DON BOSCO BOYS HOME AND VOCATIONAL

TRAINING CENTER, INC

Sector: METALS AND ENGINEERING

QUALIFICATION: SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING (SMAW

NC I)

Unit of Competency: APPLY SAFETY PRACTICES

Name:

Signature: Cell #:

Instructor: Signature:

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 DON BOSCO BOYS HOME AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTER, INC
P.D.M.S. dumangas, Iloilo, Tel. no. (033) 393-3677; Cel#: 0923-740-1911
TVET Center and Senior High School Sectors
FB Account: Don Bosco Dumangas;Email :donboscodgas@gmail.com

MODULE CONTENT
QUALIFICATION: SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING (SMAW NC I)
MODULE TITLE: APPLY SAFETY PRACTICES
INTRODUCTION:
This unit covers the competencies required to apply safety practices in the
workplace.

NOMINAL DURATION: 8 HRS

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
LO1. Identify hazardous area
LO2. Use protective clothing and devices
LO3. Perform safe handling of tools, equipment and materials
LO4. Perform first aid
LO5. Use fire extinguisher

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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
 Hazards are identified correctly in accordance with OHS principles.
 Safety signs and symbols are identified and adhered to.
 Appropriate protective clothing and devices correctly selected and used in
accordance with OHS requirements or industry/company policy.
 Safety procedures for pre-use check and operation of tools and equipment
followed in accordance with industry/ company policies.
 Tools, equipment and materials handled safely in accordance with OHS
requirements and industry/ company policies.
 First aid treatment of injuries is carried out according to recommended
procedures
 Fire extinguisher selected and operated correctly according to the type of fire.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-1

(LO1 Identify hazardous area)

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, you must be able to execute
correctly the procedure in Identifying hazardous area Introduction.
This course is designed to enhance the knowledge, desirable attitudes and
skills to identify the types of hazards in welding and how to avoid them.

I. Hazard

A. What is a hazard?
 A hazard is something that can cause harm, e.g. electricity, chemicals,
working up a ladder, noise, a bully at work, stress, etc.
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1. The meaning of the word hazard can be confusing. Often dictionaries do not
give specific definitions or combine it with the term "risk".
For example, one dictionary defines hazard as "a danger or risk" which helps
explain why many people use the terms interchangeably.
2. A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on
something or someone.
3. Basically, a hazard is the potential for harm.
For example, to people as health effects, to organizations as property or
equipment losses, or to the environment).
4. Sometimes the resulting harm is referred to as the hazard instead of the
actual source of the hazard.
For example, the disease tuberculosis (TB) might be called a "hazard" by some
but, in general, the TB-causing bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) would
be considered the "hazard" or "hazardous biological agent".

B. Types of Hazards
 The six main categories of hazards in the workplace

1. Safety hazards ·
2. Biological hazards 
3. Physical hazards 
4. Ergonomic hazards 
5. Chemical hazards 
6. Workload hazards.

1) Safety hazards
 Are unsafe working conditions that can cause injury, illness, death
and are the most common workplace risks.
 They include: Anything that can cause spills or trips such as cords
running across the floor.

2) Biological hazards 
 Are organic substances that present a threat to the health of people and
other living organisms.
Some examples of biological hazards are:
 Mold and Fungi.
 Blood and Body Fluids.
 Sewage.
 Airborne pathogens such as the common cold
 Stinging insects.
 Harmful plants.
 Animal and Bird Droppings.

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 3) Physical hazards
 Are substances or activities that threaten your physical
safety? These include unsafe conditions that can cause
injury, illness and death
 Physical hazards include exposure to slips, trips, falls,
electricity, noise, vibration, radiation, heat, cold and fire.

4) Ergonomic hazards
 Are physical conditions that may pose risk of injury to the
musculoskeletal system, such as the muscles or ligaments of
the lower back, tendons or nerves of the hands/wrists, or
bones surrounding the knees, resulting in a musculoskeletal
disorder.

5) A chemical hazard
 Is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to
chemicals in the workplace? Exposure to chemicals in the
workplace can cause acute or long-term detrimental health
effects.
 Hazardous chemicals are substances that can cause
adverse health effects such as poisoning, breathing
problems, skin rashes, allergic reactions, allergic
sensitization, cancer, and other health problems from exposure.
Many hazardous chemicals are also classified as dangerous goods

6) Workload 
 Is one of the biggest drivers of work-related stress in the
education sector. Excessive workload is
a hazard because it may lead to work-related stress,
which in turn can lead to ill health, both physical and
mental.

C. SEVEN (7) COMMOM WORKPLACE SAFETY HAZARDS

1. Working at height
 Employers may not know they have to provide fall protection, or the fall
protection gear may not be worn properly or not hooked up to anything.
2. Poor housekeeping
 Clutter, leaks or standing water also can contribute to slips, trips and
falls.
3. Electrical – Extension cords
 Establishing a system to periodically inspect extension cords, and
training employees on that system to ensure the cords stay in good
working condition and worn-out cords are placed out of service.
4. Forklifts

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  Trucks should be regularly inspected to ensure they are in proper
working order, and employers should create designated walkways.
5. Lockout/tag out
 Proper lockout/tag out procedures can help prevent serious injuries,
but only if those procedures are followed.
6. Chemicals
 Another potential hazard is transferring chemicals from one container to
another. Even if employees feel comfortable around the chemicals and
have worked with them for years, the containers must be labeled as
required under the standard.
7. Confined spaces
 Confined spaces can present a number of hazards. Many tragedies
involving confined spaces have occurred because an employer didn’t
issue a permit or failed to carry out a risk assessment.

II. RISK

A. What is risk?
 A. risk is the possibility of something bad happening. Risk involves
uncertainty about the effects/implications of an activity with respect to
something that human value, often focusing on negative, undesirable
consequences.

B. What are the common risk at workplace?

 There are many potential risks to a person's health and safety at work which
can vary greatly, depending upon the environment in which the work takes
place. The key for all employers is to undertake a thorough Risk
Assessment of their own working environment a careful examination into what
could cause harm to people in the workplace.

Here are a number of health and safety issues that employers should
make contingencies for:
1. Slips and Trips - The most common form of Injury or Accident at Work in
which resulting falls can be serious. It's a particularly important subject,
especially if members of the public use your premises.

2. Asbestos - is the largest cause of work related ill health and fatal disease.
Almost all asbestos-related deaths and ill health are due to exposure which
occurred several decades ago but if you work with asbestos, or come into
contact with it during repair and maintenance work, you are at risk. You
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 should avoid working with asbestos if possible, but if not, you must do it
safely.

3. Hazardous Substances - These can include chemicals that people make or

work with directly and also dust, fumes and bacteria which can be present
in the workplace. Exposure can occur by breathing them in, contact with
the skin, splashing them into your eyes and swallowing them. If exposure
is not prevented or properly controlled, serious illness and even death can
result.

4. Working at Height - Falls from a height account for around 70 fatalities

and 4000 major injuries in the workplace each year. One of the main
causes is falling from ladders. To prevent falls from height, you should
consider the risks to all your workers, ensure they are trained and that
they have suitable and safe equipment for the tasks and are properly
managed and supervised.

5. Excessive Noise - High Levels of Noise at work can cause hearing loss. It

can accumulate over many years and young people can be damaged just as
easily as older members of the workforce. It can cause sufferers to be
unable to engage in conversation with friends which can result in feelings
of isolation.

6. Vibration - Vibration from working with hand-held power tools, equipment

or processes can damage the upper limbs causing 'hand-arm vibration
syndrome'. This is a painful, irreversible condition which includes
'vibration white finger' and the effects can be impaired blood circulation,
damage to the nerves and muscles and the inability to be able to grip
things easily. Back damage can be caused by vibration from a vehicle or
machine passing through a seat to the driver's body through the buttocks,
known as 'whole-body vibration'. This can also be caused by standing on a
platform of a vehicle or machine where the vibration passed through the
operator's feet.

7. Electrical Risks - Most electrical deaths at work are caused by contact

with underground or overhead power cables but electric shocks from faulty
equipment can also have other repercussive effects such as falling from
ladders or other platforms. Poorly maintained and faulty electrical
appliances can also result in the outbreak of fire which can result in the
death or injury of others.

7. Work Equipment - Any equipment used at work must be right for the job
and safe to use. It should also be well maintained and inspected regularly.
Training employees to use the equipment correctly is also important. Many
serious and, sometimes, fatal, accidents occur each day because
equipment is old or faulty or the operator hasn't been trained to use it

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 correctly or has neglected to follow the manufacturer's guidelines in how to
use it properly.
8. Risks from Transport - Every year, about 70 people are killed and over
2500 seriously injured connected to transport in the workplace. These
accidents range from being struck or run over by moving vehicles, falling
from vehicles or vehicles overturning. Vehicles operating in the workplace
can include cars and vans, lift trucks, heavy goods vehicles, dumpers,
specialized vehicles or plant. Since the operating conditions are different
and there is a confined space in which to operate, there is often more
danger from vehicles within the workplace than there is on the open road.
C. What is a risk assessment?
Risk assessment
 Is the combined effort of identifying and analyzing potential events that may
negatively impact individuals, assets, and/or the environment; and making
judgments on the tolerability of the risk on the basis of a risk analysis.

D. What is the main purpose or importance of risk assessment?

 The main purpose of risk assessments is to identify health and safety
hazards and evaluate the risks presented within the workplace.

E. Types of risk assessment

1. Qualitative risk analysis 
Risks will be scored based on their probability or likelihood of occurring
and the impact on project objectives should they occur.

2. Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)

A QRA is an essential tool to support the understanding of exposure
of risk to employees, the environment, company assets and its reputation.

3. Generic risk assessments 

Generic Risk assessments that are filled in but have not been adapted to a
specific site or project. They are completed for a general activity, for
example, roofing, but not for the specific roof you are about to work on. 

4. Site-specific risk assessments

Are risk assessments that have been adapted to a specific site, and only
contain relevant information for that particular project. Site-specific risk
assessments take into account the actual site conditions and type of
project and address only the relevant hazards.

5. Dynamic risk assessment 

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 Is the process of continually observing and analyzing risks and hazards in
a changing, or high-risk, environment? This allows workers to quickly
identify new risks and remove them.

F. Five benefits of doing risk assessments

 Hazard identification and risk assessment will help you:
1) Recognize and control hazards in your workplace.
2) Create awareness among your employees – and use it as a training
tool as well.
3) Set risk management standards, based on acceptable safe practices
and legal requirements.
4) Reduce incidents in the workplace.
5) Save costs by being proactive instead of reactive.

G. When to conduct risk assessment?

 The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) says risk should be assessed "every
time there are new machines, substances and procedures, which could
lead to new hazards." An employer should carry out a risk assessment:
whenever a new job brings in significant new hazards.

H. How to conduct risk assessment?

 There are no fixed rules on how a risk assessment should be carried out,
but there are a few general principles that should be followed.
 Five steps to risk assessment can be followed to ensure that your risk
assessment is carried out correctly, these five steps are:
1. Identify the hazards
2. Decide who might be harmed and how
3. Evaluate the risks and decide on control measures
4. Record your findings and implement them
5. Review your assessment and update if necessary

Step 1: Identify the hazards

 In order to identify hazards you need to understand the difference between a
‘hazard’ and ‘risk’. A hazard is ‘something with the potential to cause harm’
and a risk is ‘the likelihood of that potential harm being realized’.
 Hazards can be identified by using a number of different techniques such as
walking round the workplace, or asking your employees.
Step 2: Decide who might be harmed and how
 Once you have identified a number of hazards you need to understand who
might be harmed and how, such as ‘people working in the warehouse’, or
members of the public.
Step 3: Evaluate the risks and decide on control measures

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 After ‘identifying the hazards’ and ‘deciding who might be harmed and how’
you are then required to protect the people from harm. The hazards can either
be removed completely or the risks controlled so that the injury is unlikely.
Step 4: Record your findings
 Your findings should be written down it’s a legal requirement where there are
5 or more employees; and by recording the findings it shows that you have
identified the hazards, decided who could be harmed and how, and also shows
how you plan to eliminate the risks and hazards.

Step 5: Review your assessment and update as and when necessary

 You should never forget that few workplaces stay the same and as a result
this risk assessment should be reviewed and updated when required.
I. Who Conducts the Risk Assessment?
 The risk assessment may be conducted by the employer or their
representative, or it may be purchased from a competent service provider.
J. Failure to conduct proper risk assessment will lead into the following.
1) Fine- a fine (penalty is a penalty of money that a court of law or other
authority decides has to be paid as punishment for a crime or other offence.
The amount of a fine can be determined case by case, but it is often
announced in advance
2) Employee Turnover-In the context of human resources, turnover is the act of
replacing an employee with a new employee. Partings between organizations
and employees may consist of termination, retirement, death, interagency
transfers, and resignations.
3) Costumer Dissatisfaction-A consumer complaint or customer complaint is
"an expression of dissatisfaction on a consumer's behalf to a responsible
party". It can also be described in a positive sense as a report from a
consumer providing documentation about a problem with a product or service.
4) Missed Opportunities – Not identifying threats and opportunities to achieving
business objectives can also lead to missed opportunities. While this may not
seem like a big deal on the surface, missing opportunities can lead to a loss of
market share and eventual irrelevance.
5) Negative or Damaged Reputation – This consequence of ignoring risk
management is similar to customer dissatisfaction, but its impact is more
significant since it usually involves nefarious activities within an organization.
6) Product Failure-a product is a failure when its presence in the market leads
to: The withdrawal of the product from the market for any reason; The
inability of a product to achieve the anticipated life cycle as defined by the
organization due to any reason; or, the ultimate failure of a product to achieve
profitability.
7) Financial Loss - loss of money or decrease in financial value, nonpayment,
no remittal, default - loss resulting from failure of a debt to be paid.
Capital loss - the amount by which the purchase price of an asset exceeds the
selling price; the loss is realized when the asset is sold.

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8) Business Failure-refers to a company ceasing operations following its inability
to make a profit or to bring in enough revenue to cover its expenses. A
profitable business can fail if it does not generate adequate cash flow to meet
expenses.

K. HAZARDS, SAFETY SIGN AND HOW TO AVOID THEM

1. (HAZARD)-Breathing welding fumes can be hazardous to your health.

Keep your head out of the fumes do not inhale the
fumes. Use enough ventilation, exhaust the arc, or
both, to keep fumes and gases from your breathing
zone and from general area. Use enough forced
ventilation or local exhaust (force suction) at the arc
to remove the fumes from your breathing area. Use a
ventilating fan to remove fumes from the breathing
zone and welding area.

2. (HAZARD)-Welding can cause fire or explosion.

 Welding sparks can cause fire. Keep a fire extinguisher
nearby, and make sure there is a trained fire watcher
ready to used it.
 Do not weld near flammable material. Keep flammables at
least 35 feet away, protect them with flame-proof covers.

3. (HAZARD)-Confine space can be hazardous.

 Work in a confined space only if it is well ventilated, or
while wearing an air-supplied respirator. Always have
a trained or experienced person nearby.
 Welding fumes and gases can displace air in lower the
oxygen level, causing injury or death. Be sure the air
around you is safe.

4. (HAZARD)-Arc rays can burn your eyes and skin.

 Used a welding helmet with correct filter shade. Wear a
welder’s cap and safety glasses with side shields. Used
air protection when welding out of position or in
confined space. Bottom your shirt collar.

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  Always put on complete body protection. Wear oil-free protective clothing
such as leather gloves, heavy shirt and pants, and high boots.

5. (HAZARD)-Electric shock from welding electrodes or wiring can kill you.

 Insulate yourself from electric shock, Use non-
flammable, protective material like dry wood or
plywood, or other insulating material board enough
to cover your full area of contact with the works or
ground.
 Do not touch electrode with bare hands. Do not
wear wet or damaged gloves. Wear dry, hole-free
insulating gloves and body protection. Don not
touch live electrical parts.
 Do not use AC weld output in damp, wet, or
combined spaces, or where there is danger of
falling. Use AC output ONLY if it is required for the
welding process. If AC output is indeed required,
use remote output control if present on unit.
 Disconnect input plugs or power before working on
a machine.

6. (HAZARD)-Hot Parts can cause severe burns.

 Do not touch hot parts with your bare hands. Always
allow a cooling period before working on a gun or torch.
To handle hot parts, use proper tools and wear heavy,
insulating welding gloves and clothing to prevent burns.

7. (HAZARD)-Flying metal can injure eyes.

 Welding, Chipping, wire brushing, and
grinding cause sparks and can result in
flying metal. As welds cool, they can also
throw off slag.
 Wear approved safety glasses with side
shields even under your welding helmet.

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8. (HAZARD)- NOISE can damage hearing

 Noise from some process or equipment can

damage your hearing. Always wear approved ear
protection if noise levels are high.

9. (HAZARD)-Cylinders can explode if damaged

 Since gas cylinders are normally part of the welding
process, and may be part of the cutting process as
well, be sure to treat them carefully.
 Install cylinders in an upright position by securing
them to a stationary support or cylinder rack to
prevent falling or tipping.
 Keep protective cap in place over valve
except when cylinder is in use or
connected for use.
 Shielding gas cylinders contain gas
under high pressure. If damaged, a
cylinder can explode. Keep compressed gas cylinders away
from excessive heat, mechanical shocks, slag, open flames,
sparks, and arcs.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.2-1
(LO 2 Use protective clothing and devices)

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, you must be able to Identify the
different types and uses of personal protective equipment.
Introduction:
This course is designed to enhance the knowledge, desirable attitudes and
skills to perform Shielded Metal Arc Welding work and Identify the different types
and uses of personal protective equipment.

I. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

The use of PPE is a good safe practice and may be required by regulatory
agencies. Appropriate protection selected and used in accordance with OHS
requirements or industry company policy.
 Examples of PPE equipment and
clothing are:
 Body Protection
 Arc welding helmets and shields
 hand shield
 Leather gloves
 Leather or cotton sleeves
 Footwear
 Protective lenses
 Goggles
 Earmuffs
 Earplug 

NEVER LOOK AT THE ARC WITH THE NAKED EYE

1) Body Protection
 Either a leather apron or coveralls or work shirt made of a
flame-retardant material will protect the body during arc
welding.
 The brilliant light given off by the electric arc produces
invisible ultraviolet and infrared rays which can severely
burn the eyes and skin.

2) Arc welding helmets and shields

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 
Helmets and shields are equipped with special filtered lenses that reduce
the intensity of the light and prevent the ultraviolet and infrared rays from
reaching the eyes.
 The welding helmets is designed especially for the purpose of arc welding. It
fits on the head using a plastic adjustable headband. The helmets leave
both hands free for working and positioning materials.
3) hand shield
 A hand shield is a type of welder’s mask. Like a standard
welder’s shield, it covers the face from the lower jaw to the
brow line, with an opening to accommodate standard welder’s
protective lenses.
The hand shield is used for observing. It is NOT
advisable to use the hand shield when welding
since one hand must be used to hold the shield in
place.
4) Leather gloves
 Gloves protect the hands from burns during welding. The
gloves should be made of thick leather and have long cuffs to
protect wrist and prevent sparks from falling into them.

5) Leather or cotton sleeves

 Nonflammable material should be worn on the arms to
protect from burns due to sparks and intense heat.

6) Footwear
 Never wear open toed shoes while working with hot metal or
a welding apparatus.
 Leather boots should be worn while arc welding

7) Protective lenses
 Welding lenses are not simply colored glass, but
are special lenses which screen out almost 100%
of the infrared and ultraviolet rays.
 These protective lenses come in different shades,
depending on the type of welding you are doing.
Different type of welding use different amounts
of voltage and current which determine the
intensity of the light and the amount of
ultraviolet and infrared rays produced.

Spot welding requires the fewest amperes, and thus

requires the least amount of shading in lens.
Arc welding machine require from less than 30 to
over 400 amperes.

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 Lens shade range from number 5(which provides the least
amount of protection) to shade 14 (which provides the most
protection)
 Shade 5 is used for light spot welding
 Shade 6 and 7 are suitable or welding with up to 30
amperes.
 Shade 8 is for welding with 30-75 amperes.
 Shade 10 can be used when welding with 75-200
amperes.
 Shade 12 is used when welding with 200-400 amperes
 Shade 14 is required when welding with over 400 amperes

8) Goggles

 Goggles, or safety glasses, are forms of protective eyewear that

usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in
order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking
the eyes. 
Welding goggles must be worn when chipping slag if a shell lens is not
provided in the helmet. NEVER CHIP SLAG WITHOUT PROTECTIVE
EYEWEAR.

9) Earmuffs 
 Are clothing accessories or PPE designed to cover a
person's ears for hearing protection . They consist of
a thermoplastic or metal head-band, that fits over the top or
back of the head, and a cushion or cup at each end, to cover
the external ears.

10) Earplug 

 Is a device that is inserted in the ear canal to protect the user's

ears from loud noises, intrusion of water, foreign bodies, dust or
excessive wind. Since they reduce the sound volume, earplugs are
often used to help prevent hearing loss (ringing of the ears).
II. Gearing up Safely for work

1. Welders should be properly clothed and protected because of the heat,

ultra-violet rays, and sparks, produced during the welding process.
2. Always avoid clothing with tears, snags, rips or worn spots as these are
easily ignited by sparks. Your sleeves and collars should be kept buttoned.
Your hands should be protected with leather gauntlet gloves.

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 3. A pair of high top leather
shoes, preferably safety shoes,
is good protection for your feet.
If low shoes are worn, your
ankles should be protected by
fire resistant leggings.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-1

(L0 3 Perform safe handling of tools, equipment and materials)
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, you must be able to execute
correctly the procedure in Performing safe handling of tools, equipment and
materials.
Introduction:
This course is designed to enhance the knowledge, desirable attitudes and
skills to perform Shielded Metal Arc Welding work to Perform safe handling of
tools, equipment and materials.

I. PERFORM SAFE HANDLING OF TOOLS

A. SAFE HANDLING OF TOOLS

Before Proceeding Please refer to
Tools and equipment are very important
self-check 1.2-1
therefore important to ensure that you are able
to handle tools and equipment in the safest way
See attached Formative assessment
possible. This goes a long way in ensuring that
you will greatly lower the possibility of injuries
and accidents from occurring. The maintenance
of tools and equipment is ensuring that the tools
are maintained to their best working condition.

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 Lack of proper maintenance of tools is expensive in that it may bring about grave
injuries and can equally bring about the breakdown of the equipment.
Therefore, it is important to ensure that tools used are well taken care of and
properly maintained.

1. REGULAR CLEANING OF TOOLS

 Clean tools and equipment after every single use. This to ensure that
rust and other related damage that occurs to tools due to dirt are
greatly reduced.

2. TOOL BOARDS OR STORAGE CABINETS

 The tool board should be large enough to handle all of the hand tools
used in the shop. A vertical tool board is recommended so all of the
tools are visible at once and easily accessible

 tool board or storage cabinet should have closing doors that can be
locked for security.
 The tools should be fitted so that each
can hang individually when not in use. A
system should be set up to store similar
tools in the same section to facilitate
inventory checks. Nails and clips can be
used to hang each tool.
 Ideally, each tool is outlined, so that
each tool can be returned quickly to the correct spot. Missing tools are
easily detected using this method.

B. HERE ARE 10 QUICK EASY TIPS FOR SAFETY HANDLE WITH HAND TOOLS

1. INSPECT YOUR TOOLS

 Never use a damaged or defective hand tool. Always make sure they are in
good working order before and after each use.
2. PICK THE RIGHT TOOL
 Make sure you are using the correct tool for the task at hand.
3. WEAR YOUR PPE
 Issue personal protective equipment to your employees and make sure
they wear them properly. This comprises of items like safety goggles, hard
hats, etc.
4. DON’T ALTER YOUR TOOLS
 Never remove guards or disable safety devices on power tools. Don’t paint
or cover up your tools as this could prevent you from noticing chips or
cracks.
5. HANDLE WITH CARE
 Never throw or toss a tool in the direction of or directly to a coworker.
Never use electrical cords to lower or lift a tool to get it to a workspace.
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6. KEEP YOUR DISTANCE
 When working with hand tools be sure you have enough room to safely
operate without coming into contact with other objects or coworkers.
7. PICK UP AFTER YOURSELF
 Don’t leave idle hand tools lying around the job site. They can lead to
tripping or be accidentally knocking on someone’s head.
8. UNPLUG AND DISCONNECT
 Don’t leave electric power tools plugged in when not in use, when making
adjustments such as replacing blades and bits, or loading fasteners.
9. KEEP YOUR WORKSPACE CLEAN
 A cluttered floor can lead to accidental trips or falls which can be
extremely dangerous when working with hand and power tools.
10. GET TRAINED UP
 Make sure you and your employees are thoroughly trained on the proper
use of hand tools required for the task at hand.

II. PERFORM SAFE HANDLING OF EQUIPMENT

A. SAFE HANDLING OF EQUIPMENT

1. REGULAR MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT

 Moving parts in equipment should be regularly lubricated. This is to

reduce the effects of friction that brings about excessive wear and
tear of the moving parts. Exposed equipment should be lubricated on
a daily basis to ensure that the effects of direct exposure to the
environment do not affect their efficiency.

2. REGULAR INSPECTION OF EQUIPMENT

 The regular inspection is undertaken on equipment is also quite
important in that it helps in ensuring that defects in the equipment
are identified. Other than inspection, it is also important to ensure
that replacement of parts or of the whole equipment especially
equipment that is prone to wear and tear.

Example of how to handle equipment safety

 Ensure the correct equipment is used for the job.
 Provide appropriate manual of equipment.
 Plan any work to minimize risks identified.

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  Use appropriate warning signs.
 Provide appropriate training and guidelines to worker.
 Maintain and check equipment regularly.
 Lubricate the moving parts of equipment before and after used.
 Never leave the equipment not unplug when not in used.
 Put your equipment in its proper place after used.
 Dot not used your equipment if you have found abnormalities.

III. PERORM SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIAL

A. SAFE HANDLING OF MATERIAL

1. MATERIAL STORAGE
 Angle iron, steel rods, and scrap iron should be stored in
vertical rack s facilitate both long and short items and utilize
wall space better than most other material storage systems.
The desire materials can also be easily reached without
removing too many additional materials.
 Separate vertical racks should be used to store different types
and widths of lumber and various metal material.
 Do not store materials past the horizontal stabilizer bars. The
materials will no longer be supported from falling and can
cause serious injury.

2. PROPER STACKING AND STORAGE

 Steel pipes should be stacked in the proper storage racks when they are in
storage. Because pipes are often in constant contact with each other during
transportation and during the stacking process, there is a potential for friction
or impact which could damage the surface of the pipe.
 When metal is damaged, it can be more vulnerable to contaminants, extreme
heat  or cold, or corrosion from exposure to moisture. This is why you should
use the several products designed to minimize contact and motion between
pipes.
 Storage racks

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 One important part of storing and protecting steel pipes is the design of its
storage system. A secure storage rack for your pipes should be to correct size to
support the diameter, weight, and length of the pipes you need to transport or
store.
 Pipe chocks
o Pipe chocks are pyramid-shaped wedges that are placed
underneath a pipe on either side to hold it in place. It is
important to use pipe chocks throughout your stacks to reduce
motion, especially if you are using a storage rack that does not
hold each pipe individually.
 Bumper rings
o Just like the bumpers on a car, bumper rings protect the pipes
from hitting each other. These rings are often fitted around the
outside of the pipe, usually at both ends and one in the middle.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.4-1

(L04 Perform first aid)
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, you must be able to execute
correctly the procedure in Performing first aid.
Introduction:
This course is designed to enhance the knowledge, desirable attitudes and
skills to Perform first aid.
I. BASIC FIRST AID STEPS IN CASE OF EMERGENCY
1. COOL DOWN A VICTIM OF HEAT EXHAUSTION OR STROKE RIGH AWAY
Although generally mistaken for each other, heat exhaustion and heat stroke
are two different things.
Heat exhausting can occur anywhere that
has poor air circulation (e.g., in confined
spaces, around an open furnace or heavy
machinery). The body reacts to this through
rapid increase in the heart rate.
Simple heat exhaustion can also occur when
the victim loses body fluids salt. The
symptoms are usually excessive fatigue,
dizziness and disorientation. The victims skin
tone and temperature may appear normal
but he is likely to complain about a damp
and clammy feeling.
To treat heat exhaustion
 Move the victim to a cool spot and encourage him to drink cool water
immediately and rest.

 Fan the victim to provide good air circulation until medical help arrives.

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  Heat stroke on the other hand is much more serious and occurs when the
body’s sweat glands have shut down. Some symptoms of heat stroke are
dry and mottled skin, fever, metal confusion, fainting and
unconsciousness.

2. TAKE THE POISONING VICTIM AWAY FROM THE SOURCE QUICKLY

In the case of poisoning, the very first thing to you should do is to get the victim
away from the poison as quickly as possible. After doing this, you may now
provide treatment appropriate for the kind of poisoning involved.

To treat the poisoning victim

 If the poison is in solid form, such as pills, remove it from
the victim’s mouth using a clean cloth wrapped around
your finger.
 If the poison is a gas, you may need a respirator to protect
yourself. After checking the area first for your safety, lead
or drag the victim away to where he can quickly get a
breath of fresh air.
 If the poison is corrosive to the skin, remove the victims clothing from the
affected area and run cool or tap water over the burn for some 30 minutes.
 Take the poisons container or label with you when you call for medical help
because you will need to be able to answer questions about it. Try to stay calm
and follow the instructions you are given.
 If the poison is in contact with the eyes, flush the victim’s eyes for a minimum
of 15 minutes with clean water.

3. PERFORM THE HEIMLICH MANEUVER ON CHOKING VICTIMS

This emergency technique is a standard and universally tested method for

removing a foreign object lodged in the air ways that is preventing a person from
breathing.

To treat choked victim

 To perform the Heimlich Maneuver, first
ask the victim to cough, speak, or breathe.
If he cannot do any of these things, stand
behind the victim and locate his bottom rib
with your hand.

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  Move one hand across the victim’s stomach to the area above the navel,
and then make a fist and place your thumb side on the stomach.
 Place your other hand over your fist and press into the victim’s stomach
with a quick upward thrust until the food or solid object is dislodged.

4. DON’T MOVE AN INJURED PERSON UNLESS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY

 Never move or attempt to move an injured person

unless there is a fire in the building or explosive
material is threatening to blow up.
 Moving the victim can make injury worse, which is
especially true with spinal cord injuries.
 If you must move an injured person, try to drag him
or her by the collar or sleeves. If possible, tow the
person carefully onto a blanket or large cloth and
then drag the blanket.

5. QUICKLY TREAT PHYSICAL SHOCK

 Some of the symptoms of shock include cold and

pale or bluish skin, dull and sunken eyes,
vomiting, and unusual thirst.
 Shock requires medical treatment, so as a first
aid responder, all you can do is prevent it from
getting worse.
 You can maintain an open airway so that the
victim can breathe easier and try to control any obvious bleeding, you can
also elevate the victim’s legs about 12 inches above the body, unless an
injury makes this impossible.
 You can also prevent the loss of body heat by covering the victim with
blankets.
 Don’t give the victim anything to eat or drink because this may cause
vomiting. Generally, keep the victim lying flat on his back.
 A victim who is unconscious or bleeding from the mouth should be made to
lie on one side so breathing is easier. Stay with the victim until medical
help arrives.

6. PRESS ON BLEEDING WOUNDS

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  One of the best ways to stop bleeding is to place a clean cloth on the wound
and apply pressure with the palm of your hand until the bleeding stops.
 If it is possible, you should also elevate the wound above the victim’s heart
to slowdown bleeding.
 Once the bleeding stops, do not try to remove the cloth that you have
pressed against the open wound because this can restart the bleeding.
 If the bleeding is very serious, apply pressure to the nearest major pressure
point, located either inside the upper arm between the shoulder and elbow,
or at the groin area where the leg joins the body.
 Direct pressure is better than applying weight at a pressure point or using
a tourniquet because it stops blood circulation only at the wound. Only
resort to using the pressure points if elevation and direct pressure cannot
control bleeding.
 It is not advisable to use tourniquet (like a bandage tightened with a stick)
to control the flow of blood, except during an extreme emergency, where the
victims arm or leg has been severed or cut off. Tourniquets can damage
nerves and blood vessels, and may cause the victim to lose an arm or leg.

7. CALL FOR MEDICAL HELP AT ONCE

 Remember always to get immediate treatment from a doctor

for every injury, regardless how small you may think it is.
 In many reported cases, a seemingly minor and unimportant
injury, such as a splinter wound or a puncture wound, has
quickly led to an infection, threatening the general health
and even the life of the employee.

8. RUN COLD OR TAP WATER OVER BURNS

 There are many different types of burns: thermal,

chemical, electrical or contact burns. All of these
burns can be inflicted in different ways, but
treatment for them is very similar.
 For thermal, chemical, or contact burns, the first
step is to run cold water over the burn for a
minimum of 20 minutes.
 If the burn is small enough, keep it completely under water. Always run
water over the burn FIRST. Doing this should take priority over calling for
help.
 Cover the burn with a clean, cotton material. If you do not have clean,
cotton material, do not cover the burn with anything.
 Do not scrub the burn and do not apply any soap, ointment, or home
remedies. Also, don’t offer the burn victim anything to drink or eat, but
keep the victim covered with a blanket to maintain normal body
temperature until medical help arrives

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  Once the victim is stable, begin to run cold water over the burns for a
minimum of 20 minutes.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.5-1
(LO5 Use fire extinguisher)
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, you must be able to execute
correctly the procedure in:
1. Identify the different types of fire extinguisher.
Introduction:
This course is designed to enhance the knowledge, desirable attitudes and
skills to Use fire extinguisher.

I. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
A. Each fire extinguisher is designed to put out fires on certain types of material.
Some fire extinguisher can be used on more than one type of fire. However,
using the wrong kind of fire extinguisher can be dangerous, causing the fire to
spread, an electrical shock, or an explosion.

The FIVE kinds of fire extinguisher are:

1. Type A
2. Type B
3. Type C
4. Type D
5. Type K

1. TYPE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER: Green

 Are used for combustible solids such as paper, wood, and cloth. The
symbol for type A fire extinguisher is a green triangle with the letter A in
the center.
2. TYPE B FIRE EXTINGUISHERS: Red
 Are used for combustible liquids, such as oil, gas, and paint thinner. The
symbol for a type B fire extinguisher is a red square with the letter B in the
center.
3. TYPE C FIRE EXTINGUISHERS: Blue
 Are used for electrical fires for example, they are used on fires involving
motors, fuse boxes, and welding machines. The symbol for type C fire
extinguisher is blue circle with the letter C in the center.
4. TYPE D FIRE EXTINGUISHERS: Orange
 Are used on fires involving combustible metals, such as zinc, magnesium,
and titanium. The symbol for type D fire extinguisher is a yellow star with
the letter D in the center.
5. TYPE K FIRE EXTINGUISHERS: Black
 Are used on fires involving cooking media (fats, grease, and oils) in
commercial cooking sites such as restaurants. These fire
extinguishers work on the principle of saponification.
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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.5-2
(How to use fire extinguisher)

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, you must be able to execute
correctly the procedure in using fire extinguisher.
Introduction:
This course is designed to enhance the knowledge, desirable attitudes and
skills to perform and Use fire extinguisher.

I. HOW TO USED A FIRE EXTINGUISHER.

 It’s easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you can remember the
acronym PASS, which stands for Pull, Aim, Squeeze and Sweep.

1. Pull the Pin.

 This will Allow you to discharge the
extinguisher.

2. Aim at the base of the fire.

 If you aim at the flames (which is frequently the
temptation), the extinguishing agent will fly
right through and no good. You want hit the
fuel.

3. Squeeze the top handle or lever.

 This depresses a button that releases the
pressurized extinguishing agent in the
extinguisher.

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 4. Sweep from side to side.
 Until the fire is completely out. Start using the
extinguisher from a safe distance away, then
move forward. Once the fire is out, keep an eye
on the area in case it re-ignites.

II. PARTS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

A. Water extinguishers

 A water extinguisher is like a giant water pistol,

but instead of using pressure from your finger to
fire out the water, it uses pressure from a
trapped gas (the propellant). Typically, this is
nitrogen or carbon dioxide.

1. A ring or pin on the handle stops the fire

extinguisher from being set off by accident. It
also acts as a tamper-proof seal: if the ring is
broken or missing, you know the extinguisher
needs to be checked.
2. Inside the sturdy steel case, there's a canister
containing high-pressure gas (orange with
blue hashing).
3. Most of the extinguisher is filled with water (blue).
4. A tube runs right up the inside of the tube to a nozzle outside (gray).
5. The nozzle often ends in a piece of bendy plastic so you can easily direct it
toward the base of a fire.
6. To operate the extinguisher, you pull the ring and press the handle.
7. Pressing the handle opens a valve (shown here as a green arrow) that
releases the pressurized gas from the canister.
8. The gas immediately expands and fills the inside of the extinguisher,
pushing the water downward
9. As the water is pushed down, it rises up the tube
10. A jet of water emerges from the nozzle.

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B. Foam extinguisher—mechanical

 The outer container in this case is filled with water. The central container
holds a carbon dioxide charge and a foam solution.
 A plunger mechanism with a safety guard is located above the central
container. When the plunger is depressed the carbon dioxide is released
and the foam solution and water mix.
 They are then forced out through a special nozzle which creates the
mechanical foam. This extinguisher has an internal pipe and is operated
upright.

Foam extinguishers are used on Class B fires and will be located in the vicinity of
flammable liquids.

MAINTENANCE AND TESTING

1. All portable extinguishers are pressure vessels and must therefore be

regularly checked.
2. The dry powder extinguisher is tested to 35 bar once every four years. Most
extinguishers should be tested by discharge over a period of one to five
years, depending on the extinguisher type.
3. Where practicable the operating mechanisms of portable extinguishers
should be examined every three months. Any plunger should be checked for
free movement, vent holes should be clear and cap threads lightly greased.
Most extinguishers with screw-on caps have a number of holes in the
threaded region. These are provided to release pressure before the cap is
taken off: they should be checked to be clear.

Types of portable fire extinguisher

There are four principal types of portable extinguisher usually found on board
ship. These are the soda-acid, foam, dry powder and carbon dioxide
extinguishers. Details as below:

1. Soda acid portable fire extinguisher

 The container of this extinguisher

holds a sodium bicarbonate solution.
The screw-on cap contains a plunger
mechanism covered by a safety guard.

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2. Foam type portable fire
extinguisher

 The main container is filled

with sodium bicarbonate
solution and a long inner
polythene container is filled
with aluminium sulphate.

3. Dry powder fire extinguishers

 The outer container contains sodium

bicarbonate powder. A capsule of carbon
dioxide gas is located beneath a plunger
mechanism in the central cap

4. CO2 portable fire extinguisher

 A very strong container is

used to store liquid carbon
dioxide under pressure

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