jQuery Fundamentals

Rebecca Murphey
http://github.com/rmurphey/jqfundamentals
With contributions by James Padolsey, Paul Irish, and others. See
the GitHub repository for a complete history of contributions.
Copyright © 2010

Licensed by Rebecca Murphey under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States

license. You are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and remix this work, provided you attribute the work to

Rebecca Murphey as the original author and reference the GitHub repository for the work. If you alter,

transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same, similar or a

compatible license. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright

holder. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The

best way to do this is with a link to the license.

Table of Contents
1. Welcome
Getting the Code
Software
Adding JavaScript to Your Page
JavaScript Debugging
Exercises
Conventions used in this book
Reference Material
I. JavaScript 101
2. JavaScript Basics
Overview

Syntax Basics

Operators

Basic Operators

Operations on Numbers & Strings

Logical Operators

Comparison Operators

Conditional Code
Truthy and Falsy Things

Conditional Variable Assignment with The Ternary Operator

Switch Statements

Loops

The for loop

The while loop

The do-while loop

Breaking and continuing

Reserved Words

Arrays

Objects

Functions

Using Functions

Self-Executing Anonymous Functions

Functions as Arguments

Testing Type

Scope

Closures

II. jQuery: Basic Concepts

3. jQuery Basics
$(document).ready()

Selecting Elements

Does My Selection Contain Any Elements?

Saving Selections

Refining & Filtering Selections

Selecting Form Elements

Working with Selections

Chaining

Getters & Setters

CSS, Styling, & Dimensions

Using CSS Classes for Styling

Dimensions

Attributes

Traversing

Manipulating Elements

Getting and Setting Information about Elements

Moving, Copying, and Removing Elements

Creating New Elements

Manipulating Attributes

Exercises

Selecting

Traversing

Manipulating

4. jQuery Core
$ vs $()

Utility Methods

Checking types

Data Methods

Feature & Browser Detection

Avoiding Conflicts with Other Libraries

5. Events
Overview

Connecting Events to Elements

Connecting Events to Run Only Once

Disconnecting Events

Namespacing Events

Inside the Event Handling Function

Triggering Event Handlers

Increasing Performance with Event Delegation

Unbinding Delegated Events

Event Helpers

$.fn.hover

$.fn.toggle

Exercises

Create an Input Hint

Add Tabbed Navigation

6. Effects
Overview

Built-in Effects

Changing the Duration of Built-in Effects

Doing Something when an Effect is Done

Custom Effects with $.fn.animate

Easing

Managing Effects

Exercises

Reveal Hidden Text

Create Dropdown Menus

Create a Slideshow

7. Ajax
Overview

Key Concepts

GET vs. Post

Data Types

A is for Asynchronous

Same-Origin Policy and JSONP

Ajax and Firebug

jQuery's Ajax-Related Methods

$.ajax

Convenience Methods

$.fn.load

Ajax and Forms

Working with JSONP

Ajax Events

Exercises

Load External Content

Load Content Using JSON

8. Plugins
What exactly is a plugin?

How to create a basic plugin

Finding & Evaluating Plugins

Writing Plugins

Writing Stateful Plugins with the jQuery UI Widget Factory

Adding Methods to a Widget

Working with Widget Options

Adding Callbacks

Cleaning Up

Conclusion

Exercises
Make a Table Sortable

Write a Table-Striping Plugin

III. Advanced Topics

This Section is a Work in Progress
9. Performance Best Practices
Cache length during loops

Append new content outside of a loop

Keep things DRY

Beware anonymous functions

Optimize Selectors

ID-Based Selectors

Specificity

Avoid the Universal Selector

Use Event Delegation

Detach Elements to Work With Them

Use Stylesheets for Changing CSS on Many Elements

Use $.data Instead of $.fn.data

Don't Act on Absent Elements

Variable Definition

Conditionals

Don't Treat jQuery as a Black Box

10. Code Organization

Overview

Key Concepts

Encapsulation

The Object Literal

The Module Pattern

Managing Dependencies

Getting RequireJS

Using RequireJS with jQuery

Creating Reusable Modules with RequireJS

Optimizing Your Code: The RequireJS Build Tool

Exercises

Create a Portlet Module

11. Custom Events

Introducing Custom Events
 A Sample Application

List of Examples
1.1. An example of inline Javascript
1.2. An example of including external JavaScript
1.3. Example of an example
2.1. A simple variable declaration
2.2. Whitespace has no meaning outside of quotation marks
2.3. Parentheses indicate precedence
2.4. Tabs enhance readability, but have no special meaning
2.5. Concatenation
2.6. Multiplication and division
2.7. Incrementing and decrementing
2.8. Addition vs. concatenation
2.9. Forcing a string to act as a number
2.10. Forcing a string to act as a number (using the unary-plus operator)
2.11. Logical AND and OR operators
2.12. Comparison operators
2.13. Flow control
2.14. Values that evaluate to true
2.15. Values that evaluate to false
2.16. The ternary operator
2.17. A switch statement
2.18. Loops
2.19. A typical for loop
2.20. A typical while loop
2.21. A while loop with a combined conditional and incrementer
2.22. A do-while loop
2.23. Stopping a loop
2.24. Skipping to the next iteration of a loop
2.25. A simple array
2.26. Accessing array items by index
2.27. Testing the size of an array
2.28. Changing the value of an array item
2.29. Adding elements to an array
2.30. Working with arrays
2.31. Creating an "object literal"
2.32. Function Declaration
2.33. Named Function Expression
2.34. A simple function
2.35. A function that returns a value
2.36. A function that returns another function
2.37. A self-executing anonymous function
2.38. Passing an anonymous function as an argument
2.39. Passing a named function as an argument
2.40. Testing the type of various variables
2.41. Functions have access to variables defined in the same scope
2.42. Code outside the scope in which a variable was defined does not have
access to the variable
2.43. Variables with the same name can exist in different scopes with
different values
2.44. Functions can "see" changes in variable values after the function is
defined
2.45. Scope insanity
2.46. How to lock in the value of i?
2.47. Locking in the value of i with a closure
3.1. A $(document).ready() block
3.2. Shorthand for $(document).ready()
3.3. Passing a named function instead of an anonymous function
3.4. Selecting elements by ID
3.5. Selecting elements by class name
3.6. Selecting elements by attribute
3.7. Selecting elements by compound CSS selector
3.8. Pseudo-selectors
3.9. Testing whether a selection contains elements
3.10. Storing selections in a variable
3.11. Refining selections
3.12. Using form-related pseduo-selectors
3.13. Chaining
3.14. Formatting chained code
3.15. Restoring your original selection using $.fn.end
3.16. The $.fn.html method used as a setter
3.17. The html method used as a getter
3.18. Getting CSS properties
3.19. Setting CSS properties
3.20. Working with classes
3.21. Basic dimensions methods
3.22. Setting attributes
3.23. Getting attributes
3.24. Moving around the DOM using traversal methods
3.25. Iterating over a selection
3.26. Changing the HTML of an element
3.27. Moving elements using different approaches
3.28. Making a copy of an element
3.29. Creating new elements
3.30. Creating a new element with an attribute object
3.31. Getting a new element on to the page
3.32. Creating and adding an element to the page at the same time
3.33. Manipulating a single attribute
3.34. Manipulating multiple attributes
3.35. Using a function to determine an attribute's new value
4.1. Checking the type of an arbitrary value
4.2. Storing and retrieving data related to an element
4.3. Storing a relationship between elements using $.fn.data
4.4. Putting jQuery into no-conflict mode
4.5. Using the $ inside a self-executing anonymous function
5.1. Event binding using a convenience method
5.2. Event biding using the $.fn.bind method
5.3. Event binding using the $.fn.bind method with data
5.4. Switching handlers using the $.fn.one method
5.5. Unbinding all click handlers on a selection
5.6. Unbinding a particular click handler
5.7. Namespacing events
5.8. Preventing a link from being followed
5.9. Triggering an event handler the right way
5.10. Event delegation using $.fn.delegate
5.11. Event delegation using $.fn.live
5.12. Unbinding delegated events
5.13. The hover helper function
5.14. The toggle helper function
6.1. A basic use of a built-in effect
6.2. Setting the duration of an effect
6.3. Augmenting jQuery.fx.speeds with custom speed definitions
6.4. Running code when an animation is complete
6.5. Run a callback even if there were no elements to animate
6.6. Custom effects with $.fn.animate
6.7. Per-property easing
7.1. Using the core $.ajax method
7.2. Using jQuery's Ajax convenience methods
7.3. Using $.fn.load to populate an element
7.4. Using $.fn.load to populate an element based on a selector
7.5. Turning form data into a query string
7.6. Creating an array of objects containing form data
7.7. Using YQL and JSONP
7.8. Setting up a loading indicator using Ajax Events
8.1. Creating a plugin to add and remove a class on hover
8.2. The Mike Alsup jQuery Plugin Development Pattern
8.3. A simple, stateful plugin using the jQuery UI widget factory
8.4. Passing options to a widget
8.5. Setting default options for a widget
8.6. Creating widget methods
8.7. Calling methods on a plugin instance
8.8. Responding when an option is set
8.9. Providing callbacks for user extension
8.10. Binding to widget events
8.11. Adding a destroy method to a widget
10.1. An object literal
10.2. Using an object literal for a jQuery feature
10.3. The module pattern
10.4. Using the module pattern for a jQuery feature
10.5. Using RequireJS: A simple example
10.6. A simple JavaScript file with dependencies
10.7. Defining a RequireJS module that has no dependencies
10.8. Defining a RequireJS module with dependencies
10.9. Defining a RequireJS module that returns a function
10.10. A RequireJS build configuration file

Chapter 1. Welcome
jQuery is fast becoming a must-have skill for front-end developers. The purpose of this book is to provide

an overview of the jQuery JavaScript library; when you're done with the book, you should be able to

complete basic tasks using jQuery, and have a solid basis from which to continue your learning. This book

was designed as material to be used in a classroom setting, but you may find it useful for individual study.

This is a hands-on class. We will spend a bit of time covering a concept, and then you’ll have the chance to

work on an exercise related to the concept. Some of the exercises may seem trivial; others may be

downright daunting. In either case, there is no grade; the goal is simply to get you comfortable working

your way through problems you’ll commonly be called upon to solve using jQuery. Example solutions to all

of the exercises are included in the sample code.

Getting the Code

The code we’ll be using in this book is hosted in a repository on Github. You can download a .zip or .tar file

of the code, then uncompress it to use it on your server. If you’re git-inclined, you’re welcome to clone or

fork the repository.

Software
You'll want to have the following tools to make the most of the class:

• The Firefox browser

• The Firebug extension for Firefox

• A plain text editor

• For the Ajax portions: A local server (such as MAMP or WAMP), or an FTP or SSH client to

access a remote server.

Adding JavaScript to Your Page

JavaScript can be included inline or by including an external file via a script tag. The order in which you

include JavaScript is important: dependencies must be included before the script that depends on them.

For the sake of page performance, JavaScript should be included as close to the end of your HTML as is

practical. Multiple JavaScript files should be combined for production use.

Example 1.1. An example of inline Javascript

<script>

console.log('hello');

</script>

Example 1.2. An example of including external JavaScript

<script src='/js/jquery.js'></script>

JavaScript Debugging
A debugging tool is essential for JavaScript development. Firefox provides a debugger via the Firebug

extension; Safari and Chrome provide built-in consoles.

Each console offers:

• single- and multi-line editors for experimenting with JavaScript

• an inspector for looking at the generated source of your page

• a Network or Resources view, to examine network requests

When you are writing JavaScript code, you can use the following methods to send messages to the

console:

• console.log() for sending general log messages

 • console.dir() for logging a browseable object

• console.warn() for logging warnings

• console.error() for logging error messages

Other console methods are also available, though they may differ from one browser to another. The

consoles also provide the ability to set break points and watch expressions in your code for debugging

purposes.

Exercises
Most chapters in the book conclude with one or more exercises. For some exercises, you’ll be able to work

directly in Firebug; for others, you will need to include other scripts after the jQuery script tag as directed

in the individual exercises.

In some cases, you will need to consult the jQuery documentation in order to complete an exercise, as we

won’t have covered all of the relevant information in the book. This is by design; the jQuery library is large,

and learning to find answers in the documentation is an important part of the process.

Here are a few suggestions for tackling these problems:

• First, make sure you thoroughly understand the problem you're being asked to solve.

• Next, figure out which elements you'll need to access in order to solve the problem, and

determine how you'll get those elements. Use Firebug to verify that you're getting the elements

you're after.

• Finally, figure out what you need to do with the elements to solve the problem. It can be

helpful to write comments explaining what you're going to do before you try to write the code to

do it.

Do not be afraid to make mistakes! Do not try to make your code perfect on the first try! Making mistakes

and experimenting with solutions is part of learning the library, and you’ll be a better developer for it.

Examples of solutions for these exercises are located in the /solutions directory in the sample code.

Conventions used in this book

Methods that can be called on jQuery objects will be referred to as $.fn.methodName. Methods that exist in

the jQuery namespace but that cannot be called on jQuery objects will be referred to as$.methodName. If

this doesn't mean much to you, don't worry — it should become clearer as you progress through the book.

Example 1.3. Example of an example

// code examples will appear like this

Remarks will appear like this.

Note

Notes about a topic will appear like this.

Reference Material
There are any number of articles and blog posts out there that address some aspect of jQuery. Some are

phenomenal; some are downright wrong. When you read an article about jQuery, be sure it's talking about

the same version as you're using, and resist the urge to just copy and paste — take the time to understand

the code in the article.

Here are some excellent resources to use during your jQuery learning. The most important of all is the

jQuery source itself: it contains, in code form, complete documentation of the library. It is not a black box

— your understanding of the library will grow exponentially if you spend some time visiting it now and

again — and I highly recommend bookmarking it in your browser and referring to it often.

• The jQuery source

• jQuery documentation

• jQuery forum

• Delicious bookmarks

• #jquery IRC channel on Freenode

Part I. JavaScript 101

Chapter 2. JavaScript Basics
Overview
jQuery is built on top of JavaScript, a rich and expressive language in its own right. This section covers the

basic concepts of JavaScript, as well as some frequent pitfalls for people who have not used JavaScript

before. While it will be of particular value to people with no programming experience, even people who

have used other programming languages may benefit from learning about some of the peculiarities of

JavaScript.

If you’re interested in learning more about the JavaScript language, I highly recommendJavaScript: The

Good Parts by Douglas Crockford.

Syntax Basics
Understanding statements, variable naming, whitespace, and other basic JavaScript syntax.

Example 2.1. A simple variable declaration

var foo = 'hello world';

Example 2.2. Whitespace has no meaning outside of quotation marks

var foo = 'hello world';

Example 2.3. Parentheses indicate precedence

2 * 3 + 5; // returns 11; multiplication happens first

2 * (3 + 5); // returns 16; addition happens first

Example 2.4. Tabs enhance readability, but have no special meaning

var foo = function() {

console.log('hello');

};
Operators
Basic Operators

Basic operators allow you to manipulate values.

Example 2.5. Concatenation

var foo = 'hello';

var bar = 'world';

console.log(foo + ' ' + bar); // 'hello world'

Example 2.6. Multiplication and division

2 * 3;

2 / 3;

Example 2.7. Incrementing and decrementing

var i = 1;

var j = ++i; // pre-increment: j equals 2; i equals 2

var k = i++; // post-increment: k equals 2; i equals 3

Operations on Numbers & Strings

In JavaScript, numbers and strings will occasionally behave in ways you might not expect.
Example 2.8. Addition vs. concatenation

var foo = 1;

var bar = '2';

console.log(foo + bar); // 12. uh oh

Example 2.9. Forcing a string to act as a number

var foo = 1;

var bar = '2';

// coerce the string to a number

console.log(foo + Number(bar));

The Number constructor, when called as a function (like above) will have the effect of casting its argument

into a number. You could also use the unary plus operator, which does the same thing:

Example 2.10. Forcing a string to act as a number (using the unary-plus operator)

console.log(foo + +bar);

Logical Operators

Logical operators allow you to evaluate a series of operands using AND and OR operations.

Example 2.11. Logical AND and OR operators

var foo = 1;
var bar = 0;

var baz = 2;

foo || bar; // returns 1, which is true

bar || foo; // returns 1, which is true

foo && bar; // returns 0, which is false

foo && baz; // returns 2, which is true

baz && foo; // returns 1, which is true

Though it may not be clear from the example, the || operator returns the value of the first truthy operand,

or, in cases where neither operand is truthy, it'll return the last of both operands. The &&operator returns

the value of the first false operand, or the value of the last operand if both operands are truthy.

Be sure to consult the section called “Truthy and Falsy Things” for more details on which values evaluate

to true and which evaluate to false.

Note

You'll sometimes see developers use these logical operators for flow control instead of using if statements.

For example:

// do something with foo if foo is truthy

foo && doSomething(foo);

// set bar to baz if baz is truthy;

// otherwise, set it to the return

// value of createBar()

var bar = baz || createBar();

This style is quite elegant and pleasantly terse; that said, it can be really hard to read, especially for

beginners. I bring it up here so you'll recognize it in code you read, but I don't recommend using it until

you're extremely comfortable with what it means and how you can expect it to behave.

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators allow you to test whether values are equivalent or whether values are identical.

Example 2.12. Comparison operators

var foo = 1;

var bar = 0;

var baz = '1';

var bim = 2;

foo == bar; // returns false

foo != bar; // returns true

foo == baz; // returns true; careful!

foo === baz; // returns false

foo !== baz; // returns true
foo === parseInt(baz); // returns true

foo > bim; // returns false

bim > baz; // returns true
foo <= baz; // returns true

Conditional Code
Sometimes you only want to run a block of code under certain conditions. Flow control —

via if andelse blocks — lets you run code only under certain conditions.

Example 2.13. Flow control

var foo = true;

var bar = false;

if (bar) {

// this code will never run

console.log('hello!');

if (bar) {

// this code won't run

} else {

if (foo) {

// this code will run

} else {

// this code would run if foo and bar were both false

Note

While curly braces aren't strictly required around single-line if statements, using them consistently, even

when they aren't strictly required, makes for vastly more readable code.

Be mindful not to define functions with the same name multiple times within separate if/elseblocks, as

doing so may not have the expected result.

Truthy and Falsy Things

In order to use flow control successfully, it's important to understand which kinds of values are "truthy"

and which kinds of values are "falsy." Sometimes, values that seem like they should evaluate one way

actually evaluate another.

Example 2.14. Values that evaluate to true

'0';
'any string';

[]; // an empty array

{}; // an empty object

1; // any non-zero number

Example 2.15. Values that evaluate to false

0;

''; // an empty string

NaN; // JavaScript's "not-a-number" variable

null;

undefined; // be careful -- undefined can be redefined!

Conditional Variable Assignment with The Ternary Operator

Sometimes you want to set a variable to a value depending on some condition. You could use

anif/else statement, but in many cases the ternary operator is more convenient. [Definition: Theternary

operator tests a condition; if the condition is true, it returns a certain value, otherwise it returns a different

value.]

Example 2.16. The ternary operator

// set foo to 1 if bar is true;

// otherwise, set foo to 0

var foo = bar ? 1 : 0;

While the ternary operator can be used without assigning the return value to a variable, this is generally

discouraged.
Switch Statements

Rather than using a series of if/else if/else blocks, sometimes it can be useful to use a switch statement

instead. [Definition: Switch statements look at the value of a variable or expression, and run different

blocks of code depending on the value.]

Example 2.17. A switch statement

switch (foo) {

case 'bar':

alert('the value was bar -- yay!');

break;

case 'baz':

alert('boo baz :(');

break;

default:

alert('everything else is just ok');

break;

Switch statements have somewhat fallen out of favor in JavaScript, because often the same behavior can

be accomplished by creating an object that has more potential for reuse, testing, etc. For example:

var stuffToDo = {
 'bar' : function() {

alert('the value was bar -- yay!');

},

'baz' : function() {

alert('boo baz :(');

},

'default' : function() {

alert('everything else is just ok');

};

if (stuffToDo[foo]) {

stuffToDo[foo]();

} else {

stuffToDo['default']();

We'll look at objects in greater depth later in this chapter.

Loops
Loops let you run a block of code a certain number of times.

Example 2.18. Loops

// logs 'try 0', 'try 1', ..., 'try 4'

for (var i=0; i<5; i++) {

console.log('try ' + i);

Note that in Example 2.18, “Loops” even though we use the keyword var before the variable namei, this

does not "scope" the variable i to the loop block. We'll discuss scope in depth later in this chapter.
The for loop

A for loop is made up of four statements and has the following structure:

for ([initialisation]; [conditional]; [iteration])

[loopBody]

The initialisation statement is executed only once, before the loop starts. It gives you an opportunity to

prepare or declare any variables.

The conditional statement is executed before each iteration, and its return value decides whether or not

the loop is to continue. If the conditional statement evaluates to a falsey value then the loop stops.

The iteration statement is executed at the end of each iteration and gives you an opportunity to change

the state of important variables. Typically, this will involve incrementing or decrementing a counter and

thus bringing the loop ever closer to its end.

The loopBody statement is what runs on every iteration. It can contain anything you want. You'll typically

have multiple statements that need to be executed and so will wrap them in a block ({...}).

Here's a typical for loop:

Example 2.19. A typical for loop

for (var i = 0, limit = 100; i < limit; i++) {

// This block will be executed 100 times

console.log('Currently at ' + i);

// Note: the last log will be "Currently at 99"

The while loop

A while loop is similar to an if statement, except that its body will keep executing until the condition

evaluates to false.

while ([conditional]) [loopBody]

Here's a typical while loop:

Example 2.20. A typical while loop

var i = 0;

while (i < 100) {

// This block will be executed 100 times

console.log('Currently at ' + i);

i++; // increment i

You'll notice that we're having to increment the counter within the loop's body. It is possible to combine

the conditional and incrementer, like so:

Example 2.21. A while loop with a combined conditional and incrementer

var i = -1;

while (++i < 100) {

// This block will be executed 100 times

console.log('Currently at ' + i);

}
Notice that we're starting at -1 and using the prefix incrementer (++i).
The do-while loop

This is almost exactly the same as the while loop, except for the fact that the loop's body is executed at

least once before the condition is tested.

do [loopBody] while ([conditional])

Here's a do-while loop:

Example 2.22. A do-while loop

do {

// Even though the condition evaluates to false

// this loop's body will still execute once.

alert('Hi there!');

} while (false);

These types of loops are quite rare since only few situations require a loop that blindly executes at least

once. Regardless, it's good to be aware of it.

Breaking and continuing

Usually, a loop's termination will result from the conditional statement not evaluating to true, but it is

possible to stop a loop in its tracks from within the loop's body with the break statement.

Example 2.23. Stopping a loop

for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

 if (something) {

break;

You may also want to continue the loop without executing more of the loop's body. This is done using

the continue statement.

Example 2.24. Skipping to the next iteration of a loop

for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (something) {

continue;

// The following statement will only be executed

// if the conditional 'something' has not been met

console.log('I have been reached');

Reserved Words
JavaScript has a number of “reserved words,” or words that have special meaning in the language. You

should avoid using these words in your code except when using them with their intended meaning.
• break

• case

• catch

• continue

• default

• delete

• do

• else

• finally

• for

• function

• if

• in

• instanceof

• new

• return

• switch

• this

• throw

• try

• typeof

• var

• void

• while

• with

• abstract

• boolean

• byte

• char

• class

• const

• debugger

• double

• enum

• export

• extends
 • final

• float

• goto

• implements

• import

• int

• interface

• long

• native

• package

• private

• protected

• public

• short

• static

• super

• synchronized

• throws

• transient

• volatile

Arrays
Arrays are zero-indexed lists of values. They are a handy way to store a set of related items of the same

type (such as strings), though in reality, an array can include multiple types of items, including other

arrays.

Example 2.25. A simple array

var myArray = [ 'hello', 'world' ];

Example 2.26. Accessing array items by index

var myArray = [ 'hello', 'world', 'foo', 'bar' ];

console.log(myArray[3]); // logs 'bar'

Example 2.27. Testing the size of an array

var myArray = [ 'hello', 'world' ];

console.log(myArray.length); // logs 2

Example 2.28. Changing the value of an array item

var myArray = [ 'hello', 'world' ];

myArray[1] = 'changed';

While it's possible to change the value of an array item as shown in Example 2.28, “Changing the value of

an array item”, it's generally not advised.

Example 2.29. Adding elements to an array

var myArray = [ 'hello', 'world' ];

myArray.push('new');

Example 2.30. Working with arrays

var myArray = [ 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o' ];

var myString = myArray.join(''); // 'hello'

var mySplit = myString.split(''); // [ 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o' ]

Objects
Objects contain one or more key-value pairs. The key portion can be any string. The value portion can be

any type of value: a number, a string, an array, a function, or even another object.
[Definition: When one of these values is a function, it’s called a method of the object.] Otherwise, they are

called properties.

As it turns out, nearly everything in JavaScript is an object — arrays, functions, numbers, even strings —

and they all have properties and methods.

Example 2.31. Creating an "object literal"

var myObject = {

sayHello : function() {

console.log('hello');

},

myName : 'Rebecca'

};

myObject.sayHello(); // logs 'hello'

console.log(myObject.myName); // logs 'Rebecca'

Note

When creating object literals, you should note that the key portion of each key-value pair can be written as

any valid JavaScript identifier, a string (wrapped in quotes) or a number:

var myObject = {

validIdentifier: 123,

'some string': 456,

99999: 789

};
Object literals can be extremely useful for code organization; for more information, read Using Objects to

Organize Your Code by Rebecca Murphey.

Functions
Functions contain blocks of code that need to be executed repeatedly. Functions can take zero or more

arguments, and can optionally return a value.

Functions can be created in a variety of ways:

Example 2.32. Function Declaration

function foo() { /* do something */ }

Example 2.33. Named Function Expression

var foo = function() { /* do something */ }

I prefer the named function expression method of setting a function's name, for some rather in-depth and

technical reasons. You are likely to see both methods used in others' JavaScript code.
Using Functions

Example 2.34. A simple function

var greet = function(person, greeting) {

var text = greeting + ', ' + person;

console.log(text);

};

greet('Rebecca', 'Hello');
Example 2.35. A function that returns a value

var greet = function(person, greeting) {

var text = greeting + ', ' + person;

return text;

};

console.log(greet('Rebecca','hello'));

Example 2.36. A function that returns another function

var greet = function(person, greeting) {

var text = greeting + ', ' + person;

return function() { console.log(text); };

};

var greeting = greet('Rebecca', 'Hello');

greeting();

Self-Executing Anonymous Functions

A common pattern in JavaScript is the self-executing anonymous function. This pattern creates a function

expression and then immediately executes the function. This pattern is extremely useful for cases where

you want to avoid polluting the global namespace with your code -- no variables declared inside of the

function are visible outside of it.

Example 2.37. A self-executing anonymous function

(function(){

var foo = 'Hello world';

})();

console.log(foo); // undefined!

Functions as Arguments

In JavaScript, functions are "first-class citizens" -- they can be assigned to variables or passed to other

functions as arguments. Passing functions as arguments is an extremely common idiom in jQuery.

Example 2.38. Passing an anonymous function as an argument

var myFn = function(fn) {

var result = fn();

console.log(result);

};

myFn(function() { return 'hello world'; }); // logs 'hello world'

Example 2.39. Passing a named function as an argument

var myFn = function(fn) {

var result = fn();

console.log(result);
};

var myOtherFn = function() {

return 'hello world';

};

myFn(myOtherFn); // logs 'hello world'

Testing Type
JavaScript offers a way to test the "type" of a variable. However, the result can be confusing -- for

example, the type of an Array is "object".

It's common practice to use the typeof operator when trying to determining the type of a specific value.

Example 2.40. Testing the type of various variables

var myFunction = function() {

console.log('hello');

};

var myObject = {

foo : 'bar'

};

var myArray = [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ];

var myString = 'hello';

var myNumber = 3;

typeof myFunction; // returns 'function'

typeof myObject; // returns 'object'

typeof myArray; // returns 'object' -- careful!

typeof myString; // returns 'string';
typeof myNumber; // returns 'number'

typeof null; // returns 'object' -- careful!

if (myArray.push && myArray.slice && myArray.join) {

// probably an array
// (this is called "duck typing")
}

if (Object.prototype.toString.call(myArray) === '[object Array]') {

// Definitely an array!
// This is widely considered as the most rebust way
// to determine if a specific value is an Array.
}

jQuery offers utility methods to help you determine the type of an arbitrary value. These will be covered

later.

Scope
"Scope" refers to the variables that are available to a piece of code at a given time. A lack of

understanding of scope can lead to frustrating debugging experiences.

When a variable is declared inside of a function using the var keyword, it is only available to code inside of

that function -- code outside of that function cannot access the variable. On the other hand, functions

defined inside that function will have access to to the declared variable.

Furthermore, variables that are declared inside a function without the var keyword are not local to the

function -- JavaScript will traverse the scope chain all the way up to the window scope to find where the

variable was previously defined. If the variable wasn't previously defined, it will be defined in the global

scope, which can have extremely unexpected consequences;

Example 2.41. Functions have access to variables defined in the same scope
var foo = 'hello';

var sayHello = function() {

console.log(foo);

};

sayHello(); // logs 'hello'

console.log(foo); // also logs 'hello'

Example 2.42. Code outside the scope in which a variable was defined does not have access to the variable

var sayHello = function() {

var foo = 'hello';

console.log(foo);

};

sayHello(); // logs 'hello'

console.log(foo); // doesn't log anything

Example 2.43. Variables with the same name can exist in different scopes with different values

var foo = 'world';

var sayHello = function() {

var foo = 'hello';

 console.log(foo);

};

sayHello(); // logs 'hello'

console.log(foo); // logs 'world'

Example 2.44. Functions can "see" changes in variable values after the function is defined

var myFunction = function() {

var foo = 'hello';

var myFn = function() {

console.log(foo);

};

foo = 'world';

return myFn;

};

var f = myFunction();

f(); // logs 'world' -- uh oh

Example 2.45. Scope insanity

// a self-executing anonymous function

(function() {

var baz = 1;

var bim = function() { alert(baz); };

bar = function() { alert(baz); };

})();

console.log(baz); // baz is not defined outside of the function

bar(); // bar is defined outside of the anonymous function

// because it wasn't declared with var; furthermore,

// because it was defined in the same scope as baz,

// it has access to baz even though other code

// outside of the function does not

bim(); // bim is not defined outside of the anonymous function,

// so this will result in an error

Closures
Closures are an extension of the concept of scope — functions have access to variables that were available

in the scope where the function was created. If that’s confusing, don’t worry: closures are generally best

understood by example.

In Example 2.44, “Functions can "see" changes in variable values after the function is defined” we saw

how functions have access to changing variable values. The same sort of behavior exists with functions
defined within loops -- the function "sees" the change in the variable's value even after the function is

defined, resulting in all clicks alerting 5.

Example 2.46. How to lock in the value of i?

/* this won't behave as we want it to; */

/* every click will alert 5 */

for (var i=0; i<5; i++) {

$('<p>click me</p>').appendTo('body').click(function() {

alert(i);

});

Example 2.47. Locking in the value of i with a closure

/* fix: “close” the value of i inside createFunction, so it won't change */

var createFunction = function(i) {

return function() { alert(i); };

};

for (var i=0; i<5; i++) {

$('<p>click me</p>').appendTo('body').click(createFunction(i));

Part II. jQuery: Basic Concepts

Chapter 3. jQuery Basics
$(document).ready()
You cannot safely manipulate a page until the document is “ready.” jQuery detects this state of readiness

for you; code included inside $(document).ready() will only run once the page is ready for JavaScript code

to execute.

Example 3.1. A $(document).ready() block

$(document).ready(function() {

console.log('ready!');

});

There is a shorthand for $(document).ready() that you will sometimes see; however, I recommend against

using it if you are writing code that people who aren't experienced with jQuery may see.

Example 3.2. Shorthand for $(document).ready()

$(function() {

console.log('ready!');

});

You can also pass a named function to $(document).ready() instead of passing an anonymous function.

Example 3.3. Passing a named function instead of an anonymous function

function readyFn() {

// code to run when the document is ready

$(document).ready(readyFn);
Selecting Elements
The most basic concept of jQuery is to “select some elements and do something with them.” jQuery

supports most CSS3 selectors, as well as some non-standard selectors. For a complete selector reference,

visit http://api.jquery.com/category/selectors/.

Following are a few examples of common selection techniques.

Example 3.4. Selecting elements by ID

$('#myId'); // note IDs must be unique per page

Example 3.5. Selecting elements by class name

$('div.myClass'); // performance improves if you specify element type

Example 3.6. Selecting elements by attribute

$('input[name=first_name]'); // beware, this can be very slow

Example 3.7. Selecting elements by compound CSS selector

$('#contents ul.people li');

Example 3.8. Pseudo-selectors

$('a.external:first');

$('tr:odd');

$('#myForm :input'); // select all input-like elements in a form

$('div:visible');
$('div:gt(2)'); // all except the first three divs

$('div:animated'); // all currently animated divs

Note

When you use the :visible and :hidden pseudo-selectors, jQuery tests the actual visibility of the element,

not its CSS visibility or display — that is, it looks to see if the element's physical height and width on the

page are both greater than zero. However, this test doesn't work with <tr> elements; in this case, jQuery

does check the CSS display property, and considers an element hidden if its display property is set

to none. Elements that have not been added to the DOM will always be considered hidden, even if the CSS

that would affect them would render them visible. (See the Manipulation section later in this chapter to

learn how to create and add elements to the DOM.)

For reference, here is the code jQuery uses to determine whether an element is visible or hidden, with

comments added for clarity:

jQuery.expr.filters.hidden = function( elem ) {

var width = elem.offsetWidth, height = elem.offsetHeight,

skip = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "tr";

// does the element have 0 height, 0 width,

// and it's not a <tr>?

return width === 0 && height === 0 && !skip ?

// then it must be hidden

true :

// but if it has width and height

// and it's not a <tr>

width > 0 && height > 0 && !skip ?

 // then it must be visible

false :

// if we get here, the element has width

// and height, but it's also a <tr>,

// so check its display property to

// decide whether it's hidden

jQuery.curCSS(elem, "display") === "none";

};

jQuery.expr.filters.visible = function( elem ) {

return !jQuery.expr.filters.hidden( elem );

};

Choosing Selectors

Choosing good selectors is one way to improve the performance of your JavaScript. A little specificity — for example, including an

element type such as div when selecting elements by class name — can go a long way. Generally, any time you can give jQuery a

hint about where it might expect to find what you're looking for, you should. On the other hand, too much specificity can be a bad

thing. A selector such as #myTable thead tr th.special is overkill if a selector such as #myTable th.special will get you what you

want.

jQuery offers many attribute-based selectors, allowing you to make selections based on the content of arbitrary attributes using

simplified regular expressions.

// find all <a>s whose rel attribute

// ends with "thinger"

$("a[rel$='thinger']");

While these can be useful in a pinch, they can also be extremely slow — I once wrote an attribute-based selector that locked up my

page for multiple seconds. Wherever possible, make your selections using IDs, class names, and tag names.
Want to know more? Paul Irish has a great presentation about improving performance in JavaScript, with several slides focused

specifically on selector performance.

Does My Selection Contain Any Elements?

Once you've made a selection, you'll often want to know whether you have anything to work with. You may

be inclined to try something like:

if ($('div.foo')) { ... }

This won't work. When you make a selection using $(), an object is always returned, and objects always

evaluate to true. Even if your selection doesn't contain any elements, the code inside the ifstatement will

still run.

Instead, you need to test the selection's length property, which tells you how many elements were

selected. If the answer is 0, the length property will evaluate to false when used as a boolean value.

Example 3.9. Testing whether a selection contains elements

if ($('div.foo').length) { ... }

Saving Selections

Every time you make a selection, a lot of code runs, and jQuery doesn't do caching of selections for you. If

you've made a selection that you might need to make again, you should save the selection in a variable

rather than making the selection repeatedly.

Example 3.10. Storing selections in a variable

var $divs = $('div');

Note

In Example 3.10, “Storing selections in a variable”, the variable name begins with a dollar sign. Unlike in

other languages, there's nothing special about the dollar sign in JavaScript -- it's just another character. We

use it here to indicate that the variable contains a jQuery object. This practice -- a sort of Hungarian

notation -- is merely convention, and is not mandatory.

Once you've stored your selection, you can call jQuery methods on the variable you stored it in just like

you would have called them on the original selection.

Note

A selection only fetches the elements that are on the page when you make the selection. If you add

elements to the page later, you'll have to repeat the selection or otherwise add them to the selection

stored in the variable. Stored selections don't magically update when the DOM changes.

Refining & Filtering Selections

Sometimes you have a selection that contains more than what you're after; in this case, you may want to

refine your selection. jQuery offers several methods for zeroing in on exactly what you're after.

Example 3.11. Refining selections

$('div.foo').has('p'); // div.foo elements that contain <p>'s

$('h1').not('.bar'); // h1 elements that don't have a class of bar

$('ul li').filter('.current'); // unordered list items with class of current

$('ul li').first(); // just the first unordered list item

$('ul li').eq(5); // the sixth

Selecting Form Elements

jQuery offers several pseudo-selectors that help you find elements in your forms; these are especially

helpful because it can be difficult to distinguish between form elements based on their state or type using

standard CSS selectors.

:button

Selects <button> elements and elements with type="button"

:checkbox

Selects inputs with type="checkbox"

:checked

Selects checked inputs

:disabled

Selects disabled form elements

 :enabled

Selects enabled form elements

:file

Selects inputs with type="file"

:image

Selects inputs with type="image"

:input

Selects <input>, <textarea>, and <select> elements

:password

Selects inputs with type="password"

:radio

Selects inputs with type="radio"

:reset

Selects inputs with type="reset"

:selected

Selects options that are selected

:submit

Selects inputs with type="submit"

:text

Selects inputs with type="text"

Example 3.12. Using form-related pseduo-selectors

$("#myForm :input'); // get all elements that accept input

Working with Selections

Once you have a selection, you can call methods on the selection. Methods generally come in two different

flavors: getters and setters. Getters return a property of the first selected element; setters set a property

on all selected elements.

Chaining
If you call a method on a selection and that method returns a jQuery object, you can continue to call

jQuery methods on the object without pausing for a semicolon.

Example 3.13. Chaining

$('#content').find('h3').eq(2).html('new text for the third h3!');

If you are writing a chain that includes several steps, you (and the person who comes after you) may find

your code more readable if you break the chain over several lines.

Example 3.14. Formatting chained code

$('#content')

.find('h3')

.eq(2)

.html('new text for the third h3!');

If you change your selection in the midst of a chain, jQuery provides the $.fn.end method to get you back

to your original selection.

Example 3.15. Restoring your original selection using $.fn.end

$('#content')

.find('h3')

.eq(2)

.html('new text for the third h3!')

.end() // restores the selection to all h3's in #content

.eq(0)

.html('new text for the first h3!');

Note

Chaining is extraordinarily powerful, and it's a feature that many libraries have adapted since it was made

popular by jQuery. However, it must be used with care. Extensive chaining can make code extremely

difficult to modify or debug. There is no hard-and-fast rule to how long a chain should be -- just know that it

is easy to get carried away.

Getters & Setters

jQuery “overloads” its methods, so the method used to set a value generally has the same name as the

method used to get a value. When a method is used to set a value, it is called a setter. When a method is

used to get (or read) a value, it is called a getter. Setters affect all elements in a selection; getters get the

requested value only for the first element in the selection.

Example 3.16. The $.fn.html method used as a setter

$('h1').html('hello world');

Example 3.17. The html method used as a getter

$('h1').html();

Setters return a jQuery object, allowing you to continue to call jQuery methods on your selection; getters

return whatever they were asked to get, meaning you cannot continue to call jQuery methods on the value

returned by the getter.

CSS, Styling, & Dimensions

jQuery includes a handy way to get and set CSS properties of elements.

Note

CSS properties that normally include a hyphen need to be camel cased in JavaScript. For example, the CSS

property font-size is expressed asfontSize in JavaScript.

Example 3.18. Getting CSS properties

$('h1').css('fontSize'); // returns a string such as "19px"

Example 3.19. Setting CSS properties

$('h1').css('fontSize', '100px'); // setting an individual property

$('h1').css({ 'fontSize' : '100px', 'color' : 'red' }); // setting multiple properties

Note the style of the argument we use on the second line -- it is an object that contains multiple

properties. This is a common way to pass multiple arguments to a function, and many jQuery setter

methods accept objects to set mulitple values at once.

Using CSS Classes for Styling

As a getter, the $.fn.css method is valuable; however, it should generally be avoided as a setter in

production-ready code, because you don't want presentational information in your JavaScript. Instead,

write CSS rules for classes that describe the various visual states, and then simply change the class on the

element you want to affect.

Example 3.20. Working with classes

var $h1 = $('h1');

$h1.addClass('big');

$h1.removeClass('big');

$h1.toggleClass('big');

if ($h1.hasClass('big')) { ... }
Classes can also be useful for storing state information about an element, such as indicating that an

element is selected.

Dimensions

jQuery offers a variety of methods for obtaining and modifying dimension and position information about

an element.

The code in Example 3.21, “Basic dimensions methods” is just a very brief overview of the dimensions

functionality in jQuery; for complete details about jQuery dimension methods,

visithttp://api.jquery.com/category/dimensions/.

Example 3.21. Basic dimensions methods

$('h1').width('50px'); // sets the width of all H1 elements

$('h1').width(); // gets the width of the first H1

$('h1').height('50px'); // sets the height of all H1 elements

$('h1').height(); // gets the height of the first H1

$('h1').position(); // returns an object containing position

// information for the first H1 relative to

// its "offset (positioned) parent"

Attributes
An element's attributes can contain useful information for your application, so it's important to be able to

get and set them.

The $.fn.attr method acts as both a getter and a setter. As with the $.fn.css method,$.fn.attr as a setter

can accept either a key and a value, or an object containing one or more key/value pairs.
Example 3.22. Setting attributes

$('a').attr('href', 'allMyHrefsAreTheSameNow.html');

$('a').attr({

'title' : 'all titles are the same too!',

'href' : 'somethingNew.html'

});

This time, we broke the object up into multiple lines. Remember, whitespace doesn't matter in JavaScript,

so you should feel free to use it liberally to make your code more legible! You can use a minification tool

later to strip out unnecessary whitespace for production.

Example 3.23. Getting attributes

$('a').attr('href'); // returns the href for the first a element in the document

Traversing
Once you have a jQuery selection, you can find other elements using your selection as a starting point.

For complete documentation of jQuery traversal methods, visithttp://api.jquery.com/category/traversing/.

Note

Be cautious with traversing long distances in your documents -- complex traversal makes it imperative that

your document's structure remain the same, something that's difficult to guarantee even if you're the one

creating the whole application from server to client. One- or two-step traversal is fine, but you generally

want to avoid traversals that take you from one container to another.

Example 3.24. Moving around the DOM using traversal methods

$('h1').next('p');

$('div:visible').parent();
$('input[name=first_name]').closest('form');

$('#myList').children();

$('li.selected').siblings();

You can also iterate over a selection using $.fn.each. This method iterates over all of the elements in a

selection, and runs a function for each one. The function receives the index of the current element and the

DOM element itself as arguments. Inside the function, the DOM element is also available as this by default.

Example 3.25. Iterating over a selection

$('#myList li').each(function(idx, el) {

console.log(

'Element ' + idx +

'has the following html: ' +

$(el).html()

);

});

Manipulating Elements
Once you've made a selection, the fun begins. You can change, move, remove, and clone elements. You

can also create new elements via a simple syntax.

For complete documentation of jQuery manipulation methods,

visithttp://api.jquery.com/category/manipulation/.
Getting and Setting Information about Elements

There are any number of ways you can change an existing element. Among the most common tasks you'll

perform is changing the inner HTML or attribute of an element. jQuery offers simple, cross-browser

methods for these sorts of manipulations. You can also get information about elements using many of the
same methods in their getter incarnations. We'll see examples of these throughout this section, but

specifically, here are a few methods you can use to get and set information about elements.

Note

Changing things about elements is trivial, but remember that the change will affect all elements in the

selection, so if you just want to change one element, be sure to specify that in your selection before calling

a setter method.
Note

When methods act as getters, they generally only work on the first element in the selection, and they do

not return a jQuery object, so you can't chain additional methods to them. One notable exception

is $.fn.text; as mentioned below, it gets the text for all elements in the selection.

$.fn.html

Get or set the html contents.

$.fn.text

Get or set the text contents; HTML will be stripped.

$.fn.attr

Get or set the value of the provided attribute.

$.fn.width

Get or set the width in pixels of the first element in the selection as an integer.

$.fn.height

Get or set the height in pixels of the first element in the selection as an integer.

$.fn.position

Get an object with position information for the first element in the selection, relative to its first

positioned ancestor. This is a getter only.

$.fn.val

Get or set the value of form elements.

Example 3.26. Changing the HTML of an element

$('#myDiv p:first')
 .html('New <strong>first</strong> paragraph!');

Moving, Copying, and Removing Elements

There are a variety of ways to move elements around the DOM; generally, there are two approaches:

• Place the selected element(s) relative to another element

• Place an element relative to the selected element(s)

For example, jQuery provides $.fn.insertAfter and $.fn.after. The $.fn.insertAftermethod places the

selected element(s) after the element that you provide as an argument; the$.fn.after method places the

element provided as an argument after the selected element. Several other methods follow this

pattern: $.fn.insertBefore and $.fn.before;$.fn.appendTo and $.fn.append;

and $.fn.prependTo and $.fn.prepend.

The method that makes the most sense for you will depend on what elements you already have selected,

and whether you will need to store a reference to the elements you're adding to the page. If you need to

store a reference, you will always want to take the first approach -- placing the selected elements relative

to another element -- as it returns the element(s) you're placing. In this case,

$.fn.insertAfter, $.fn.insertBefore, $.fn.appendTo, and $.fn.prependTo will be your tools of choice.

Example 3.27. Moving elements using different approaches

// make the first list item the last list item

var $li = $('#myList li:first').appendTo('#myList');

// another approach to the same problem

$('#myList').append($('#myList li:first'));

// note that there's no way to access the

// list item that we moved, as this returns

// the list itself

Cloning Elements

When you use methods such as $.fn.appendTo, you are moving the element; sometimes you want to make

a copy of the element instead. In this case, you'll need to use $.fn.clone first.

Example 3.28. Making a copy of an element

// copy the first list item to the end of the list

$('#myList li:first').clone().appendTo('#myList');

Note

If you need to copy related data and events, be sure to pass true as an argument to $.fn.clone.
Removing Elements

There are two ways to remove elements from the page: $.fn.remove and $.fn.detach. You'll

use $.fn.remove when you want to permanently remove the selection from the page; while the method

does return the removed element(s), those elements will not have their associated data and events

attached to them if you return them to the page.

If you need the data and events to persist, you'll want to use $.fn.detach instead. Like$.fn.remove, it

returns the selection, but it also maintains the data and events associated with the selection, so you can

restore the selection to the page at a later time.

Note

The $.fn.detach method is extremely valuable if you are doing heavy manipulation to an element. In that

case, it's beneficial to $.fn.detach the element from the page, work on it in your code, and then restore it

to the page when you're done. This saves you from expensive "DOM touches" while maintaining the

element's data and events.

If you want to leave the element on the page but simply want to remove its contents, you can

use$.fn.empty to dispose of the element's inner HTML.

Creating New Elements

jQuery offers a trivial and elegant way to create new elements using the same $() method you use to

make selections.

Example 3.29. Creating new elements

$('<p>This is a new paragraph</p>');

$('<li class="new">new list item</li>');

Example 3.30. Creating a new element with an attribute object

$('<a/>', {

html : 'This is a <strong>new</strong> link',

'class' : 'new',

href : 'foo.html'

});

Note that in the attributes object we included as the second argument, the property name class is quoted,

while the property names text and href are not. Property names generally do not need to be quoted unless

they are reserved words (as class is in this case).

When you create a new element, it is not immediately added to the page. There are several ways to add

an element to the page once it's been created.

Example 3.31. Getting a new element on to the page

var $myNewElement = $('<p>New element</p>');

$myNewElement.appendTo('#content');

$myNewElement.insertAfter('ul:last'); // this will remove the p from #content!

$('ul').last().after($myNewElement.clone()); // clone the p so now we have 2

Strictly speaking, you don't have to store the created element in a variable -- you could just call the

method to add the element to the page directly after the $(). However, most of the time you will want a

reference to the element you added, so you don't need to select it later.

You can even create an element as you're adding it to the page, but note that in this case you don't get a

reference to the newly created element.

Example 3.32. Creating and adding an element to the page at the same time

$('ul').append('<li>list item</li>');

Note

The syntax for adding new elements to the page is so easy, it's tempting to forget that there's a huge

performance cost for adding to the DOM repeatedly. If you are adding many elements to the same

container, you'll want to concatenate all the html into a single string, and then append that string to the

container instead of appending the elements one at a time. You can use an array to gather all the pieces

together, then join them into a single string for appending.

var myItems = [], $myList = $('#myList');

for (var i=0; i<100; i++) {

myItems.push('<li>item ' + i + '</li>');

$myList.append(myItems.join(''));

Manipulating Attributes

jQuery's attribute manipulation capabilities are extensive. Basic changes are simple, but the $.fn.attr

method also allows for more complex manipulations.

Example 3.33. Manipulating a single attribute

$('#myDiv a:first').attr('href', 'newDestination.html');

Example 3.34. Manipulating multiple attributes

$('#myDiv a:first').attr({

href : 'newDestination.html',

rel : 'super-special'

});

Example 3.35. Using a function to determine an attribute's new value

$('#myDiv a:first').attr({

rel : 'super-special',

href : function() {

return '/new/' + $(this).attr('href');

});

$('#myDiv a:first').attr('href', function() {

return '/new/' + $(this).attr('href');

});

Exercises
Selecting

Open the file /exercises/index.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/sandbox.js or work in Firebug

to accomplish the following:

1. Select all of the div elements that have a class of "module".

 2. Come up with three selectors that you could use to get the third item in the #myList

unordered list. Which is the best to use? Why?

3. Select the label for the search input using an attribute selector.

4. Figure out how many elements on the page are hidden (hint: .length).

5. Figure out how many image elements on the page have an alt attribute.

6. Select all of the odd table rows in the table body.

Traversing

Open the file /exercises/index.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/sandbox.js or work in Firebug

to accomplish the following:

1. Select all of the image elements on the page; log each image's alt attribute.

2. Select the search input text box, then traverse up to the form and add a class to the form.

3. Select the list item inside #myList that has a class of "current" and remove that class from it;

add a class of "current" to the next list item.

4. Select the select element inside #specials; traverse your way to the submit button.

5. Select the first list item in the #slideshow element; add the class "current" to it, and then add

a class of "disabled" to its sibling elements.

Manipulating

Open the file /exercises/index.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/sandbox.js or work in Firebug

to accomplish the following:

1. Add five new list items to the end of the unordered list #myList. Hint:

for (var i = 0; i<5; i++) { ... }

2. Remove the odd list items

 3. Add another h2 and another paragraph to the last div.module

4. Add another option to the select element; give the option the value "Wednesday"

5. Add a new div.module to the page after the last one; put a copy of one of the existing images

inside of it.

Chapter 4. jQuery Core

$ vs $()
Until now, we’ve been dealing entirely with methods that are called on a jQuery object. For example:

$('h1').remove();

Most jQuery methods are called on jQuery objects as shown above; these methods are said to be part of

the $.fn namespace, or the “jQuery prototype,” and are best thought of as jQuery object methods.

However, there are several methods that do not act on a selection; these methods are said to be part of

the jQuery namespace, and are best thought of as core jQuery methods.

This distinction can be incredibly confusing to new jQuery users. Here’s what you need to remember:

• Methods called on jQuery selections are in the $.fn namespace, and automatically receive

and return the selection as this.

• Methods in the $ namespace are generally utility-type methods, and do not work with

selections; they are not automatically passed any arguments, and their return value will vary.

There are a few cases where object methods and core methods have the same names, such

as$.each and $.fn.each. In these cases, be extremely careful when reading the documentation that you

are exploring the correct method.

Utility Methods
jQuery offers several utility methods in the $ namespace. These methods are helpful for accomplishing

routine programming tasks. Below are examples of a few of the utility methods; for a complete reference

on jQuery utility methods, visit http://api.jquery.com/category/utilities/.

$.trim

Removes leading and trailing whitespace.

$.trim(' lots of extra whitespace ');

 // returns 'lots of extra whitespace'

$.each

Iterates over arrays and objects.

$.each([ 'foo', 'bar', 'baz' ], function(idx, val) {

console.log('element ' + idx + 'is ' + val);

});

$.each({ foo : 'bar', baz : 'bim' }, function(k, v) {

console.log(k + ' : ' + v);

});

Note

There is also a method $.fn.each, which is used for iterating over a selection of elements.

$.inArray

Returns a value's index in an array, or -1 if the value is not in the array.

var myArray = [ 1, 2, 3, 5 ];

if ($.inArray(4, myArray) !== -1) {

console.log('found it!');

$.extend

Changes the properties of the first object using the properties of subsequent objects.

var firstObject = { foo : 'bar', a : 'b' };

var secondObject = { foo : 'baz' };

var newObject = $.extend(firstObject, secondObject);

console.log(firstObject.foo); // 'baz'

console.log(newObject.foo); // 'baz'

If you don't want to change any of the objects you pass to $.extend, pass an empty object as the

first argument.

var firstObject = { foo : 'bar', a : 'b' };

var secondObject = { foo : 'baz' };

var newObject = $.extend({}, firstObject, secondObject);

console.log(firstObject.foo); // 'bar'

console.log(newObject.foo); // 'baz'

$.proxy

Returns a function that will always run in the provided scope — that is, sets the meaning

of thisinside the passed function to the second argument.

var myFunction = function() { console.log(this); };

var myObject = { foo : 'bar' };

myFunction(); // logs window object

var myProxyFunction = $.proxy(myFunction, myObject);

myProxyFunction(); // logs myObject object

If you have an object with methods, you can pass the object and the name of a method to return

a function that will always run in the scope of the object.

var myObject = {
 myFn : function() {

console.log(this);

};

$('#foo').click(myObject.myFn); // logs DOM element #foo

$('#foo').click($.proxy(myObject, 'myFn')); // logs myObject

Checking types
As mentioned in the "JavaScript basics" section, jQuery offers a few basic utility methods for determining

the type of a specific value.

Example 4.1. Checking the type of an arbitrary value

var myValue = [1, 2, 3];

// Using JavaScript's typeof operator to test for primative types

typeof myValue == 'string'; // false

typeof myValue == 'number'; // false

typeof myValue == 'undefined'; // false

typeof myValue == 'boolean'; // false

// Using strict equality operator to check for null

myValue === null; // false

// Using jQuery's methods to check for non-primative types

jQuery.isFunction(myValue); // false
jQuery.isPlainObject(myValue); // false

jQuery.isArray(myValue); // true

Data Methods
As your work with jQuery progresses, you'll find that there's often data about an element that you want to

store with the element. In plain JavaScript, you might do this by adding a property to the DOM element,

but you'd have to deal with memory leaks in some browsers. jQuery offers a straightforward way to store

data related to an element, and it manages the memory issues for you.

Example 4.2. Storing and retrieving data related to an element

$('#myDiv').data('keyName', { foo : 'bar' });

$('#myDiv').data('keyName'); // { foo : 'bar' }

You can store any kind of data on an element, and it's hard to overstate the importance of this when you

get into complex application development. For the purposes of this class, we'll mostly use$.fn.data to store

references to other elements.

For example, we may want to establish a relationship between a list item and a div that's inside of it. We

could establish this relationship every single time we interact with the list item, but a better solution would

be to establish the relationship once, and then store a pointer to the div on the list item using $.fn.data:

Example 4.3. Storing a relationship between elements using $.fn.data

$('#myList li').each(function() {

var $li = $(this), $div = $li.find('div.content');

$li.data('contentDiv', $div);

});

// later, we don't have to find the div again;

// we can just read it from the list item's data

var $firstLi = $('#myList li:first');

$firstLi.data('contentDiv').html('new content');

In addition to passing $.fn.data a single key-value pair to store data, you can also pass an object

containing one or more pairs.

Feature & Browser Detection

Although jQuery eliminates most JavaScript browser quirks, there are still occasions when your code needs

to know about the browser environment.

jQuery offers the $.support object, as well as the deprecated $.browser object, for this purpose. For

complete documentation on these objects,

visit http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.support/ andhttp://api.jquery.com/jQuery.browser/.

The $.support object is dedicated to determining what features a browser supports; it is recommended as

a more “future-proof” method of customizing your JavaScript for different browser environments.

The $.browser object was deprecated in favor of the $.support object, but it will not be removed from

jQuery anytime soon. It provides direct detection of the browser brand and version.

Avoiding Conflicts with Other Libraries

If you are using another JavaScript library that uses the $ variable, you can run into conflicts with jQuery.

In order to avoid these conflicts, you need to put jQuery in no-conflict mode immediately after it is loaded

onto the page and before you attempt to use jQuery in your page.

When you put jQuery into no-conflict mode, you have the option of assigning a variable name to replace $.

Example 4.4. Putting jQuery into no-conflict mode

<script src="prototype.js"></script>

<script src="jquery.js"></script>

<script>var $j = jQuery.noConflict();</script>
You can continue to use the standard $ by wrapping your code in a self-executing anonymous function;

this is a standard pattern for plugin authoring, where the author cannot know whether another library will

have taken over the $.

Example 4.5. Using the $ inside a self-executing anonymous function

<script src="prototype.js"></script>

<script src="jquery.js"></script>

<script>

jQuery.noConflict();

(function($) {

// your code here, using the $

})(jQuery);

</script>

Chapter 5. Events
Overview
jQuery provides simple methods for attaching event handlers to selections. When an event occurs, the

provided function is executed. Inside the function, this refers to the element that was clicked.

For details on jQuery events, visit http://api.jquery.com/category/events/.

The event handling function can receive an event object. This object can be used to determine the nature

of the event, and to prevent the event’s default behavior.

For details on the event object, visit http://api.jquery.com/category/events/event-object/.

Connecting Events to Elements

jQuery offers convenience methods for most common events, and these are the methods you will see used

most often. These methods -- including $.fn.click, $.fn.focus, $.fn.blur,$.fn.change, etc. -- are shorthand for
jQuery's $.fn.bind method. The bind method is useful for binding the same hadler function to multiple

events, and is also used when you want to provide data to the event hander, or when you are working with

custom events.

Example 5.1. Event binding using a convenience method

$('p').click(function() {

console.log('click');

});

Example 5.2. Event biding using the $.fn.bind method

$('p').bind('click', function() {

console.log('click');

});

Example 5.3. Event binding using the $.fn.bind method with data

$('input').bind(

'click change', // bind to multiple events

{ foo : 'bar' }, // pass in data

function(eventObject) {

console.log(eventObject.type, eventObject.data);

// logs event type, then { foo : 'bar' }

);
Connecting Events to Run Only Once

Sometimes you need a particular handler to run only once -- after that, you may want no handler to run, or

you may want a different handler to run. jQuery provides the $.fn.one method for this purpose.

Example 5.4. Switching handlers using the $.fn.one method

$('p').one('click', function() {

$(this).click(function() { console.log('You clicked this before!'); });

});

The $.fn.one method is especially useful if you need to do some complicated setup the first time an

element is clicked, but not subsequent times.

Disconnecting Events

To disconnect an event handler, you use the $.fn.unbind method and pass in the event type to unbind. If

you attached a named function to the event, then you can isolate the unbinding to that named function by

passing it as the second argument.

Example 5.5. Unbinding all click handlers on a selection

$('p').unbind('click');

Example 5.6. Unbinding a particular click handler

var foo = function() { console.log('foo'); };

var bar = function() { console.log('bar'); };

$('p').bind('click', foo).bind('click', bar);

$('p').unbind('click', bar); // foo is still bound to the click event

Namespacing Events
For complex applications and for plugins you share with others, it can be useful to namespace your events

so you don't unintentionally disconnect events that you didn't or couldn't know about.

Example 5.7. Namespacing events

$('p').bind('click.myNamespace', function() { /* ... */ });

$('p').unbind('click.myNamespace');

$('p').unbind('.myNamespace'); // unbind all events in the namespace

Inside the Event Handling Function

As mentioned in the overview, the event handling function receives an event object, which contains many

properties and methods. The event object is most commonly used to prevent the default action of the

event via the preventDefault method. However, the event object contains a number of other useful

properties and methods, including:

pageX, pageY

The mouse position at the time the event occurred, relative to the top left of the page.

type

The type of the event (e.g. "click").

which

The button or key that was pressed.

data

Any data that was passed in when the event was bound.

target

The DOM element that initiated the event.

preventDefault()

Prevent the default action of the event (e.g. following a link).

 stopPropagation()

Stop the event from bubbling up to other elements.

In addition to the event object, the event handling function also has access to the DOM element that the

handler was bound to via the keyword this. To turn the DOM element into a jQuery object that we can use

jQuery methods on, we simply do $(this), often following this idiom:

var $this = $(this);

Example 5.8. Preventing a link from being followed

$('a').click(function(e) {

var $this = $(this);

if ($this.attr('href').match('evil')) {

e.preventDefault();

$this.addClass('evil');

});

Triggering Event Handlers

jQuery provides a way to trigger the event handlers bound to an element without any user interaction via

the $.fn.trigger method. While this method has its uses, it should not be used simply to call a function that

was bound as a click handler. Instead, you should store the function you want to call in a variable, and

pass the variable name when you do your binding. Then, you can call the function itself whenever you

want, without the need for $.fn.trigger.

Example 5.9. Triggering an event handler the right way

var foo = function(e) {

if (e) {

console.log(e);
 } else {

console.log('this didn\'t come from an event!');

};

$('p').click(foo);

foo(); // instead of $('p').trigger('click')

Increasing Performance with Event Delegation

You'll frequently use jQuery to add new elements to the page, and when you do, you may need to bind

events to those new elements -- events you already bound to similar elements that were on the page

originally. Instead of repeating your event binding every time you add elements to the page, you can use

event delegation. With event delegation, you bind your event to a container element, and then when the

event occurs, you look to see which contained element it occurred on. If this sounds complicated, luckily

jQuery makes it easy with its $.fn.live and $.fn.delegate methods.

While most people discover event delegation while dealing with elements added to the page later, it has

some performance benefits even if you never add more elements to the page. The time required to bind

event handlers to hundreds of individual elements is non-trivial; if you have a large set of elements, you

should consider delegating related events to a container element.

Note

The $.fn.live method was introduced in jQuery 1.3, and at that time only certain event types were

supported. As of jQuery 1.4.2, the $.fn.delegatemethod is available, and is the preferred method.

Example 5.10. Event delegation using $.fn.delegate

$('#myUnorderedList').delegate('li', 'click', function(e) {

var $myListItem = $(this);

 // ...

});

Example 5.11. Event delegation using $.fn.live

$('#myUnorderedList li').live('click', function(e) {

var $myListItem = $(this);

// ...

});

Unbinding Delegated Events

If you need to remove delegated events, you can't simply unbind them. Instead, use$.fn.undelegate for

events connected with $.fn.delegate, and $.fn.die for events connected with $.fn.live. As with bind, you

can optionally pass in the name of the bound function.

Example 5.12. Unbinding delegated events

$('#myUnorderedList').undelegate('li', 'click');

$('#myUnorderedList li').die('click');

Event Helpers
jQuery offers two event-related helper functions that save you a few keystrokes.

$.fn.hover
The $.fn.hover method lets you pass one or two functions to be run when

the mouseenter andmouseleave events occur on an element. If you pass one function, it will be run for

both events; if you pass two functions, the first will run for mouseenter, and the second will run

for mouseleave.
Note

Prior to jQuery 1.4, the $.fn.hover method required two functions.

Example 5.13. The hover helper function

$('#menu li').hover(function() {

$(this).toggleClass('hover');

});

$.fn.toggle
Much like $.fn.hover, the $.fn.toggle method receives two or more functions; each time the event occurs,

the next function in the list is called. Generally, $.fn.toggle is used with just two functions, but technically

you can use as many as you'd like.

Example 5.14. The toggle helper function

$('p.expander').toggle(

function() {

$(this).prev().addClass('open');

},

function() {

$(this).prev().removeClass('open');

);

Exercises
Create an Input Hint

Open the file /exercises/index.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/inputHint.js or work in Firebug.

Your task is to use the text of the label for the search input to create "hint" text for the search input. The

steps are as follows:

1. Set the value of the search input to the text of the label element
 2. Add a class of "hint" to the search input

3. Remove the label element

4. Bind a focus event to the search input that removes the hint text and the "hint" class

5. Bind a blur event to the search input that restores the hint text and "hint" class if no search

text was entered

What other considerations might there be if you were creating this functionality for a real site?

Add Tabbed Navigation

Open the file /exercises/index.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/tabs.js. Your task is to create

tabbed navigation for the two div.module elements. To accomplish this:

1. Hide all of the modules.

2. Create an unordered list element before the first module.

3. Iterate over the modules using $.fn.each. For each module, use the text of the h2 element as

the text for a list item that you add to the unordered list element.

4. Bind a click event to the list item that:

• Shows the related module, and hides any other modules

• Adds a class of "current" to the clicked list item

• Removes the class "current" from the other list item

5. Finally, show the first tab.

Chapter 6. Effects
Overview
jQuery makes it trivial to add simple effects to your page. Effects can use the built-in settings, or provide a

customized duration. You can also create custom animations of arbitrary CSS properties.

For complete details on jQuery effects, visit http://api.jquery.com/category/effects/.

Built-in Effects
Frequently used effects are built into jQuery as methods:

$.fn.show

Show the selected element.

$.fn.hide

Hide the selected elements.

$.fn.fadeIn

Animate the opacity of the selected elements to 100%.

$.fn.fadeOut

Animate the opacity of the selected elements to 0%.

$.fn.slideDown

Display the selected elements with a vertical sliding motion.

$.fn.slideUp

Hide the selected elements with a vertical sliding motion.

$.fn.slideToggle

Show or hide the selected elements with a vertical sliding motion, depending on whether the

elements are currently visible.

Example 6.1. A basic use of a built-in effect

$('h1').show();

Changing the Duration of Built-in Effects

With the exception of $.fn.show and $.fn.hide, all of the built-in methods are animated over the course of

400ms by default. Changing the duration of an effect is simple.

Example 6.2. Setting the duration of an effect

$('h1').fadeIn(300); // fade in over 300ms

$('h1').fadeOut('slow'); // using a built-in speed definition

jQuery.fx.speeds

jQuery has an object at jQuery.fx.speeds that contains the default speed, as well as settings

for"slow" and "fast".

speeds: {

slow: 600,

fast: 200,

// Default speed

_default: 400

It is possible to override or add to this object. For example, you may want to change the default duration of

effects, or you may want to create your own effects speed.

Example 6.3. Augmenting jQuery.fx.speeds with custom speed definitions

jQuery.fx.speeds.blazing = 100;

jQuery.fx.speeds.turtle = 2000;

Doing Something when an Effect is Done

Often, you'll want to run some code once an animation is done -- if you run it before the animation is done,

it may affect the quality of the animation, or it may remove elements that are part of the

animation. [Definition: Callback functions provide a way to register your interest in an event that will
happen in the future.] In this case, the event we'll be responding to is the conclusion of the animation.

Inside of the callback function, the keyword this refers to the element that the effect was called on; as we

did inside of event handler functions, we can turn it into a jQuery object via$(this).

Example 6.4. Running code when an animation is complete

$('div.old').fadeOut(300, function() { $(this).remove(); });

Note that if your selection doesn't return any elements, your callback will never run! You can solve this

problem by testing whether your selection returned any elements; if not, you can just run the callback

immediately.

Example 6.5. Run a callback even if there were no elements to animate

var $thing = $('#nonexistent');

var cb = function() {

console.log('done!');

};

if ($thing.length) {

$thing.fadeIn(300, cb);

} else {

cb();

Custom Effects with $.fn.animate

jQuery makes it possible to animate arbitrary CSS properties via the $.fn.animate method.

The$.fn.animate method lets you animate to a set value, or to a value relative to the current value.

Example 6.6. Custom effects with $.fn.animate

$('div.funtimes').animate(

left : "+=50",

opacity : 0.25

},

300, // duration

function() { console.log('done!'); // calback

});

Note

Color-related properties cannot be animated with $.fn.animate using jQuery out of the box. Color

animations can easily be accomplished by including the color plugin. We'll discuss using plugins later in

the book.
Easing

[Definition: Easing describes the manner in which an effect occurs -- whether the rate of change is steady,

or varies over the duration of the animation.] jQuery includes only two methods of easing: swing and

linear. If you want more natural transitions in your animations, various easing plugins are available.

As of jQuery 1.4, it is possible to do per-property easing when using the $.fn.animate method.

Example 6.7. Per-property easing

$('div.funtimes').animate(

left : [ "+=50", "swing" ],

opacity : [ 0.25, "linear" ]

 },

300

);

For more details on easing options, see http://api.jquery.com/animate/.

Managing Effects
jQuery provides several tools for managing animations.

$.fn.stop

Stop currently running animations on the selected elements.

$.fn.delay

Wait the specified number of milliseconds before running the next animation.

$('h1').show(300).delay(1000).hide(300);

jQuery.fx.off

If this value is true, there will be no transition for animations; elements will immediately be set to

the target final state instead. This can be especially useful when dealing with older browsers; you

also may want to provide the option to your users.

Exercises
Reveal Hidden Text

Open the file /exercises/index.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/blog.js. Your task is to add

some interactivity to the blog section of the page. The spec for the feature is as follows:

• Clicking on a headline in the #blog div should slide down the excerpt paragraph

• Clicking on another headline should slide down its excerpt paragraph, and slide up any other

currently showing excerpt paragraphs.

Hint: don't forget about the :visible selector!

Create Dropdown Menus
Open the file /exercises/index.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/navigation.js. Your task is to

add dropdowns to the main navigation at the top of the page.

• Hovering over an item in the main menu should show that item's submenu items, if any.

• Exiting an item should hide any submenu items.

To accomplish this, use the $.fn.hover method to add and remove a class from the submenu items to

control whether they're visible or hidden. (The file at /exercises/css/styles.cssincludes the "hover" class for

this purpose.)
Create a Slideshow

Open the file /exercises/index.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/slideshow.js. Your task is to

take a plain semantic HTML page and enhance it with JavaScript by adding a slideshow.

1. Move the #slideshow element to the top of the body.

2. Write code to cycle through the list items inside the element; fade one in, display it for a few

seconds, then fade it out and fade in the next one.

3. When you get to the end of the list, start again at the beginning.

For an extra challenge, create a navigation area under the slideshow that shows how many images there

are and which image you're currently viewing. (Hint: $.fn.prevAll will come in handy for this.)

Chapter 7. Ajax
Overview
The XMLHttpRequest method (XHR) allows browsers to communicate with the server without requiring a

page reload. This method, also known as Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML), allows for web pages

that provide rich, interactive experiences.

Ajax requests are triggered by JavaScript code; your code sends a request to a URL, and when it receives a

response, a callback function can be triggered to handle the response. Because the request is

asynchronous, the rest of your code continues to execute while the request is being processed, so it’s

imperative that a callback be used to handle the response.

jQuery provides Ajax support that abstracts away painful browser differences. It offers both a full-

featured $.ajax() method, and simple convenience methods such as $.get(),

$.getScript(), $.getJSON(), $.post(), and $().load().

Most jQuery applications don’t in fact use XML, despite the name “Ajax”; instead, they transport data as

plain HTML or JSON (JavaScript Object Notation).

In general, Ajax does not work across domains. Exceptions are services that provide JSONP (JSON with

Padding) support, which allow limited cross-domain functionality.

Key Concepts
Proper use of Ajax-related jQuery methods requires understanding some key concepts first.

GET vs. Post

The two most common “methods” for sending a request to a server are GET and POST. It’s important to

understand the proper application of each.

The GET method should be used for non-destructive operations — that is, operations where you are only

“getting” data from the server, not changing data on the server. For example, a query to a search service

might be a GET request. GET requests may be cached by the browser, which can lead to unpredictable

behavior if you are not expecting it. GET requests generally send all of their data in a query string.

The POST method should be used for destructive operations — that is, operations where you are changing

data on the server. For example, a user saving a blog post should be a POST request. POST requests are

generally not cached by the browser; a query string can be part of the URL, but the data tends to be sent

separately as post data.

Data Types

jQuery generally requires some instruction as to the type of data you expect to get back from an Ajax

request; in some cases the data type is specified by the method name, and in other cases it is provided as

part of a configuration object. There are several options:

text

For transporting simple strings

 html

For transporting blocks of HTML to be placed on the page

script

For adding a new script to the page

json

For transporting JSON-formatted data, which can include strings, arrays, and objects

Note

As of jQuery 1.4, if the JSON data sent by your server isn't properly formatted, the request may

fail silently. See http://json.org for details on properly formatting JSON, but as a general rule, use

built-in language methods for generating JSON on the server to avoid syntax issues.

jsonp

For transporting JSON data from another domain

xml

For transporting data in a custom XML schema

I am a strong proponent of using the JSON format in most cases, as it provides the most flexibility. It is

especially useful for sending both HTML and data at the same time.
A is for Asynchronous

The asynchronicity of Ajax catches many new jQuery users off guard. Because Ajax calls are asynchronous

by default, the response is not immediately available. Responses can only be handled using a callback. So,

for example, the following code will not work:

var response;

$.get('foo.php', function(r) { response = r; });

console.log(response); // undefined!

Instead, we need to pass a callback function to our request; this callback will run when the request

succeeds, at which point we can access the data that it returned, if any.

$.get('foo.php', function(response) { console.log(response); });

Same-Origin Policy and JSONP

In general, Ajax requests are limited to the same protocol (http or https), the same port, and the same

domain as the page making the request. This limitation does not apply to scripts that are loaded via

jQuery's Ajax methods.

The other exception is requests targeted at a JSONP service on another domain. In the case of JSONP, the

provider of the service has agreed to respond to your request with a script that can be loaded into the

page using a <script> tag, thus avoiding the same-origin limitation; that script will include the data you

requested, wrapped in a callback function you provide.

Ajax and Firebug

Firebug (or the Webkit Inspector in Chrome or Safari) is an invaluable tool for working with Ajax requests.

You can see Ajax requests as they happen in the Console tab of Firebug (and in the Resources > XHR

panel of Webkit Inspector), and you can click on a request to expand it and see details such as the request

headers, response headers, response content, and more. If something isn't going as expected with an Ajax

request, this is the first place to look to track down what's wrong.

jQuery's Ajax-Related Methods

While jQuery does offer many Ajax-related convenience methods, the core $.ajax method is at the heart of

all of them, and understanding it is imperative. We'll review it first, and then touch briefly on the

convenience methods.

I generally use the $.ajax method and do not use convenience methods. As you'll see, it offers features

that the convenience methods do not, and its syntax is more easily understandable, in my opinion.
$.ajax

jQuery’s core $.ajax method is a powerful and straightforward way of creating Ajax requests. It takes a

configuration object that contains all the instructions jQuery requires to complete the request.

The $.ajax method is particularly valuable because it offers the ability to specify both success and failure

callbacks. Also, its ability to take a configuration object that can be defined separately makes it easier to

write reusable code. For complete documentation of the configuration options,

visit http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/.

Example 7.1. Using the core $.ajax method

$.ajax({

// the URL for the request

url : 'post.php',
// the data to send

// (will be converted to a query string)

data : { id : 123 },

// whether this is a POST or GET request

type : 'GET',

// the type of data we expect back

dataType : 'json',

// code to run if the request succeeds;

// the response is passed to the function

success : function(json) {

$('<h1/>').text(json.title).appendTo('body');

$('<div class="content"/>')

.html(json.html).appendTo('body');

},

// code to run if the request fails;

// the raw request and status codes are

// passed to the function

error : function(xhr, status) {

alert('Sorry, there was a problem!');

 },

// code to run regardless of success or failure

complete : function(xhr, status) {

alert('The request is complete!');

});

Note

A note about the dataType setting: if the server sends back data that is in a different format than you

specify, your code may fail, and the reason will not always be clear, because the HTTP response code will

not show an error. When working with Ajax requests, make sure your server is sending back the data type

you're asking for, and verify that the Content-type header is accurate for the data type. For example, for

JSON data, the Content-type header should beapplication/json.

$.ajax Options
There are many, many options for the $.ajax method, which is part of its power. For a complete list of

options, visit http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/; here are several that you will use frequently:

async

Set to false if the request should be sent synchronously. Defaults to true. Note that if you set this

option to false, your request will block execution of other code until the response is received.

cache

Whether to use a cached response if available. Defaults to true for all dataTypes except "script"

and "jsonp". When set to false, the URL will simply have a cachebusting parameter appended to

it.

complete

A callback function to run when the request is complete, regardless of success or failure. The

function receives the raw request object and the text status of the request.

context

The scope in which the callback function(s) should run (i.e. what this will mean inside the callback

function(s)). By default, this inside the callback function(s) refers to the object originally passed

to $.ajax.
 data

The data to be sent to the server. This can either be an object or a query string, such

asfoo=bar&baz=bim.

dataType

The type of data you expect back from the server. By default, jQuery will look at the MIME type of

the response if no dataType is specified.

error

A callback function to run if the request results in an error. The function receives the raw request

object and the text status of the request.

jsonp

The callback name to send in a query string when making a JSONP request. Defaults to "callback".

success

A callback function to run if the request succeeds. The function receives the response data

(converted to a JavaScript object if the dataType was JSON), as well as the text status of the

request and the raw request object.

timeout

The time in milliseconds to wait before considering the request a failure.

traditional

Set to true to use the param serialization style in use prior to jQuery 1.4. For details,

seehttp://api.jquery.com/jQuery.param/.

type

The type of the request, "POST" or "GET". Defaults to "GET". Other request types, such as "PUT"

and "DELETE" can be used, but they may not be supported by all browsers.

url

The URL for the request.

The url option is the only required property of the $.ajax configuration object; all other properties are

optional.
Convenience Methods
If you don't need the extensive configurability of $.ajax, and you don't care about handling errors, the Ajax

convenience functions provided by jQuery can be useful, terse ways to accomplish Ajax requests. These

methods are just "wrappers" around the core $.ajax method, and simply pre-set some of the options on

the $.ajax method.

The convenience methods provided by jQuery are:

$.get

Perform a GET request to the provided URL.

$.post

Perform a POST request to the provided URL.

$.getScript

Add a script to the page.

$.getJSON

Perform a GET request, and expect JSON to be returned.

In each case, the methods take the following arguments, in order:

url

The URL for the request. Required.

data

The data to be sent to the server. Optional. This can either be an object or a query string, such

asfoo=bar&baz=bim.
Note

This option is not valid for $.getScript.

success callback

A callback function to run if the request succeeds. Optional. The function receives the response

data (converted to a JavaScript object if the data type was JSON), as well as the text status of the

request and the raw request object.

data type

The type of data you expect back from the server. Optional.
 Note

This option is only applicable for methods that don't already specify the data type in their name.

Example 7.2. Using jQuery's Ajax convenience methods

// get plain text or html

$.get('/users.php', { userId : 1234 }, function(resp) {

console.log(resp);

});

// add a script to the page, then run a function defined in it

$.getScript('/static/js/myScript.js', function() {

functionFromMyScript();

});

// get JSON-formatted data from the server

$.getJSON('/details.php', function(resp) {

$.each(resp, function(k, v) {

console.log(k + ' : ' + v);

});

});

$.fn.load
The $.fn.load method is unique among jQuery’s Ajax methods in that it is called on a selection.

The $.fn.load method fetches HTML from a URL, and uses the returned HTML to populate the selected

element(s). In addition to providing a URL to the method, you can optionally provide a selector; jQuery will

fetch only the matching content from the returned HTML.

Example 7.3. Using $.fn.load to populate an element

$('#newContent').load('/foo.html');

Example 7.4. Using $.fn.load to populate an element based on a selector

$('#newContent').load('/foo.html #myDiv h1:first', function(html) {
alert('Content updated!');
});

Ajax and Forms

jQuery’s ajax capabilities can be especially useful when dealing with forms. The jQuery Form Pluginis a

well-tested tool for adding Ajax capabilities to forms, and you should generally use it for handling forms

with Ajax rather than trying to roll your own solution for anything remotely complex. That said, there are a

two jQuery methods you should know that relate to form processing in jQuery:

$.fn.serialize and $.fn.serializeArray.

Example 7.5. Turning form data into a query string

$('#myForm').serialize();

Example 7.6. Creating an array of objects containing form data

$('#myForm').serializeArray();

// creates a structure like this:

{ name : 'field1', value : 123 },

{ name : 'field2', value : 'hello world' }

Working with JSONP

The advent of JSONP -- essentially a consensual cross-site scripting hack -- has opened the door to

powerful mashups of content. Many prominent sites provide JSONP services, allowing you access to their

content via a predefined API. A particularly great source of JSONP-formatted data is theYahoo! Query

Language, which we'll use in the following example to fetch news about cats.

Example 7.7. Using YQL and JSONP

$.ajax({

url : 'http://query.yahooapis.com/v1/public/yql',

// the name of the callback parameter,

// as specified by the YQL service

jsonp : 'callback',

// tell jQuery we're expecting JSONP

dataType : 'jsonp',

// tell YQL what we want and that we want JSON

data : {

q : 'select title,abstract,url from search.news where query="cat"',

format : 'json'

},

// work with the response

success : function(response) {

console.log(response);

}
});

jQuery handles all the complex aspects of JSONP behind-the-scenes -- all we have to do is tell jQuery the

name of the JSONP callback parameter specified by YQL ("callback" in this case), and otherwise the whole

process looks and feels like a normal Ajax request.

Ajax Events
Often, you’ll want to perform an operation whenever an Ajax requests starts or stops, such as showing or

hiding a loading indicator. Rather than defining this behavior inside every Ajax request, you can bind Ajax

events to elements just like you'd bind other events. For a complete list of Ajax events,

visit http://docs.jquery.com/Ajax_Events.

Example 7.8. Setting up a loading indicator using Ajax Events

$('#loading_indicator')

.ajaxStart(function() { $(this).show(); })

.ajaxStop(function() { $(this).hide(); });

Exercises
Load External Content

Open the file /exercises/index.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/load.js. Your task is to load the

content of a blog item when a user clicks on the title of the item.

1. Create a target div after the headline for each blog post and store a reference to it on the

headline element using $.fn.data.

2. Bind a click event to the headline that will use the $.fn.load method to load the appropriate

content from /exercises/data/blog.html into the target div. Don't forget to prevent the default

action of the click event.

Note that each blog headline in index.html includes a link to the post. You'll need to leverage the href of

that link to get the proper content from blog.html. Once you have the href, here's one way to process it

into an ID that you can use as a selector in $.fn.load:

var href = 'blog.html#post1';

var tempArray = href.split('#');

var id = '#' + tempArray[1];

Remember to make liberal use of console.log to make sure you're on the right path!
Load Content Using JSON

Open the file /exercises/index.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/specials.js. Your task is to

show the user details about the special for a given day when the user selects a day from the select

dropdown.

1. Append a target div after the form that's inside the #specials element; this will be where you

put information about the special once you receive it.

2. Bind to the change event of the select element; when the user changes the selection, send

an Ajax request to /exercises/data/specials.json.

3. When the request returns a response, use the value the user selected in the select (hint:

$.fn.val) to look up information about the special in the JSON response.

4. Add some HTML about the special to the target div you created.

5. Finally, because the form is now Ajax-enabled, remove the submit button from the form.

Note that we're loading the JSON every time the user changes their selection. How could we change the

code so we only make the request once, and then use a cached response when the user changes their

choice in the select?

Chapter 8. Plugins
What exactly is a plugin?
A jQuery plugin is simply a new method that we use to extend jQuery's prototype object. By extending the

prototype object you enable all jQuery objects to inherit any methods that you add. As established,

whenever you call jQuery() you're creating a new jQuery object, with all of jQuery's methods inherited.

The idea of a plugin is to do something with a collection of elements. You could consider each method that

comes with the jQuery core a plugin, like fadeOut or addClass.

You can make your own plugins and use them privately in your code or you can release them into the wild.

There are thousands of jQuery plugins available online. The barrier to creating a plugin of your own is so

low that you'll want to do it straight away!

How to create a basic plugin
The notation for creating a typical plugin is as follows:

(function($){

$.fn.myNewPlugin = function() {

return this.each(function(){

// do something

});

};

}(jQuery));

Don't let that confuse you though. The point of a jQuery plugin is to extend jQuery's prototype object, and

that's what's happening on this line:

$.fn.myNewPlugin = function() { //...

We wrap this assignment in an immediately-invoked function:

(function($){

//...

}(jQuery));

This has the effect of creating a "private" scope that allows us to extend jQuery using the dollar symbol

without having to risk the possibility that the dollar has been over-written by another library.

So our actual plugin, thus far, is this:

$.fn.myNewPlugin = function() {

return this.each(function(){

// do something

});
};

The this keyword within the new plugin refers to the jQuery object on which the plugin is being called.

var somejQueryObject = $('#something');

$.fn.myNewPlugin = function() {

alert(this === somejQueryObject);

};

somejQueryObject.myNewPlugin(); // alerts 'true'

Your typical jQuery object will contain references to any number of DOM elements, and that's why jQuery

objects are often referred to as collections.

So, to do something with a collection we need to loop through it, which is most easily achieved using

jQuery's each() method:

$.fn.myNewPlugin = function() {

return this.each(function(){

});

};

jQuery's each() method, like most other jQuery methods, returns a jQuery object, thus enabling what we've

all come to know and love as 'chaining' ($(...).css().attr()...). We wouldn't want to break this convention so

we return the this object. Within this loop you can do whatever you want with each element. Here's an

example of a small plugin using some of the techniques we've discussed:

(function($){

$.fn.showLinkLocation = function() {
 return this.filter('a').each(function(){

$(this).append(

' (' + $(this).attr('href') + ')'

);

});

};

}(jQuery));

// Usage example:

$('a').showLinkLocation();

This handy plugin goes through all anchors in the collection and appends the href attribute in brackets.

<!-- Before plugin is called: -->

<a href="page.html">Foo</a>

<!-- After plugin is called: -->

<a href="page.html">Foo (page.html)</a>

Our plugin can be optimised though:

(function($){

$.fn.showLinkLocation = function() {

return this.filter('a').append(function(){

return ' (' + this.href + ')';

});

};
}(jQuery));

We're using the append method's capability to accept a callback, and the return value of that callback will

determine what is appended to each element in the collection. Notice also that we're not using

the attr method to retrieve the href attribute, because the native DOM API gives us easy access with the

aptly named href property.

Here's another example of a plugin. This one doesn't require us to loop through every elememt with

the each() method. Instead, we're simply going to delegate to other jQuery methods directly:

(function($){

$.fn.fadeInAndAddClass = function(duration, className) {

return this.fadeIn(duration, function(){

$(this).addClass(className);

});

};

}(jQuery));

// Usage example:

$('a').fadeInAndAddClass(400, 'finishedFading');

Finding & Evaluating Plugins

Plugins extend the basic jQuery functionality, and one of the most celebrated aspects of the library is its

extensive plugin ecosystem. From table sorting to form validation to autocompletion ... if there’s a need

for it, chances are good that someone has written a plugin for it.

The quality of jQuery plugins varies widely. Many plugins are extensively tested and well-maintained, but

others are hastily created and then ignored. More than a few fail to follow best practices.

Google is your best initial resource for locating plugins, though the jQuery team is working on an improved

plugin repository. Once you’ve identified some options via a Google search, you may want to consult the

jQuery mailing list or the #jquery IRC channel to get input from others.
When looking for a plugin to fill a need, do your homework. Ensure that the plugin is well-documented, and

look for the author to provide lots of examples of its use. Be wary of plugins that do far more than you

need; they can end up adding substantial overhead to your page. For more tips on spotting a subpar

plugin, read Signs of a poorly written jQuery plugin by Remy Sharp.

Once you choose a plugin, you’ll need to add it to your page. Download the plugin, unzip it if necessary,

place it your application’s directory structure, then include the plugin in your page using a script tag (after

you include jQuery).

Writing Plugins
Sometimes you want to make a piece of functionality available throughout your code; for example,

perhaps you want a single method you can call on a jQuery selection that performs a series of operations

on the selection. In this case, you may want to write a plugin.

Most plugins are simply methods created in the $.fn namespace. jQuery guarantees that a method called

on a jQuery object will be able to access that jQuery object as this inside the method. In return, your plugin

needs to guarantee that it returns the same object it received, unless explicitly documented otherwise.

Here is an example of a simple plugin:

Example 8.1. Creating a plugin to add and remove a class on hover

// defining the plugin

(function($){

$.fn.hoverClass = function(c) {

return this.hover(

function() { $(this).toggleClass(c); }

);

};

}(jQuery);

// using the plugin

$('li').hoverClass('hover');

For more on plugin development, read Mike Alsup's essential post, A Plugin Development Pattern. In it, he

creates a plugin called $.fn.hilight, which provides support for the metadata plugin if it's present, and

provides a centralized method for setting global and instance options for the plugin.

Example 8.2. The Mike Alsup jQuery Plugin Development Pattern

//

// create closure

//

(function($) {

//

// plugin definition

//

$.fn.hilight = function(options) {

debug(this);

// build main options before element iteration

var opts = $.extend({}, $.fn.hilight.defaults, options);

// iterate and reformat each matched element

return this.each(function() {

$this = $(this);

// build element specific options

var o = $.meta ? $.extend({}, opts, $this.data()) : opts;

// update element styles

$this.css({
 backgroundColor: o.background,

color: o.foreground

});

var markup = $this.html();

// call our format function

markup = $.fn.hilight.format(markup);

$this.html(markup);

});

};

//

// private function for debugging

//

function debug($obj) {

if (window.console && window.console.log)

window.console.log('hilight selection count: ' + $obj.size());

};

//

// define and expose our format function

//

$.fn.hilight.format = function(txt) {

return '<strong>' + txt + '</strong>';

};

//

// plugin defaults
 //

$.fn.hilight.defaults = {

foreground: 'red',

background: 'yellow'

};

//

// end of closure

//

})(jQuery);

Writing Stateful Plugins with the jQuery UI Widget Factory

Note

This section is based, with permission, on the blog post Building Stateful jQuery Plugins by Scott Gonzalez.

While most existing jQuery plugins are stateless — that is, we call them on an element and that is the

extent of our interaction with the plugin — there’s a large set of functionality that doesn’t fit into the basic

plugin pattern.

In order to fill this gap, jQuery UI has implemented a more advanced plugin system. The new system

manages state, allows multiple functions to be exposed via a single plugin, and provides various extension

points. This system is called the widget factory and is exposed asjQuery.widget as part of jQuery UI 1.8;

however, it can be used independently of jQuery UI.

To demonstrate the capabilities of the widget factory, we'll build a simple progress bar plugin.

To start, we’ll create a progress bar that just lets us set the progress once. As we can see below, this is

done by calling jQuery.widget with two parameters: the name of the plugin to create and an object literal

containing functions to support our plugin. When our plugin gets called, it will create a new plugin instance

and all functions will be executed within the context of that instance. This is different from a standard

jQuery plugin in two important ways. First, the context is an object, not a DOM element. Second, the

context is always a single object, never a collection.

Example 8.3. A simple, stateful plugin using the jQuery UI widget factory

$.widget("nmk.progressbar", {

_create: function() {

var progress = this.options.value + "%";

this.element

.addClass("progressbar")

.text(progress);

});

The name of the plugin must contain a namespace; in this case we’ve used the nmk namespace. There is a

limitation that namespaces be exactly one level deep — that is, we can't use a namespace like nmk.foo.

We can also see that the widget factory has provided two properties for us.this.element is a jQuery object

containing exactly one element. If our plugin is called on a jQuery object containing multiple elements, a

separate plugin instance will be created for each element, and each instance will have its

own this.element. The second property, this.options, is a hash containing key/value pairs for all of our

plugin’s options. These options can be passed to our plugin as shown here.
Note

In our example we use the nmk namespace. The ui namespace is reserved for official jQuery UI plugins.

When building your own plugins, you should create your own namespace. This makes it clear where the

plugin came from and whether it is part of a larger collection.

Example 8.4. Passing options to a widget

$("<div></div>")

.appendTo( "body" )

.progressbar({ value: 20 });

When we call jQuery.widget it extends jQuery by adding a method to jQuery.fn (the same way we'd create

a standard plugin). The name of the function it adds is based on the name you pass to jQuery.widget,

without the namespace; in our case it will createjQuery.fn.progressbar. The options passed to our plugin

get set in this.options inside of our plugin instance. As shown below, we can specify default values for any

of our options. When designing your API, you should figure out the most common use case for your plugin

so that you can set appropriate default values and make all options truly optional.

Example 8.5. Setting default options for a widget

$.widget("nmk.progressbar", {

// default options

options: {

value: 0

},

_create: function() {

var progress = this.options.value + "%";

this.element

.addClass( "progressbar" )

.text( progress );

});

Adding Methods to a Widget

Now that we can initialize our progress bar, we’ll add the ability to perform actions by calling methods on

our plugin instance. To define a plugin method, we just include the function in the object literal that we
pass to jQuery.widget. We can also define “private” methods by prepending an underscore to the function

name.

Example 8.6. Creating widget methods

$.widget("nmk.progressbar", {

options: {

value: 0

},

_create: function() {

var progress = this.options.value + "%";

this.element

.addClass("progressbar")

.text(progress);

},

// create a public method

value: function(value) {

// no value passed, act as a getter

if (value === undefined) {

return this.options.value;

// value passed, act as a setter

} else {

this.options.value = this._constrain(value);

var progress = this.options.value + "%";

 this.element.text(progress);

},

// create a private method

_constrain: function(value) {

if (value > 100) {

value = 100;

if (value < 0) {

value = 0;

return value;

});

To call a method on a plugin instance, you pass the name of the method to the jQuery plugin. If you are

calling a method that accepts parameters, you simply pass those parameters after the method name.

Example 8.7. Calling methods on a plugin instance

var bar = $("<div></div>")

.appendTo("body")

.progressbar({ value: 20 });

// get the current value

alert(bar.progressbar("value"));

// update the value

bar.progressbar("value", 50);

// get the current value again

alert(bar.progressbar("value"));

Note

Executing methods by passing the method name to the same jQuery function that was used to initialize

the plugin may seem odd. This is done to prevent pollution of the jQuery namespace while maintaining the

ability to chain method calls.

Working with Widget Options

One of the methods that is automatically available to our plugin is the option method. The option method

allows you to get and set options after initialization. This method works exactly like jQuery’s css and attr

methods: you can pass just a name to use it as a setter, a name and value to use it as a single setter, or a

hash of name/value pairs to set multiple values. When used as a getter, the plugin will return the current

value of the option that corresponds to the name that was passed in. When used as a setter, the

plugin’s _setOption method will be called for each option that is being set. We can specify

a _setOption method in our plugin to react to option changes.

Example 8.8. Responding when an option is set

$.widget("nmk.progressbar", {

options: {

value: 0

},
 _create: function() {

this.element.addClass("progressbar");

this._update();

},

_setOption: function(key, value) {

this.options[key] = value;

this._update();

},

_update: function() {

var progress = this.options.value + "%";

this.element.text(progress);

});

Adding Callbacks

One of the easiest ways to make your plugin extensible is to add callbacks so users can react when the

state of your plugin changes. We can see below how to add a callback to our progress bar to signify when

the progress has reached 100%. The _trigger method takes three parameters: the name of the callback, a

native event object that initiated the callback, and a hash of data relevant to the event. The callback name

is the only required parameter, but the others can be very useful for users who want to implement custom

functionality on top of your plugin. For example, if we were building a draggable plugin, we could pass the

native mousemove event when triggering a drag callback; this would allow users to react to the drag

based on the x/y coordinates provided by the event object.

Example 8.9. Providing callbacks for user extension

$.widget("nmk.progressbar", {

options: {

value: 0

},

_create: function() {

this.element.addClass("progressbar");

this._update();

},

_setOption: function(key, value) {

this.options[key] = value;

this._update();

},

_update: function() {

var progress = this.options.value + "%";

this.element.text(progress);

if (this.options.value == 100) {

this._trigger("complete", null, { value: 100 });

});
Callback functions are essentially just additional options, so you can get and set them just like any other

option. Whenever a callback is executed, a corresponding event is triggered as well. The event type is

determined by concatenating the plugin name and the callback name. The callback and event both receive

the same two parameters: an event object and a hash of data relevant to the event, as we’ll see below.

If your plugin has functionality that you want to allow the user to prevent, the best way to support this is

by creating cancelable callbacks. Users can cancel a callback, or its associated event, the same way they

cancel any native event: by calling event.preventDefault() or using return false. If the user cancels the

callback, the _trigger method will return false so you can implement the appropriate functionality within

your plugin.

Example 8.10. Binding to widget events

var bar = $("<div></div>")

.appendTo("body")

.progressbar({

complete: function(event, data) {

alert( "Callbacks are great!" );

})

.bind("progressbarcomplete", function(event, data) {

alert("Events bubble and support many handlers for extreme flexibility.");

alert("The progress bar value is " + data.value);

});

bar.progressbar("option", "value", 100);

The Widget Factory: Under the Hood

When you call jQuery.widget, it creates a constructor function for your plugin and sets the object literal that you pass in as the

prototype for your plugin instances. All of the functionality that automatically gets added to your plugin comes from a base widget

prototype, which is defined as jQuery.Widget.prototype. When a plugin instance is created, it is stored on the original DOM element

using jQuery.data, with the plugin name as the key.

Because the plugin instance is directly linked to the DOM element, you can access the plugin instance directly instead of going

through the exposed plugin method if you want. This will allow you to call methods directly on the plugin instance instead of

passing method names as strings and will also give you direct access to the plugin’s properties.

var bar = $("<div></div>")

.appendTo("body")

.progressbar()

.data("progressbar" );

// call a method directly on the plugin instance

bar.option("value", 50);

// access properties on the plugin instance

alert(bar.options.value);

One of the biggest benefits of having a constructor and prototype for a plugin is the ease of extending the plugin. By adding or

modifying methods on the plugin’s prototype, we can modify the behavior of all instances of our plugin. For example, if we wanted

to add a method to our progress bar to reset the progress to 0% we could add this method to the prototype and it would instantly

be available to be called on any plugin instance.

$.nmk.progressbar.prototype.reset = function() {

this._setOption("value", 0);

};

Cleaning Up

In some cases, it will make sense to allow users to apply and then later unapply your plugin. You can

accomplish this via the destroy method. Within the destroy method, you should undo anything your plugin
may have done during initialization or later use. The destroy method is automatically called if the element

that your plugin instance is tied to is removed from the DOM, so this can be used for garbage collection as

well. The default destroy method removes the link between the DOM element and the plugin instance, so

it’s important to call the base function from your plugin’sdestroy method.

Example 8.11. Adding a destroy method to a widget

$.widget( "nmk.progressbar", {

options: {

value: 0

},

_create: function() {

this.element.addClass("progressbar");

this._update();

},

_setOption: function(key, value) {

this.options[key] = value;

this._update();

},

_update: function() {

var progress = this.options.value + "%";

this.element.text(progress);

if (this.options.value == 100 ) {

this._trigger("complete", null, { value: 100 });

 }

},

destroy: function() {

this.element

.removeClass("progressbar")

.text("");

// call the base destroy function

$.Widget.prototype.destroy.call(this);

});

Conclusion

The widget factory is only one way of creating stateful plugins. There are a few different models that can

be used and each have their own advantages and disadvantages. The widget factory solves lots of

common problems for you and can greatly improve productivity, it also greatly improves code reuse,

making it a great fit for jQuery UI as well as many other stateful plugins.

Exercises
Make a Table Sortable

For this exercise, your task is to identify, download, and implement a table sorting plugin on the index.html

page. When you’re done, all columns in the table on the page should be sortable.

Write a Table-Striping Plugin

Open the file /exercises/index.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/stripe.js. Your task is to write a

plugin called "stripe" that you can call on any table element. When the plugin is called on a table element,

it should change the color of odd rows in the table body to a user-specified color.

$('#myTable').stripe('#cccccc');

Don't forget to return the table so other methods can be chained after the plugin!

Part III. Advanced Topics

This Section is a Work in Progress

Please visit http://github.com/rmurphey/jqfundamentals to contribute!

Chapter 9. Performance Best Practices

This chapter covers a number of jQuery and JavaScript best practices, in no particular order. Many of the

best practices in this chapter are based on the jQuery Anti-Patterns for Performancepresentation by Paul

Irish.

Cache length during loops

In a for loop, don't access the length property of an array every time; cache it beforehand.

var myLength = myArray.length;

for (var i = 0; i < myLength; i++) {

// do stuff

Append new content outside of a loop

Touching the DOM comes at a cost; if you're adding a lot of elements to the DOM, do it all at once, not one

at a time.
// this is bad

$.each(myArray, function(i, item) {

var newListItem = '<li>' + item + '</li>';

$('#ballers').append(newListItem);

});

// better: do this

var frag = document.createDocumentFragment();

$.each(myArray, function(i, item) {

var newListItem = '<li>' + item + '</li>';

frag.appendChild(newListItem);

});

$('#ballers')[0].appendChild(frag);

// or do this

var myHtml = '';

$.each(myArray, function(i, item) {

html += '<li>' + item + '</li>';

});

$('#ballers').html(myHtml);

Keep things DRY

Don't repeat yourself; if you're repeating yourself, you're doing it wrong.

// BAD

if ($eventfade.data('currently') != 'showing') {

$eventfade.stop();

if ($eventhover.data('currently') != 'showing') {

$eventhover.stop();

if ($spans.data('currently') != 'showing') {

$spans.stop();

// GOOD!!

var $elems = [$eventfade, $eventhover, $spans];

$.each($elems, function(i,elem) {

if (elem.data('currently') != 'showing') {

elem.stop();

});

Beware anonymous functions

Anonymous functions bound everywhere are a pain. They're difficult to debug, maintain, test, or reuse.

Instead, use an object literal to organize and name your handlers and callbacks.

// BAD

$(document).ready(function() {

$('#magic').click(function(e) {

$('#yayeffects').slideUp(function() {

// ...

});

});

$('#happiness').load(url + ' #unicorns', function() {

// ...

});

});

// BETTER

var PI = {

onReady : function() {

$('#magic').click(PI.candyMtn);

$('#happiness').load(PI.url + ' #unicorns', PI.unicornCb);

},

candyMtn : function(e) {

$('#yayeffects').slideUp(PI.slideCb);
 },

slideCb : function() { ... },

unicornCb : function() { ... }

};

$(document).ready(PI.onReady);

Optimize Selectors
Selector optimization is less important than it used to be, as more browser

implementdocument.querySelectorAll() and the burden of selection shifts from jQuery to the browser.

However, there are still some tips to keep in midn.

ID-Based Selectors

Beginning your selector with an ID is always best.

// fast

$('#container div.robotarm');

// super-fast

$('#container').find('div.robotarm');

The $.fn.find approach is faster because the first selection is handled without going through the Sizzle

selector engine — ID-only selections are handled using document.getElementById(), which is extremely

fast because it is native to the browser.

Specificity

Be specific on the right-hand side of your selector, and less specific on the left.

// unoptimized
$('div.data .gonzalez');

// optimized

$('.data td.gonzalez');

Use tag.class if possible on your right-most selector, and just tag or just .class on the left.

Avoid excessive specificity.

$('.data table.attendees td.gonzalez');

// better: drop the middle if possible

$('.data td.gonzalez');

A "flatter" DOM also helps improve selector performance, as the selector engine has fewer layers to

traverse when looking for an element.

Avoid the Universal Selector

Selections that specify or imply that a match could be found anywhere can be very slow.

$('.buttons > *'); // extremely expensive

$('.buttons').children(); // much better

$('.gender :radio'); // implied universal selection

$('.gender *:radio'); // same thing, explicit now

$('.gender input:radio'); // much better

Use Event Delegation

Event delegation allows you to bind an event handler to one container element (for example, an unordered

list) instead of multiple contained elements (for example, list items). jQuery makes this easy with $.fn.live

and $.fn.delegate. Where possible, you should use $.fn.delegate instead of$.fn.live, as it eliminates the
need for an unnecessary selection, and its explicit context (vs.$.fn.live's context of document) reduces

overhead by approximately 80%.

In addition to performance benefits, event delegation also allows you to add new contained elements to

your page without having to re-bind the event handlers for them as they're added.

// bad (if there are lots of list items)

$('li.trigger').click(handlerFn);

// better: event delegation with $.fn.live

$('li.trigger').live('click', handlerFn);

// best: event delegation with $.fn.delegate

// allows you to specify a context easily

$('#myList').delegate('li.trigger', 'click', handlerFn);

Detach Elements to Work With Them

The DOM is slow; you want to avoid manipulating it as much as possible. jQuery introduced$.fn.detach in

version 1.4 to help address this issue, allowing you to remove an element from the DOM while you work

with it.

var $table = $('#myTable');

var $parent = table.parent();

$table.detach();

// ... add lots and lots of rows to table

$parent.append(table);
Use Stylesheets for Changing CSS on Many
Elements
If you're changing the CSS of more than 20 elements using $.fn.css, consider adding a style tag to the

page instead for a nearly 60% increase in speed.

// fine for up to 20 elements, slow after that

$('a.swedberg').css('color', '#asd123');

$('<style type="text/css">a.swedberg { color : #asd123 }</style>')

.appendTo('head');

Use $.data Instead of $.fn.data

Using $.data on a DOM element instead of calling $.fn.data on a jQuery selection can be up to 10 times

faster. Be sure you understand the difference between a DOM element and a jQuery selection before doing

this, though.

// regular

$(elem).data(key,value);

// 10x faster

$.data(elem,key,value);

Don't Act on Absent Elements

jQuery won't tell you if you're trying to run a whole lot of code on an empty selection — it will proceed as

though nothing's wrong. It's up to you to verify that your selection contains some elements.

// BAD: this runs three functions

// before it realizes there's nothing

// in the selection

$('#nosuchthing').slideUp();
// Better

var $mySelection = $('#nosuchthing');

if ($mySelection.length) { mySelection.slideUp(); }

// BEST: add a doOnce plugin

jQuery.fn.doOnce = function(func){

this.length && func.apply(this);

return this;

$('li.cartitems').doOnce(function(){

// make it ajax! \o/

});

This guidance is especially applicable for jQuery UI widgets, which have a lot of overhead even when the

selection doesn't contain elements.

Variable Definition
Variables can be defined in one statement instead of several.

// old & busted

var test = 1;

var test2 = function() { ... };

var test3 = test2(test);

// new hotness

var test = 1,

test2 = function() { ... },

test3 = test2(test);

In self-executing functions, variable definition can be skipped all together.

(function(foo, bar) { ... })(1, 2);

Conditionals
// old way

if (type == 'foo' || type == 'bar') { ... }

// better

if (/^(foo|bar)$/.test(type)) { ... }

// object literal lookup

if (({ foo : 1, bar : 1 })[type]) { ... }

Don't Treat jQuery as a Black Box

Use the source as your documentation — bookmark http://bit.ly/jqsource and refer to it often.

Chapter 10. Code Organization

Overview
When you move beyond adding simple enhancements to your website with jQuery and start developing

full-blown client-side applications, you need to consider how to organize your code. In this chapter, we'll

take a look at various code organization patterns you can use in your jQuery application and explore the

RequireJS dependency management and build system.

Key Concepts

Before we jump into code organization patterns, it's important to understand some concepts that are

common to all good code organization patterns.

• Your code should be divided into units of functionality — modules, services, etc. Avoid the

temptation to have all of your code in one huge $(document).ready() block. This concept, loosely,

is known as encapsulation.

• Don't repeat yourself. Identify similarities among pieces of functionality, and use inheritance

techniques to avoid repetitive code.

• Despite jQuery's DOM-centric nature, JavaScript applications are not all about the DOM.

Remember that not all pieces of functionality need to — or should — have a DOM representation.

• Units of functionality should be loosely coupled — a unit of functionality should be able to

exist on its own, and communication between units should be handled via a messaging system

such as custom events or pub/sub. Stay away from direct communication between units of

functionality whenever possible.

The concept of loose coupling can be especially troublesome to developers making their first foray into

complex applications, so be mindful of this as you're getting started.

Encapsulation
The first step to code organization is separating pieces of your application into distinct pieces; sometimes,

even just this effort is sufficient to lend

The Object Literal

An object literal is perhaps the simplest way to encapsulate related code. It doesn't offer any privacy for

properties or methods, but it's useful for eliminating anonymous functions from your code, centralizing

configuration options, and easing the path to reuse and refactoring.

Example 10.1. An object literal

var myFeature = {

myProperty : 'hello',
 myMethod : function() {

console.log(myFeature.myProperty);

},

init : function(settings) {

myFeature.settings = settings;

},

readSettings : function() {

console.log(myFeature.settings);

};

myFeature.myProperty; // 'hello'

myFeature.myMethod(); // logs 'hello'

myFeature.init({ foo : 'bar' });

myFeature.readSettings(); // logs { foo : 'bar' }

The object literal above is simply an object assigned to a variable. The object has one property and several

methods. All of the properties and methods are public, so any part of your application can see the

properties and call methods on the object. While there is an init method, there's nothing requiring that it

be called before the object is functional.

How would we apply this pattern to jQuery code? Let's say that we had this code written in the traditional

jQuery style:

// clicking on a list item loads some content

// using the list item's ID and hides content

// in sibling list items

$(document).ready(function() {

$('#myFeature li')

.append('<div/>')

.click(function() {

var $this = $(this);

var $div = $this.find('div');

$div.load('foo.php?item=' +

$this.attr('id'),

function() {

$div.show();

$this.siblings()

.find('div').hide();

);

});

});

If this were the extent of our application, leaving it as-is would be fine. On the other hand, if this was a

piece of a larger application, we'd do well to keep this functionality separate from unrelated functionality.

We might also want to move the URL out of the code and into a configuration area. Finally, we might want

to break up the chain to make it easier to modify pieces of the functionality later.
Example 10.2. Using an object literal for a jQuery feature

var myFeature = {

init : function(settings) {

myFeature.config = {

$items : $('#myFeature li'),

$container : $('<div class="container"></div>'),

urlBase : '/foo.php?item='

};

// allow overriding the default config

$.extend(myFeature.config, settings);

myFeature.setup();

},

setup : function() {

myFeature.config.$items

.each(myFeature.createContainer)

.click(myFeature.showItem);

},

createContainer : function() {

var $i = $(this),

$c = myFeature.config.$container.clone()
 .appendTo($i);

$i.data('container', $c);

},

buildUrl : function() {

return myFeature.config.urlBase +

myFeature.$currentItem.attr('id');

},

showItem : function() {

var myFeature.$currentItem = $(this);

myFeature.getContent(myFeature.showContent);

},

getContent : function(callback) {

var url = myFeature.buildUrl();

myFeature.$currentItem

.data('container').load(url, callback);

},

showContent : function() {

myFeature.$currentItem

.data('container').show();
 myFeature.hideContent();

},

hideContent : function() {

myFeature.$currentItem.siblings()

.each(function() {

$(this).data('container').hide();

});

};

$(document).ready(myFeature.init);

The first thing you'll notice is that this approach is obviously far longer than the original — again, if this

were the extent of our application, using an object literal would likely be overkill. Assuming it's not the

extent of our application, though, we've gained several things:

• We've broken our feature up into tiny methods. In the future, if we want to change how

content is shown, it's clear where to change it. In the original code, this step is much harder to

locate.

• We've eliminated the use of anonymous functions.

• We've moved configuration options out of the body of the code and put them in a central

location.

• We've eliminated the constraints of the chain, making the code easier to refactor, remix, and

rearrange.
For non-trivial features, object literals are a clear improvement over a long stretch of code stuffed in a $

(document).ready() block, as they get us thinking about the pieces of our functionality. However, they

aren't a whole lot more advanced than simply having a bunch of function declarations inside of that $

(document).ready() block.

The Module Pattern

The module pattern overcomes some of the limitations of the object literal, offering privacy for variables

and functions while exposing a public API if desired.

Example 10.3. The module pattern

var feature =(function() {

// private variables and functions

var privateThing = 'secret',

publicThing = 'not secret',

changePrivateThing = function() {

privateThing = 'super secret';

},

sayPrivateThing = function() {

console.log(privateThing);

changePrivateThing();

};

// public API
 return {

publicThing : publicThing,

sayPrivateThing : sayPrivateThing

})();

feature.publicThing; // 'not secret'

feature.sayPrivateThing();

// logs 'secret' and changes the value

// of privateThing

In the example above, we self-execute an anonymous function that returns an object. Inside of the

function, we define some variables. Because the variables are defined inside of the function, we don't have

access to them outside of the function unless we put them in the return object. This means that no code

outside of the function has access to the privateThing variable or to thechangePrivateThing function.

However, sayPrivateThing does have access toprivateThing and changePrivateThing, because both were

defined in the same scope assayPrivateThing.

This pattern is powerful because, as you can gather from the variable names, it can give you private

variables and functions while exposing a limited API consisting of the returned object's properties and

methods.

Below is a revised version of the previous example, showing how we could create the same feature using

the module pattern while only exposing one public method of the module,showItemByIndex().

Example 10.4. Using the module pattern for a jQuery feature

$(document).ready(function() {
var feature = (function() {

var $items = $('#myFeature li'),

$container = $('<div class="container"></div>'),

$currentItem,

urlBase = '/foo.php?item=',

createContainer = function() {

var $i = $(this),

$c = $container.clone().appendTo($i);

$i.data('container', $c);

},

buildUrl = function() {

return urlBase + $currentItem.attr('id');

},

showItem = function() {

var $currentItem = $(this);

getContent(showContent);

},
 showItemByIndex = function(idx) {

$.proxy(showItem, $items.get(idx));

},

getContent = function(callback) {

$currentItem.data('container').load(buildUrl(), callback);

},

showContent = function() {

$currentItem.data('container').show();

hideContent();

},

hideContent = function() {

$currentItem.siblings()

.each(function() {

$(this).data('container').hide();

});

};

$items

.each(createContainer)

.click(showItem);
 return { showItemByIndex : showItemByIndex };

})();

feature.showItemByIndex(0);

});

Managing Dependencies
Note

This section is based heavily on the excellent RequireJS documentation

athttp://requirejs.org/docs/jquery.html, and is used with the permission of RequireJS author James Burke.

When a project reaches a certain size, managing the script modules for a project starts to get tricky. You

need to be sure to sequence the scripts in the right order, and you need to start seriously thinking about

combining scripts together into a bundle for deployment, so that only one or a very small number of

requests are made to load the scripts. You may also want to load code on the fly, after page load.

RequireJS, a dependency management tool by James Burke, can help you manage the script modules, load

them in the right order, and make it easy to combine the scripts later via the RequireJS optimization tool

without needing to change your markup. It also gives you an easy way to load scripts after the page has

loaded, allowing you to spread out the download size over time.

RequireJS has a module system that lets you define well-scoped modules, but you do not have to follow

that system to get the benefits of dependency management and build-time optimizations. Over time, if

you start to create more modular code that needs to be reused in a few places, the module format for

RequireJS makes it easy to write encapsulated code that can be loaded on the fly. It can grow with you,

particularly if you want to incorporate internationalization (i18n) string bundles, to localize your project for

different languages, or load some HTML strings and make sure those strings are available before executing

code, or even use JSONP services as dependencies.

Getting RequireJS
The easiest way to use RequireJS with jQuery is to download a build of jQuery that has RequireJS built in.

This build excludes portions of RequireJS that duplicate jQuery functionality. You may also find it useful to

download a sample jQuery project that uses RequireJS.

Using RequireJS with jQuery

Using RequireJS in your page is simple: just include the jQuery that has RequireJS built in, then require

your application files. The following example assumes that the jQuery build, and your other scripts, are all

in a scripts/ directory.

Example 10.5. Using RequireJS: A simple example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>jQuery+RequireJS Sample Page</title>

<script src="scripts/require-jquery.js"></script>

<script>require(["app"]);</script>

</head>

<body>

<h1>jQuery+RequireJS Sample Page</h1>

</body>

</html>

The call to require(["app"]) tells RequireJS to load the scripts/app.js file. RequireJS will load any

dependency that is passed to require() without a .js extension from the same directory as require-jquery.js,

though this can be configured to behave differently. If you feel more comfortable specifying the whole

path, you can also do the following:

<script>require(["scripts/app.js"]);</script>
What is in app.js? Another call to require.js to load all the scripts you need and any init work you want to

do for the page. This example app.js script loads two plugins, jquery.alpha.jsand jquery.beta.js (not the

names of real plugins, just an example). The plugins should be in the same directory as require-jquery.js:

Example 10.6. A simple JavaScript file with dependencies

require(["jquery.alpha", "jquery.beta"], function() {

//the jquery.alpha.js and jquery.beta.js plugins have been loaded.

$(function() {

$('body').alpha().beta();

});

});

Creating Reusable Modules with RequireJS

RequireJS makes it easy to define reusable modules via require.def(). A RequireJS module can have

dependencies that can be used to define a module, and a RequireJS module can return a value — an

object, a function, whatever — that can then be consumed by yet other modules.

If your module does not have any dependencies, then just specify the name of the module as the first

argument to require.def(). The second argument is just an object literal that defines the module's

properties. For example:

Example 10.7. Defining a RequireJS module that has no dependencies

require.def("my/simpleshirt",

color: "black",

size: "unisize"

);
This example would be stored in a my/simpleshirt.js file.

If your module has dependencies, you can specify the dependencies as the second argument

torequire.def() (as an array) and then pass a function as the third argument. The function will be called to

define the module once all dependencies have loaded. The function receives the values returned by the

dependencies as its arguments (in the same order they were required in the array), and the function

should return an object that defines the module.

Example 10.8. Defining a RequireJS module with dependencies

require.def("my/shirt",

["my/cart", "my/inventory"],

function(cart, inventory) {

//return an object to define the "my/shirt" module.

return {

color: "blue",

size: "large"

addToCart: function() {

inventory.decrement(this);

cart.add(this);

);

In this example, a my/shirt module is created. It depends on my/cart and my/inventory. On disk, the files

are structured like this:

my/cart.js

my/inventory.js

my/shirt.js

The function that defines my/shirt is not called until the my/cart and my/inventorymodules have been

loaded, and the function receives the modules as the cart and inventoryarguments. The order of the

function arguments must match the order in which the dependencies were required in the dependencies

array. The object returned by the function call defines the my/shirt module. Be defining modules in this

way, my/shirt does not exist as a global object. Modules that define globals are explicitly discouraged, so

multiple versions of a module can exist in a page at a time.

Modules do not have to return objects; any valid return value from a function is allowed.

Example 10.9. Defining a RequireJS module that returns a function

require.def("my/title",

["my/dependency1", "my/dependency2"],

function(dep1, dep2) {

//return a function to define "my/title". It gets or sets

//the window title.

return function(title) {

return title ? (window.title = title) : window.title;

);

Only one module should be required per JavaScript file.

Optimizing Your Code: The RequireJS Build Tool

Once you incorporate RequireJS for dependency management, your page is set up to be optimized very

easily. Download the RequireJS source and place it anywhere you like, preferrably somewhere outside your

web development area. For the purposes of this example, the RequireJS source is placed as a sibling to

the webapp directory, which contains the HTML page and the scripts directory with all the scripts.

Complete directory structure:

requirejs/ (used for the build tools)

webapp/app.html

webapp/scripts/app.js

webapp/scripts/require-jquery.js

webapp/scripts/jquery.alpha.js

webapp/scripts/jquery.beta.js

Then, in the scripts directory that has require-jquery.js and app.js, create a file called app.build.js with the

following contents:

Example 10.10. A RequireJS build configuration file

appDir: "../",

baseUrl: "scripts/",

dir: "../../webapp-build",

//Comment out the optimize line if you want

//the code minified by Closure Compiler using

//the "simple" optimizations mode

optimize: "none",

modules: [

{
 name: "app"

To use the build tool, you need Java 6 installed. Closure Compiler is used for the JavaScript minification

step (if optimize: "none" is commented out), and it requires Java 6.

To start the build, go to the webapp/scripts directory, execute the following command:

# non-windows systems

../../requirejs/build/build.sh app.build.js

# windows systems

..\..\requirejs\build\build.bat app.build.js

Now, in the webapp-build directory, app.js will have

the app.js contents, jquery.alpha.jsand jquery.beta.js inlined. If you then load the app.html file in

the webapp-builddirectory, you should not see any network requests for jquery.alpha.js andjquery.beta.js.

Exercises
Create a Portlet Module

Open the file /exercises/portlets.html in your browser. Use the file/exercises/js/portlets.js. Your task is to

create a portlet creation function that uses the module pattern, such that the following code will work:

var myPortlet = Portlet({

title : 'Curry',

source : 'data/html/curry.html',

initialState : 'open' // or 'closed'

});
myPortlet.$element.appendTo('body');

Each portlet should be a div with a title, a content area, a button to open/close the portlet, a button to

remove the portlet, and a button to refresh the portlet. The portlet returned by the Portlet function should

have the following public API:

myPortlet.open(); // force open state

myPortlet.close(); // force close state

myPortlet.toggle(); // toggle open/close state

myPortlet.refresh(); // refresh the content

myPortlet.destroy(); // remove the portlet from the page

myPortlet.setSource('data/html/onions.html');

// change the source

Chapter 11. Custom Events

Introducing Custom Events
We’re all familiar with the basic events — click, mouseover, focus, blur, submit, etc. — that we can latch on

to as a user interacts with the browser. Custom events open up a whole new world of event-driven

programming. In this chapter, we’ll use jQuery’s custom events system to make a simple Twitter search

application.

It can be difficult at first to understand why you'd want to use custom events, when the built-in events

seem to suit your needs just fine. It turns out that custom events offer a whole new way of thinking about

event-driven JavaScript. Instead of focusing on the element that triggers an action, custom events put the

spotlight on the element being acted upon. This brings a bevy of benefits, including:

• Behaviors of the target element can easily be triggered by different elements using the same

code.

• Behaviors can be triggered across multiple, similar, target elements at once.

 • Behaviors are more clearly associated with the target element in code, making code easier to

read and maintain.

Why should you care? An example is probably the best way to explain. Suppose you have a lightbulb in a

room in a house. The lightbulb is currently turned on, and it’s controlled by two three-way switches and a

clapper:

<div class="room" id="kitchen">

<div class="lightbulb on"></div>

<div class="switch"></div>

<div class="switch"></div>

<div class="clapper"></div>

</div>

Triggering the clapper or either of the switches will change the state of the lightbulb. The switches and the

clapper don’t care what state the lightbulb is in; they just want to change the state.

Without custom events, you might write some code like this:

$('.switch, .clapper').click(function() {

var $light = $(this).parent().find('.lightbulb');

if ($light.hasClass('on')) {

$light.removeClass('on').addClass('off');

} else {

$light.removeClass('off').addClass('on');

});

With custom events, your code might look more like this:

$('.lightbulb').bind('changeState', function(e) {
 var $light = $(this);

if ($light.hasClass('on')) {

$light.removeClass('on').addClass('off');

} else {

$light.removeClass('off').addClass('on');

});

$('.switch, .clapper').click(function() {

$(this).parent().find('.lightbulb').trigger('changeState');

});

This last bit of code is not that exciting, but something important has happened: we’ve moved the

behavior of the lightbulb to the lightbulb, and away from the switches and the clapper.

Let’s make our example a little more interesting. We’ll add another room to our house, along with a master

switch, as shown here:

<div class="room" id="kitchen">

<div class="lightbulb on"></div>

<div class="switch"></div>

<div class="switch"></div>

<div class="clapper"></div>

</div>

<div class="room" id="bedroom">

<div class="lightbulb on"></div>

<div class="switch"></div>
 <div class="switch"></div>

<div class="clapper"></div>

</div>

<div id="master_switch"></div>

If there are any lights on in the house, we want the master switch to turn all the lights off; otherwise, we

want it to turn all lights on. To accomplish this, we’ll add two more custom events to the

lightbulbs: turnOn and turnOff. We’ll make use of them in the changeState custom event, and use some

logic to decide which one the master switch should trigger:

$('.lightbulb')

.bind('changeState', function(e) {

var $light = $(this);

if ($light.hasClass('on')) {

$light.trigger('turnOff');

} else {

$light.trigger('turnOn');

})

.bind('turnOn', function(e) {

$(this).removeClass('off').addClass('on');

})

.bind('turnOff', function(e) {

$(this).removeClass('off').addClass('on');

});

$('.switch, .clapper').click(function() {
 $(this).parent().find('.lightbulb').trigger('changeState');

});

$('#master_switch').click(function() {

if ($('.lightbulb.on').length) {

$('.lightbulb').trigger('turnOff');

} else {

$('.lightbulb').trigger('turnOn');

});

Note how the behavior of the master switch is attached to the master switch; the behavior of a lightbulb

belongs to the lightbulbs.

Note

If you’re accustomed to object-oriented programming, you may find it useful to think of custom events as

methods of objects. Loosely speaking, the object to which the method belongs is created via the jQuery

selector. Binding the changeState custom event to all $(‘.light’) elements is akin to having a class

called Light with a method of changeState, and then instantiating newLight objects for each element with

a classname of light.
Recap: $.fn.bind and $.fn.trigger

In the world of custom events, there are two important jQuery methods: $.fn.bind and $.fn.trigger. In the Events chapter, we saw

how to use these methods for working with user events; for this chapter, it's important to remember two things:

• The $.fn.bind method takes an event type and an event handling function as arguments. Optionally, it can also

receive event-related data as its second argument, pushing the event handling function to the third argument. Any data

that is passed will be available to the event handling function in the data property of the event object. The event

handling function always receives the event object as its first argument.

• The $.fn.trigger method takes an event type as its argument. Optionally, it can also take an array of values. These

values will be passed to the event handling function as arguments after the event object.

Here is an example of the usage of $.fn.bind and $.fn.trigger that uses custom data in both cases:

$(document).bind('myCustomEvent', { foo : 'bar' }, function(e, arg1, arg2) {

 console.log(e.data.foo); // 'bar'

console.log(arg1); // 'bim'

console.log(arg2); // 'baz'

});

$(document).trigger('myCustomEvent', [ 'bim', 'baz' ]);

A Sample Application

To demonstrate the power of custom events, we’re going to create a simple tool for searching Twitter. The

tool will offer several ways for a user to add search terms to the display: by entering a search term in a

text box, by entering multiple search terms in the URL, and by querying Twitter for trending terms.

The results for each term will be shown in a results container; these containers will be able to be

expanded, collapsed, refreshed, and removed, either individually or all at once.

When we’re done, it will look like this:

Figure 11.1. Our finished application

The Setup

We’ll start with some basic HTML:

<h1>Twitter Search</h1>

<input type="button" id="get_trends"

 value="Load Trending Terms" />

<form>

<input type="text" class="input_text"

id="search_term" />

<input type="submit" class="input_submit"

value="Add Search Term" />

</form>

<div id="twitter">

<div class="template results">

<h2>Search Results for

<span class="search_term"></span></h2>

</div>

</div>

This gives us a container (#twitter) for our widget, a template for our results containers (hidden via CSS),

and a simple form where users can input a search term. (For the sake of simplicity, we’re going to assume

that our application is JavaScript-only and that our users will always have CSS.)

There are two types of objects we’ll want to act on: the results containers, and the Twitter container.

The results containers are the heart of the application. We’ll create a plugin that will prepare each results

container once it’s added to the Twitter container. Among other things, it will bind the custom events for

each container and add the action buttons at the top right of each container. Each results container will

have the following custom events:

refresh
 Mark the container as being in the “refreshing” state, and fire the request to fetch the data for the

search term.

populate

Receive the returned JSON data and use it to populate the container.

remove

Remove the container from the page after the user verifies the request to do so. Verification can

be bypassed by passing true as the second argument to the event handler. The remove event

also removes the term associated with the results container from the global object containing the

search terms.

collapse

Add a class of collapsed to the container, which will hide the results via CSS. It will also turn the

container’s “Collapse” button into an “Expand” button.

expand

Remove the collapsed class from the container. It will also turn the container’s “Expand” button

into a “Collapse” button.

The plugin is also responsible for adding the action buttons to the container. It binds a click event to each

action’s list item, and uses the list item’s class to determine which custom event will be triggered on the

corresponding results container.

$.fn.twitterResult = function(settings) {

return $(this).each(function() {

var $results = $(this),

$actions = $.fn.twitterResult.actions =

$.fn.twitterResult.actions ||

$.fn.twitterResult.createActions(),

$a = $actions.clone().prependTo($results),

term = settings.term;
 $results.find('span.search_term').text(term);

$.each(

['refresh', 'populate', 'remove', 'collapse', 'expand'],

function(i, ev) {

$results.bind(

ev,

{ term : term },

$.fn.twitterResult.events[ev]

);

);

// use the class of each action to figure out

// which event it will trigger on the results panel

$a.find('li').click(function() {

// pass the li that was clicked to the function

// so it can be manipulated if needed

$results.trigger($(this).attr('class'), [ $(this) ]);

});

});

};
$.fn.twitterResult.createActions = function() {

return $('<ul class="actions" />').append(

'<li class="refresh">Refresh</li>' +

'<li class="remove">Remove</li>' +

'<li class="collapse">Collapse</li>'

);

};

$.fn.twitterResult.events = {

refresh : function(e) {

// indicate that the results are refreshing

var $this = $(this).addClass('refreshing');

$this.find('p.tweet').remove();

$results.append('<p class="loading">Loading ...</p>');

// get the twitter data using jsonp

$.getJSON(

'http://search.twitter.com/search.json?q=' +

escape(e.data.term) + '&rpp=5&callback=?',

function(json) {

$this.trigger('populate', [ json ]);

);
},

populate : function(e, json) {

var results = json.results;

var $this = $(this);

$this.find('p.loading').remove();

$.each(results, function(i,result) {

var tweet = '<p class="tweet">' +

'<a href="http://twitter.com/' +

result.from_user +

'">' +

result.from_user +

'</a>: ' +

result.text +

' <span class="date">' +

result.created_at +

'</span>' +

'</p>';

$this.append(tweet);

});

// indicate that the results

 // are done refreshing

$this.removeClass('refreshing');

},

remove : function(e, force) {

if (

!force &&

!confirm('Remove panel for term ' + e.data.term + '?')

){

return;

$(this).remove();

// indicate that we no longer

// have a panel for the term

search_terms[e.data.term] = 0;

},

collapse : function(e) {

$(this).find('li.collapse').removeClass('collapse')

.addClass('expand').text('Expand');

$(this).addClass('collapsed');

},
 expand : function(e) {

$(this).find('li.expand').removeClass('expand')

.addClass('collapse').text('Collapse');

$(this).removeClass('collapsed');

};

The Twitter container itself will have just two custom events:

getResults

Receives a search term and checks to determine whether there’s already a results container for

the term; if not, adds a results container using the results template, set up the results container

using the $.fn.twitterResult plugin discussed above, and then triggers the refresh event on the

results container in order to actually load the results. Finally, it will store the search term so the

application knows not to re-fetch the term.

getTrends

Queries Twitter for the top 10 trending terms, then iterates over them and triggers

thegetResults event for each of them, thereby adding a results container for each term.

Here's how the Twitter container bindings look:

$('#twitter')

.bind('getResults', function(e, term) {

// make sure we don't have a box for this term already

if (!search_terms[term]) {

var $this = $(this);

var $template = $this.find('div.template');

 // make a copy of the template div

// and insert it as the first results box

$results = $template.clone().

removeClass('template').

insertBefore($this.find('div:first')).

twitterResult({

'term' : term

});

// load the content using the "refresh"

// custom event that we bound to the results container

$results.trigger('refresh');

search_terms[term] = 1;

})

.bind('getTrends', function(e) {

var $this = $(this);

$.getJSON('http://search.twitter.com/trends.json?callback=?', function(json) {

var trends = json.trends;

$.each(trends, function(i, trend) {

$this.trigger('getResults', [ trend.name ]);

});

});

});
So far, we’ve written a lot of code that does approximately nothing, but that’s OK. By specifying all the

behaviors that we want our core objects to have, we’ve created a solid framework for rapidly building out

the interface.

Let’s start by hooking up our text input and the “Load Trending Terms” button. For the text input, we’ll

capture the term that was entered in the input and pass it as we trigger the Twitter

container’sgetResults event. Clicking the “Load Trending Terms” will trigger the Twitter

container’sgetTrends event:

$('form').submit(function(e) {

e.preventDefault();

var term = $('#search_term').val();

$('#twitter').trigger('getResults', [ term ]);

});

$('#get_trends').click(function() {

$('#twitter').trigger('getTrends');

});

By adding a few buttons with the appropriate IDs, we can make it possible to remove, collapse, expand,

and refresh all results containers at once, as shown below. For the remove button, note how we’re passing

a value of true to the event handler as its second argument, telling the event handler that we don’t want

to verify the removal of individual containers.

$.each(['refresh', 'expand', 'collapse'], function(i, ev) {

$('#' + ev).click(function(e) { $('#twitter div.results').trigger(ev); });

});

$('#remove').click(function(e) {

if (confirm('Remove all results?')) {

 $('#twitter div.results').trigger('remove', [ true ]);

});

Conclusion

Custom events offer a new way of thinking about your code: they put the emphasis on the target of a

behavior, not on the element that triggers it. If you take the time at the outset to spell out the pieces of

your application, as well as the behaviors those pieces need to exhibit, custom events can provide a

powerful way for you to “talk” to those pieces, either one at a time or en masse. Once the behaviors of a

piece have been described, it becomes trivial to trigger those behaviors from anywhere, allowing for rapid

creation of and experimentation with interface options. Finally, custom events can enhance code

readability and maintainability, by making clear the relationship between an element and its behaviors.

You can see the full application at demos/custom-events.html and demos/js/custom-events.js in the

sample code.

Copyright Rebecca Murphey, released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States license.