nbsp;C.</a>

<!--NewPage--><!-- this is for html2ps -->
<div class="toc">
<h2><a name="minitoc">Quick Table of Contents</a></h2>
<ul class="toc">
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="about.html" class="tocxref">1 About the CSS&nbsp;2.1 Specification</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="intro.html" class="tocxref">2 Introduction to CSS&nbsp;2.1</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="conform.html" class="tocxref">3 Conformance: Requirements and Recommendations</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="syndata.html" class="tocxref">4 Syntax and basic data types</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="selector.html" class="tocxref">5 Selectors</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="cascade.html" class="tocxref">6 Assigning property values, Cascading, and Inheritance</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="media.html" class="tocxref">7 Media types</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="box.html" class="tocxref">8 Box model</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="visuren.html" class="tocxref">9 Visual formatting model</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="visudet.html" class="tocxref">10 Visual formatting model details</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="visufx.html" class="tocxref">11 Visual effects</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="generate.html" class="tocxref">12 Generated <span class="index-def" title="generated content">content</span>, automatic <span class="index-def" title="automatic numbering">numbering</span>, and lists</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="page.html" class="tocxref">13 Paged media</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="colors.html" class="tocxref">14 Colors and Backgrounds</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="fonts.html" class="tocxref">15 Fonts</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="text.html" class="tocxref">16 Text</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="tables.html" class="tocxref">17 Tables</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="ui.html" class="tocxref">18 User interface</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="aural.html" class="tocxref">Appendix A. Aural style sheets</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="refs.html" class="tocxref">Appendix B. Bibliography</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="changes.html" class="tocxref">Appendix C. Changes</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="sample.html" class="tocxref">Appendix D. Default style sheet for HTML 4</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="zindex.html" class="tocxref">Appendix E. Elaborate description of Stacking Contexts</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="propidx.html" class="tocxref">Appendix F. Full property table</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="grammar.html" class="tocxref">Appendix G. Grammar of CSS&nbsp;2.1</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="indexlist.html" class="tocxref">Appendix I. Index</a>
</ul>
</div>

<!--NewPage--><!-- this is for html2ps -->
<div class="toc">
<h2><a name="toc">Full Table of Contents</a></h2>
<ul class="toc">
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="about.html" class="tocxref">1 About the CSS&nbsp;2.1 Specification</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="about.html#css2.1-v-css2" class="tocxref">1.1 CSS&nbsp;2.1 vs CSS&nbsp;2</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="about.html#reading" class="tocxref">1.2 Reading the specification</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="about.html#organization" class="tocxref">1.3 How the specification is organized</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="about.html#conventions" class="tocxref">1.4 Conventions</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="about.html#doc-language" class="tocxref">1.4.1 Document language elements and attributes</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="about.html#property-defs" class="tocxref">1.4.2 CSS property definitions</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#value-defs" class="tocxref">1.4.2.1 Value</a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#initial-value" class="tocxref">1.4.2.2 Initial</a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#applies-to" class="tocxref">1.4.2.3 Applies to</a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#inherited-prop" class="tocxref">1.4.2.4 Inherited</a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#percentage-wrt" class="tocxref">1.4.2.5 Percentage values</a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#media-applies" class="tocxref">1.4.2.6 Media groups</a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#computed-defs" class="tocxref">1.4.2.7 Computed value</a>
      </ul>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="about.html#shorthand" class="tocxref">1.4.3 Shorthand properties</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="about.html#notes-and-examples" class="tocxref">1.4.4 Notes and examples</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="about.html#images-and-longdesc" class="tocxref">1.4.5 Images and long descriptions</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="about.html#acknowledgements" class="tocxref">1.5 Acknowledgments</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="intro.html" class="tocxref">2 Introduction to CSS&nbsp;2.1</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="intro.html#html-tutorial" class="tocxref">2.1 A brief CSS&nbsp;2.1 tutorial for HTML</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="intro.html#xml-tutorial" class="tocxref">2.2 A brief CSS&nbsp;2.1 tutorial for XML</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="intro.html#processing-model" class="tocxref">2.3 The CSS&nbsp;2.1 processing model</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="intro.html#the-canvas" class="tocxref">2.3.1 The canvas</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="intro.html#addressing" class="tocxref">2.3.2 CSS&nbsp;2.1 addressing model</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="intro.html#design-principles" class="tocxref">2.4 CSS design principles</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="conform.html" class="tocxref">3 Conformance: Requirements and Recommendations</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="conform.html#defs" class="tocxref">3.1 Definitions</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="conform.html#conformance" class="tocxref">3.2 UA Conformance</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="conform.html#errors" class="tocxref">3.3 Error conditions
77EC
</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="conform.html#text-css" class="tocxref">3.4 <span class="index-def" title="text/css">The text/css content type</span></a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="syndata.html" class="tocxref">4 Syntax and basic data types</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="syndata.html#syntax" class="tocxref">4.1 Syntax</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#tokenization" class="tocxref">4.1.1 Tokenization</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#keywords" class="tocxref">4.1.2 Keywords</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="syndata.html#vendor-keywords" class="tocxref">4.1.2.1 Vendor-specific extensions</a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="syndata.html#vendor-keyword-history" class="tocxref">4.1.2.2 Informative Historical Notes</a>
      </ul>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#characters" class="tocxref">4.1.3 Characters and case</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#statements" class="tocxref">4.1.4 Statements</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#at-rules" class="tocxref">4.1.5 <span class="index-def" title="at-rule"> At-rules</span></a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#block" class="tocxref">4.1.6 Blocks</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#rule-sets" class="tocxref">4.1.7 Rule sets, declaration blocks, and selectors</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#declaration" class="tocxref">4.1.8 Declarations and properties</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#comments" class="tocxref">4.1.9 Comments</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="syndata.html#parsing-errors" class="tocxref">4.2 Rules for handling parsing errors</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="syndata.html#values" class="tocxref">4.3 Values</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#numbers" class="tocxref">4.3.1 Integers and real numbers</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#length-units" class="tocxref">4.3.2 Lengths</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#percentage-units" class="tocxref">4.3.3 Percentages</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#uri" class="tocxref">4.3.4 URLs and URIs</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#counter" class="tocxref">4.3.5 Counters</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#color-units" class="tocxref">4.3.6 Colors</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#strings" class="tocxref">4.3.7 Strings</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#unsupported-values" class="tocxref">4.3.8 Unsupported Values</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="syndata.html#charset" class="tocxref">4.4 CSS style sheet representation</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="syndata.html#escaping" class="tocxref">4.4.1 Referring to characters not represented in a character encoding</a>
    </ul>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="selector.html" class="tocxref">5 Selectors</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#pattern-matching" class="tocxref">5.1 Pattern matching</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#selector-syntax" class="tocxref">5.2 Selector syntax</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="selector.html#grouping" class="tocxref">5.2.1 Grouping</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#universal-selector" class="tocxref">5.3 Universal selector</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#type-selectors" class="tocxref">5.4 Type selectors</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#descendant-selectors" class="tocxref">5.5 Descendant selectors</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#child-selectors" class="tocxref">5.6 Child selectors</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#adjacent-selectors" class="tocxref">5.7 Adjacent sibling selectors</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#attribute-selectors" class="tocxref">5.8 Attribute selectors</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="selector.html#matching-attrs" class="tocxref">5.8.1 Matching attributes and attribute values</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="selector.html#default-attrs" class="tocxref">5.8.2 Default attribute values in DTDs</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="selector.html#class-html" class="tocxref">5.8.3 Class selectors</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#id-selectors" class="tocxref">5.9 ID selectors</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#pseudo-elements" class="tocxref">5.10 Pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#pseudo-class-selectors" class="tocxref">5.11 Pseudo-classes</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="selector.html#first-child" class="tocxref">5.11.1 :first-child pseudo-class</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="selector.html#link-pseudo-classes" class="tocxref">5.11.2 The link pseudo-classes: <span class="index-def" title="pseudo-classes:::link|:link|link (pseudo-class)">:link</span> and <span class="index-def" title="pseudo-classes:::visited|:visited|visited (pseudo-class)">:visited</span></a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="selector.html#dynamic-pseudo-classes" class="tocxref">5.11.3 The dynamic pseudo-classes: <span class="index-def" title="pseudo-classes:::hover|:hover|hover (pseudo-class)">:hover</span>, <span class="index-def" title="pseudo-classes:::active|:active|active (pseudo-class)">:active</span>, and <span class="index-def" title="pseudo-classes:::focus|:focus|focus (pseudo-class)">:focus</span></a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="selector.html#lang" class="tocxref">5.11.4 The language pseudo-class: <span class="index-def" title="pseudo-classes:::lang|:lang|lang (pseudo-class)">:lang</span></a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="selector.html#pseudo-element-selectors" class="tocxref">5.12 Pseudo-elements</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="selector.html#first-line-pseudo" class="tocxref">5.12.1 The <span class="index-def" title="pseudo-elements:::first-line|:first-line|first-line">:first-line</span> pseudo-element</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="selector.html#first-letter" class="tocxref">5.12.2 The <span class="index-def" title="pseudo-elements:::first-letter|:first-letter|first-letter">:first-letter</span> pseudo-element</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="selector.html#before-and-after" class="tocxref">5.12.3 The <span class="index-def" title="pseudo-elements:::before|:before">:before</span> and <span class="index-def" title="pseudo-elements:::after|:after">:after</span> pseudo-elements</a>
    </ul>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="cascade.html" class="tocxref">6 Assigning property values, Cascading, and Inheritance</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="cascade.html#value-stages" class="tocxref">6.1 Specified, computed, and actual values</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="cascade.html#specified-value" class="tocxref">6.1.1 <span class="index-def" title="specified value"> Specified values</span></a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="cascade.html#computed-value" class="tocxref">6.1.2 <span class="index-def" title="computed value"> Computed values</span></a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="cascade.html#used-value" class="tocxref">6.1.3 <span class="index-def" title="used value"> Used values</span></a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="cascade.html#actual-value" class="tocxref">6.1.4 <span class="index-def" title="actual value"> Actual values</span></a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="cascade.html#inheritance" class="tocxref">6.2 Inheritance</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="tocxref">6.2.1 The <span class="index-def" title="inherit, definition of">'inherit'</span> value</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="cascade.html#at-import" class="tocxref">6.3 The @import rule</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="cascade.html#cascade" class="tocxref">6.4 The cascade</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="cascade.html#cascading-order" class="tocxref">6.4.1 Cascading order</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="cascade.html#important-rules" class="tocxref">6.4.2 !important rules</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="cascade.html#specificity" class="tocxref">6.4.3 Calculating a selector's specificity</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="cascade.html#preshint" class="tocxref">6.4.4 Precedence of non-CSS presentational hints</a>
    </ul>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="media.html" class="tocxref">7 Media types</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="media.html#media-intro" class="tocxref">7.1 Introduction to media types</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="media.html#media-sheets" class="tocxref">7.2 Specifying media-dependent style sheets</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="media.html#at-media-rule" class="tocxref">7.2.1 The @media rule</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="media.html#media-types" class="tocxref">7.3 Recognized media types</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="media.html#media-groups" class="tocxref">7.3.1 Media groups</a>
    </ul>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="box.html" class="tocxref">8 Box model</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="box.html#box-dimensions" class="tocxref">8.1 Box dimensions</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="box.html#mpb-examples" class="tocxref">8.2 Example of margins, padding, and borders</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="box.html#margin-properties" class="tocxref">8.3 Margin properties: <span class="propinst-margin-top">'margin-top'</span>,  <span class="propinst-margin-right">'margin-right'</span>,  <span class="propinst-margin-bottom">'margin-bottom'</span>, <span class="propinst-margin-left">'margin-left'</span>, and <span class="propinst-margin">'margin'</span></a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="box.html#collapsing-margins" class="tocxref">8.3.1 Collapsing margins</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="box.html#padding-properties" class="tocxref">8.4 Padding properties: <span class="propinst-padding-top">'padding-top'</span>, <span class="propinst-padding-right">'padding-right'</span>, <span class="propinst-padding-bottom">'padding-bottom'</span>, <span class="propinst-padding-left">'padding-left'</span>, and <span class="propinst-padding">'padding'</span></a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="box.html#border-properties" class="tocxref">8.5 Border properties</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="box.html#border-width-properties" class="tocxref">8.5.1 Border width: <span class="propinst-border-top-width">'border-top-width'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-right-width">'border-right-width'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-bottom-width">'border-bottom-width'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-left-width">'border-left-width'</span>, and <span class="propinst-border-width">'border-width'</span></a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="box.html#border-color-properties" class="tocxref">8.5.2 Border color: <span class="propinst-border-top-color">'border-top-color'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-right-color">'border-right-color'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-bottom-color">'border-bottom-color'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-left-color">'border-left-color'</span>, and <span class="propinst-border-color">'border-color'</span></a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="box.html#border-style-properties" class="tocxref">8.5.3 Border style: <span class="propinst-border-top-style">'border-top-style'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-right-style">'border-right-style'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-bottom-style">'border-bottom-style'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-left-style">'border-left-style'</span>, and <span class="propinst-border-style">'border-style'</span></a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="box.html#border-shorthand-properties" class="tocxref">8.5.4 Border shorthand properties: <span class="propinst-border-top">'border-top'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-right">'border-right'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-bottom">'border-bottom'</span>, <span class="propinst-border-left">'border-left'</span>, and <span class="propinst-border">'border'</span></a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="box.html#bidi-box-model" class="tocxref">8.6 The box model for inline elements in bidirectional context</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="visuren.html" class="tocxref">9 Visual formatting model</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#visual-model-intro" class="tocxref">9.1 Introduction to the visual formatting model</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#viewport" class="tocxref">9.1.1 The viewport</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#containing-block" class="tocxref">9.1.2 <span class="index-def" title="containing block"> Containing blocks</span></a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#box-gen" class="tocxref">9.2 Controlling box generation</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#block-boxes" class="tocxref">9.2.1 Block-level elements and block boxes</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="visuren.html#anonymous-block-level" class="tocxref">9.2.1.1 Anonymous block boxes</a>
      </ul>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#inline-boxes" class="tocxref">9.2.2 Inline-level elements and inline boxes</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="visuren.html#anonymous" class="tocxref">9.2.2.1 Anonymous inline boxes</a>
      </ul>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#run-in" class="tocxref">9.2.3 Run-in boxes</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#display-prop" class="tocxref">9.2.4 The <span class="propinst-display">'display'</span> property</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#positioning-scheme" class="tocxref">9.3 Positioning schemes</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#choose-position" class="tocxref">9.3.1 Choosing a positioning scheme: <span class="propinst-position">'position'</span> property</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#position-props" class="tocxref">9.3.2 Box offsets: <span class="propinst-top">'top'</span>, <span class="propinst-right">'right'</span>, <span class="propinst-bottom">'bottom'</span>, <span class="propinst-left">'left'</span></a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#normal-flow" class="tocxref">9.4 Normal flow</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#block-formatting" class="tocxref">9.4.1 Block formatting contexts</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#inline-formatting" class="tocxref">9.4.2 Inline formatting contexts</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#relative-positioning" class="tocxref">9.4.3 Relative positioning</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#floats" class="tocxref">9.5 Floats</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#float-position" class="tocxref">9.5.1 Positioning the float: the <span class="propinst-float">'float'</span> property</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#flow-control" class="tocxref">9.5.2 Controlling flow next to floats: the <span class="propinst-clear">'clear'</span> property</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#absolute-positioning" class="tocxref">9.6 Absolute positioning</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#fixed-positioning" class="tocxref">9.6.1 Fixed positioning</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#dis-pos-flo" class="tocxref">9.7 Relationships between 'display', 'position', and 'float'</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#comparison" class="tocxref">9.8 Comparison of normal flow, floats,   and absolute positioning</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#comp-normal-flow" class="tocxref">9.8.1 Normal flow</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#comp-relpos" class="tocxref">9.8.2 Relative positioning</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#comp-float" class="tocxref">9.8.3 Floating a box</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#comp-abspos" class="tocxref">9.8.4 Absolute positioning</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#layers" class="tocxref">9.9 Layered presentation</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visuren.html#z-index" class="tocxref">9.9.1 Specifying the stack level: the <span class="propinst-z-index&qu
133E
ot;>'z-index'</span> property</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visuren.html#direction" class="tocxref">9.10 Text direction: the <span class="propinst-direction">'direction'</span> and <span class="propinst-unicode-bidi">'unicode-bidi'</span> properties</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="visudet.html" class="tocxref">10 Visual formatting model details</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visudet.html#containing-block-details" class="tocxref">10.1 Definition of "containing block"</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visudet.html#the-width-property" class="tocxref">10.2 Content width: the <span class="propinst-width">'width'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visudet.html#Computing_widths_and_margins" class="tocxref">10.3 Calculating widths and margins</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#inline-width" class="tocxref">10.3.1 Inline, non-replaced elements</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#inline-replaced-width" class="tocxref">10.3.2 Inline, replaced elements</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#blockwidth" class="tocxref">10.3.3 Block-level, non-replaced elements in normal flow</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#block-replaced-width" class="tocxref">10.3.4 Block-level, replaced elements in normal flow</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#float-width" class="tocxref">10.3.5 Floating, non-replaced elements</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#float-replaced-width" class="tocxref">10.3.6 Floating, replaced elements</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#abs-non-replaced-width" class="tocxref">10.3.7 Absolutely positioned, non-replaced elements</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#abs-replaced-width" class="tocxref">10.3.8 Absolutely positioned, replaced elements</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#inlineblock-width" class="tocxref">10.3.9 'Inline-block', non-replaced elements in normal flow</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#inlineblock-replaced-width" class="tocxref">10.3.10 'Inline-block', replaced elements in normal flow</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visudet.html#min-max-widths" class="tocxref">10.4 Minimum and maximum widths: <span class="propinst-min-width">'min-width'</span> and <span class="propinst-max-width">'max-width'</span></a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visudet.html#the-height-property" class="tocxref">10.5 Content height: the <span class="propinst-height">'height'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visudet.html#Computing_heights_and_margins" class="tocxref">10.6 Calculating heights and margins</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#inline-non-replaced" class="tocxref">10.6.1 Inline, non-replaced elements</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#inline-replaced-height" class="tocxref">10.6.2 Inline replaced elements, block-level replaced elements in normal flow, 'inline-block' replaced elements in normal flow and floating replaced elements</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#normal-block" class="tocxref">10.6.3 Block-level non-replaced elements in normal flow when 'overflow' computes to 'visible'</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#abs-non-replaced-height" class="tocxref">10.6.4 Absolutely positioned, non-replaced elements</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#abs-replaced-height" class="tocxref">10.6.5 Absolutely positioned, replaced elements</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#block-root-margin" class="tocxref">10.6.6 Complicated cases</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#root-height" class="tocxref">10.6.7 'Auto' heights for block formatting context roots</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visudet.html#min-max-heights" class="tocxref">10.7 Minimum and maximum heights: <span class="propinst-min-height">'min-height'</span> and <span class="propinst-max-height">'max-height'</span></a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visudet.html#line-height" class="tocxref">10.8 Line height calculations: the <span class="propinst-line-height">'line-height'</span> and <span class="propinst-vertical-align">'vertical-align'</span> properties</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visudet.html#leading" class="tocxref">10.8.1 Leading and half-leading</a>
    </ul>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="visufx.html" class="tocxref">11 Visual effects</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visufx.html#overflow-clipping" class="tocxref">11.1 Overflow and clipping</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visufx.html#overflow" class="tocxref">11.1.1 Overflow: the <span class="propinst-overflow">'overflow'</span> property</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="visufx.html#clipping" class="tocxref">11.1.2 Clipping: the <span class="propinst-clip">'clip'</span> property</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="visufx.html#visibility" class="tocxref">11.2 Visibility: the <span class="propinst-visibility">'visibility'</span> property</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="generate.html" class="tocxref">12 Generated <span class="index-def" title="generated content">content</span>, automatic <span class="index-def" title="automatic numbering">numbering</span>, and lists</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="generate.html#before-after-content" class="tocxref">12.1 The <span class="index-def" title=":before|pseudo-elements:::before|before">:before</span> and <span class="index-def" title=":after|pseudo-elements:::after|after">:after</span> pseudo-elements</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="generate.html#content" class="tocxref">12.2 The <span class="propinst-content">'content'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="generate.html#quotes" class="tocxref">12.3 Quotation marks</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="generate.html#quotes-specify" class="tocxref">12.3.1 Specifying quotes with the <span class="propinst-quotes">'quotes'</span> property</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="generate.html#quotes-insert" class="tocxref">12.3.2 Inserting quotes with the <span class="propinst-content">'content'</span> property</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="generate.html#counters" class="tocxref">12.4 Automatic <span class="index-def" title="counters">counters</span> and numbering</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="generate.html#scope" class="tocxref">12.4.1 Nested counters and scope</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="generate.html#counter-styles" class="tocxref">12.4.2 Counter styles</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="generate.html#undisplayed-counters" class="tocxref">12.4.3 Counters in elements with 'display: none'</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="generate.html#lists" class="tocxref">12.5 Lists</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="generate.html#list-style" class="tocxref">12.5.1 Lists: the <span class="propinst-list-style-type">'list-style-type'</span>, <span class="propinst-list-style-image">'list-style-image'</span>, <span class="propinst-list-style-position">'list-style-position'</span>, and <span class="propinst-list-style">'list-style'</span> properties</a>
    </ul>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="page.html" class="tocxref">13 Paged media</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="page.html#page-intro" class="tocxref">13.1 Introduction to paged media</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="page.html#page-box" class="tocxref">13.2 Page boxes: the @page rule</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="page.html#page-margins" class="tocxref">13.2.1 Page margins</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="page.html#page-selectors" class="tocxref">13.2.2 Page selectors: selecting left, right, and first pages</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="page.html#outside-page-box" class="tocxref">13.2.3 Content outside the page box</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="page.html#page-breaks" class="tocxref">13.3 Page breaks</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="page.html#page-break-props" class="tocxref">13.3.1 Page break properties: <span class="propinst-page-break-before">'page-break-before'</span>, <span class="propinst-page-break-after">'page-break-after'</span>, <span class="propinst-page-break-inside">'page-break-inside'</span></a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="page.html#break-inside" class="tocxref">13.3.2 Breaks inside elements: <span class="propinst-orphans">'orphans'</span>, <span class="propinst-widows">'widows'</span></a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="page.html#allowed-page-breaks" class="tocxref">13.3.3 Allowed page breaks</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="page.html#forced" class="tocxref">13.3.4 Forced page breaks</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="page.html#best-page-breaks" class="tocxref">13.3.5 "Best" page breaks</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="page.html#page-cascade" class="tocxref">13.4 Cascading in the page context</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="colors.html" class="tocxref">14 Colors and Backgrounds</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="colors.html#colors" class="tocxref">14.1 Foreground color: the <span class="propinst-color">'color'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="colors.html#background" class="tocxref">14.2 The background</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="colors.html#background-properties" class="tocxref">14.2.1 Background properties: <span class="propinst-background-color">'background-color'</span>, <span class="propinst-background-image">'background-image'</span>, <span class="propinst-background-repeat">'background-repeat'</span>, <span class="propinst-background-attachment">'background-attachment'</span>, <span class="propinst-background-position">'background-position'</span>, and <span class="propinst-background">'background'</span></a>
    </ul>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="fonts.html" class="tocxref">15 Fonts</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="fonts.html#fonts-intro" class="tocxref">15.1 Introduction</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="fonts.html#algorithm" class="tocxref">15.2 Font matching algorithm</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="fonts.html#font-family-prop" class="tocxref">15.3 Font family: the <span class="propinst-font-family">'font-family'</span> property</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="fonts.html#generic-font-families" class="tocxref">15.3.1 Generic font families</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="fonts.html#serif-def" class="tocxref">15.3.1.1 <span class="index-def" title="serif, definition of"><dfn>serif</dfn></span></a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="fonts.html#sans-serif-def" class="tocxref">15.3.1.2 <span class="index-def" title="sans-serif, definition of"> <dfn>sans-serif</dfn></span></a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="fonts.html#cursive-def" class="tocxref">15.3.1.3 <span class="index-def" title="cursive, definition of"> <dfn>cursive</dfn></span></a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="fonts.html#fantasy-def" class="tocxref">15.3.1.4 <span class="index-def" title="fantasy, definition of"> <dfn>fantasy</dfn></span></a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="fonts.html#monospace-def" class="tocxref">15.3.1.5 <span class="index-def" title="monospace, definition of"> <dfn>monospace</dfn></span></a>
      </ul>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="fonts.html#font-styling" class="tocxref">15.4 Font styling: the <span class="propinst-font-style">'font-style'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="fonts.html#small-caps" class="tocxref">15.5 Small-caps: the <span class="propinst-font-variant">'font-variant'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="fonts.html#font-boldness" class="tocxref">15.6 Font boldness: the <span class="propinst-font-weight">'font-weight'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="fonts.html#font-size-props" class="tocxref">15.7 Font size: the <span class="propinst-font-size">'font-size'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="fonts.html#font-shorthand" class="tocxref">15.8 Shorthand font property: the <span class="propinst-font">'font'</span> property</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="text.html" class="tocxref">16 Text</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#indentation-prop" class="tocxref">16.1 Indentation: the <span class="propinst-text-indent">'text-indent'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#alignment-prop" class="tocxref">16.2 Alignment: the <span class="propinst-text-align">'text-align'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#decoration" class="tocxref">16.3 Decoration</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#lining-striking-props" class="tocxref">16.3.1 Underlining, overlining, striking, and blinking: the <span class="propinst-text-decoration">'text-decoration'</span> property</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#spacing-props" class="tocxref">16.4 Letter and word spacing: the <span class="propinst-letter-spacing">'letter-spacing'</span> and <span class="propinst-word-spacing">'word-spacing'</span> properties</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#caps-prop" class="tocxref">16.5 Capitalization: the <span class="propinst-text-transform">'text-transform'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#white-space-prop" class="tocxref">16.6 White space: the <span class="propinst-white-space">'white-space'</span> property</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#white-space-model" class="tocxref">16.6.1 The 'white-space' processing model</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#egbidiwscollapse" class="tocxref">16.6.2 Example of bidirectionality with white space collapsing</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#ctrlchars" class="tocxref">16.6.3 Control and combining characters' details</a>
    </ul>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="tables.html" class="tocxref">17 Tables</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="tables.html#tables-intro" class="tocxref">17.1 Introduction to tables</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="tables.html#table-display" class="tocxref">17.2 The CSS table model</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="tables.html#anonymous-boxes" class="tocxref">17.2.1 Anonymous table objects</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="tables.html#columns" class="tocxref">17.3 Columns</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="tables.html#model" class="tocxref">17.4 Tables in the visual formatting model</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="tables.html#caption-position" class="tocxref">17.4.1 Caption position and alignment</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="tables.html#table-layout" class="tocxref">17.5 Visual layout of table contents</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="tables.html#table-layers" class="tocxref">17.5.1 Table layers and transparency</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="tables.html#width-layout" class="tocxref">17.5.2 Table width algorithms: the <span class="propinst-table-layout">'table-layout'</span> property</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="tables.html#fixed-table-layout" class="tocxref">17.5.2.1 Fixed table layout</a>
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="tables.html#auto-table-layout" class="tocxref">17.5.2.2 Automatic table layout</a>
      </ul>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="tables.html#height-layout" class="tocxref">17.5.3 Table height algorithms</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="tables.html#column-alignment" class="tocxref">17.5.4 Horizontal alignment in a column</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="tables.html#dynamic-effects" class="tocxref">17.5.5 Dynamic row and column effects</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="tables.html#borders" class="tocxref">17.6 Borders</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="tables.html#separated-borders" class="tocxref">17.6.1 The separated borders model</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="tables.html#empty-cells" class="tocxref">17.6.1.1 Borders and Backgrounds around empty cells: the <span class="propinst-empty-cells">'empty-cells'</span> property</a>
      </ul>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="tables.html#collapsing-borders" class="tocxref">17.6.2 The collapsing border model</a>
      <ul class="toc">
        <li class="tocline4"><a href="tables.html#border-conflict-resolution" class="tocxref">17.6.2.1 Border conflict resolution</a>
      </ul>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="tables.html#table-border-styles" class="tocxref">17.6.3 Border styles</a>
    </ul>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="ui.html" class="tocxref">18 User interface</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="ui.html#cursor-props" class="tocxref">18.1 Cursors: the <span class="propinst-cursor">'cursor'</span> property</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="ui.html#system-colors" class="tocxref">18.2 System Colors</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="ui.html#system-fonts" class="tocxref">18.3 User preferences for fonts</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="ui.html#dynamic-outlines" class="tocxref">18.4 Dynamic outlines: the <span class="index-def" title="outline">'outline'</span> property</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="ui.html#outline-focus" class="tocxref">18.4.1 Outlines and the focus</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="ui.html#magnification" class="tocxref">18.5 Magnification</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="aural.html" class="tocxref">Appendix A. Aural style sheets</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#aural-media-group" class="tocxref">A.1 The media types 'aural' and 'speech'</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#aural-intro" class="tocxref">A.2 Introduction to aural style sheets</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="aural.html#angles" class="tocxref">A.2.1 Angles</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="aural.html#times" class="tocxref">A.2.2 Times</a>
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="aural.html#frequencies" class="tocxref">A.2.3 Frequencies</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#volume-props" class="tocxref">A.3 Volume properties: <span class="propinst-volume">'volume'</span></a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#speaking-props" class="tocxref">A.4 Speaking properties: <span class="propinst-speak">'speak'</span></a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#pause-props" class="tocxref">A.5 Pause properties: <span class="propinst-pause-before">'pause-before'</span>, <span class="propinst-pause-after">'pause-after'</span>, and <span class="propinst-pause">'pause'</span></a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#cue-props" class="tocxref">A.6 Cue properties: <span class="propinst-cue-before">'cue-before'</span>, <span class="propinst-cue-after">'cue-after'</span>, and <span class="propinst-cue">'cue'</span></a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#mixing-props" class="tocxref">A.7 Mixing properties: <span class="propinst-play-during">'play-during'</span></a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#spatial-props" class="tocxref">A.8 Spatial properties: <span class="propinst-azimuth">'azimuth'</span> and <span class="propinst-elevation">'elevation'</span></a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#voice-char-props" class="tocxref">A.9 Voice characteristic properties: <span class="propinst-speech-rate">'speech-rate'</span>, <span class="propinst-voice-family">'voice-family'</span>, <span class="propinst-pitch">'pitch'</span>, <span class="propinst-pitch-range">'pitch-range'</span>, <span class="propinst-stress">'stress'</span>, and <span class="propinst-richness">'richness'</span></a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#speech-props" class="tocxref">A.10 Speech properties: <span class="propinst-speak-punctuation">'speak-punctuation'</span> and <span class="propinst-speak-numeral">'speak-numeral'</span></a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#aural-tables" class="tocxref">A.11 Audio rendering of tables</a>
    <ul class="toc">
      <li class="tocline3"><a href="aural.html#speak-headers" class="tocxref">A.11.1 Speaking headers: the <span class="propinst-speak-header">'speak-header'</span> property</a>
    </ul>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#sample" class="tocxref">A.12 Sample style sheet for HTML</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="aural.html#Emacspeak" class="tocxref">A.13 Emacspeak</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="refs.html" class="tocxref">Appendix B. Bibliography</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="refs.html#normative" class="tocxref">B.1 Normative references</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="refs.html#informative" class="tocxref">B.2 Informative references</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="changes.html" class="tocxref">Appendix C. Changes</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="changes.html#q1" class="tocxref">C.1 Changes since the Recommendation of 7 June 2011</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="sample.html" class="tocxref">Appendix D. Default style sheet for HTML 4</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="zindex.html" class="tocxref">Appendix E. Elaborate description of Stacking Contexts</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="zindex.html#stacking-defs" class="tocxref">E.1 Definitions</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="zindex.html#painting-order" class="tocxref">E.2 Painting order</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="zindex.html#stacking-notes" class="tocxref">E.3 Notes</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="propidx.html" class="tocxref">Appendix F. Full property table</a>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="grammar.html" class="tocxref">Appendix G. Grammar of CSS&nbsp;2.1</a>
  <ul class="toc">
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="grammar.html#grammar" class="tocxref">G.1 Grammar</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="grammar.html#scanner" class="tocxref">G.2 Lexical scanner</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="grammar.html#tokenizer-diffs" class="tocxref">G.3 Comparison of tokenization in CSS&nbsp;2.1 and CSS1</a>
    <li class="tocline2"><a href="grammar.html#q4" class="tocxref">G.4 Implementation note</a>
  </ul>
  <li class="tocline1"><a href="indexlist.html" class="tocxref">Appendix I. Index</a>
</ul>
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