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Disarmament and Arms Control - CSS International Relations Notes

The document discusses the history and efforts of disarmament and arms control. It provides justifications for armament such as weapons being consequences of conflict and preparing defense preventing aggression. Arguments for disarmament include costly arms races and potential for repression or aggression. The UN and bilateral agreements pursued various arms limitation and reduction efforts with mixed success due to divergent views between the US and USSR during the Cold War. Notable initiatives include those after WWI and WWII as well as the Atomic Energy Commission, CTBT, and NPT with signing but noncompliance by some states.

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Shariq Ali Hashmi
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339 views

Disarmament and Arms Control - CSS International Relations Notes

The document discusses the history and efforts of disarmament and arms control. It provides justifications for armament such as weapons being consequences of conflict and preparing defense preventing aggression. Arguments for disarmament include costly arms races and potential for repression or aggression. The UN and bilateral agreements pursued various arms limitation and reduction efforts with mixed success due to divergent views between the US and USSR during the Cold War. Notable initiatives include those after WWI and WWII as well as the Atomic Energy Commission, CTBT, and NPT with signing but noncompliance by some states.

Uploaded by

Shariq Ali Hashmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Disarmament and Arms Control | CSS International Relations Notes

Table of Contents

Disarmament and Arms Control CSS International Relations Notes


Justifications for Armament
Arguments for disarmament
Arms Controls
History of Disarmament
Disarmament after WWI
Disarmament after WWII
Disarmament efforts by the UN
Atoms for Peace Plan
Other Disarmament Efforts
CTBT
Relevant Vocabulary

Disarmament and Arms Control


CSS International Relations Notes
Justifications for Armament
Weapons are not the causes but the consequences of conflictive relations. A historical
survey of the arms race indicates that during the past two centuries this form of
international competition often ends peacefully in recognition of the military superiority of
one side or the other.

Countries which have no adequate defense tempt aggressors and therefore preparing for
war is the best way to achieve peace.

Arguments for disarmament


Arms and arms races are costly and potentially very bloody. Arms reduction can curtail
defense burden and allow economic investment for more productive purposes.

The unchecked growth of armaments without economic means can lead to internal
repression and external aggression.

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Disarmament and Arms Control | CSS International Relations Notes

Arms Controls
Arms reduction implies partially disarmament based on mutually agreed set of arms levels
between given groups of nation states. Arms limitation includes a wide variety of
international accords to limit impact of potential wars or to prevent their accidental
outbreak (exchange of information to prevent misunderstanding or banning acquisition of
particular types of weaponry).

History of Disarmament
Disarmament attempts can be traced back to the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which
stipulated against the need for building fortifications. In 1816, the Czar of Russia proposed
to the British government the reduction of armaments, a call that was not well received
however.

In 1863 and in 1869, France made similar calls for disarmament in Europe, but it too was
ignored. In 1898, the Tsar of Russia called on European powers to gather at Hague to
discuss disarmament, a suggestion which was well received, leading to the First Hague
Peace Conference attended by 28 states.

In 1907, another conference was held at the Hague for the same purpose. Both conferences
called upon military and naval experts to propose reducing military expenditures through
disarmaments, but the major powers were not ready for such moves in practice.

Disarmament after WWI


The devastation caused by WWI impelled statesmen of the world to give serious thought to
disarmament. Woodrow Wilson in one of his famous fourteen points asserted armament
should be reduced to „the lowest point consistent with domestic safety‟.

The Treat of Versailles (1919) also recognized that „the maintenance of peace requires the
reduction of national armaments‟. The League of Nations was given the specific duty to

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Disarmament and Arms Control | CSS International Relations Notes

secure a general agreement on disarmament and the covenant of the League stated that
only those countries will be allowed membership who accepted the proposed agreement.

A permanent advisory commission was established in the League, but being comprised of
military personnel, it failed to make much progress in a path of disarmament.

The Council of the League appointed another commission in 1920, the Temporary Mixed
Commission, with a fixed four year mandate and comprised primarily of civilians. This
temporary commission of the League was asked to identify limitation of land and naval
forces for various countries according to their national security needs, the commission also
proposed compulsory arbitration and proposed international aid to victims of aggression.

Unfortunately, the commission’s recommendations were not accepted by members of the


League of Nations. In 1926, the League set up another preparatory commission for
disarmament which prepared a draft of a treaty considered at the Geneva conference of the
League in 1932 by 61 states. Discussions on this draft continued for 2 years but then the
Japanese attack on Manchuria and the German withdrawal from the treaty in 1933, dashed
the hopes for disarmament.

Disarmament after WWII


The devastation unleashed by WWII again led to calls for disarmament. The UN charter laid
much emphasis on the need for disarmament. The UN established a Military Staff
Committee to assist the Security Council to regulate armaments and explore means for
disarmament.

Disarmament efforts by the UN


The UN established the Atomic Energy Commission consisting of all five Security Council
members and Canada.

The Commission was meant to explore mechanisms for peaceful transfer of nuclear
technology, to identify safeguards by way of inspections for compliant states to prevent
hazards of violation and to eventually work towards elimination of nuclear weapons.

While both superpowers agreed to cooperate, their divergent stances (the US arguing that
control take precedence over disarmament and the USSR arguing the reverse) on the
Commission goals led to its ineffectiveness.

The General Assembly of the UN also established a Commission on Conventional

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Disarmament and Arms Control | CSS International Relations Notes

Armaments, which also felt victim to Cold War divergences, ultimately the USSR pulled out
of both Commissions due to China‟s representation on them.

Atoms for Peace Plan


In 1953, President Eisenhower of the US proposed establishment of a pool of fissionable
materials donated by declared nuclear states to the Atomic Energy Commission, which
could be provided to other countries strictly for peaceful purposes.

The Soviets opposed this plan arguing that an agreement on prohibiting nuclear weapons
was first necessary prior to disseminating nuclear technology.

Other Disarmament Efforts


Many disarmament and arms control efforts were undertaken through bilateral means
between the two superpowers, the biggest proliferations of armaments in the post-WWII
period (NTBT, NPT, SALT I and II).

The six nation summit held in New Dehli in 1985 is indicative of the growing concern
amongst developing countries about arms race, particularly nuclear weapons (Ironically,
India too is now a declared nuclear state).

CTBT
The NTP review conference was held in Geneva in 1995 which recommended infinite
extension of the NTP. Israel, Pakistan and India were criticized for not acceding to the NPT
nor to the subsequent CTBT, which even forbids tests required for developing nuclear
weapons.

Even France signed the CTBT after conducting its last nuclear test in the South Pacific.
India and Pakistan remain reluctant and argue that the advanced nuclear states can keep
their weaponry safe and updated by tests stimulated in lab settings.

Relevant Vocabulary
Conflictive: conflicting or tense
Armament: the process of acquiring weaponry

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Disarmament and Arms Control | CSS International Relations Notes

Impelled: compelled, obligated


Arbitration: resolution of disputes Fortifications: building up of defenses
Compliant: agreeing or accepting
Reliant: reliable
Divergent: differing or opposing
Reluctant: hesitant
Stimulated: replicated or duplicated in different conditions
Subsequent: thereafter
Proliferation: spread or dissemination Forbid: prohibit or does not allow Elimination:
removal or destruction
Regulation: to provide guidelines or parameters

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