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Thursday, July 09, 2009 #1

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The caliphate of Hazrat 'Umar R.A

Before his death (13 AH), Abu Bakr named 'Umar as his successor. The Muslims at
large took Bay’ah (oath of allegiance) at the hand of 'Umar in Al-Madeenah on
Tuesday, 23 Jumaadaa Al-Aakhirah, 13 AH. After accepting the oath of allegiance for
his Caliphate, 'Umar aroused in the people the determination for taking part in
Jihaad. He desired to continue the conquests begun by Abu Bakr . 'Umar had to face
the two superpowers -- the Byzantine and Persian Empires. Actually, he was
politically and militarily gifted -- a fact that will be proven through this article.

Important events during the Caliphate of 'Umar

Conquest of Damascus (13 AH)

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After a major defeat at the hands of the Muslim troops in the battle of Yarmook
(mentioned in detail in an article on the Caliphate of Abu Bakr ), the Roman soldiers
took to their heels and stopped only at Fihl. Shocked and disappointed, Heraclius
issued fresh orders to the Roman soldiers to assemble again. Damascus was
refortified and large reinforcements from Palestine and Hims were arranged. Nastas
bin Nasturas was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Roman forces. Mahan, the
governor of Damascus was already there.

The Muslim army under the command of Abu 'Ubaydah bin Al-Jarraah laid a siege
around the city. Although the city contained large barracks, the Romans could not
muster enough courage to face the Muslims in the open. They had to take refuge in
their strong fortifications and use defensive means of war. At times, the besieged
Romans hurled stones through catapults and shot arrows at the Muslim soldiers,
which were countered effectively and without delay. The siege dragged on for about
six months. The reinforcements dispatched by Heraclius to Damascus were
effectively intercepted by Muslim troops. At last, the people of Damascus lost hope of
Heraclius' help and their zeal for battle began to dissolve. On being informed of their
distress and despair, Abu 'Ubaydah issued orders to all the commanders to launch a
full-scale attack the next morning.

When the besieged Romans came to know of the Muslim army’s next step, a
deputation appeared before Khaalid bin Al-Waleed at Tuma gate and sought peace,
which the Muslim commander immediately granted and entered the city without any
fight.

About the same time that Khaalid bin Al-Waleed entered the city with the peace
agreement, other commanders and their men forced into the city through ladders
and by breaking the gates open. Khaalid and Abu 'Ubaydah came across each other
in the middle of the city.

When the two commanders met in the middle of the city, the question arose whether
the city was peacefully seized or conquered by force. Some people argued that since
Khaalid was simply a commander, he had no right to write a peace document when
the commander-in-chief was there to make a final decision. However, Abu 'Ubaydah
bin Al-Jarraah rejected this point by saying that if peace or shelter was provided even
by an ordinary member of the army, it applied to everyone. He declared peace to
prevail in the entire city according to the peace document signed by Khaalid, and
every point therein was handled with due care. The citizens of Damascus enjoyed
perfect peace. Yazeed bin Abu Sufyaan was appointed as the governor of Damascus,
who not only brought peace to the city but let the Roman soldiers go at will.

Conquest of Saida, Irqah and Beirut (in Lebanon today)

Soon after exercising full control over Damascus, Yazeed bin Abu Sufyaan sent his
brother, Mu'aawiyah bin Abu Sufyaan to Irqah at the head of a squadron who
conquered Irqah without facing any resistance. Yazeed then turned to Saida, Habil
and Beirut, and these territories easily yielded to the Muslim attack. Thus, Damascus
and the entire territory of Jordan came under control of the Muslims.

Campaigns in Iraq

In the very first week after assuming the Caliphate, 'Umar dispatched Muthannaa bin
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Haarithah, Sa’eed bin 'Ubayd, Sulayt bin Qays and Abu 'Ubayd bin Mas'ood to Iraq.
Even though Abu 'Ubayd bin Mas’ood, the commander-in-chief of the Iraqi forces, left
Al-Madeenah along with Muthannaa bin Haarithah, he stopped to take with him men
from the Arab tribes along the way and made brief halts at different places, he
reached Iraq one month after Muthannaa. On reaching Hirah, Muthannaa bin
Haarithah saw with anxiety that the Persians had roused all the Iraqi chiefs against
the Muslims, and Rustam, an eminent Persian leader and the governor of Khurasaan,
had taken his position in Madaa'in, the Persian capital, after making massive military
preparations. With the arrival of Muthannaa, Rustam sent a large army to combat
him. Rustam sent another huge army to Kaskar headed by Narsi, a very brave and
experienced general of the royal family. The third strong army he entrusted to Jaban
and sent it towards the Euphrates, they pitched their camp at Namariq. Muthannaa
bin Haarithah on the other hand came out from Hirah and camped at Khaffan.

Meanwhile Abu 'Ubayd bin Mas'ood arrived and took charge of the entire Muslim
army. He left Muthannaa at Khaffan, entrusting him with the command of the Muslim
cavalry and he launched a massive attack on Jaban at Namariq and tore apart their
ranks, causing the Persians to flee the battlefield.

Abu 'Ubayd bin Mas'ood fought fierce battles against Persians and inflicted them with
heavy losses. But the Persians had begun to put elephants ahead of their army with
archers sitting on them. The horses on the Muslim side had never seen elephants
before and they began to flee in terror at the sight of the huge animals. With this
scenario of the battle, Abu 'Ubayd asked his men to fight on foot. When the
elephants began to trample the Islamic ranks under their feet, Abu 'Ubayd called out
to strike their swords at the elephants’ trunks and he was himself the first to do this.
He cut off the trunks of several elephants and inflicted deep injuries on their feet,
which resulted in the riders being thrown off and killed.

Inspired by the matchless bravery of their commanders and commanding officers,

the Muslim soldiers made heroic assaults on the elephants. During these fateful
moments, Abu 'Ubayd bin Mas'ood came under the attack of a combat elephant. He
fell upon the elephant and struck its trunk off with one stroke of his sword. Despite
this, the aggressive animal knocked him down and put its foot on him, crushing his
chest. This battle took a toll of 6000 Muslim combatants.

The Battle of Buwayb

When 'Umar came to know of the martyrdom of Abu 'Ubayd and the heavy losses
incurred by the Muslims, he became infuriated and with all his energy and resources
he commenced preparations for a fresh campaign against the Persians. He
dispatched heralds and messengers to all the tribes and roused them to fight for
Islam. Several tribes poured into Al-Madeenah and were dispatched to Iraq to lend
their help to Muthannaa, who had already launched a recruiting drive, which resulted
in a large army.

When the Persians were informed of these preparations, Rustam sent a huge army
under the command of Mehraan Hamadaani. The reason Mehraan was nominated to
the command, was that he was brought up in Arabia and could, therefore, realize the
power and strength of the Arabs and appreciate the magnitude of the task before
him. Informed of the Persian movements, Muthannaa bin Haarithah marched with his
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army and encamped at Buwayb, along the Euphrates. Mehraan, marching from the
capital, advanced straight upon Buwayb and pitched his camp on the other side of
the Euphrates. Mehraan then sent word to Muthannaa to either come to his side or
let him come to his (Muthannaa's) own side. In the light of the bitter experience of
the past, Muthannaa invited him to his side. Mehraan crossed the river with his entire
army and combat elephants. Then, he arranged his forces in such a manner that he
put his infantry in front, followed by elephants with archers sitting on them, and both
right and left flanks occupied by cavalry divisions.

The Islamic army was also ready to fight. The Persians initiated the attack, which
was answered by the Muslims. The battle grew intense and both sides displayed
bravery. However, the Muslims were crowned with victory. When Muthannaa bin
Haarithah noticed the Persians running away, he rushed forward and broke the
bridge, with the result that a large number of the enemy soldiers were either killed or
drowned. Mehraan Hamadani was also killed on the battlefield. The Persian fugitives
were given chase up to Sabat. At that point, the entire territory from Sawad to Tigris
came under the Muslim forces. This battle took place in Ramadhaan 13 AH.

After the defeat of Buwayb, the Persian chiefs and nobles buried their differences and
mobilized their forces to serve their country even in the face of death. Rustam and
Fayrouz (prime minister of the Persian Empire) were the pillars of the State, but a
violent friction raged between them. Now both of them were persuaded to shake
hands in the interest of the Persian Empire. The coronation of Yezdgird also infused
new life into those who were disheartened because of the adverse state of affairs in
every field. The provinces and cities under the possession of Muslim officers began to
show signs of unrest and rebellion. The Persian camps were packed with soldiers and
the Persian forts and military outposts were fortified and strengthened. Many other
regions under Muslim control broke into revolt and rose in support of the Persians.

The Caliph decides to lead the Muslim army

'Umar came to know of these fresh developments in the month of Thul-Qi'dah in Al-
Madeenah. He issued prompt orders for Muthannaa bin Haarithah together with all
the troops to fall back towards the frontiers of Arabia. He summoned the tribes of
Rabee'ah and Mudhar that were scattered throughout Iraq, strengthened his forces
and vacated the threatened areas to gather close to the frontiers of Arabia. He also
issued orders to the governors to collect and send warriors to fight in the way of
Allaah. As the season for the pilgrimage had arrived, 'Umar set off to Makkah.

On returning from the Hajj, he found Arab tribes pouring into Al-Madeenah from all
sides. The suburbs of Al-Madeenah were now teeming with groups of warriors. He
entrusted the divisional command of the vanguard to Talhah and that of the right
wing to Az-Zubayr while 'Abdur-Rahmaan bin 'Awf was appointed to the command of
the left wing of the army. When the army was drawn up, he put 'Ali in charge of the
Caliphate, left Al-Madeenah, and advanced towards Persia. At Sirar, the first halt was
ordered.

The fact that the Caliph himself was leading the army filled them with unbounded
confidence and enthusiasm. However, 'Uthmaan bin 'Affaan called on the Caliph and
said that it was not expedient that he should go personally into the battlefield.
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Following this advice, 'Umar set up a general council of war at Sirar and invited the
opinion of everyone present. Everyone unanimously exclaimed that the expedition
could not terminate successfully unless he led it himself.

Thereupon, 'Abdur-Rahmaan bin 'Awf said: “I disapprove of such a suggestion. The

Caliph's presence on the battlefield is too risky. In case a commander is killed in
action, the Caliph can do what is necessary to keep the situation under control; but if
Allaah forbid, the Caliph himself is eliminated, it would be extremely difficult to
manage the affairs.” 'Ali was also called from Al-Madeenah to take part in this crucial
deliberation. He and the other Companions lent support to 'Abdur-Rahmaan bin 'Awf’s
opinion.

The Caliph agreed not to lead the campaign. After a long discussion about who would
take command of the Muslim army at this juncture, Sa'd bin Abu Waqqaas was
named. The entire council, including 'Umar agreed.

The Battle of Qaadisiyah

Sa’d was at Siraf when he received a fresh order from the Caliph directing him to
proceed towards Qaadisiyah. The order further enjoined him to arrange himself and
his troops in such a manner, so as to have the plains of Persia in front and the hills of
Arabia in the rear. In this way, he might advance as far as he chose in case of victory,
and take refuge by retreating to the hills in case of defeat.

News began to pour into the Persian capital that the Arabian army was encamped in
Qaadisiyah and they had ravaged the surrounding areas of the Euphrates. The
Persian leader, Rustom, marched up to Sabat where he was joined by forces from
almost every part of the country in such great numbers that, in a short time, the
Persian army numbered nearly 180,000 men. It was not only a well-equipped army,
but also showed a rage and enthusiasm against the Islamic forces.

Armed with war equipment and weapons on such a massive scale, Rustam marched
from Sabat and camped at Kutha. Now the distance between the Persian and the
Muslim armies was much closer. Small raiding squads would come out from both
sides to pounce on the other's provisions and other things of necessity.

Rustam ordered preparations for a decisive battle. He ordered a bridge to be

constructed over a canal that separated the armies, and it was completed within a
short period. Rustam then enquired from his counterpart as to who should cross the
bridge, and Sa’d invited him to cross. Thus, the large and strong Persian army
moved across the bridge and battle lines were drawn up. Rustam launched an all-out
assault on the Muslim troops, and by way of a war strategy, combat elephants were
set off to attack the Muslim ranks. The Bujaylah tribe obstructed them at the cost of
heavy casualties. Sa’d who was watching the battle scene very minutely, reinforced
the Bujailah with Banu Asad who showed utmost manliness in the assigned duty.
However, when they too showed signs of reverses, the warriors of Banu Kindah took
the field and made such a heavy charge that the Persians were forced to retreat. In
view of constant retreat and repulses, Rustam ordered a joint attack. Sa’d cried the
Takbeer (Allaahu Akbar – Allaah is the Greatest) at the top of his voice and the entire
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Muslim army joining his Takbeer, charged against the Persian troops. It looked as if
two oceans or mountains had collided with each other. When the rival forces were in
the thick of battle, the Persian elephants began to cause heavy casualties on the
Muslim side. Sa’d immediately ordered the archers to shoot arrows at the elephants
and their riders. 'Aasim charged at the elephants with his lance, followed by others
who inflicted deep wounds on the elephants' trunks with their spears and swords. As
a result, the elephants retreated leaving the Muslim swordsmen to display their
bravery. After a daylong battle, night intervened to stop it until the next day.

After fierce fighting that lasted for three days, all the tribes rose as one man to
charge forcefully at the enemy. When the horsemen of Al-Qa'qaa' reached near
Rustom, he got down from his throne and began to fight. However, on being
wounded he took to his heels. But Hilaal bin Ulafah chased him and hit him so
powerfully with his spear that his hip was broken and he fell down in a nearby canal.
Hilaal dismounted from his horse at once, pulled him out by his legs and put him to
death. Following this, Hilaal called out at the top of his voice standing on Rustam's
throne: "By Allaah, I have killed Rustam." Having heard this announcement, the
Muslim troops cried Allaahu Akbar (Allaah is the Most Great) and the Persian soldiers
were left shocked and astonished. They fled the battlefield. Out of 30,000 Persian
cavaliers, only 30 saved their lives. About 6000 Muslims were honored with
martyrdom.

Conquest of the Persian capital

After their flight from Qaadisiyah, the Persians quartered themselves at Babylon. A
number of renowned generals prepared themselves for battle again. The fugitives of
the battle of Qaadisiyah were also collected and encouraged to avenge their defeat.
Sa’d stayed in Qaadisiyah for about two months after the Muslim victory. On
receiving fresh orders from the Caliphate, he marched to Madaa'in leaving his family
in Qaadisiyah. With the news of the arrival of Sa’d the Persian generals left Babylon
and moved to Madaa'in, Ahwaz and Nihawand destroying the bridges on the way and
making the Tigris and its canals impossible to cross. When Sa’d arrived at the bank
of the Tigris, he found neither bridge nor boats. The next day Sa’d mounted on his
horse and said after getting his troops ready: "Who among you is brave enough to
promise to save me from an enemy onslaught while I cross the river?" 'Aasim bin
'Amr came forward and offered his services.

He then charged right into the surging water of the Tigris. Others also followed suit
and rushed their horses into the river. The river was deep and fast moving but the
turbulent conditions could not affect the resolute and undaunted spirits of the Muslim
army. The waves slammed furiously against the sides of the horses, but the
horsemen steered their course calmly and in perfect order. When the cavalry was
halfway across the river, the Persian archers began to shoot arrows at the Muslim
troops but in vain. The Muslim fighters crossed the river by force and put the
opposing force to death.

With the news of the crossing of the river by the Muslims, Yezdgird took flight from
Madaa'in. The Muslim troops began to enter the city from different directions. Sa’d
stepped in the White Palace (royal palace) reciting the verses (which mean):
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"How much they left behind of gardens and springs. And crops and noble sites. And
comfort wherein they were amused. Thus! And we caused to inherit it another
people. ” [Quran 44:25-28]

He offered eight Rakahs (units) of victory prayer. In the palace of Kisra (Chosroes), a
pulpit was set up in place of the royal throne and the Friday prayer was performed
there. This was the first Friday prayer that was performed in the Persian capital.

The fall of Madaa'in, the Persian capital, was followed by that of Ahwaz, Nahawand
and Hamadan but the latter rose in revolt after only a few days. Being fed up with
the continual revolts of the Persian regions, 'Umar later ordered a general attack
which resulted in victory. Thus, the Muslims captured all the Persian land and the
empire of Magians became extinct.

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Conquest of Jerusalem, 15 AH/ 636 AD

In course of time, when Muslim troops were winning victories in Antakiyah and its
suburbs, Yazeed bin Abu Sufyaan the governor of Damascus sent his brother,
Mu'aawiyah bin Abu Sufyaan towards Qaisariyah (Caesarea or Kayseri) as per the
Caliph's order. After a heavy toll of 80,000 Christians, the city fell to the Muslims.

Heraclius now ordered Artabun, a noted general, to gather troops in Ajnadain.

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Artabun kept a huge army under his direct command and two other detachments in
Ramlah and Jerusalem. The opponents of Islam were well-equipped and huge in
number, awaiting the arrival of the Muslim force. 'Amr bin Al-'Aas marched to
Ajnadain to face Artabun while he dispatched Alqamah bin Hakeem Firaasi and
Masroor bin Al-Akki to Jerusalem and Abu 'Ayyoob Al-Maaliki to Ramlah with the
permission of Abu 'Ubaydah . A fierce battle was fought in Ajnadain. It was a conflict
similar to Yarmook. Artabun could not muster courage to face 'Amr bin Al-'Aas and
fled to Jerusalem and the city fell to the Muslim forces.

After the getaway of Artabun to Jerusalem, 'Amr bin Al-'Aas conquered Ghazzah
(Gaza), Sabastiyah, Nabulus (Nablus), Ludd, Amawas, Bayt Jibreen, and Yafa (Yafo).
He then proceeded to Jerusalem and tightened the siege. About the same time, Abu
'Ubaydah had proceeded to Palestine. The news of his arrival disheartened the
besieged Christians who until then, had been defending themselves. They were left
with no alternative but to accept peace negotiations. All of them knew about the
readiness of the Muslims to accept a peace proposal and their easy terms. However,
the Christians of Jerusalem put an unusual condition on finalizing the peace
agreement. They wanted the Caliph of Islam to reach Jerusalem to write down the
peace document. Even though the fall of the city was only a matter of time, Abu
'Ubaydah was in favor of avoiding further death and destruction, so he preferred
peace to war. He wrote a letter to the Caliph describing the whole account of events
with the request that his arrival in Jerusalem could win for them the city without
shedding a drop of blood.

'Umar convened a meeting of all the distinguished Companions and consulted them.
'Uthmaan declared that the Christians had been struck with terror and had lost heart
and that if the Caliph were to reject their request, they would be still more
humiliated, and consider that the Muslims regarded them with utter contempt, they
would lay down their arms unconditionally. 'Ali however, dissented from this view and
gave the contrary opinion; and 'Umar shared the same opinion.

'Umar's journey to Palestine

On this historic mission to Jerusalem, a bag full of parched barley meal, a camel, a
slave, and a wooden cup were all the belongings of 'Umar the Chief of the Muslims,
when he left Al-Madeenah, the headquarters of Islam. Leaving 'Uthmaan in charge of
Al-Madeenah, he set out on the journey noted for its strain and stress.

It was a unique scenario of Islamic equality and human dignity, that at times, the
Caliph sat on the camel and the slave walked along holding the rein of the camel and
at other times, vice versa. It was the journey of a magnificent and powerful Islamic
ruler whose cavalry had already trampled down palaces and crowns and thrones
under the hooves of its horses. It was Rajab 16 AH (After Hijrah), when Madaa'in and
Antakiyah (Antioch) had been conquered.

The commanders of the Muslim forces at Damascus and Jerusalem had already been
informed about the movement of the Caliph of Islam. Thus Yazeed bin Abu Sufyaan,
Abu 'Ubaydah bin Al-Jarraah and Khaalid bin Al-Waleed received the Caliph of Islam
with exemplary honor. However, when 'Umar saw them arrayed in brilliant dresses
and imposing appearance, he flew into a fit of rage at the sight of them and
remarked: "Within the short span of two years have you fallen into Persian habits?"
However, when the officers explained that they had their weapons beneath their
luxurious dresses and they had not lost their Islamic character, the Caliph gained
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peace of heart.

The Caliph stayed for a long while at Jabiah, where some of the nobles of the city
proceeded to see him and the treaty was drawn up there. The elite of the
Companions like Khaalid bin Al-Waleed, 'Amr bin Al-'Aas, ‘Abdur-Rahmaan bin ‘Awf
and Mu'aawiyah subscribed to it.

The Conquest of Egypt

During 'Umar's stay in Jerusalem, 'Amr bin Al-'Aas had obtained his consent for
launching an attack on Egypt. 'Amr marched to Egypt at the head of 4000 troops. In
his dispatch from Al-Madeenah, the Caliph of Islam put before Muqawqis, the king of
Egypt, three conditions: accept Islam or pay Jizyah (poll protection tax as a sign of
their surrender to Muslims) or prepare for battle. The Roman general Artabun along
with his entire army was in Egypt at that time. First Artabun moved forward and then
fled the battlefield after experiencing a decisive defeat.

Afterwards the Muslim army advanced further and laid siege around 'Ayn ash-Shams
and from there dispatched two squadrons to besiege Farama and Alexandria. Both
the cities fell to the Muslim troops. 'Amr bin Al-'Aas then sent Az-Zubayr bin Al-
Awwaam to Fustaat as a commander; he conquered the fortified citadel after a heavy
encounter. 'Amr bin Al-'Aas attacked Alexandria, which fell after a siege of three
months.

The Summary of Conquests

The area of conquests during the Caliphate of 'Umar is said to have spread over
2,2,500,000 square miles. This was the result of victories won by people who were
once considered “small and wretched” against the mighty empires of Persia and
Rome. The conquests of the Caliph 'Umar include Persia, Iraq, Jazeerah, Khurasaan,
Baluchistan, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Armenia. The provinces carved out by 'Umar
himself in 22 AH, were Makkah, Al-Madeenah, Syria, Jazirah, Basrah, Kufah, Egypt,
Palestine, Khurasaan, Azerbaijan and Persia. Some of them were equal to two
provinces in area, with two centers of power and separate governors and their
administrations.

Firsts accomplished by 'Umar

'Umar invented and enforced many things in the sphere of financial, political,
administrative and social spheres, which are accomplishments first instituted by him.
Some of them are mentioned below:

· He set up a formal Bayt-ul-Maal or public treasury and introduced the Hijri calendar

· He adopted the appellation of Ameer Al-Mu'mineen (Commander of the Faithful)

· He established a regular department for the military; a separate department for

financial affairs, and fixed the salaries for men in voluntary services.

· He also introduced the practice of measuring the land and keeping its record,
adopted a census system, he had canals dug and populated cities like Koofah,
Basrah, Jeezah, Fustaat (Cairo) and delineated provinces out of the occupied
territories.
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· He was first to allow traders of rival countries to enter Muslim territories for the
purpose of business.

· He was also the first to make use of the whip for corporal punishment and set up a
prison and police department.

· He introduced a system of collecting direct information concerning states and

conditions of the masses, he established a secret intelligence service.

· He had wells bored, built houses and fixed a daily payment for the destitute among
the Christians and the Jews.

Martyrdom of 'Umar Al-Faarooq

'Umar was one day walking in Al-Madeenah when a Persian youth, named Fayrouz
who was known by the patronymic `Abu-Lu'lu'ah, met him. That youth was a slave
under Al-Mugheerah bin Shu'bah and had been taken captive after the conquest of
Nahawand. He complained to the Commander of the Faithful about his master, saying
that he had imposed upon him a very heavy tax. 'Umar asked him about his job, and
he answered that he worked as a carpenter, a blacksmith and a house painter. Then
'Umar remarked that the tax his master had imposed upon him was quite fair, but
the youth was not happy with that remark, and went away full of indignation.

The next day when the people assembled in the mosque to perform the morning
prayer, Fayrouz came into the mosque armed with a poisonous dagger. As the ranks
of the congregation were put straight and in order, and 'Umar came up and took his
position at the head of the ranks to lead the prayer, Fayrouz suddenly rushed from
the first rank and struck 'Umar six consecutive blows, one of which fell below his
navel.

He was wounded on Wednesday, Thul-Hijjah 27, 23 AH, died, and was buried on
Muharram 1, 24 AH. His term as Caliph was ten and a half years. Suhayb led his
funeral prayer. 'Ali, Az-Zubayr, 'Uthmaan, ‘Abdur-Rahmaan bin ‘Awf and 'Abdullaah
bin 'Umar lowered his body into the grave and performed the burial service.
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Thursday, March 23, 2017 #3

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9/3/2020 The caliphate of Hazrat 'Umar R.A - CSS Forums

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