Basic Concepts in C

omputer Systems Se
rvicing (CSS)
Objectives
1
Explain basic concepts in CSS
▪ Functions of Computers
▪ Types of Computers
▪ Benefits of Using Computers
▪ Applications of Computers
▪ History of Computers
Functions
of
Computers
 Functions of Computer
I.P.O.S. CYCLE

Input Process Output

Storage
 Functions of Computer
INPUT
• feeding of data into a computer
• obtaining data from the outside world and deli
vering it to one or more components in the com
puter.
 Functions of Computer
PROCESS
• information received from the input devices hav
e to be processed into the CPU
• manipulation of data entered into a computer
• execution of one or more computer programs on t
he data
 Functions of Computer
OUTPUT
• result of the process performed by the computer
• taking information stored in the computer and
delivering it to the outside world
 Functions of Computer
STORAGE
• Primary Storage – the main, internal memory whe
re the operating system resides for the compute
r to receive instructions about what pro- cessing is to
be done to the information, it must be held inside th
e computer long enough to be processed (e.g. Rand
om Access Memory or RAM)
• Secondary Storage – external devices like where data
are saved or stored for later use
Input Process Output

RAM
Storage
Review
 Types
of
Computers
Types of Computer
Personal Computer (PC)
• a small, inexpensive computer customized for in
dividual use
• PCs are developed under microprocessor tech
nology that allows manufacturers to place an ent
ire CPU on one chip
• Use: playing games, surfing the net, word processing, deskt
op publishing and accounting, running database manageme
nt applications and spreadsheets
Types of Computer
Workstation
• have large amount of memory, built-in network su
pport, and high-resolution graphics
• are normally connected to a network but can also
be stand-alone systems
• Use: desktop publishing, software development, engineering applic
ations and other similar applications that require a modest a
mount of computing power and high-quality graphics capabilities.
Types of Computer
Laptop
• a portable PC suitable for mobile use
• combines the system unit, input, and output devi
ces into a single device
• Can be powered from a rechargeable battery or u
sing an AC adapter
 Types of Computer

Minicomputer
• used as small or midrange servers performing bu
siness and scientific applications
• May contain one or more processors, support mu
ltiprocessing and tasking, and are generally resili
ent to high workloads
• more powerful than PC and workstations
 Types of Computer
Mainframes
• used to denote a very large computer
• called mainframe because all its components, proc
essors, memory chips, etc., are all placed inside a
frame
• contains several processors working as one unit th
us paving the way of centralized computing
• Use: in large-scale computing suited for banking, insurance,
and web applications; for real-time business transactions suc
h as in ATMs and online-banking transactions
 Types of Computer
Supercomputer
• operates the highest performance rat
e among all types of computers
• an array of thousands of computers t
hat perform parallel processing
• Use: for engineering and scientific applications suc
h as nuclear research, weather forecast, airpla
ne design, automobile design, medicine research,
nanotechnology, biotechnology, etc.
Benefits of
Using
Computers
 Benefits of Using Computers
1. High Speed – able to perform millions of calculations in a few sec
onds; can execute instructions in microseconds and nanosec
onds
2. Accuracy – performs all jobs given to it with 99.9% accuracy
3. Storage Capability – can store large amounts of data (images, vid
eos, text, audio, etc.)
4. Diligence – is free from monotony, tiredness, boredom, and the l
ack of concentration. It can work continuously without creating
error and repeat work with the same speed and accuracy
5. Versatility – is very flexible in performing jobs to be done. It can
be used to solve problems relating to various fields.
 Benefits of Using Computers
6. Reliability – has electronic components that have failure-free long
lives and are designed for easy maintenance.
7. Automation – can perform tasks automatically. Once an instruction
is given, the program and instruction control the execution without
human interaction.
8. Reduction in Paperwork – data in electronic files can be retrieved
when required, the problem of maintaining a large number of files
is reduced
9. Reduction in Cost – even though the starting investment for
installing a computer is high, the cost of each transaction is
substantially reduced
Applications
of
Computers
Applications of Using Computers
Business
• Budgeting, financial forecasting, communicate with co-
workers, manage employee schedules, manage projects

Banking
• Banks nowadays are totally dependent on computers
• Online accounting facility and ATMs are run by computers

Education
• teaching tool, research, blended learning, Quipper, iReady
Applications of Using Computers
Marketing
• Create arts and graphics, write and revise copy, print and
disseminate advertisements; online shopping

Health Care
• keep records of patients and medicines.
• Ultrasound, laboratory tests, and even some surgeries, are
performed with the use of computers

Engineering
• Computer Aided Design (CAD) provides for the creation,
edition and modification of technical drawings
• Designing ships, buildings, cars, and airplanes
Applications of Using Computers
Military
• Modern tanks, missiles, and weapons use computerized
control systems
• used for military operation, planning, & communications

Communications
• Email, chatting, video conferencing

Government
• Used in important fields of government such in budgets,
voters list, driving license system, passport system, income
tax, and weather forecasting
Applications of Using Computers
Manufacturing
• In some factories, computers control virtually everything
• Factories use computerized robotic arms to do physical work
that is hazardous or highly repetitive

Music
• Computers have become a creative tool for musicians
• Can electronically record notes while playing and then edit
the music, making any changes or corrections

Theater, Film, and Television

• Notice the computer enhancements (lighting, special effects
and sound effects) that contributed to your enjoyment in
watching a play, film or TV show
 History
of
Computers
 History of Computers
Earliest Computing Devices
Hollerith’s Punched-
Card Machine
Abacus Oughtred’s Slide Rule Leibniz’s Calculator

12th century
A.D. 17th century 1694 1880s

1822

Napier’s Bones Pascal’s Calculator

1645

Babbage’s Analytical
Engine
 History of Computer: Earliest Computing Devices

ABACUS
• First manual data processing device which was develop
ed in China
• The device has a frame with beads strung on wires or ro
ds and arithmetic calculations are performed by manipul
ating the beads.
 History of Computer: Earliest Computing Devices
NAPIER’S BONES
• was made by John Napier, Scottish ma
thematician who became famous for hi
s invention of logarithms
• The “bones” are a set of 11 rods with n
umbers marked on them in such a way
that by simply placing the rods side by
side products and quotients of large nu
mbers can be obtained.
 History of Computer: Earliest Computing Devices
OUGHTRED’S SLIDE RULE
• was made by an English mathematician, W
illiam Oughtred
• consists of two movable rulers placed sid
e by side. Each ruler is marked off in such
a way that the actual distances from th
e beginning of the ruler are proportion
al to the logarithms of the numbers print
ed on the ruler
• By sliding the rulers one can quickly mu
ltiply and divide
 History of Computer: Earliest Computing Devices
PASCAL’S CALCULATOR
• Blaise Pascal was a French m
athematician and physicist who
was one of the first modern
scientists to develop and build
a calculator

• A device capable of adding an

d subtracting numbers cont
aining up to 8 digits
 History of Computer: Earliest Computing Devices
LEIBNIZ’S CALCULATOR
• Gottfried Leibniz recognized th
e value of building machines tha
t could do mathematical calcu
lations and save labor too
• Utilized the same techniques fo
r addition and subtraction
(like Pascal’s) but could also p
erform multiplication, divi
sion and extract square roots
 History of Computer: Earliest Computing Devices
BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE
• Invented by Charles Babbage, 19th century Englishman who is cons
idered the “Father of Modern Computers” because his ideas bec
ame the basis for modern computational devices
• He began working on Difference Engine in 1822 but he lacked perse
verance to complete the project.
• He abandoned the Difference Engine to work on a more powerful d
evice, the Analytical Engine, which was similar in concept to the 20t
h century digital computers.
 History of Computer: Earliest Computing Devices
BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE
• The Analytical Engine was designed to us
e two types of cards – the operation cards (
to indicate the specific functions to be
performed) and the variable cards (to speci
fy the actual data).
• This idea of entering a program, or set of
instruction, on cards, followed by data
cards, is one method used by modern c
omputers for implementing the stored-pr
ogram concept.
 History of Computer: Earliest Computing Devices
HOLLERITH’s PUNCHED-CARD MACHINE
• Herman Hollerith, a statistician with the US Bur
eau of the Census, completed a set of machine
s to help process the results of the 1890 censu
s.

• Unlike Babbage, he had the advantage of ele

ctricity.
 History of Computer: Earliest Computing Devices
HOLLERITH’s PUNCHED-CARD MACHINE
• In Hollerith’s machine, the data to be processed were coded as holes in car
ds. The cards were between metal pins and trays containing mercury-fil
led cups. Whenever a metal pin encountered a hole in a card, it passed th
rough the card and made contact with the mercury. As the pin touched the
mercury, it closed an electric circuit and thus activated a counting mechani
sm.
 History of Computers
Early Developments in Electronic Data Processing

The EDVAC
MARK I

1946
1937-1944

1943-1946 1951

The UNIVAC
The ENIAC
 History of Computer: Early Developments in Electronic Data Processing
MARK-I COMPUTER
• also known as Automatic Sequence Controlled
calculator
• was the first automatic calculating machine
designed by Howard A. Aiken
• It was very complex in design and huge in size
• Was capable of performing five basic arithmetic
operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division and table reference on numbers as big
as 23 decimal digits.
• It took approximately 0.3 seconds to add two
numbers and 4.5 seconds for multiplication of
two numbers.
 History of Computer: Early Developments in Electronic Data Processing

ENIAC
• the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator was the
first all-electronic computer.
 History of Computer: Early Developments in Electronic Data Processing

EDVAC
• The Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer have
this concept that a sequence of instructions and data can be
stored in the memory of a computer for automatically
directing the flow of operations.
 History of Computer: Early Developments in Electronic Data Processing

UNIVAC
• The Universal Automatic Computer marked the arrival of
commercially available digital computers for business and
scientific applications
 History of Computers
Computer Generations

First Generation Third Generation Fifth Generation

Computers Computers Computers

1942-1955 1964-1975
1989-Present

1955-1964 1975-1989

Second Generation Fourth Generation

Computers Computers
 History of Computer: Computer Generations

FIRST GENERATION
• ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC are some of the early computers under 1st
generation.
• These machine used thousands of vacuum tubes.
• These vacuum tubes computer could perform computations in
milliseconds.
 History of Computer: Computer Generations

SECOND GENERATION
• Use of transistors (a new electronic switching device) invented by
Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain at Bell Laboratories.
• The 2nd generation computers were manufactured using transistors
instead of vacuum tubes.
 History of Computer: Computer Generations

THIRD GENERATION
• Kilby and Noyce invented the fist integrated circuit (IC), which are
circuits containing of several electronic components like transistors,
resistors, and capacitors grown on a single chip of silicon elimination
wired interconnection between components.
 History of Computer: Computer Generations

FOURTH GENERATION
• Creation of microprocessor which contains all
circuits needed to perform arithmetic logic and
control: functions, the core activities of all
computers, on a single chip.
• It became possible to build a complete
computer with a microprocessor, a few
additional primary storage chip, and other
support circuitry.
• Started a new revolution – personal computer
(PC) revolution that made owning a computer
for anyone possible
 History of Computer: Computer Generations

FIFTH GENERATION
• The trend of further miniaturization of
electronic components, dramatic increase in
power of microprocessor –hips and increases in
capacity of main memory and hard disk
continued during fifth generation.
✓ Storage technology
✓ Communication technology
References:
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• Norton, P. (1997) Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers Second Edition. Westerville, OH: Glenco
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• Harrykar. (2015). The IPOS Cycle [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://progr-harrykar.blogspot.com
/2015/09/the-ipos-cycle.html
• “Difference between Primary Storage and Secondary Storage - Operating System.” Difference be
tween Primary Storage and Secondary Storage - Operating System, 6 Nov. 2018, 12:35AM, www.c
areerride.com/os-primary-storage-and-secondary-storage.aspx.
• Cook, Daisja. “How the IPOS Cycle Works”. Prezi, October 2013. https://prezi.com/hd92zoy9etr
d/how-the-ipos-cycle-works/?webgl=0
• La Putt, J. P. (1986). Introduction to Computer Concepts. Baguio City, PH: Baguio Research & Publis
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• 3G Elearning FZ LLC. (2014). Computer skills and Applications. UAE: 3G Elearning FZ LLC.