SOCIOLOGY

I. General Sociology
1. Individual: Sociability or the sociality of man.
2. Culture: Meaning and Characteristics (Culture is variable, learnt, social, shared, transmissive, dynamic and
adaptive), types (Material, Non –material), functions (transfer of knowledge, define situation, provide
behaviour pattern, moulds personality) and elements of culture (norms, values, beliefs, sanctions,
customs).Culture and Socialization; formal and non-formal socialization, transmission of culture, cultural
relativism. Sub-cultures. Ethnocentrism and xenocentrism, Cultural lag, High culture and popular culture.
Multiculturalism, assimilation, and acculturation.
3. Society: Meaning and characteristics. Community; meaning and characteristics. Individual and society.
Relationship between individual and society. Two main theories regarding the relationship of man and society
(i) the social contact theory and (ii) the organismic theory. Social and cultural evolution of society (Hunting and
Gathering Society, Herding and Advance Herding Society, Horticultural Society, Agrarian Society, Industrial
Society, Post modern Society).
4. Social Interaction: Caste and classes, Forms of social classes, Feudal system in Pakistan, Social Mobility-nature
of social mobility and its determinants in Pakistani society, Culture of poverty.
5. Social Control: Mechanisms of social control-formal and informal means of social control, Anomie, Alienation
and social Integration-Means of social integration in Pakistani Society.
6. Social and Cultural Change and Social Policy: Processes of Social and Cultural Change-discovery, Inhibitions to
social and cultural change in Pakistan, Social planning and directed social and cultural change, Effect of
Industrialization, Urbanization, Modernization and Modern Means of Communication on Social Change.
7. Public Opinion: Formation of public openion, concept of opinion leader, characteristics of opinion leadership.
8. Community: The rural community, Traditional Characteristics of rural life, The urban community, Rural – Urban
convergence, Urbanism, Future of cities in Pakistan.
9. Social Institutions: The nature and genesis of institutions, The process of institutionalization, Functions of
Social Institutions: Family, Religion, Education, Economy and Politics.
10. Social Problems in Pakistan: High population growth rate, Rural-urban migration. Issues of
technical/vocational training, Deviance and street crime, Unemployment, illiteracy and School drop out,
Smuggling, Prostitution, Poverty, Drug Addiction, Child Labour and Abuse, Bonded Labour, Social customs and
Traditions affecting Women in Pakistan, Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence, Issues concerning
the Elderly in Pakistan.

II. Sociological Theory:

Three sociological perspectives: Structural Functionalism, Symbolic interactions and Conflict. Theorists: Ibn-i-
Khaldun, Spencer, August Comte, Emile Dukheim, Max Weber, Karl Marx, Parson.

III. Methods of Sociological Research:

Scientific Method, Steps in research, Types of Questionnaire Research Design, Surveys, Observation and Case
Studies.
 CRIMINOLOGY

Section – I (25 Marks)

I. Introduction
Basic concepts used in understanding crime, criminality and criminal behaviour.
II. Understanding Criminology
Definition, meaning and scope of criminology; Criminology and criminal law; Crime as social problem; Deviance, Sin
Vice, Evil, Norms, Values; Security (Physical, Social, Economic).
III. Crime and Criminals
Occasional criminals, Habitual criminals, Professional criminals, White-collar crime, Organized crime, corporate
crimes.
IV. Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives
Early explanation of criminal behavior
 Biological Theories; Psychological Theories; Sociological Theories.
– Social Disorganization theory
– Strain theory
– Social Control theory
– Learning theory
– Labeling Theory
 Islamic perspective on deviance and crime.
Section – II (25 Marks)
V. Juvenile Delinquency
Meaning, definitions (Behavioral Vs Legal), Juvenile delinquent Vs status offender, Official statistics of juvenile
delinquency
VI. Juvenile Justice System
 Role of police
 Juvenile court process:
– pretrial, trial and sentencing
– Role of prosecutor, defense counsel, juvenile judge, juvenile probation officer
 Juvenile correctional institutions; probation and non-punitive alternatives
VII. The Criminal Justice System:
 Police and its role
 Trial and Conviction of Offenders
– Agencies: formal and informal
– Criminal courts: procedures and problems
– Role of prosecutors
 Prisons, Probation and Parole
VIII. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals
Corporal punishment, Imprisonment, Rehabilitation of criminals.
Section – III (25 Marks)
IX. Criminal Investigation
Principles of criminal investigation, Manual of preliminary investigation, Intelligence operations, Data base
investigation, Electronic investigation, Forensic Investigation.
X. Techniques of Investigations
Gathering information from persons, Interviewing and interrogation techniques, Criminal investigation analysis,
XI. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators
Stop and frisk operations, Arrest procedures, Search and seizure
XII. International Policing and Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations
UNAFEI, INTERPOL, EUROPOL, UNODC, UNICEF, IPA, etc.
Section – IV (25 Marks)
XIII. Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology
 Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror
 Media’s representation of Crime and the Criminal Justice System
 Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention
– Intelligence-led Policing
– Community Policing
– Private Public Partnership
  Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan
 Crime and Urbanization, Organized Crime and White-Collar Crime
 Human Rights Abuses and Protection, especially of Children; Women and Minorities; The role of civil society
and NGOs
 Money-laundering
 Cyber Crime
 Role of NAB, FIA, ANF

HISTORY OF USA

I. Introduction:-
 From ancient times to 1492
 Advent of the Europeans to British supremacy (1492 – 1606)

II. USA as a British Colony (1606 – 1783)

III. USA as an Independent Country (1783 – 1819)
IV. Expansion of USA: From 13 to 50 States (1820 – 1949)
V. Constitution of the USA: Salient Features
VI. Civil War between the North and the East (1850 – 1869)
VII. Industrialization and its emergence as one of the world powers (1870 -1916)
VIII. USA’s role in the Two World Wars (1914 – 1918 & 1939 – 1945)
IX. Post 1945 world scenario and emergence of USA and USSR as the Two World Powers.
X. American Role in patronizing UNO and International Organizations 1945 – 2012
XI. American Role in Cold War and its emergence as the Sole Super Power (1945 – 1990).
XII. International Concerns of USA: An Overview.
XIII. The War on Terror: The Role of Pakistan and USA (2001 – 2012)
XIV. Global perceptions of the USA.
XV. Progressive Era: Reforms of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson,
XVI. The Great Depression and the New Deal
XVII. Civil Rights Movement
XVIII. United States’ role in International Conflicts
XIX. US Presidential Election
XX. The US Congress: Role and Functions
XXI. Separation of Powers: Check and Balances

GENDER STUDIES

I. Introduction to Gender Studies

 Introduction to Gender Studies
 Difference between Gender and Women Studies
 Multi-disciplinary nature of Gender Studies
 Autonomy vs. Integration Debate in Gender Studies
 Status of Gender Studies in Pakistan
II. Social Construction of Gender
 Historicizing Constructionism
 Problematizing the category of “Sex”: Queer Theory
 Is “Sex” socially determined, too?
 Masculinities and Femininity
 Nature versus Culture: A Debate in Gender Development
III. Feminist Theories and Practice
 What is Feminism
 Liberal Feminism
  Radical Feminism
 Marxist/Socialist Feminism
 Psychoanalytical Feminism
 Men’s Feminism
 Postmodern Feminism
IV. Feminist Movements
 Feminist Movements in the West. First Wave, Second Wave and Third Wave Feminism. United Nation
Conferences on Women, Feminist Movements in Pakistan.
V. Gender and Development
 Colonial and Capitalistic Perspectives of Gender
 Gender Analysis of Development Theories; Modernization Theory, World System Theory, Dependency Theory,
Structural Functionalism.
 Gender Approaches to Development: Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD),
Gender and Development (GAD); Gender Critique of Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs).
 Globalization and Gender
VI. Status of Women in Pakistan
 Status of Women’s health in Pakistan
 Status of Women in Education
 Women and Employment
 Women and Law
VII. Gender and Governance
 Defining Governance
 Suffragist Movement
 Gender Issues in Women as Voters
 Gender Issues in Women as Candidates
 Gender Issues in Women as Representatives
 Impact of Political Quota in Pakistan
VIII. Gender Based Violence
 Defining Gender Based Violence
 Theories of Violence against Women
 Structural and Direct Forms of Violence
 Strategies to Eliminate Violence against Women
IX. Case Studies of:
 Mukhtaran Mai
 Mallala Yousaf Zai
 Shermin Ubaid Chinoy

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

I. Introduction
 The Definition and Scope of International Relations.
 The Nation-State System
 Evolution of International Society
II. Theories and Approaches
 The Classical Approaches-Realism and Idealism
 The Scientific Revolution-Behavioral Approach, System Approach,
 Neo-realism, Neo-liberalism
 Post-modernism, Critical Theory, Feminism, Constructivism
III. International Political Security.
 Conceptualization of security in the Twenty-First century
 Power. Elements of National Power
 Balance of Power
 Foreign Policy: Determinants, Decision Making and Analysis
 Sovereignty
 National Interest
IV. Strategic Approach to International Relation.
 War: Causation of War, Total War, Limited War, Asymmetric Warfare, Civil War, Guerilla Warfare
 Strategic Culture: Determinants of Pakistani Strategic Culture.
 Deterrence: Theory and practice with special reference to India and Pakistan
V. International Political Economy.
 Theories in IPE: Mercantilism, Economic Liberalism, and Neo- Marxism
 Theories of Imperialism, Dependence and Interdependence discourse
VI. International political community.
 Nationalism
 Internationalism
 Globalization
VII. Approaches to Peace
 Diplomacy
 International Law
 Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Non proliferation Regime
VIII. International Political Institution
 United Nations
 International Monetary Fund (IMF)
 World Bank
 International Court of Justice

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2

I. International Relation between two Wars

 Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
II. Cold War
 Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
 Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
 Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
III. Post Cold War
 End of History, Clash of Civilizations, Terrorism, Globalization, Unipolarity (New World Order) and Revival of
Multi-Polarity
IV. International and Regional Organizations
 League of Nations, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA, SAARC, SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
 Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF
V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries
 USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
VI. South Asia
 Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace processes between/among the
states of South Asia especially between India and Pakistan.
 India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty; Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek &
Siachen border, Visa and People to people contact; Trade; and Role of civil society
 Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion and Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post Cold War situation—Rise
of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring Freedom; The Bonn Process- Withdrawal
VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction
 Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
 Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear Doctrines
 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty;
Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty; Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
 Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Cooperation for Nuclear Energy
 The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
 Militarization and Weaponization of Space.
VIII. Contemporary Issues
 Euro-Atlantic Vs. Asia Pacific: Great Power Policies
 Kashmir Issue
 Palestine Issue
 CURRENT AFFAIRS

Candidates will be expected to display such general knowledge of history, politics and International Affairs, as
deemed necessary to interpret current affairs.
I. Pakistan’s Domestic Affairs (20 marks)
 Political
 Economic
 Social
II. Pakistan’s External Affairs (40 marks)
 Pakistan’s relations with its Neighbors (India, China, Afghanistan, Russia)
 Pakistan’s relations with the Muslim World (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Turkey)
 Pakistan’s relations with the United States
 Pakistan’s relations with Regional and International Organizations (UN, SAARC, ECO, OIC, WTO, GCC)
III. Global Issues (40 marks)
 International Security
 International Political Economy
 Human Rights
 Environment: Global Warming, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord
 Population: world population trends, world population policies
 Terrorism and Counter Terrorism
 Global Energy Politics
 Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Security
 Nuclear Politics in South Asia
 International Trade (Doha Development Round and Bali Package)
 Cooperation and Competition in Arabian Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
 Millennium Development Goals, Current Status
 Globalization
 Middle East Crisis
 Kashmir Issue
 Palestine Issue

ISLAMIC STUDIES

I. Introduction to Islam.
 Concept of Islam.
 Importance of Din in Human Life.
 Difference between Din and Religion.
 Distinctive Aspects of Islam.
 Islamic Beliefs & its Impact on Individual & Society and the Fundamental of Islam
 Islamic Worships: Spiritual, Moral and Social Impact.
II. Study of Sirah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as Role Model for:-
 Individual
 Diplomat
 Educator
 Military Strategist
 Peace Maker
III. Human Rights & Status of Woman in Islam.
 Human Rights and Status of Woman in Islam
 Dignity of Men and Women
IV. Islamic Civilization and Culture:
 Meanings and the Vital Elements
 Role of Civilization in Development of Human Personality and Community
 Characteristicts of Islamic Civilization (Tawhid, Self-purification, Dignity of Man, Equality, Social Justice, Moral
Values, Tolerance, Rule of Law)
V. Islam and the World
  Impact of Islamic Civilization on the West and Vice Versa.
 Impact of Islamic Civilization on the West and Vice Versa.
 Muslim World and the Contemporary Challenges.
 Rise of Extremism.
VI. Public Administration and Governance in Islam
 Concept of Public Administration in Islam
 Quranic Guidance on Good Governance
 Concept of Governance and its Applications in the light of Qur’an, Sunnah and Fiqh.
 Governance Structure in Islam (Shura, Legislation, Sources of Islamic Law)
 Governance under Pious Khilafat
 Particular letters of Hazrat Umar (R.A) and Hazrat Ali (R.A) to different Authority.
 Responsibilities of Civil Servants
 System of Accountability (hisbah) in Islam
VII. Islamic Code of Life
 Salient Features of Islamic System, Social System, Political System, Economic System, Judicial System,
Administrative System,
 Procedure of Ijma and Ijtihad

PAKISTAN AFFAIRS
 Ideology of Pakistan — definition and elucidation, historical aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-Continent, its
downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Movements for reforms — Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah,
Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other educational institutions — Sindh Madrassah and
Islamia College Peshawar. Ideology of Pakistan in the light of Speeches and statements of Allama Iqbal and
Quaid- i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
 Land and people of Pakistan — Geography, Society, Natural resources, Agriculture, Industry and education
with reference to characteristics, trends and problems.
 Pakistan and Changing Regional Apparatus
 Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security; International Concerns
 Regional Cooperation Organizations (SAARC,ECO,SCO) and the Role of Pakistan
 Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan
 Economic Challenges in Pakistan
 Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-State Actors
 Pakistan’s Role in the Region
 The Palestine Issue
 Changing Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National Security of Pakistan
 Political Evolution Since 1971
 Pakistan and US War on Terror
 Foreign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11
 Evolution of Democratic System in Pakistan
 Ethnic Issues and National Integration
 Hydro Politics; Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context
 Pakistan’s National Interest
 Challenges to Sovereignty
 Pakistan’s Energy Problems and their Effects
 Pakistan’s Relations with Neighbors excluding India
 Pakistan and India Relations Since 1947
 The Kashmir Issue
 The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and challenges to Pakistan in the Post 2014 era.
 Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements
 Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and Current Budgets, and
the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy.
 The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and Important
Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts.
 The Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and the Strategies to Deal with Them, Poverty, Education, Health
and Sanitation.