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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Text</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style/default.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="prev" href="fonts.html">
<link rel="next" href="tables.html">
<link rel="contents" href="cover.html#minitoc">
<link rel="CSS-properties" href="propidx.html" title="properties">
<link rel="index" href="indexlist.html" title="index">
<link rel="first" href="cover.html">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
<style type="text/css">
<ins>.current,.proposed,span.delcurrent { background:#feb }
ins.proposed,span.insproposed { background:#bfb }
del.proposed,span.delproposed { background:#fbb }
span.insproposed { text-decoration:underline }
span.delproposed,span.delcurrent { text-decoration:line-through }
body>del,body>ins {display:block}</ins>
</style>
<style type="text/css">
<ins>.egbidiwsaA,.egbidiwsbB,.egbidiwsaB,.egbidiwsbC
{ white-space:pre;font-size:80%;font-family:monospace; vertical-align:2px; margin:1px }
.egbidiwsaA { background:lime;padding:2px; }
.egbidiwsbB { border:2px solid blue }
.egbidiwsaB { background:yellow;border:2px dotted white }
.egbidiwsbC { border:2px dotted red }</ins>
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="navbar">
<p><a href="fonts.html">previous</a>
<a href="tables.html">next</a>
<a href="cover.html#minitoc">contents</a>
<a href="propidx.html">properties</a>
<a href="indexlist.html">index</a>
</div>
<hr class="navbar">
<h1><a name="q0">16 Text</a></h1>
<div class="subtoc">
<p><strong>Contents</strong>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#indentation-prop" class="tocxref">16.1 Indentation: the <span class="propinst-text-indent">'text-indent'</span> property</a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#alignment-prop" class="tocxref">16.2 Alignment: the <span class="propinst-text-align">'text-align'</span> property</a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#decoration" class="tocxref">16.3 Decoration</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#lining-striking-props" class="tocxref">16.3.1 Underlining, overlining, striking, and blinking: the <span class="propinst-text-decoration">'text-decoration'</span> property</a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#spacing-props" class="tocxref"> <del>16.3.2 Text shadows: the 'text-shadow' property</del>16.4 Letter and word spacing: the <span class="propinst-letter-spacing">'letter-spacing'</span> and <span class="propinst-word-spacing">'word-spacing'</span> properties</a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#caps-prop" class="tocxref">16.5 Capitalization: the <span class="propinst-text-transform">'text-transform'</span> property</a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="text.html#white-space-prop" class="tocxref">16.6 <del>Whitespace:</del><ins>White space:</ins> the <span class="propinst-white-space">'white-space'</span> property</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#white-space-model" class="tocxref"><ins>16.6.1 The 'white-space' processing model</ins></a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#egbidiwscollapse" class="tocxref"><ins>16.6.2 Example of bidirectionality with white space collapsing</ins></a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="text.html#ctrlchars" class="tocxref"><ins>16.6.3 Control and combining characters' details</ins></a>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>
<p>The properties defined in the following sections affect the visual
presentation of characters, spaces, words, and paragraphs.
</p>
<h2>16.1 <a name="indentation-prop">Indentation</a>: the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-indent" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-indent">'text-indent'</span></a> property</h2>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'text-indent'"><a name="propdef-text-indent" class="propdef-title"><strong>'text-indent'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td><a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length"><length></span></a> | <a href="syndata.html#value-def-percentage" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-percentage"><percentage></span></a> | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>0
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td> <del>block-level elements</del><ins>block containers</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>refer to width of containing block
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>the percentage as specified or the absolute length</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This property specifies the indentation of the first line of text
in a <del>block.</del><ins>block container.</ins> More precisely, it specifies the indentation of the
first box that flows into the block's first <a
href="visuren.html#line-box">line box</a>. The box is indented with
respect to the left (or right, for right-to-left layout) edge of the
line box. User agents <del>should</del><ins>must</ins> render this indentation as blank space.
</p>
<p><ins>'Text-indent' only affects a line if it is the</ins> <a
href="selector.html#first-line-pseudo"><ins>first formatted line</ins></a> <ins>of an
element. For example, the first line of an anonymous block box is only
affected if it is the first child of its parent element.</ins>
<p>Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="index-inst" title="<length>"><a name="x1" href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span
class="value-inst-length"><length></span></a></span></dt>
<dd>The indentation is a fixed length.</dd>
<dt><span class="index-inst" title="<percentage>"><a name="x2" href="syndata.html#value-def-percentage" class="noxref"><span
class="value-inst-percentage"><percentage>
</span></a></span></dt>
<dd>The indentation is a percentage of the containing
block width.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The value of <a href="text.html#propdef-text-indent" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-indent">'text-indent'</span></a> may be negative, but
there may be implementation-specific limits.
<ins>If the value of</ins> <a href="text.html#propdef-text-indent" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-indent"><ins>'text-indent'</ins></span></a> <ins>is either negative or
exceeds the width of the block, that</ins> <em><ins>first box</ins></em><ins>, described above,
can overflow the block.
The value of</ins> <a href="visufx.html#propdef-overflow" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-overflow"><ins>'overflow'</ins></span></a> <ins>will affect
whether such text that overflows the block is visible.</ins>
</p>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><p>
The following example causes a '3em' text indent.
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
p { text-indent: 3em }
</code></pre>
</div>
<p class="note">
<ins>Note: Since the 'text-indent' property inherits, when specified on
a block element, it will affect descendant inline-block elements.
For this reason, it is often wise to specify '</ins><code><ins>text-indent: 0</ins></code><ins>'
on elements that are specified '</ins><code><ins>display:inline-block</ins></code><ins>'.</ins>
</p>
<h2>16.2 <a name="alignment-prop">Alignment:</a> the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-align" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-align">'text-align'</span></a> property</h2>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'text-align'"><a name="propdef-text-align" class="propdef-title"><strong>'text-align'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td>left | right | center | justify | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit"> <del><string> |</del>inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td> <del>depends on user agent and writing direction</del><ins>a nameless value that acts as 'left' if 'direction' is 'ltr',
'right' if 'direction' is 'rtl'</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td> <del>block-level elements</del><ins>block containers</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>the initial value or as specified</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This property describes how <del>inline</del><ins>inline-level</ins> content of a block
<ins>container</ins> is aligned. Values
have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt> <del>left , right , center , and</del><ins>left, right, center,</ins> justify</dt>
<dd>Left, right, center, and <del>double</del>justify text, <del>respectively. <string> Specifies a string on which cells</del><ins>respectively, as described</ins> in <a href="visuren.html#inline-formatting"> <del>a table column will align (see</del>the section on <del>horizontal alignment in a column for details and an example). This value applies only to table cells. If set on other elements, it will be treated as 'left' or 'right', depending on whether 'direction' is 'ltr', or 'rtl', respectively.</del><ins>inline formatting</ins></a><ins>.</ins></dd>
</dl>
<p>A block of text is a stack of <a href="visuren.html#line-box">line
boxes</a>. In the case of 'left', 'right' and 'center', this property specifies
how the <del>inline</del><ins>inline-level</ins> boxes within each line box align with respect to the line
box's left and right sides; alignment is not with respect to the <a
href="visuren.html#viewport">viewport</a>. In the case of 'justify',
<ins>this property specifies that</ins> the <del>UA may stretch the inline</del><ins>inline-level</ins> boxes <del>in addition</del><ins>are</ins> to <del>adjusting their positions. (See also 'letter-spacing' and 'word-spacing' .) Example(s): In this example, note that since 'text-align' is</del><ins>be made flush
with both sides of the line box if possible, by expanding or contracting
the contents of inline boxes, else aligned as for the initial
value. (See also</ins> <a href="text.html#propdef-letter-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-letter-spacing"><ins>'letter-spacing'</ins></span></a> <ins>and</ins> <a href="text.html#propdef-word-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-word-spacing"><ins>'word-spacing'</ins></span></a><ins>.)</ins>
</p>
<p>
<ins>If an element has a computed value for 'white-space' of 'pre' or
'pre-wrap', then neither the glyphs of that element's text content nor
its white space may be altered for the purpose of justification.</ins>
</p>
<p class=note><ins>Note: CSS may add a way to justify text with
'white-space: pre-wrap' in the future.</ins>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none"><ins>Example(s):</ins></P><p>
<ins>In this example, note that since</ins> <a href="text.html#propdef-text-align" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-align"><ins>'text-align'</ins></span></a> <ins>is</ins> inherited, all
block-level elements inside <del>the</del>DIV <del>element</del><ins>elements</ins> with <del>'class=center'</del><ins>a class name of 'important'</ins> will
have their inline content centered.
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<del>DIV.center</del><ins>div.important</ins> { text-align: center }
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="note"><p>
<em><strong>Note.</strong>
The actual justification algorithm used <del>is</del><ins>depends on the</ins> user-agent and <del>written language dependent.</del><ins>the language/script
of the text.</ins></em>
</p>
</div>
<p><em><span class="index-inst" title="conformance"><a name="x4"
href="conform.html#conformance">Conforming user agents</a></span> may
interpret the value 'justify' as 'left' or 'right', depending on
whether the element's default writing direction is left-to-right or
right-to-left, respectively.</em>
</p>
<h2>16.3 <a name="decoration">Decoration</a></h2>
<h3>16.3.1 <a name="lining-striking-props">Underlining, overlining, striking, and
blinking</a>: the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-decoration" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-decoration">'text-decoration'</span></a>
property</h3>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'text-decoration'"><a name="propdef-text-decoration" class="propdef-title"><strong>'text-decoration'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>
8D5B
;Value:</em> <td>none | [ underline || overline || line-through || blink ] | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>none
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>all elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>no (see prose)
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>as specified</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
This property describes decorations that are added
to the text of an <del>element. If the property is specified for a block-level element, it affects all inline-level descendants of</del><ins>element using</ins> the <del>element. If it is</del><ins>element's color.
When</ins> specified <del>for (or affects)</del><ins>on or propagated to</ins> an <del>inline-level</del><ins>inline</ins> element, it
affects all <ins>the</ins> boxes generated by <ins>that element, and is further
propagated to any in-flow block-level boxes that split</ins> the <del>element. If</del><ins>inline (see</ins>
<a href="visuren.html#anonymous-block-level"
><ins>section 9.2.1.1</ins></a><ins>).
But, in CSS 2.1, it is undefined whether</ins> the <del>element has no content or no text content (e.g.,</del><ins>decoration
propagates into block-level tables.
For block containers that establish an</ins>
<a href="visuren.html#inline-formatting" ><ins>inline formatting
context,</ins></a> the <del>IMG</del><ins>decorations are propagated to an anonymous inline</ins>
element <del>in HTML), user agents must ignore this property. Values have</del><ins>that wraps all</ins> the <del>following meanings: none Produces no text decoration. underline Each line</del><ins>in-flow inline-level children</ins> of <del>text</del><ins>the block
container. For all other elements it</ins> is <del>underlined. overline Each line of text has a line above it. line-through Each line of</del><ins>propagated to any in-flow
children. Note that</ins> text <del>has a line through</del><ins>decorations are not propagated to floating
and absolutely positioned descendants, nor to</ins> the <del>middle blink</del><ins>contents of atomic
inline-level descendants such as inline blocks and inline tables.</ins>
<p>
<ins>Underlines, overlines, and line-throughs are applied only to</ins> text
<del>blinks (alternates between visible</del><ins>(including white space, letter spacing,</ins> and <del>invisible). Conforming</del><ins>word spacing): margins,
borders, and padding are skipped.</ins>
User agents <del>are</del><ins>must</ins> not <del>required to support this value. The color(s) required for the</del><ins>render these</ins> text <del>decoration should be derived from the 'color' property value. This property</del><ins>decorations on content that</ins> is
not <del>inherited, but</del><ins>text. For example, images and inline blocks must not be underlined.</ins>
<div class=note>
<p><em><strong><ins>Note.</ins></strong> <ins>If an element E has both 'visibility:
hidden' and 'text-decoration: underline', the underline is invisible
(although any decoration of E's parent</ins> <strong><ins>is</ins></strong> <ins>visible.)
However, CSS 2.1 does not specify if the underline is visible or
invisible in E's children:</ins></em>
<pre class=html-example>
<ins><span style="visibility: hidden; text-decoration: underline">
<span style="visibility: visible">
underlined or not?
</span>
</span></ins>
</pre>
<p><em><ins>This is expected to be specified in level 3 of CSS.</ins></em>
</div>
<p>
<ins>The 'text-decoration' property on</ins> descendant <del>boxes</del><ins>elements cannot have any
effect on the decoration of the ancestor. In determining the position
of and thickness of text decoration lines, user agents may consider the
font sizes</ins> of <ins>and dominant baselines of descendants, but must use the
same baseline and thickness on each line. Relatively positioning</ins> a
<del>block box should be formatted</del><ins>descendant moves all text decorations affecting it along</ins> with the
<del>same</del><ins>descendant's text; it does not affect calculation of the decoration's
initial position on that line.</ins>
</p>
<p><ins>Values have the following meanings:</ins></p>
<dl>
<dt><ins>none</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>Produces no text decoration.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>underline</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>Each line of text is underlined.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>overline</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>Each line of text has a line above it.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>line-through</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>Each line of text has a line through the middle.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>blink</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>Text blinks (alternates between visible and invisible).</ins>
<a href="conform.html#conformance"><ins>Conforming user agents</ins></a>
<ins>may simply not blink the text. Note that not blinking the text
is one technique to satisfy</ins>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/UAAG/guidelines.html#tech-on-off-blinking-text"><ins>checkpoint 3.3 of WAI-UAAG</ins></a><ins>.</ins></dd>
</dl>
<p>
<ins>The color(s) required for the text</ins> decoration <del>(e.g., they should all</del><ins>must</ins> be <del>underlined).</del><ins>derived from
the</ins> <a href="colors.html#propdef-color" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-color"><ins>'color'</ins></span></a> <ins>property value of the element on which 'text-decoration'
is set.</ins> The color of decorations <del>should</del><ins>must</ins> remain the same even if
descendant elements have different <a href="colors.html#propdef-color" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-color">'color'</span></a> values.
</p>
<p>
<ins>Some user agents have implemented text-decoration by
propagating the decoration to the descendant elements as opposed to
preserving a constant thickness and line position as described
above. This was arguably allowed by the looser wording in CSS2. SVG1,
CSS1-only, and CSS2-only user agents may implement the older model
and still claim conformance to this part of CSS 2.1. (This does not
apply to UAs developed after this specification was released.)</ins>
</p>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><p>
In the following example for HTML, the text content of all
A elements acting as hyperlinks <ins>(whether visited or not)</ins> will be underlined:</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<del>A[href]</del><ins>a:visited,a:link</ins> { text-decoration: underline }
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none"> <del>16.3.2 Text shadows :</del><ins>Example(s):</ins></P><p>
<ins>In</ins> the <del>'text-shadow' property 'text-shadow' Value: none | [ <color> || <length> <length> <length> ? ,]* [ <color> || <length> <length> <length> ?] | inherit Initial: none Applies to: all elements Inherited: no (see prose) Percentages: N/A Media: visual This property accepts a comma-separated list of shadow effects to be applied</del><ins>following style sheet and document fragment:</ins>
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>blockquote { text-decoration: underline; color: blue; }
em { display: block; }
cite { color: fuchsia; }</ins>
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="html">
<ins><blockquote>
<p>
<
7E65
div>
<span>
Help, help!
<em> I am under a hat! </em>
<cite> —GwieF </cite>
</span>
</p>
</blockquote></ins>
</code></pre>
<p>
<ins>...the underlining for the blockquote element is propagated</ins> to <ins>an
anonymous inline element that surrounds the span element, causing</ins>
the text <del>of</del><ins>"Help, help!" to be blue, with the blue underlining from
the anonymous inline underneath it, the color being taken from</ins> the
<ins>blockquote</ins> element. The <code> <del>shadow effects are applied</del><ins><em>text</em></ins></code>
in the <del>order specified and may thus overlay each other, but they will never overlay</del><ins>em block is also underlined,
as it is in an in-flow block to which</ins> the <del>text itself. Shadow effects do not alter</del><ins>underline is propagated.</ins> The <del>size</del><ins>final line</ins> of <del>a box,</del><ins>text is fuchsia,</ins> but <del>may extend beyond its boundaries.</del>the <del>stack level of the shadow effects</del><ins>underline
underneath it</ins> is <ins>still</ins> the <del>same as for</del><ins>blue underline from</ins> the <del>element itself. Each shadow effect must specify a shadow offset and may optionally specify a blur radius and a shadow color. A shadow offset is specified with two <length> values that indicate</del><ins>anonymous inline
element.</ins>
</p>
<p><img src="images/underline-example.png" alt="Sample rendering of the above underline example">
</p>
<p>
<ins>This diagram shows</ins> the <del>distance from</del><ins>boxes involved in</ins> the <del>text.</del><ins>example above.</ins> The <del>first length value specifies</del><ins>rounded
aqua line represents</ins> the <del>horizontal distance to</del><ins>anonymous inline element wrapping</ins> the <del>right</del><ins>inline
contents</ins> of the <del>text. A negative horizontal length value places</del><ins>paragraph element,</ins> the <del>shadow to</del><ins>rounded blue line represents</ins>
the <del>left of</del><ins>span element, and</ins> the <del>text.</del><ins>orange lines represent the blocks.</ins>
</p>
</div>
<h2><ins>16.4</ins> <a name="spacing-props"><ins>Letter and word spacing</ins></a><ins>:</ins> the <a href="text.html#propdef-letter-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-letter-spacing"> <del>second</del><ins>'letter-spacing'</ins></span></a> <ins>and</ins> <a href="text.html#propdef-word-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-word-spacing"><ins>'word-spacing'</ins></span></a> <ins>properties</ins></h2>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'letter-spacing'"><a name="propdef-letter-spacing" class="propdef-title"><strong><ins>'letter-spacing'</ins></strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>normal |</ins> <a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length"><ins><length></ins></span></a> <ins>|</ins> <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit"><ins>inherit</ins></span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Initial:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>normal</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Applies to:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>all elements</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Inherited:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>yes</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Percentages:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>N/A</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Media:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref"><ins>visual</ins></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>'normal' or absolute</ins> length
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p> <del>value</del><ins>This property</ins> specifies <ins>spacing behavior between
text characters. Values have</ins> the <del>vertical distance below</del><ins>following meanings:</ins></p>
<dl>
<dt><ins>normal</ins></dt>
<dd>The <del>text. A negative vertical length value places</del><ins>spacing is</ins> the <del>shadow above</del><ins>normal spacing for</ins> the <del>text. A blur radius may optionally be specified after</del><ins>current font.
This value allows</ins> the <del>shadow offset.</del><ins>user agent to alter</ins> the <del>blur radius is a length</del><ins>space
between characters in order to justify text.</ins></dd>
<dt><span class="index-inst" title="<length>"><a name="x7" href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span
class="value-inst-length"><ins><length></ins></span></a></span></dt>
<dd><ins>This</ins> value <del>that</del>indicates <ins>inter-character space</ins> <em><ins>in
addition to</ins></em> the <del>boundaries of</del><ins>default space between
characters. Values may be negative, but there may be
implementation-specific limits.
User agents may not further increase or decrease the inter-character
space in order to justify text.</ins></dd>
</dl>
<p><ins>Character spacing algorithms are user agent-dependent.</ins>
</p>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none"><ins>Example(s):</ins></P><p>
<ins>In this example,</ins> the <del>blur effect.</del><ins>space between characters in
BLOCKQUOTE elements is increased by '0.1em'.</ins>
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>blockquote { letter-spacing: 0.1em }</ins>
</code></pre>
<p><ins>In</ins> the <del>exact algorithm for computing</del><ins>following example,</ins> the <del>blur effect</del><ins>user agent</ins> is not <del>specified. A color</del><ins>permitted
to alter inter-character space:</ins></p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>blockquote { letter-spacing: 0cm } /* Same as '0' */</ins>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p> <ins>When the resultant space between two characters is not the same as
the default space, user agents should not use</ins>
<a name="x8"><span class="index-inst" title="ligatures"><ins>ligatures.</ins></span></a>
</p>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'word-spacing'"><a name="propdef-word-spacing" class="propdef-title"><strong><ins>'word-spacing'</ins></strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>normal |</ins> <a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length"><ins><length></ins></span></a> <ins>|</ins> <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit"><ins>inherit</ins></span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Initial:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>normal</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Applies to:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>all elements</ins>
<tr valign=base
229
line><td><em><ins>Inherited:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>yes</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Percentages:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>N/A</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Media:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref"><ins>visual</ins></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>for 'normal' the</ins> value <del>may optionally be specified before or after</del><ins>'0'; otherwise</ins> the <ins>absolute</ins> length
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p><ins>This property specifies spacing behavior between words.</ins>
Values <del>of</del><ins>have</ins> the <del>shadow effect.</del><ins>following meanings:</ins></p>
<dl>
<dt><ins>normal</ins></dt>
<dd>The <del>color value will be used</del><ins>normal inter-word space,</ins> as <ins>defined by</ins> the <del>basis for the shadow effect. If no color is specified,</del><ins>current font and/or</ins>
the <abbr title="user agent"><ins>UA</ins></abbr><ins>.</ins></dd>
<dt><span class="index-inst" title="<length>"><a name="x10" href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span
class="value-inst-length"><ins><length></ins></span></a></span></dt>
<dd><ins>This</ins> value <del>of</del><ins>indicates inter-word space</ins> <em><ins>in
addition to</ins></em> the <del>'color' property will</del><ins>default space between
words. Values may</ins> be <del>used instead. Text shadows</del><ins>negative, but there</ins> may be
<del>used with</del><ins>implementation-specific limits.</ins> </dd>
</dl>
<p><ins>Word spacing algorithms are user agent-dependent. Word spacing is
also influenced by justification (see</ins> the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-align" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-align"> <del>:first-letter</del><ins>'text-align'</ins></span></a> <ins>property).
Word spacing affects each space (U+0020)</ins> and <del>:first-line pseudo-elements. Example(s):</del><ins>non-breaking space
(U+00A0), left in</ins> the <del>example below will set a</del>text <del>shadow to the right and below</del><ins>after</ins> the <del>element's text. Since no color has</del><ins>white space processing rules have</ins>
been <del>specified,</del><ins>applied.</ins> The <del>shadow will have</del><ins>effect of</ins> the <del>same color</del><ins>property on other word-separator
characters is undefined. However general punctuation, characters with
zero advance width (such</ins> as the <del>element itself,</del><ins>zero with space U+200B)</ins> and
<del>since no blur radius is specified, the text shadow will not be blurred: H1 { text-shadow: 0.2em 0.2em } The next example will place a shadow to the right and below the element's text. The shadow will have a 5px blur radius and will be red. H2 { text-shadow: 3px 3px 5px red } The next example specifies a list of shadow effects. The first shadow will be to the right and below the element's text and will be red with no blurring. The second shadow will overlay the first shadow effect, and it will be yellow, blurred, and placed to the left and below the text. The third shadow effect will be placed to the right and above the text. Since no shadow color is specified for the third shadow effect, the value of the element's 'color' property will be used: H2 { text-shadow: 3px 3px red, yellow -3px 3px 2px, 3px -3px } Example(s): Consider this example: SPAN.glow { background: white; color: white; text-shadow: black 0px 0px 5px; } Here, the 'background' and 'color' properties have the same value and the 'text-shadow' property is used to create a "solar eclipse" effect: [D] Note. This property is not defined in CSS1. Some shadow effects</del><ins>fixed-width spaces</ins> (such as <del>the one</del><ins>U+3000 and U+2000 through U+200A) are not
affected.</ins>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none"><ins>Example(s):</ins></P><p>
In <ins>this example,</ins> the <del>last example) may render text invisible in UAs that only support CSS1. 16.4 Letter and</del><ins>word-spacing between each</ins> word <del>spacing</del><ins>in H1 elements is
increased by '1em'.</ins>
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>h1 { word-spacing: 1em }</ins>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h2><ins>16.5</ins> <a name="caps-prop"><ins>Capitalization</ins></a>: the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-transform" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-transform"> <del>'letter-spacing' and 'word-spacing' properties 'letter-spacing'</del><ins>'text-transform'</ins></span></a> <ins>property</ins></h2>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'text-transform'"><a name="propdef-text-transform" class="propdef-title"><strong><ins>'text-transform'</ins></strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td> <del>normal</del><ins>capitalize</ins> | <del><length></del><ins>uppercase | lowercase | none</ins> | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td> <del>normal</del><ins>none</ins>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>all elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>as specified</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This property <del>specifies spacing behavior between text characters.</del><ins>controls capitalization effects of
an element's text.</ins> Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt> <del>normal The spacing is the normal spacing for the current font. This value allows the user agent to alter</del><ins>capitalize</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>Puts</ins> the <del>space between characters</del><ins>first character of each word</ins> in <del>order to justify text. <length> This value indicates inter-character space</del><ins>uppercase; other characters are unaffected.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>uppercase</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>Puts all characters of each word</ins> in <del>addition to the default space between characters. Values may be negative, but there may be implementation-specific limits. User agents may not further increase or decrease</del><ins>uppercase.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>lowercase</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>Puts all characters of each word in lowercase.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>none</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>No capitalization effects.</ins></dd>
</dl>
<p> The <del>inter-character space</del><ins>actual transformation</ins> in <del>order</del><ins>each case is written language
dependent. See BCP 47 (</ins><a href="refs.html#ref-BCP47" rel="biblioentry" class="noxref"><span class="informref"><ins>[BCP47]</ins></span></a><ins>) for ways</ins> to <del>justify text. Character spacing algorithms are user agent-dependent. Character spacing may also be influenced by justification (see</del><ins>find</ins> the <del>'text-align' property).</del><ins>language of
an element.</ins>
</p>
<p><ins>Only characters belonging to "bicameral scripts"</ins> <a href="refs.html#ref-UNICODE" rel="biblioentry" class="noxref"><span class="normref"><ins>[UNICODE]</ins></span></a> <ins>are
affected.</ins>
</p>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><p>
In this example, <del>the space between characters in BLOCKQUOTE elements is increased by '0.1em'. BLOCKQUOTE { letter-spacing: 0.1em }</del><ins>all text</ins> in <del>the following example, the user agent</del><ins>an H1 element</ins> is <del>not permitted</del><ins>transformed</ins> to <del>alter inter-character space: BLOCKQUOTE</del><ins>uppercase
text.</ins>
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>h1</ins> { <del>letter-spacing: 0cm</del><ins>text-transform: uppercase</ins> }
</code></pre>
</div>
<h2> <del>/* Same as '0' */ When the resultant</del><ins>16.6</ins> <a name="white-space-prop"><ins>White</ins> space</a> <del>between two characters is not the same as the default space, user agents should not use ligatures. Conforming user agents may consider the value of</del><ins>:</ins> the <a href="text.html#propdef-white-space" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-white-space"> <del>'letter-spacing'</del><ins>'white-space'</ins></span></a> property</h2>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'white-space'"><a name="propdef-white-space" class="propdef-title"><strong> <del>to be 'normal'. 'word-spacing'</del><ins>'white-space'</ins></strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td>normal | <del><length></del><ins>pre | nowrap | pre-wrap | pre-line</ins> | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>normal
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>all elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>as specified</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<p> This property <del>specifies spacing behavior between words.</del><ins>declares how white space inside the element is
handled.</ins> Values have the following meanings:</p>
<dl>
<dt>normal</dt>
<dd> <del>The normal inter-word</del><ins>This value directs user agents to collapse sequences
of white</ins> space, <ins>and break lines</ins> as <del>defined by the current font and/or the UA. <length></del><ins>necessary to fill line boxes.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>pre</ins></dt>
<dd>This value <del>indicates inter-word space in addition to the default</del><ins>prevents user agents from collapsing sequences
of white space. Lines are only broken at preserved newline characters.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>nowrap</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>This value collapses white</ins> space <del>between words. Values may be negative,</del><ins>as for 'normal',</ins> but <del>there may be implementation-specific limits. Word spacing algorithms</del><ins>suppresses
line breaks within text.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>pre-wrap</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>This value prevents user agents from collapsing sequences
of white space. Lines</ins> are <ins>broken at preserved newline characters,
and as necessary to fill line boxes.</ins></dd>
<dt><ins>pre-line</ins></dt>
<dd><ins>This value directs</ins> user <del>agent-dependent. Word spacing is also influenced by justification (see the 'text-align' property). Example(s):</del><ins>agents to collapse sequences of white
space. Lines are broken at preserved newline characters, and as
necessary to fill line boxes.</ins></dd>
</dl>
<p>
<ins>Newlines</ins> in <del>this example,</del>the <del>word-spacing between each word in H1 elements is increased</del><ins>source can be represented</ins> by <del>'1em'. H1 { word-spacing: 1em } Conforming user agents may consider</del><ins>a carriage return
(U+000D), a linefeed (U+000A) or both (U+000D U+000A) or by some other
mechanism that identifies</ins> the <del>value</del><ins>beginning and end</ins> of <ins>document segments,
such as</ins> the <del>'word-spacing' property to be 'normal'. 16.5 Capitalization :</del><ins>SGML RECORD-START and RECORD-END tokens.</ins> The <del>'text-transform' property 'text-transform' Value: capitalize | uppercase | lowercase | none | inherit Initial: none Applies to: </del><ins>CSS
'white-space' processing model assumes</ins> all <del>elements Inherited: yes Percentages: N/A Media: visual This property controls capitalization effects of an element's text. Values</del><ins>newlines</ins> have <ins>been
normalized to line feeds.
UAs that recognize other newline representations must apply</ins> the <del>following meanings: capitalize Puts</del><ins>white
space processing rules as if this normalization has taken place. If no
newline rules are specified for</ins> the <del>first character of</del><ins>document language,</ins> each <del>word</del><ins>carriage
return (U+000D) and CRLF sequence (U+000D U+000A)</ins> in <del>uppercase. uppercase Puts all</del><ins>the document text
is treated as single line feed character.
This default normalization rule also applies to generated
content.</ins>
<p><ins>UAs must recognize line feeds (U+000A) as newline characters. UAs
may additionally treat other forced break</ins> characters <del>of each word in uppercase. lowercase Puts all</del><ins>as newline</ins>
characters <ins>per UAX14.</ins>
<div class="example"><P style="display:none"><ins>Example(s):</ins></P><p> <ins>The following examples show what</ins> <a
href="syndata.html#whitespace"><ins>white space</ins></a> <ins>behavior is expected
from the PRE and P elements and the "nowrap" attribute in HTML.</ins>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>pre { white-space: pre }
p { white-space: normal }
td[nowrap] { white-space: nowrap }</ins>
</code></pre>
<p><ins>In addition, the effect</ins> of <ins>an HTML PRE element with the</ins> <em><ins>non-standard</ins></em> <ins>"wrap" attribute is demonstrated by the following example:</ins>
</p>
<pre><code class="css">
<ins>pre[wrap] { white-space: pre-wrap }</ins>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3><ins>16.6.1</ins> <a name="white-space-model"><ins>The 'white-space' processing model</ins></a></h3>
<p>
<ins>For</ins> each <del>word in lowercase. none No capitalization effects.</del><ins>inline element (including anonymous inline elements),</ins> the
<del>actual transformation in</del><ins>following steps are performed, treating bidi formatting characters as if
they were not there:</ins>
</p>
<ol>
<li>
Each <del>case</del><ins>tab (U+0009), carriage return (U+000D), or space (U+0020)
character surrounding a linefeed (U+000A) character is removed if
'white-space' is set to 'normal', 'nowrap', or 'pre-line'.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>If 'white-space' is set to 'pre' or 'pre-wrap', any sequence of
spaces (U+0020) unbroken by an element boundary</ins> is <del>written language dependent. See RFC 2070 ( [RFC2070] )</del><ins>treated as a
sequence of non-breaking spaces. However,</ins> for <del>ways to find</del><ins>'pre-wrap', a line breaking
opportunity exists at</ins> the <del>language</del><ins>end</ins> of <del>an element. Conforming user agents may consider</del>the <del>value of 'text-transform'</del><ins>sequence.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>If 'white-space' is set</ins> to <del>be 'none' for</del><ins>'normal' or 'nowrap', linefeed</ins>
characters <del>that</del>are <del>not from the Latin-1 repertoire and for elements in languages</del><ins>transformed</ins> for <del>which</del><ins>rendering purpose into one of</ins> the
<del>transformation</del><ins>following characters: a space character, a zero width space
character (U+200B), or no character (i.e., not rendered),
according to UA-specific algorithms based on the content script.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>If 'white-space'</ins> is <del>different from</del><ins>set to 'normal', 'nowrap', or 'pre-line',</ins>
<ol><li> <ins>every tab (U+0009) is converted to a space (U+0020)</ins></li>
<li> <ins>any space (U+0020) following another space (U+0020) — even
a space before the inline, if</ins> that <ins>space also has
'white-space' set to 'normal', 'nowrap' or 'pre-line' — is removed.</ins></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
<ins>Then, the block container's inlines are laid out. Inlines are laid
out, taking bidi
reordering into account, and wrapping as</ins> specified by the
<del>case-conversion tables of ISO 10646 ( [ISO10646] ). Example(s): In this example, all</del><ins>'white-space' property.
When wrapping, line breaking opportunities are determined based
on the</ins> text <del>in an H1 element is transformed</del><ins>prior</ins> to <del>uppercase text. H1 { text-transform: uppercase } 16.6 Whitespace :</del>the <ins>
8096
white space collapsing steps above.</ins>
</p>
<p>
<ins>As each line is laid out,</ins>
</p>
<ol>
<li><ins>If a space (U+0020) at the beginning of a line has</ins> 'white-space'
<del>property 'white-space' Value: normal | pre | nowrap | inherit Initial: normal Applies to: block-level elements Inherited: yes Percentages: N/A Media: visual This property declares how whitespace inside</del><ins>set to 'normal', 'nowrap', or 'pre-line', it is removed.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>All tabs (U+0009) are rendered as a horizontal shift that lines
up</ins> the <del>element</del><ins>start edge of the next glyph with the next tab stop. Tab
stops occur at points that are multiples of 8 times the width of
a space (U+0020) rendered in the block's font from the block's
starting content edge.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>If a space (U+0020) at the end of a line has 'white-space' set to
'normal', 'nowrap', or 'pre-line', it</ins> is <del>handled. Values have</del><ins>also removed.</ins>
</li>
<li><ins>If spaces (U+0020) or tabs (U+0009) at</ins> the <del>following meanings: normal This value directs user agents</del><ins>end of a line have
'white-space' set</ins> to <ins>'pre-wrap', UAs may visually</ins> collapse <del>sequences of whitespace,</del><ins>them.</ins>
</ol>
<p><ins>Floated</ins> and <del>break lines as necessary to fill</del><ins>absolutely-positioned elements do not introduce a</ins> line
<del>boxes. Additional</del><ins>breaking opportunity.</ins>
<div class="note"><p>
<em><strong><ins>Note.</ins></strong>
<ins>CSS 2.1 does not fully define where</ins> line <del>breaks may be created by occurrences</del><ins>breaking opportunities occur.</ins></em>
</div>
<h3><ins>16.6.2</ins> <a name="egbidiwscollapse"><ins>Example</ins> of <del>"\A" in generated content (e.g.,</del><ins>bidirectionality with white space collapsing</ins></a></h3>
<p>
<ins>Given the following markup fragment, taking special note of spaces (with varied backgrounds and borders</ins> for <ins>emphasis and identification):</ins>
</p>
<pre><code>
<ins><ltr>A</ins><span class="egbidiwsaA"><ins> </ins></span><ins><rtl></ins><span class="egbidiwsbB"><ins> </ins></span><ins>B</ins><span class="egbidiwsaB"><ins> </ins></span><ins></rtl></ins><span class="egbidiwsbC"><ins> </ins></span><ins>C</ltr></ins>
</code></pre>
<p>
<ins>...where</ins> the <code> <del>BR</del><ins><ltr></ins></code> element <del>in HTML). pre This value prevents user agents from collapsing sequences of whitespace. Lines are only broken at newlines in</del><ins>represents a left-to-right embedding and</ins>
the <code> <del>source, or at occurrences of "\A"</del><ins><rtl></ins></code> <ins>element represents a right-to-left embedding, and
assuming that the 'white-space' property is set to 'normal', the
above processing model would result</ins> in <del>generated content. nowrap</del><ins>the following:</ins>
</p>
<ul style="line-height:1.3">
<li><ins>The space before the B (</ins><span class="egbidiwsbB"><ins> </ins></span><ins>) would collapse with the space after the A (</ins><span class="egbidiwsaA"><ins> </ins></span><ins>).</ins></li>
<li><ins>The space before the C (</ins><span class="egbidiwsbC"><ins> </ins></span><ins>) would collapse with the space after the B (</ins><span class="egbidiwsaB"><ins> </ins></span><ins>).</ins></li>
</ul>
<p>
This <del>value collapses whitespace as for 'normal', but suppresses line breaks within text except for those created by "\A"</del><ins>would leave two spaces, one after the A</ins> in <del>generated content (e.g., for</del>the <del>BR element</del><ins>left-to-right
embedding level, and one after the B</ins> in <del>HTML). Example(s):</del>the <del>following examples show what whitespace behavior</del><ins>right-to-left embedding
level. This</ins> is <del>expected from</del><ins>then rendered according to</ins> the <del>PRE</del><ins>Unicode bidirectional
algorithm, with the end result being:</ins>
</p>
<pre>
<ins>A</ins><span class="egbidiwsaA"><ins> </ins></span><span class="egbidiwsaB"><ins> </ins></span><ins>BC</ins>
</pre>
<p>
<ins>Note that there are two spaces between A</ins> and <del>P elements,</del><ins>B, and none between B</ins>
and <ins>C. This can sometimes be avoided by using</ins> the <del>"nowrap" attribute</del><ins>natural bidirectionality
of characters instead of explicit embedding levels. Also, it is good
to avoid spaces immediately inside start and end tags, as these tend
to do weird things when dealing with white space collapsing.</ins>
</p>
<h3><ins>16.6.3</ins> <a name="ctrlchars"><ins>Control and combining characters' details</ins></a></h3>
<p><ins>Control characters other than U+0009 (tab), U+000A (line feed),
U+0020 (space), and U+202x (bidi formatting characters) are treated as
characters to render</ins> in <del>HTML. PRE { white-space: pre } P { white-space:</del><ins>the same way as any</ins> normal <del>} TD[nowrap] { white-space: nowrap } Conforming user agents may ignore</del><ins>character.</ins></p>
<p><ins>Combining characters should be treated as part of</ins> the <del>'white-space' property in author and user style sheets but must specify a value</del><ins>character
with which they are supposed to combine.</ins> For <ins>example, :first-letter
styles the entire glyph if you have content like
"</ins><code><ins>o<span>&#x308;</span></ins></code><ins>";</ins> it <del>in</del><ins>does not just
match</ins> the <del>default style sheet.</del><ins>base character.</ins></p>
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