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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN'>
<html lang="en">
<HEAD>
<TITLE>About the <del>CSS2</del><ins>CSS 2.1</ins> Specification</TITLE>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style/default.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="prev" href="cover.html">
<link rel="next" href="intro.html">
<link rel="contents" href="cover.html#minitoc">
<link rel="CSS-properties" href="propidx.html" title="properties">
<link rel="index" href="indexlist.html" title="index">
<link rel="first" href="cover.html">
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<div class="navbar">
<p><a href="cover.html">previous</a>
<a href="intro.html">next</a>
<a href="cover.html#minitoc">contents</a>
<a href="propidx.html">properties</a>
<a href="indexlist.html">index</a>
</div>
<hr class="navbar">
<H1><a name="q0">1 About the <del>CSS2</del><ins>CSS 2.1</ins> Specification</a></H1>
<div class="subtoc">
<p><strong>Contents</strong>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline2"><a href="about.html#css2.1-v-css2" class="tocxref">1.1 <ins>CSS 2.1 vs CSS 2</ins></a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="about.html#reading" class="tocxref"><ins>1.2</ins> Reading the specification</a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="about.html#organization" class="tocxref"> <del>1.2</del><ins>1.3</ins> How the specification is organized</a>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="about.html#conventions" class="tocxref"> <del>1.3</del><ins>1.4</ins> Conventions</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3"><a href="about.html#doc-language" class="tocxref"> <del>1.3.1</del><ins>1.4.1</ins> Document language elements and attributes</a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="about.html#property-defs" class="tocxref"> <del>1.3.2</del><ins>1.4.2</ins> CSS property definitions</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#value-defs" class="tocxref"><ins>1.4.2.1</ins> Value</a>
<li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#initial-value" class="tocxref"><ins>1.4.2.2</ins> Initial</a>
<li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#applies-to" class="tocxref"><ins>1.4.2.3</ins> Applies to</a>
<li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#inherited-prop" class="tocxref"><ins>1.4.2.4</ins> Inherited</a>
<li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#percentage-wrt" class="tocxref"><ins>1.4.2.5</ins> Percentage values</a>
<li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#media-applies" class="tocxref"><ins>1.4.2.6</ins> Media groups</a>
<li class="tocline4"><a href="about.html#computed-defs" class="tocxref"> <del>1.3.3</del><ins>1.4.2.7 Computed value</ins></a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="about.html#shorthand" class="tocxref"><ins>1.4.3</ins> Shorthand properties</a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="about.html#notes-and-examples" class="tocxref"> <del>1.3.4</del><ins>1.4.4</ins> Notes and examples</a>
<li class="tocline3"><a href="about.html#images-and-longdesc" class="tocxref"> <del>1.3.5</del><ins>1.4.5</ins> Images and long descriptions</a>
</ul>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="about.html#acknowledgements" class="tocxref"> <del>1.4 Acknowledgments</del>1.5 <del>Copyright Notice</del><ins>Acknowledgments</ins></a>
</ul>
</div>
<h2>1.1 <a name="css2.1-v-css2"><ins>CSS 2.1 vs CSS 2</ins></a></h2>
<p><ins>The CSS community has gained significant experience with the CSS2
specification since it became a recommendation in 1998. Errors in the
CSS2 specification have subsequently been corrected via the
publication of various errata, but there has not yet been an
opportunity for the specification to be changed based on experience
gained.</ins>
<p><ins>While many of these issues will be addressed by the upcoming CSS3
specifications, the current state of affairs hinders the
implementation and interoperability of CSS2. The CSS 2.1 specification
attempts to address this situation by:</ins>
<ul>
<li><ins>Maintaining compatibility with those portions of CSS2 that are
widely accepted and implemented.</ins>
<li><ins>Incorporating all published CSS2 errata.</ins>
<li><ins>Where implementations overwhelmingly differ from the CSS2
specification, modifying the specification to be in accordance with
generally accepted practice.</ins>
<li><ins>Removing CSS2 features which, by virtue of not having been
implemented, have been rejected by the CSS community. CSS 2.1 aims to
reflect what CSS features are reasonably widely implemented for HTML
and XML languages in general (rather than</ins> <em><ins>only</ins></em> <ins>for a
particular XML language, or</ins> <em><ins>only</ins></em> <ins>for HTML).</ins>
<li><ins>Removing CSS2 features that will be obsoleted by CSS3, thus
encouraging adoption of the proposed CSS3 features in their place.</ins>
<li><ins>Adding a (very) small number of</ins> <a href="changes.html#new"><ins>new
property values,</ins></a> <ins>when implementation experience has shown that
they are needed for implementing CSS2.</ins>
</ul>
<p><ins>Thus, while it is not the case that a CSS2 style sheet is
necessarily forwards-compatible with CSS 2.1, it is the case that a
style sheet restricting itself to CSS 2.1 features is more likely to
find a compliant user agent today and to preserve forwards
compatibility in the future. While breaking forward compatibility is
not desirable, we believe the advantages to the revisions in CSS 2.1
are worthwhile.</ins>
<p><ins>CSS 2.1 is derived from and is intended to replace CSS2. Some
parts of CSS2 are unchanged in CSS 2.1, some parts have been
altered, and some parts removed. The removed portions may be used in a
future CSS3 specification. Future specs should refer to CSS 2.1
(unless they need features from CSS2 which have been dropped in
CSS 2.1, and then they should only reference CSS2 for those
features, or preferably reference such feature(s) in the respective
CSS3 Module that includes those feature(s)).</ins>
<h2><ins>1.2</ins> <a name="reading">Reading the specification</a></h2>
<p>This <ins>section is non-normative.</ins>
<P><ins>This</ins> specification has been written with two types of readers in
mind: CSS authors and CSS implementors. We hope the specification will
provide authors with the tools they need to write efficient,
attractive, and accessible documents, without overexposing them to
CSS's implementation details. Implementors, however, should find all
they need to build <a href="conform.html#conformance">conforming user
agents</a>.
The specification begins with a general presentation of CSS and
becomes more and more technical and specific towards the end. For
quick access to information, a general table of contents,
specific tables of contents at the beginning of each section,
and an index provide easy navigation, in both the electronic
and printed versions.
<P>The specification has been written with two modes of presentation
in mind: electronic and printed. Although the two presentations will
no doubt be similar, readers will find some differences. For example,
links will not work in the printed version (obviously), and page
numbers will not appear in the electronic version. In case of a
discrepancy, the electronic version is considered the authoritative
version of the document.
<h2> <del>1.2</del><ins>1.3</ins> <a name="organization">How the specification is organized</a></h2>
<p><ins>This section is non-normative.</ins>
<P>The specification is organized into the following sections:
<dl>
<dt><Strong>Section 2: An introduction to <del>CSS2</del><ins>CSS 2.1</ins></strong>
<dd>The introduction includes a brief tutorial on <del>CSS2</del><ins>CSS 2.1</ins> and
a discussion of design principles behind <del>CSS2.</del><ins>CSS 2.1.</ins>
<dt><strong>Sections 3 - <del>20: CSS2</del><ins>18: CSS 2.1</ins> reference manual.</strong>
<dd>The bulk of the reference manual consists of the <del>CSS2</del><ins>CSS 2.1</ins> language
reference. This reference defines what may go into a <del>CSS2</del><ins>CSS 2.1</ins> style sheet
(syntax, properties, property values) and how user agents must
interpret these style sheets in order to claim <a
href="conform.html#conformance">conformance</a>.
<dt><strong>Appendixes:</strong>
<dd>Appendixes contain information about <a href="aural.html"><ins>aural
properties</ins></a> <ins>(non-normative),</ins> <a href="sample.html">a
sample style sheet for HTML <del>4.0</del><ins>4</ins></a>, <a href="changes.html">changes
from <del>CSS1 , implementation and performance notes</del><ins>CSS2</ins></a>, <a href="grammar.html">the grammar of <del>CSS2</del><ins>CSS 2.1</ins></a>,
a list of normative and informative <a href="refs.html">references</a>,
and <del>three</del><ins>two</ins> indexes: one for
<a href="propidx.html">properties</a> <del>, one for descriptors ,</del>and one
<a href="indexlist.html">general index</a>.
</dl>
<H2> <del>1.3</del><ins>1.4</ins> <a name="conventions">Conventions</a></H2>
<H3> <del>1.3.1</del><ins>1.4.1</ins> <a name="doc-language" href="conform.html#doclanguage">Document language</a> elements
and attributes</H3>
<ul>
<li>CSS <del>property, descriptor,</del><ins>property</ins> and pseudo-class names are delimited
by single quotes.
<li>CSS values are delimited by single quotes.
<li>Document language <del>element names are in uppercase letters. Document language</del>attribute names are in lowercase letters
and delimited by double quotes.
</ul>
<H3> <del>1.3.2</del><ins>1.4.2</ins> <a name="property-defs">CSS property definitions</a></H3>
<P>Each CSS property definition begins with a summary of key
information that resembles the following:</p>
<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'property-name'"><a name="propdef-property-name" class="propdef-title"><strong>'property-name'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em> <td>legal values & syntax
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em> <td>initial value
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em> <td>elements this property applies to
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em> <td>whether the property is inherited
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em> <td>how percentage values are interpreted
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em> <td>which media groups the property applies to
<tr valign=baseline><td><em><ins>Computed value:</ins></em><ins> </ins><td><ins>how to compute the computed value</ins>
</table>
</dl>
</div>
<h4><ins>1.4.2.1</ins> <a name="value-defs">Value</a></h4>
<P>This part specifies the set of valid values for the <del>property.</del><ins>property whose
name is</ins> <a href="about.html#propdef-property-name" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-property-name"><ins>'property-name'</ins></span></a><ins>. A property
value can have one or more components. Component</ins> value types <del>may be</del><ins>are</ins> designated
in several ways:
<ol>
<li> <a name="syndata.html#keywords">keyword</a> values (e.g., auto,
disc, etc.)
<li> basic data types, which appear between "<" and ">" (e.g.,
<length>, <percentage>, etc.). In the electronic version
of the document, each instance of a basic data type links to its
definition.
<li> types that have the same range of values as a property bearing
the same name (e.g., <'border-width'>
<'background-attachment'>, etc.). In this case, the type name
is the property name (complete with quotes) between "<" and ">"
(e.g., <'border-width'>). <ins>Such a type does</ins> <strong><ins>not</ins></strong>
<ins>include the value 'inherit'.</ins> In the electronic version of the
document, each instance of this type of non-terminal links to the
corresponding property definition.
<li> non-terminals that do not share the same name as a property. In this
case, the non-terminal name appears between "<" and ">", as in
<border-width>. Notice the distinction between
<border-width> and <'border-width'>; the latter is defined
in terms of the former. The definition of a non-terminal is located
near its first appearance in the specification. In the electronic
version of the document, each instance of this type of value links to
the corresponding value definition.
</ol>
<P>Other words in these definitions are keywords that must appear
literally, without quotes (e.g., red). The slash (/) and the comma (,)
must also appear literally.
<P><ins>Component</ins> values may be arranged <ins>into property values</ins> as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li>Several juxtaposed words mean that all of them must occur, in the
given order.
<li>A bar (|) separates two or more alternatives:
exactly one of them must occur.
<li>A double bar (||) separates
two or more options: one or more of them must occur, in any order.
<li><ins>A double ampersand (&&) separates two or more components, all of which
must occur, in any order.</ins>
<li>Brackets ([ ]) are for grouping.
</ul>
<P>Juxtaposition is stronger than the double <ins>ampersand, the double
ampersand is stronger than the double</ins> bar, and the double bar
is stronger than the bar. Thus, the following lines are equivalent:
<PRE>
a b | c || d <ins>&&</ins> e <ins>f</ins>
[ a b ] | [ c || [ d <ins>&& [</ins> e <del>]]</del><ins>f ]]]</ins>
</PRE>
<P> Every type, keyword, or bracketed group may be followed by one of
the following modifiers:</p>
<UL>
<LI>
An asterisk (*) indicates that the preceding type, word, or group
occurs zero or more times.
<LI>
A plus (+) indicates that the preceding type, word, or group
occurs one or more times.
<LI>
A question mark (?) indicates that the preceding type, word, or
group is optional.
<LI>
A pair of numbers in curly braces ({A,B}) indicates that the
preceding type, word, or group occurs at least A and at most
B times.
</UL>
<P>The following examples illustrate different value types:
<BLOCKQUOTE><P>
<EM>Value:</EM> N | NW | NE<BR>
<EM>Value:</EM> [ <length> | thick | thin ]{1,4}<BR>
<EM>Value:</EM> [<family-name> , ]* <family-name><BR>
<EM>Value:</EM> <uri>? <color> [ / <color> ]?<BR>
<EM>Value:</EM> <uri> || <color><BR>
<EM> <del>Initial This part specifies</del><ins>Value:</ins></EM> <ins>inset? && [ <length>{2,4} && <color>? ]</ins>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<p><ins>Component values are specified in terms of tokens, as described in</ins> <a
href="grammar.html#scanner"><ins>Appendix G.2</ins></a><ins>. As</ins> the <del>property's initial value. If</del><ins>grammar allows spaces
between tokens in the components of</ins> the <code><ins>expr</ins></code> <ins>production,
spaces may appear between tokens in</ins> property <del>is inherited, this is</del><ins>values.</ins>
<p class=note><ins>Note: In many cases, spaces will in fact be</ins>
<em><ins>required</ins></em> <ins>between tokens in order to distinguish them from
each other. For example,</ins> the value <del>that</del><ins>'1em2em' would be parsed as a
single</ins> <code><ins>DIMEN</ins></code> <ins>token with the number '1' and the identifier
'em2em', which</ins> is <del>given</del><ins>an invalid unit. In this case, a space would be
required before the '2'</ins> to <ins>get this parsed as</ins> the <del>root element of</del><ins>two lengths '1em'
and '2em'.</ins>
<h4><ins>1.4.2.2</ins> <a name="initial-value"><ins>Initial</ins></a></h4>
<P><ins>This part specifies</ins> the <del>document tree .</del><ins>property's initial value.</ins> Please consult
the section on <a href="cascade.html">the cascade</a> for information
about the interaction between style sheet-specified, inherited, and
initial <ins>property</ins> values.
<h4><ins>1.4.2.3</ins> <a name="applies-to">Applies to</a></h4>
<p>This part lists the elements to which the property applies. All
elements are considered to have all properties, but some properties
have no rendering effect on some types of elements. For example, <del>'white-space'</del><ins>the</ins> <a href="visuren.html#propdef-clear" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-clear"><ins>'clear'</ins></span></a> <ins>property</ins> only affects block-level elements.
<h4><ins>1.4.2.4</ins> <a name="inherited-prop">Inherited</a></h4>
<p>This part indicates whether the value of the property is inherited
from an ancestor element. Please consult the section on <a
href="cascade.html">the cascade</a> for information about the
interaction between style sheet-specified, inherited, and initial
<ins>property</ins> values.
<h4><ins>1.4.2.5</ins> <a name="percentage-wrt">Percentage values</a></h4>
<p>This part indicates how percentages should be interpreted, if they occur in
the value of the property. If "N/A" appears here, it means that the
property does not accept percentages <del>as</del><ins>in its</ins> values.
<h4><ins>1.4.2.6</ins> <a name="media-applies">Media groups</a></h4>
<p>This part indicates the <a href="media.html#media-groups">media
groups</a> to which the property applies. <del>The conformance conditions state that user agents must support this property if they support rendering to the media types included in these</del><ins>Information about</ins> media
groups <del>. 1.3.3</del><ins>is non-normative.</ins>
<h4><ins>1.4.2.7</ins> <a name="computed-defs"><ins>Computed value</ins></a></h4>
<p><ins>This part describes the computed value for the property. See the
section on</ins> <a href="cascade.html#computed-value"><ins>computed values</ins></a>
<ins>for how this definition is used.</ins>
<H3><ins>1.4.3</ins> <a name="shorthand">Shorthand properties</a></H3>
<p>Some properties are <a name="x1"><span class="index-def" title="shorthand
property"><dfn>shorthand properties</dfn></span></a>, meaning <ins>that</ins> they allow
authors to specify the values of several properties with a single
property.
<P>For instance, the <a href="fonts.html#propdef-font" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-font">'font'</span></a> property
is a shorthand property for setting <a href="fonts.html#propdef-font-style" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-font-style">'font-style'</span></a>, <a href="fonts.html#propdef-font-variant" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-font-variant">'font-variant'</span></a>, <a href="fonts.html#propdef-font-weight" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-font-weight">'font-weight'</span></a>, <a href="fonts.html#propdef-font-size" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-font-size">'font-size'</span></a>, <a href="visudet.html#propdef-line-height" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-line-height">'line-height'</span></a>, and <a href="fonts.html#propdef-font-family" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-font-family">'font-family'</span></a> all at once.</p>
<P>When values are omitted from a shorthand form, each
"missing" property is assigned
its initial value (see the section on <a href="cascade.html">the
cascade</a>).
<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><p>
The multiple style rules of this example:</p>
<pre>
h1 {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 12pt;
line-height: 14pt;
font-family: Helvetica;
font-variant: normal;
font-style: normal;
<del>font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none</del>}
</pre>
<p>may be rewritten with a single shorthand property:</p>
<pre>
h1 { font: bold 12pt/14pt Helvetica }
</pre>
<p>In this example, <a href="fonts.html#propdef-font-variant" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-font-variant">'font-variant'</span></a>, <del>'font-stretch' , 'font-size-adjust' ,</del>and <a href="fonts.html#propdef-font-style" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-font-style">'font-style'</span></a>
take their initial values.</p>
</div>
<h3> <del>1.3.4</del><ins>1.4.4</ins> <a name="notes-and-examples">Notes and examples</a></h3>
<P>All examples that illustrate illegal usage are clearly
marked as "ILLEGAL EXAMPLE".
<P> <del>All</del>HTML examples <del>conform</del><ins>lacking DOCTYPE declarations are SGML Text Entities
conforming</ins> to the HTML <del>4.0</del><ins>4.01</ins> Strict DTD <a href="refs.html#ref-HTML4" rel="biblioentry" class="noxref"><span class="normref"> <del>(defined</del><ins>[HTML4]</ins></span></a><ins>. Other HTML examples
conform to the DTDs given</ins> in <del>[HTML40] ) unless otherwise indicated by a document type declaration.</del><ins>the examples.</ins>
<P>All notes are informative only.
<P>Examples and notes are <a href="conform.html#defs">marked within
the source HTML</a> for the specification and <del>CSS1</del><ins>CSS</ins> user agents will
render them specially.
<h3> <del>1.3.5</del><ins>1.4.5</ins> <a name="images-and-longdesc">Images and long descriptions</a></h3>
<P>Most images in the electronic version of this specification are
accompanied by "long descriptions" of what they represent. A link to
the long description is denoted by a "[D]" <del>to the right of</del><ins>after</ins> the image.
<P>Images and long descriptions are informative only.
<H2> <del>1.4</del><ins>1.5</ins> <a name="acknowledgements">Acknowledgments</a></H2>
<p>This <del>specification</del><ins>section is non-normative.</ins>
<p><ins>CSS 2.1</ins> is <ins>based on CSS2. See</ins> the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-CSS2-20080411/about.html#q15"> <del>product</del><ins>acknowledgments
section</ins> of <ins>CSS2</ins></a> <ins>for</ins> the <del>W3C Working Group on Cascading Style Sheets and Formatting Properties. In addition</del><ins>people that contributed to CSS2.</ins>
<p><ins>We would like</ins> to <ins>thank</ins> the <del>editors of this specification,</del><ins>following people who, through their
input and feedback on</ins> the <del>members</del><ins>www-style mailing list, have helped us with
the creation</ins> of <ins>this specification:</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Andrew Clover</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Bernd Mielk
3ADC
e</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>C. Bottelier</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Christian Roth</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Christoph Päper</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Claus Färber</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Coises</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Craig Saila</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Darren Ferguson</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Dylan Schiemann</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Etan Wexler</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>George Lund</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>James Craig</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn n"><span class="given-name"><ins>Jan</ins></span>
<span class="additional-name"><ins>Eirik</ins></span>
<span class="family-name"><ins>Olufsen</ins></span></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><span class="given-name"><ins>Jan</ins></span>
<span class="additional-name"><ins>Roland</ins></span>
<span class="family-name"><ins>Eriksson</ins></span></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Joris Huizer</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Joshua Prowse</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Kai Lahmann</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Kevin Smith</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Lachlan Cannon</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Lars Knoll</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Lauri Raittila</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Mark Gallagher</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Michael Day</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Peter Sheerin</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn n"><span class="given-name"><ins>Rijk</ins></span>
<span class="family-name"><ins>van Geijtenbeek</ins></span></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Robin Berjon</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Scott Montgomery</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Shelby Moore</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Stuart Ballard</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Tom Gilder</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Vadim Plessky</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Peter Moulder</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Anton Prowse</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Gérard Talbot</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Ingo Chao</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Bruno Fassino</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Justin Rogers</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Boris Zbarsky</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Garrett Smith</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Zack Weinberg</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Bjoern Hoehrmann</ins></span></span><ins>,
and</ins> the
<span class=vcard><span class="fn org"><ins>Open eBook Publication Structure</ins> Working Group</span></span>
<del>are: Brad Chase (Bitstream), Chris Wilson (Microsoft), Daniel Glazman (Electricité de France), Dave Raggett (W3C/HP), Ed Tecot (Microsoft), Jared Sorensen (Novell), Lauren Wood (SoftQuad), Laurie Anna Kaplan (Microsoft), Mike Wexler (Adobe), Murray Maloney (Grif), Powell Smith (IBM), Robert Stevahn (HP), Steve Byrne (JavaSoft), Steven Pemberton (CWI), Thom Phillabaum (Netscape), Douglas Rand (Silicon Graphics), Robert Pernett (Lotus), Dwayne Dicks (SoftQuad), and Sho Kuwamoto (Macromedia).</del><ins>Editors.</ins> We <ins>would also like to</ins> thank
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"> <del>them for their continued efforts. A number</del><ins>Gary Schnabl</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Glenn Adams</ins></span></span> <ins>and</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Susan Lesch</ins></span></span>
<ins>who helped proofread earlier versions</ins> of <del>invited experts</del><ins>this document.</ins></p>
<p><ins>In addition, we would like</ins> to <del>the Working Group have contributed: George Kersher, Glenn Rippel (Bitstream), Jeff Veen (HotWired), Markku T. Hakkinen (The Productivity Works), Martin Dürst (W3C, formerly Universität Zürich), Roy Platon (RAL), Todd Fahrner (Verso), Tim Boland (NIST), Eric Meyer (Case Western Reserve University), and Vincent Quint (W3C). The section on Web Fonts was strongly shaped by Brad Chase (Bitstream) David Meltzer (Microsoft Typography)</del><ins>extend special thanks to</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Elika J. Etemad</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Ada Chan</ins></span></span> and
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"> <del>Steve Zilles (Adobe). The following people</del><ins>Boris Zbarsky</ins></span></span>
<ins>who</ins> have <del>also</del>contributed <del>in various ways</del><ins>significant time to CSS 2.1, and</ins> to
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Kimberly Blessing</ins></span></span>
<ins>for help with</ins> the <del>section pertaining</del><ins>editing.</ins></p>
<p><ins>Many thanks also</ins> to <del>fonts: Alex Beamon (Apple), Ashok Saxena (Adobe), Ben Bauermeister (HP), Dave Raggett (W3C/HP), David Opstad (Apple), David Goldsmith (Apple), Ed Tecot (Microsoft), Erik van Blokland (LettError), François Yergeau (Alis), Gavin Nicol (Inso), Herbert van Zijl (Elsevier), Liam Quin, Misha Wolf (Reuters), Paul Haeberli (SGI), and</del>the <del>late Phil Karlton (Netscape).</del><ins>following people for their help
with</ins> the <del>section on Paged Media was in large parts authored by</del><ins>test suite:</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn">Robert <del>Stevahn (HP) and Stephen Waters (Microsoft).</del><ins>Stam</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Aharon Lanin</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Alan Gresley</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Alan Harder</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Alexander Dawson</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Arron Eicholz</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Bernd Mielke</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Bert Bos</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Boris Zbarsky</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Bruno Fassino</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Daniel Schattenkirchner</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>David Hammond</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>David Hyatt</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Eira Monstad</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Elika J. Etemad</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Gérard Talbot</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Gabriele Romanato</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Germain Garand</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Hilbrand Edskes</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Ian Hickson</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>James Hopkins</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Justin Boss</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>L. David Baron</ins></span
A38C
></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Lachlan Hunt</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Magne Andersson</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Marc Pacheco</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Mark McKenzie-Bell</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Matt Bradley</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Melinda Grant</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Michael Turnwall</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Ray Kiddy</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Richard Ishida</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn">Robert <del>Stevahn (HP), Scott Furman (Netscape),</del><ins>O'Callahan</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Simon Montagu</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Tom Clancy</ins></span></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Vasil Dinkov</ins></span></span><ins>,
…</ins> and <del>Scott Isaacs (Microsoft) were key</del><ins>all the</ins> contributors to <del>CSS Positioning. Mike Wexler (Adobe) was the editor of</del>the <del>interim</del><ins>CSS1 test suite.</ins>
<p>Working <del>draft, which described many of the new features of CSS2. T.V. Raman (Adobe) made pivotal contributions towards Aural Cascading Style Sheets (ACSS) and</del><ins>Group members active during</ins> the <del>concepts of aural presentation based on his work on AsTeR (Audio System For Technical Readings). He contributed an initial draft</del><ins>development</ins> of <del>the ACSS specification that shaped the current specification. Values for aural properties in the HTML 4.0 sample style sheet are of his devising; he currently uses them on a daily basis on his audio desktop in conjunction with Emacspeak and the Emacs W3 browser (authored by William Perry, who also implemented the aural extensions on the W3 side of the fence). Todd Fahrner (Verso) researched contemporary and historical browsers to develop the sample style sheet in the appendix. Thanks to Jan Kärrman, author of html2ps for helping so much in creating the PostScript version of the specification. Through electronic and physical encounters, the following people have contributed to the development of CSS2: Alan Borning, Robert Cailliau, Liz Castro, James Clark, Dan Connolly, Donna Converse, Daniel Dardailler, Al Gilman, Daniel Greene, Scott Isaacs, Geir Ivarsøy, Vincent Mallet, Kim Marriott, Brian Michalowski, Lou Montulli, Henrik Frystyk Nielsen, Jacob Nielsen, Eva von Pepel, William Perry, David Siegel, Peter Stuckey, and Jason White. The discussions on www-style@w3.org have been influential in many key issues for CSS. Especially, we would like to thank Bjorn Backlund, Todd Fahrner, Lars Marius Garshol, Sue Jordan, Ian Hickson, Susan Lesch, Andrew Marshall, MegaZone, Eric Meyer, Russell O'Connor, David Perrell, Liam Quinn, Jon Seymour, Neil St. Laurent, Taylor, Brian Wilson, and Chris Wilson for their participation. Many thanks to the Web Accessibility Initiative Protocols and Formats Technical Review Working Group (WAI PF) for helping to improve the accessibility of CSS2. Many thanks to Philippe Le Hégaret, whose CSS validator helped ensure correct examples and a sensible grammar. Special thanks to Arnaud Le Hors, whose engineering contributions made</del>this
<del>document work. Adam Costello improved this specification by performing a detailed review. Lastly, thanks to Tim Berners-Lee without whom none of this would have been possible. 1.5 Copyright Notice Copyright © 1997 World Wide Web Consortium</del><ins>specification:</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>César Acebal</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Universidad de Oviedo</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span>,
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Tab Atkins Jr.</ins></span> (<span class=org> <del>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</del><ins>Google, Inc.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span>,
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"> <del>Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique</del><ins>L. David Baron</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Mozilla Foundation</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span>,
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"> <del>Keio University ). All Rights Reserved. Documents on the W3C site are provided by the copyright holders under the following license. By obtaining, using and/or copying this document, or the W3C document from which this statement is linked, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, and distribute the contents of this document, or the</del><ins>Bert Bos</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>W3C/ERCIM</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Tantek Çelik</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org>W3C <del>document from which this statement is linked, in any medium for any purpose and without fee or royalty is hereby granted, provided that you include the following on ALL copies of the document, or portions thereof, that you use: A link or URI to the original</del><ins>Invited Experts</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Cathy Chan</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Nokia</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Giorgi Chavchanidze</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Opera Software</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>John Daggett</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Mozilla Foundation</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Beth Dakin</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Apple, Inc.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Arron Eicholz</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Microsoft Corp.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Elika J. Etemad</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org>W3C <del>document. The pre-existing copyright notice of the original author, if it doesn't exist, a notice of the form: "Copyright © World Wide Web Consortium</del><ins>Invited Experts</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span>,
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Simon Fraser</ins></span> (<span class=org> <del>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</del><ins>Apple, Inc.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span>,
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"> <del>Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique</del><ins>Sylvain Galineau</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Microsoft Corp.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span>,
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"> <del>Keio University ). All Rights Reserved." If it exists</del><ins>Daniel Glazman</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Disruptive Innovations</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span>,
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"> <del>the STATUS of the</del><ins>Molly Holzschlag</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Opera Software</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>David Hyatt</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Apple, Inc.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Richard Ishida</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>W3C/ERCIM</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>John Jansen</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Microsoft Corp.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Brad Kemper</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org>W3C <del>document. When space permits, inclusion of the full text of this NOTICE should be provided. In addition, credit shall be attributed to the copyright holders for any software, documents, or other items or products that you create pursuant to the implementation of the contents of this document, or any portion thereof. No right to create modifications or derivatives is granted pursuant to this license. THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED "AS IS," AND COPYRIGHT HOLDERS MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, OR TITLE; THAT THE CONTENTS OF THE DOCUMENT ARE SUITABLE FOR ANY PURPOSE; NOR THAT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUCH CONTENTS WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR OTHER RIGHTS. COPYRIGHT HOLDERS WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF ANY USE OF THE DOCUMENT OR THE PERFORMANCE OR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONTENTS THEREOF. The name</del><ins>Invited Experts</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Håkon Wium Lie</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Opera Software</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Chris Lilley</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>W3C/ERCIM</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Peter Linss</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>HP</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Markus Mielke</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Microsoft Corp.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Alex Mogilevsky</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Microsoft Corp.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>David Singer</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Apple Inc.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Anne van Kesteren</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Opera Software</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Steve Zilles</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Adobe Systems Inc.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Ian Hickson</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Google, Inc.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Melinda Grant</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>HP</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"><ins>Øyvind Stenhaug</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Opera Software</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>,</ins>
and
<span class=vcard><span class="fn"> <del>trademarks of copyright holders may NOT be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to this document or its contents without specific, written prior permission. Title to copyright in this document will at all times remain with copyright holders.</del><ins>Paul Nelson</ins></span> <ins>(</ins><span class=org><ins>Microsoft Corp.</ins></span><ins>)</ins></span><ins>.</ins>
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