12 2ND SEM

Q2 WEEK 3

LUISA MEDEL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Ramylu Drive Brgy. Tangub, Bacolod City

11

Computer Systems
Servicing

Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 3
5S Principles

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 EXPECTATIONS

A. define the 5S principles;

B. explain the 5S principles; and
C. appreciate the importance of 5S principles.

PRETEST

Direction: Read each statement below carefully. Write T if the statement is

TRUE. Write F if the statement is FALSE.

1. 5S helps facilities prevent lost efficiency from disrupted work

or unplanned downtime by offering a systematic structure for organization
and cleanliness.
2. Sort, or "seiton," which translates to "tidiness," is the first
phase in the 5S method. The aim of the Sort step is to remove clutter and
clean up room by eliminating items that do not belong in the place.

3. Take a close look at the objects, equipment, and materials in

a working area for this move. Things that are required or useful in that room
for the work being done should be kept there.

4. Initially, the second step, Set in Order, was called "seiri,"

which translates to "orderliness." In English, for example, a variety of names
were used: "Systematic Arrangement," "Straightening Out," and "Simplify.

5. Standardize, or 'seiketsu,' is the fourth level, which simply

means standardization. You will integrate the latest methods into standard
work processes by writing down what is being done, when and by whom. It
paves the way for long-term transformation.

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 RECAP
In the previous module, you have learned how to create modular box cables. You
were made aware that for telephone systems, data networks, and low-speed serial
connections, modular connectors are widely used. These connectors are cheap, easy
to plug and unplug, and relatively easy to terminate. Usually, a modular connector
has a transparent, plastic shell, with a tab that when linked locks the plug and jack
into place. "They are called "RJ45" in the vernacular used by the technology industry.
You also learned to the scheme, called the Universal Service Order Code (USOC),
used designations to indicate the capacities of jacks in a building that started with
the letters RJ and how they should be wired to connect to the public telephone
network. Usually, RJ plug connections are terminated using a special tool to crimp
the connector onto a cable's conductors. These ties are often made for convenience
in the field; however, the best performance is usually provided by a factory-
assembled RJ cable. With these, you can now create modular box cable. This module
tackles about 5S principles, where you will know the steps of 5S, and each
explanations.

LESSON

5S principle is described as a methodology that results in a clean,

uncluttered, safe, and well-organized workspace that helps to minimize waste and
maximize productivity. It is built, both physically and mentally, to help create a
quality work environment.

The 5S framework is a lean manufacturing system that increases productivity

in the workplace and reduces waste. In the method, there are five steps, each
beginning with the letter S:

5S helps facilities prevent lost efficiency from disrupted work or unplanned

downtime by offering a systematic structure for organization and cleanliness. In
Japan, 5S was created, and the original "S" words were in Japanese, so English
translations can differ for each of the five measures. However, it is easy to understand
the basic ideas and the ties between them.

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The Steps of 5S
STEP NAME JAPANESE TERM EXPLANATION
1. Sort Seiri (tidiness) Remove any unnecessary
things from each area.
2. Set in order Seiton (orderliness) Organization and
detection of storage for
productive use.
3. Shine Seiso (cleanliness) Regularly clean and
inspect each area.
4. Standardize Seiketsu (standardization) Incorporate 5S into
traditional operating
processes.
5. Sustain Shitsuke (discipline) Assign liability, track
progress, and continue
the cycle

These steps feed into each other, which is why the sequence is important. In
step 1 (Sort), cleaning out unnecessary materials will provide the space required to
arrange the essential things in step 2. (Set in Order). And, in step 3, dirt and grime
can be eliminated until the work room is de-cluttered and organized (Shine). Via
phase 4, these improvements to the job duties and work climate of employees should
be reflected in revised procedures (Standardize). Finally, unless accountability is
delegated and progress is monitored, as required for phase 5, these new procedures
will not amount to much (Sustain). And staff will continue to apply the measures
with accountability and monitoring, returning to step 1.

Step 1: Sort - Sort, or "seiri," which translates to "tidiness," is the first phase in the
5S method. The aim of the Sort step is to remove clutter and clean up room by
eliminating items that do not belong in the place.

Take a close look at the objects, equipment, and materials in a working area
for this move. Things that are required or useful in that room for the work being done
should be kept there. It should delete everything else.

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Step 2: Set In Order - "Initially, the second step, Set In Order, was called "seiton,"
which translates to "orderliness." In English, for example, a variety of names were
used: "Systematic Arrangement," "Straightening Out," and "Simplify. No matter what
it's called, this step's aim is to organize the field of work. It should be easy to locate,
use, and return each item: a place for all, and everything in its place.

Tools which are regularly used should be kept near the location where they
are used. In a central location, where many teams can share them, spare equipment,
materials, and other tools that are used less frequently can be stored.

Step 3: Shine - While the first and second steps cleaned up space and structured
the area for performance, this step targets the dirt and grime that eventually builds
up under the clutter and works to prevent it from coming back. The third step of 5S
is Shine, or "seiso," which means "cleanliness."

Every now and then, Shine moves well beyond sweeping a broom around. It
includes routine cleaning, often a frequent wipe-down, and a more thorough cleaning
each week, of any section of the work area.

Step 4: Standardize - The basics of clearing, arranging, and cleaning a workspace

are addressed in the first three stages of 5S; those steps would have short-term
benefits on their own. Standardize, or 'seiketsu,' is the fourth level, which simply
means standardization. You will integrate the latest methods into standard work
processes by writing down what is being done, when and by whom. It paves the way
for long-term transformation.

"If it's not written down, it doesn't happen." Writing down the choices you
make in your 5S program will help ensure that your task does not just vanish. In the
Set in Order stage, if you have made a 5S map, that map can be part of your new

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area norm. In the same way, you should write down the method that you use for red-
tagging products and include it in the standards.

Step 5: Sustain - Sustain, or' shitsuke,' which literally means' discipline,' is the fifth
phase in a 5S program. The definition here is continuing dedication. In an ongoing
period, it is necessary to follow through on the decisions you have made, and
constantly return to the earlier steps of 5S.

The 5S strategy was never intended to be a one-time occurrence, but a

continuing series. This is significant since early achievements in 5S can pave the way
for problems. In the Sort process, if open space becomes usable, but afterwards, tools
and materials can fill the space gradually without any coordination, the result may
be an even greater mess. As a regular part of normal work, the solution is to apply
the 5S ideas over and over. That is why it is so important to keep up.
Although it is the last stage in the chain, maintain is not the end of 5S. One
pass through the steps will disclose issues that were concealed beforehand. Again,
following the measures will address these issues and help find new ways of
improving. To keep your facility at the height of its capacity, go through the cycle
again and again.
5S shows us how to plan a task. Quality and efficiency room by identification
and recycling of used products, Maintenance of the region and goods, and
maintenance of the new order.

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 ACTIVITIES

A. Direction: List down 5S Principles and give its Japanese term and meaning.

5s Principles Japanese Term Meaning

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

B. Direction. Imagine you are inside the computer laboratory. List down steps
on how you can apply 5S.

WRAP-UP

This module talked about the 5S principles. The 5S strategy was never
intended to be a one-time occurrence, but a continuing series. This is significant
since early achievements in 5S can pave the way for problems. In the Sort process,
if open space becomes usable, but afterwards, tools and materials can fill the space
gradually without any coordination, the result may be an even greater mess. As a
regular part of normal work, the solution is to apply the 5S ideas over and over. That
is why it is so important to keep up.

In addition, 5S shows us how to plan a task. Quality and efficiency room by

identification and recycling of used products, Maintenance of the region and goods,
and maintenance of the new order.

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Now, it is time for you to shine by sharing your own thoughts and ideas. There are
blank spaces provided below so you can share it through the following guide
questions:

• Would you be able to make use of this knowledge obtained in this module?
In what scenario would it be?

• Will you apply it personally or in the future when you are already working
for a company? What scenario that would be?

VALUING

DIRECTION: Read and answer the following questions carefully in two to three
sentences each number.

1. What do you think are the importance of 5S Principles?

2. How will you use the knowledge you acquired about 5S Principles?

3. Cite a situation in which you can apply the knowledge of understanding 5S

Principles?

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 Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 3
The Aristotelian and Galilean
Views of Motion

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of motion: vertical motion, horizontal
motion, and projectile motion. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the Aristotelian concepts of vertical motion, horizontal motion, and

projectile motion;

2. describe the concepts of vertical motion, horizontal motion, and projectile

motion according to Galileo; and

3. compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical

motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion.

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Who was the Italian physicist who played a major role in the scientific
revolution, studied natural forces and conducted theoretical and
experimental work on motions of bodies?
a. Galileo Galilei
b. Isaac Newton
c. Johannes Kepler
d. Tycho Brahe
2. Who claimed that heavy and light objects drop in the same way?
a. Aristotle
b. Copernicus
c. Galileo
d. Ptolemy
3. What are the two classes of motion according to Aristotle?
a. Natural motion and dynamic motion
b. Natural motion and sliding motion
c. Natural motion and violent motion
d. Natural motion and weak motion
4. Which of the following is an example of natural motion according to Aristotle?
a. A smoke rises.
b. A kicked soccer ball.
c. A pulled bag.
d. A pushed trolley.
5. Which of the following is an example of a violent motion?
a. An air moving upward.
b. A laptop pushed along the table
c. A vase dropped from the window
d. A water falling
6. Sacks of rice are donated during this pandemic. A sack of rice is pulled by a
volunteer to be given to Ezekiel’s family. According to Aristotle, which of the
following is true about this scenario?
a. The sack of rice experiences momentum.
b. The sack of rice experiences a violent motion.
c. The sack of rice experiences projectile motion.
d. The sack of rice experiences a natural motion.

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7. Which of the following agrees with Galileo’s view of motion?
a. The air rises because the sky is its natural state.
b. The cotton ball will be as fast as the metal ball if dropped in a vacuum.
c. The natural tendency of a mobile phone dropped from a certain height
is to go back to Earth, its natural state.
d. The 5.0kg boulder will stop midway when dropped to the sea.
8. What is true about Aristotle’s theory of motion?
a. Objects fall faster in air than water.
b. The fall of heavy object toward the center of the earth is a violent
motion.
c. The increase in the rate of motion is inversely proportional to the
weight of the object.
d. The object will continue to move even without an external force
applied.
9. What is the belief of Galileo on an object in uniform motion?

a. An object in uniform motion will travel a distance that is proportional

to acceleration.
b. An object in uniform motion will travel a distance that is proportional
to motion.
c. An object in uniform motion will travel a distance that is proportional
to speed.
d. An object in uniform motion will travel a distance that is proportional
to time.
10. Based on Galileo’s experiments, when do you say that motion is uniformly
accelerated?
a. When speed is proportional to time of travel.
b. When speed is proportional to distance.
c. When speed is proportional to acceleration.
d. When speed is proportional to distance velocity.
11. What is the concept of Galileo of a projectile?
a. A projectile is a moving object that will continue to move if it is
impeded, and external force is needed to move it continuously.
b. A projectile is an object in motion, if unimpeded, will cease to move.
c. A projectile is composed of uniform motion in the horizontal direction
and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction.
d. A projectile is composed of uniform motion in the vertical direction and
uniformly accelerated motion in the horizontal direction.
12. What is the relationship between the vertical and horizontal motions based
on Galileo’s concept of projectile motion?
e. The two motions are dependent on each other.
f. The two motions are independent of each other.
g. Vertical motion does affect the horizontal motion.

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 h. When vertical motion is fast, the same is true with the horizontal
motion.
13. Which of the following objects A, B, or C with masses 3 kg, 6 kg, and 9 kg
respectively will reach the ground first neglecting air resistance?
a. Object A will reach the ground first.
b. Object B will reach the ground first.
c. Object C will reach the ground first.
d. The three objects will reach the ground at the same time.
14. Which of the following is true about the projectile of an arrow when shot?
a. It rises because its particles are mostly air.
b. It has continued applied force from the person who shot the arrow.
c. It has both uniform motion and uniformly accelerating motion.
d. It creates a vacuum that sucks air in, and the air pushes the arrow.
15. Jamir and Jake are flying their kites. While running fast, Jamir accidentally
released his kite. He watched it as it slowly rises in the air. According to
Aristotle, which of the following statements is true about the situation?
a. The kite experienced a free fall motion.
b. The kite experienced a violent motion.
c. The kite experienced a projectile motion.
d. The kite experienced a natural motion

The Aristotelian and Galilean

Lesson
Conceptions of Vertical,
1 Horizontal and Projectile
Motions
Motion is the action of changing location or position. Life is motion. From the
coordination of the muscles of our body which enables us to walk, run, and dance to
the pumping of our hearts to deliver blood to the different parts of our bodies are
motion.
The first evidence of the study of the motion of heavenly bodies can be traced
back to the people of Sumeria and Egypt. While the Greeks were the first ones to
study systematically and in detail the heavenly bodies. They regarded the Earth as
the center of the universe, geocentric. This idea of geocentric earth was replaced by
the heliocentric model of Nicolaus Copernicus, where earth and other planets revolve
in circular orbits around the Sun.
These early studies were the foundations of Galileo Galilei, an Italian physicist
to revolutionized Science.

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 What’s In

To get started, you have to choose the terms or names of persons related
to motion from the WORD POOL below. List down these words/names on the
table and write what you know about it.

Heliocentric cannonball Aristotle Kepler

feather hammer Galileo Copernicus geocentric

Ptolemy leaning tower of Pisa

distance inertia acceleration

Term/Name of Person What I know about it?

Notes to the Teacher

Ask learners to name other examples of motion and list them on
the board. Add on the list examples that are not mentioned by
the learners.

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 What’s New

Activity 1.1
The timeline below shows the different personalities involved in the Ancient Greek
Astronomy and during the time of Galileo and Isaac Newton.

Activity 1.1 Guide Questions:

1. Who were the Ancient Greek Astronomers who studied the motion of heavenly
bodies from Aristotle to the year 200 AD?
2. Who were those Astronomers who made contributions to the study of heavenly
bodies from 1400 to the time of Galileo Galilei?
3. Do you think that our current understanding on the physics of motion
happened overnight? Support your answer.
4. What do think were the bases of the different astronomers or natural
philosophers in their explanations of motion?
Our current understanding on the physics of motion did not happen
overnight. Instead, it gradually developed as philosophers took up previously held
philosophies and improved on it or gave critique identifying possible weakness or
inconsistencies with observations.

One such philosophical concept held is the philosophy behind motion in two
particular points, namely, the existence of one unifying explanation for the horizontal
and vertical motions and how projectile motions can be derived from the two and the
quantification of the “rate of fall” or “acceleration”.

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 Aristotle held that the Universe was divided into two regions, the terrestrial
region and the celestial region. He also divided motion into two main classes which
are natural motion and violent motion. On the other hand, Galileo Galilei believed
that a projectile motion is a combination of uniform motion in the horizontal direction
and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction.

What is It

I. Aristotle’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and

Projectile Motion

1. Vertical Motion
Vertical motion is referred to as natural motion. In a natural motion, the
object will move and will return to its natural state based on the object's material
or composition - earth, water, air, and fire.

• For example, Aristotle believed that because a ball fell

when thrown upward, its element was earth.

• Smoke goes up the air because it seeks its natural place

in the atmosphere.

• Aristotelian concept of natural motion is largely vertical

motion which is falling or rising.

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2. Horizontal Motion
An object moving in a violent motion requires push or pull to maintain
horizontal motion. Motion continues only so long as there is an applied force to an
object. When the force is removed, motion stops.

• The example at the right

shows piled boxes of food donations. The
boxes will remain on the floor unless a
push or a pull force is applied.

• Violent motion is imposed

motion caused by pushing or pulling.

• Aristotle classified any motion that required a force as a "violent

motion". (He did not mean violent in the sense that it is marked by the use of
harmful or destructive physical force.)

3. Projectile Motion
Aristotle believed that the projectile motion of an object is parallel to the ground
until it is the object's time to fall back into the ground. An impetus will be kept by
the object until such time that the initial force is forgotten, and the object returns to
its natural state to stop moving and fall to the ground.
He viewed projectile motion as natural and violent motion. He said that heavy
objects fall faster than light ones.

The illustration shows an example of cannon fired which gives

the cannonball an impetus.

A notorious problem for the Aristotelian view was why arrows shot from a
bow continued to fly through the air after they had left the bow and
the string was no longer applying force to them.

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Aristotle's Explanation:
• Initial motive force transfers to the medium initially surrounding the
object a "power" to act as a motive force.

Air flow

• Medium then forces object into new region, which is then imparted with
the "power" to act.

Power transfer

II. Galileo’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and

Projectile Motion
1. Vertical Motion
In the absence of a resistance, objects would fall not depending on their
weight, but in the time of fall. Also, if the object encountered a resistive force from a
fluid equal or greater than its weight, it will slow down and reaches a uniform motion
until it reaches the bottom and stops.

• For example, without any

resistance, a 1-kg object will
be as fast as a 10-kg object when
falling because they fall
with the same
amount of
time, given that they are
released from the same height.

• Also, a stone dropped in the

ocean will sooner or later
travel at constant speed.

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2. Horizontal Motion
An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion, and an
external force is not necessary to maintain the motion. If the Earth’s surface is very
flat and extended infinitely, objects that are pushed will not be impeded. Thus, the
objects will continue to move. This kind of motion, however, is not evident in nature.

For example, if a ball is pushed on an infinitely flat plane, the ball will continue to
roll if unimpeded.

3. Projectile Motion
Galileo performed experiments on uniformly accelerated motion using an
inclined plane, and used the same apparatus to study projectile motion.
• Galileo was credited for quantifying the “rate of fall” by measurement of
distance and time and plotting it graphically. He was able to slow down the “fall”
using ramps rather than viscous materials as Aristotle did resulting to significantly
different conclusions related to the “rate of fall”.
• He correctly measured motion in two independent directions (horizontal
and vertical) and deduced that the “rate of fall” is better measured in terms of
downward acceleration.
• He used geometry to provide better description (kinematics) of projectile
motion whereby horizontal motion has zero acceleration (constant speed horizontally)
and content vertical acceleration.
• By varying the ball's horizontal velocity and vertical drop, Galileo was
able to determine that the path of a projectile is parabolic.
• He believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the
horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction. If it is
not impeded, it will continue to move even without an applied force.
• For example, when you shoot a ball in a basketball ring, the ball does
not need a force to keep it moving.

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 What’s More

Activity 1.2 Mini Lab: Aristotle or Galileo?

Test the following activities below. Take note that in every activity, both
objects should be dropped at the same time and at the same height. (In choosing
the height, be sure that you are safe).

1. Drop a book and a flat sheet of paper.

2. Drop a book and a sheet of paper crumpled to a ball.
3. Drop a book with a small flat sheet of paper on top of it.

Activity 1.2 Guide Questions

1. In all three cases, which object reaches the ground first?
2. In activity 1, what causes the flat sheet of paper to move sideways?
3. In activities 2 and 3, why did the objects fall at the same rate regardless of
their masses?
4. Whose view is more acceptable? Why?

What I Have Learned

Activity 1.3 Table Summary

Summarize your understanding about the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of
motion by filling out the table below. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
ARISTOTELIAN Description Examples
Horizontal Motion

Vertical Motion

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Projectile Motion

GALILEAN Description Examples

Horizontal Motion

Vertical Motion

Projectile Motion

What I Can Do

Activity 1.4 Create your own five-minute Experiment video of a ball

rolling on a table.
Rubric for Grading
The video will be scored from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest. The criteria for grading
are as follows:
Criteria Expectations
Visuals The video is clear and engaging. Camera shots tell the story
visually and no lighting problems.
Audio Loudness and dialogue are balanced. Spoken words show
confidence and are convincing.
Content Delivery of content is precise and complete. Emphasis given
should be based on the discussion.
Timeliness The video should consume the required 5 minutes. For every
less or added minute/s, points will be deducted.

Assessment

Modified True or False. Read each statement carefully. Write True if the statement
is correct and if FALSE, change the italicized word or group of words to make the
statement correct. Use a separate paper for your answer.
_______________1. Aristotle claimed that violent motion is an imposed motion.

______________2. In natural motion, an object will move and will eventually return to
its natural state depending on the composition that the object is made of.

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_______________3. According to Galileo, heavy objects will fall faster than light ones.

_______________4. Aristotle said that to keep the object moving in horizontal motion,
a constant amount of force is needed.
_______________5. Objects dropped simultaneously will reach the ground at the same
time regardless of their masses and air resistance.

_______________6. Galileo concluded that the path taken by a projectile is parabolic.

_______________7. Galileo used an inclined plane to perform his experiments both on

uniformly accelerated motion and to study projectile motion.
_______________8. Aristotle believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform
motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical
direction.
_______________9. A kicked ball is an example of a natural motion.

_______________10. Vertical motion does affect the horizontal motion of a projectile.

_______________11. The “rate of fall” of an object is better measured in terms of

upward acceleration.

_______________12. According to Galileo, a stone dropped in the ocean will sooner or

later travel at constant speed.

_______________13. In Galileo’s view of vertical motion, the fall of the object is

dependent on its weight.

_______________14. To Galileo, natural motion is largely vertical motion.

_______________15. The fall of heavy object toward the center of the earth is a violent
motion.

Additional Activities

Activity 1.5 Mini Lab

Given two one-peso coins, released at the same time, Coin A is dropped while
Coin B is thrown horizontally coming from the same height. Which one do you think
would reach the ground first? Use a sheet of paper for your observations.

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Answer Key

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PLEASE TAKE NOTE THAT YOU ARE ONLY GOING TO ANSWER
THE FOLLWING ACTIVIES. PLEASE MAKE SURE TO WRITE THE
MODULE # and WEEK # IN YOUR ANSWER SHEETS AND LABEL
ALL THE ACTIVITIES.

Task #1 = Assessment

Task #2 =Additional Activities

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 Quarter 2
Reading and Writing Module 3
Properties of A Well-Written Text: Organization

PRETEST
Directions: Sequence the following ideas by numbering them from 1 t0 5 to
form a well written text. Number 1 being the first event and number 5 being
the last event.

_______Then, he ordered the implementation of community quarantine as one

of the non-pharmaceutical interventions against this virus.

_______The president received official report on the spread COVID-19 and its
cases in China.

_______To act on this alarming health risk, he immediately organized the Inter-
Agency Task Force (IATF) to look upon the pros and cons of this virus
and to balance economy and health in our country in making
resolutions.

_______Also, to unmask the said virus, he designated T Czar to oversee the

Testing, Tracing and Treating that are essentials to this war.

_______The president together with the IATF is consistently doing press

conferences for updates and resolutions.

RECAP

In the previous lesson, you have learned that coherence and cohesion
is essential in developing a well- written. It may be achieved by using different
signals and devices.

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 LESSON
Communication plays a vital role in relaying messages to our audience and
recipients. Truly, it is challenging for a sender to make his/her thoughts be
understood precisely. On this note, both oral and written communication
must be treated and delivered in the most comprehensive ways. In doing so,
writers and speakers make use of some techniques and grammatical devices.
For an example, they consider to form their text logically and accurately. Thus,
organization came out as one of the essential properties of a wellwritten text.
Organization is a property of a well-written text that is achieved when
ideas are logically and accurately arranged. This is necessary to create clear
statement or purpose, position, facts, examples, specific details, definitions,
explanations, justifications, or opposing viewpoints. It can be done through a
recognizable plan in relating sentences in paragraph. To secure this, there are
special words that can be used.

1. Chronological Order - first, second, later, before, next

2. Order of importance - less, more, primary, next, last
3. Spatial Order - above, below, beside, next to, in front of
4. Definition order - is, refers to can be defined as, means
5. Classification - classified as, comprises, is composed of
6. Process - first, next, after that, lastly
7. Cause and Effect - due to, for, since, stems from
8. Comparison and Contrast - similarly, like, likewise, in the same way
9. Listing - the following, several, example, for instance
10. Clarification - in fact, in other words, clearly
11. Example - for instance, to illustrate
12. Addition - furthermore, additionally, also, besides
13. Summary - in conclusion, in brief

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Example:
Ideas Organized text

We learned to become faithful and CoVid-19 has taught us core

discipline during this pandemic. values despite its deadly effect to
human race. For instance, we
The privileged ones bowed down to learned to become faithful and
disciplined during this pandemic.
reach out those in the hemline of our
Furthermore, Filipinos reconciled
society by giving not only food, but and revived their unwavering faith to
also empathy and love they need. our Almighty Creator. In the same
way, they valued their lives and
CoVid-19 has taught us core values their purpose of existence. To
illustrate this, the privileged ones
despite its deadly effect to human
reach out to those in the hemline of
race. the society by giving them not only
food but also the empathy and love
Filipinos reconciled and revived they need.
their unwavering faith to our
Almighty Creator.

They valued life and their existence.

*Notice that the second column is organized because the paragraph starts
with a topic sentence “CoVid-19 has taught us core values despite its
deadly effect to human race” then it is supported by specific details.
Supporting details are interconnected in a way that they are related to one
another and are presented in a comprehensive way. Ideas are also sown with
the use of word signals to make the text more logical, clear, accurate and
wellwritten.

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 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1 (Answer this in a YELLOWPAD) WRITE THE MODULE#

(MODULE 3)
Sequence the following ideas by numbering them from 1 t0 5 to form a well
written text. Number 1 being the first event and number 5 being the last event.

_____The greatest achievement of my life during quarantine is self-

understanding.
_____Due to this phenomenon, I’d some realizations that made me more
optimistic and more driven to focus on the matters that make me really
happy.
_____It means that I was able to learn my feelings, my real emotions and my
truest desire in my life both as an individual and as a professional.
_____In addition, I had thought of living in my own space and area.
_____To illustrate, I decided to make a career move and consider to be in a
new working environment.

Activity 2 (Answer this in a YELLOWPAD) WRITE THE MODULE#

(MODULE 3)
Develop a single paragraph about “Faith in Pandemic” using cohesive
devices. Be guided by the mechanics and rubrics below.
Mechanics:
1. It will be a minimum of 150 and maximum of 200 content words.
2. Appropriateness in the use of signals (words to secure organization) is
a MUST.
3. Rubric must be considered.
Rubrics:
Organization - 50
Content - 30
Originality - 20
100 points

27
 WRAP-UP
One of the properties of a well –written text is organization. On this note,
proper arrangement of ideas, clauses and sentences are necessary in
developing a comprehensive and tight discourse. Thus, one must consider
logic and accuracy to do so.

Task: Gather ideas from your family members about their knowledge
about our current situation and organize it into well-written text.

VALUING
Organization is making ideas clear and properly arranged and ordered.
It is done by treating and conveying ideas/pieces of information logical and
accurate.

Task: Read or listen to different news regarding the actions of the

government in battling this pandemic. After that, organize these
information to develop a well- written text.

POSTTEST

Directions: Organize the ideas in the first column logically and accurately to
form a well-written text in the opposite column. Use word signals properly.

28
 Ideas Organized text

Remote enrolment was done in lieu CoVid-19 has modified mode of

of the traditional one in compliance educating Filipino learners. For an
instance, remote enrolment was
of the mandate against CoVid-19. done in lieu of the traditional one in
compliance of the mandate against
CoVid-19 has modified mode of
CoVid-19. In addition, Teachers and
educating Filipino learners. school staff used the online
platforms such as face book and
This only means that despite the messenger to trace and track
changes that this virus has brought possible enrollees. Also, they
depended on personal mobile
us our government has exhausted
contacts to communicate learners
all the means to reach our learners and updates them on the enrolment
and to make education for all procedures. This only means that
despite the changes that this virus
possible and feasible. has brought us our government has
Teachers and school staff used the exhausted all the means to reach
our learners and to make education
online platforms such as face book for all possible and feasible.
and messenger to trace and track
possible enrollees.

They depended on personal mobile

contacts to communicate learners
and updates them on the enrolment
procedures.

29
 Statistics
Quarter 4 – Module 3:
Formulating Appropriate Null
and Alternative Hypotheses on a
Population Mean

Please answer the following:

-WHAT'S MORE (Activity Nos. 2, 3 & 4)
-ASSESSMENT Nos 1-15

30
 What I Need to Know

In the previous module, you learned about the parameters used in

hypothesis testing. You were able to identify the parameters to be tested in
given real-life problems. You also learned how to translate the parameter
into mathematical symbols as the first step in hypothesis testing.

In this module, you will learn how to formulate null and alternative
hypotheses on a population mean.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the notation to be used in formulating hypotheses;
2. illustrate one-tailed and two-tailed tests;
3. differentiate null and alternative hypotheses; and
4. formulate null and alternative hypotheses.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements.

Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. In formulating the alternative hypothesis, what mathematical symbol is

applicable to use in the statement, “The average score of Grade 11 (ABM)
in Business Statistics is 75.”?
A. < B. > C. = D. ≠

2. A vacuum cleaner consumes less than 46 kwh per year. What hypothesis
test can you use in this claim?
A. left-tailed C. null hypothesis
B. right- tailed D. alternative hypothesis

3. Which of the following steps is not included in formulating hypothesis?

A. Identify the claim to be tested.

B. Translate the claim into mathematical symbols/notations.
C. Use the data about sample then compute the test statistic.
D. Formulate first the null hypothesis and then the alternative
hypothesis.

31
4. The sign of the alternative hypothesis in a left-tailed test is always ________
A. Equal C. less than
B. not equal D. greater than

5. A scientist invented a substance that increases the life of an automobile

battery. If the mean lifetime of the battery is 24 months, then what are
his hypotheses?
A. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 24, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 24 C. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 24, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≤ 24
𝐵. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 24, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 24 D. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝑝 = 24, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 > 24

6. A researcher reports that the average salary of an accountant is more

than ₱40,000. A sample of 30 accountants has a mean salary of ₱42,500.
At a = 0.05 test, it is found out that an accountant earns more than
₱40,000 a month. The standard deviation of the population is ₱3,000.
What is the alternative hypothesis?
A. The average salary of an accountant is equal to ₱40,000.
B. The average salary of an accountant is greater than ₱40,000.
C. The average salary of an accountant is less than or equal to ₱42,500.
D. The average salary of an accountant is greater than or equal to
₱42,500.

7. What kind of hypothesis is illustrated in statement below?

“There is no significant difference between the average weekly allowances
of morning and afternoon students in Mabunga Integrated High School.”
A. one-tailed test C. null hypothesis
B. two-tailed test D. alternative hypothesis

8. “The introduction of modern computers affects the performance of the

students.” What kind of hypothesis is it?
A. Null C. alternative
B. Mean D. standard deviation

9. Consider this statement: “New cars are expected to last an average of at

least three (3) years before needing major service.” Which of the following
is the null hypothesis?
A. 𝐻𝑜 : µ ≤ 3 B. 𝐻𝑜 : µ < 3 C. 𝐻𝑜 : µ > 3 D. 𝐻𝑜 : µ ≥ 3

10. Which is the correct null hypothesis of the claim below? “Students take
an average of less than five (5) years to graduate from college.”
A. 𝐻𝑜 : µ = 5 B. 𝐻𝑜 : µ < 5 C. 𝐻𝑜 : µ ≠ 5 D. 𝐻𝑎 : µ < 5
11. In driver’s test, an average of 300 drivers pass on their first try. We want
to test if more than an average of 300 passes on the first try. Which

32
 inequality symbols is correct (=, ≠, ≥, <, ≤, >) for the null and alternative
hypotheses - 𝐻𝑜 : µ __ 300 𝐻𝑎 : µ __ 300?
A. <, > B. =, ≠ C. ≤, ≥ D. = , >

12. Which of these is a correct alternative hypothesis for a two‐tailed test?

A. 𝐻𝑎 : µ ≠ 7 B. 𝐻𝑎 : µ = 7 C. 𝐻𝑎 : µ > 7 D. 𝐻𝑎 : µ < 7

13. In a commercial, a new diet program would like to claim that their
methods result in a mean weight loss of more than 22kgs in two (2)
weeks. To determine if this is a valid claim, they hire an agency that then
selects 25 people to be placed on this diet. What is the test of
hypothesis?
A. null C. one tailed- test
B. alternative D. two tailed- test

14. A researcher estimated that the average height of a building in the

Philippines is at least 150 meters. A random sample of 15 buildings is
selected and has the mean of 168 meters. What are the null and
alternative hypotheses?
A. 𝐻𝑜 : µ > 150, 𝐻𝑎 : µ ≤ 150 C. 𝐻𝑜 : µ = 150, 𝐻𝑎 : µ ≥ 150
B. 𝐻𝑜 : µ = 150, 𝐻𝑎 : µ ≠ 150 D. 𝐻𝑜 : µ ≥ 150, 𝐻𝑎 : µ < 150

15. A survey reported that teenagers spend an average at most four (4)
hours each day on social media. The organization thinks that, currently,
the mean is higher. Fifteen (15) randomly chosen teenagers were asked
how many hours per day do they spend on social media. The sample
mean was 4.5 hours with a sample standard deviation of 2.0. What is
the test of hypothesis?
A. left-tailed test C. hypothesis test
B. two-tailed test D. right-tailed test

33
Lesson Formulating Appropriate Null

1 and Alternative Hypotheses on

a Population Mean
In statistics, hypothesis testing is the process of using statistical tests
to determine whether an observed difference between two or more samples
is statistically significant or not. In a practical point of view, hypothesis
testing allows you to collect samples and make decision based on facts, not
on how you feel or what you think is right. To be able to prove your
assumptions, you must state first the null and alternative hypotheses.

This module will start by recalling your knowledge on the

equality/inequality symbols. This concept will help you understand how to
formulate hypothesis.

What’s In

Activity 1. No More No Less!

Directions: Which of the given equality/inequality expressions describes

each situation? Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. The survey shows that the number of students (n) who have parents with
a house of their own is less than 20.
A. 𝑛 < 20 B. 𝑛 > 20 C. 𝑛 ≤ 20 D. 𝑛 ≥ 20

2. Mother gives me at most P200 allowance (n) in a week.

A. 𝑛 ≥ 200 B. 𝑛 ≤ 200 C. 𝑛 > 200 D. 𝑛 < 200

3. Larry is an industrious appliance salesman. His average sales (n) in a

week is at least P10, 000.
A. 𝑛 < 10, 000 B. 𝑛 > 10, 000 C. 𝑛 ≤ 10, 000 D. 𝑛 ≥ 10, 000

4. A son’s savings (n) is greater than P1,500.

A. 𝑛 = 1,500 B. 𝑛 ≠ 1,500 C. 𝑛 > 1,500 D. 𝑛 ≥ 1,500

5. Marco’s salary (n) is equal to P20, 000.

A. 𝑛 = 20,000 B. 𝑛 ≠ 20,000 C. 𝑛 ≤ 20,000 D. 𝑛 < 20,000

34
Guide Questions:

1. How did you find the previous activity? Was it easy or difficult?
2. What previously learned principle did you apply in the activity?
3. Were you able to determine the correct expression that correspond to
each situation? Elaborate.
4. Do you think you will apply these activities in formulating null and
alternative hypotheses?

Notes to the Teacher

Check the level of readiness of the students. If the students

failed to answer all the items correctly, provide another activity to recall
past lessons that involve translating verbal phrase into symbols and
comparison of quantities using different equality and inequality
symbols.

What’s New

Activity 2. Differentiate It!

Directions: Examine the pictures below then answer the guide questions
that follow.
“Effect of a Fertilizer on Plant Growth”

Without Fertilizer With Fertilizer

35
Guide Questions:

1. What have you observed between the two figures?

2. Do you think the fertilizer has an effect to the plant?
3. What do you think are the variables shown in the pictures?
4. Is there any relationship among the variables in Figure 1 and Figure
2?
5. How does these pictures relate to hypothesis?

What Is It

A statistical hypothesis is a statement about a parameter and deals with

evaluating the value of parameter.

In statistical hypothesis testing, there are always two hypotheses: the null
and alternative hypotheses. Below is a comparison between the two.

Null Hypothesis (𝑯𝒐 ) Alternative Hypothesis (𝑯𝒂 )

- It states that there is no - It states that the population

difference between population parameter has some statistical
parameters (such as mean, significance (smaller, greater,
standard deviation, and so on) or different than) with the
and the hypothesized value. hypothesized value.

- There is no observed effect. - There is an observed effect.

- The null hypothesis is often an - The alternative hypothesis is

initial claim that is based on what you might believe to be
previous analyses or specialized true or hope to prove true.
knowledge.

To state the null and alternative hypotheses correctly:

1. Identify the parameter in a given problem.
2. Identify the claim to be tested that may show up in null or alternative
hypothesis.
3. Translate the claim into mathematical symbols/notations.
4. Formulate first the null hypothesis (𝐻𝑜 ) then alternative hypothesis (𝐻𝑎 )
based on the three different ways in writing hypothesis as illustrated
below:

36
 𝑯𝒐 : µ = 𝒌 𝑯𝒐 : µ ≤ 𝒌 𝑯𝒐 : µ ≥ 𝒌
𝑯𝒂 : µ ≠ 𝒌 𝑯𝒂 : µ > 𝒌 𝑯𝒂 : µ < 𝒌

Hypothesis-Testing Common Phrases

= is equal to ≠ is not equal to
is the same as is not the same
is exactly the same as is different from
has not changed from has changed from
> is increased < is decreased
is greater than is less than
is higher than is lower than
is above is below
is bigger than is smaller than
is longer than is decreased or reduced from
is more than is not more than
≥ is at least ≤ is at most
is not less than is not more than
is greater than or equal to is less than or equal to

Let us take an example from your previous activity.

“The survey shows that the number of students (n) who have parents
with a house of their own is less than 20.”

The claim used the word “less than” which as seen in the table above,
corresponds to the symbol (<). Therefore, the answer is n<20.

Note:
𝐻𝑜 always has = symbol in it. 𝐻𝑎 never has an = symbol in it. The choice of
symbol depends on the wording of the hypothesis test. However, be aware
that many researchers use = (equal sign) in the null hypothesis, even with
> or < as the symbol in the alternative hypothesis. Notice also that the
notation of alternative hypothesis complements the null hypothesis.

Illustrative Examples:

1. The average weight of all Grade 11 students in Senior High School is

169cm. Is this claim true?

Solution: First, identify the parameter which is the mean height of all
Grade 11 students. Since it is a population mean, use the notation 𝝁.
The claim in this example is that the average weight is 169 cm which
translates to 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗 and is considered as null hypothesis. To formulate

37
 the alternative hypothesis, write the complement/opposite of the null
hypothesis which is the average weight is not equal to 169 cm.

𝑯𝒐 : The average weight of all Grade 11 students is 169 cm. / 𝑯𝑶 : 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗

(claim)
𝑯𝒂 : The average weight of all Grade 11 students is not 169 cm./ 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟔𝟗

2. The average price per square meter of residential lot in an exclusive

subdivision is above ₱15,000. A buyer wants to test the agent’s
claim.

Solution: In this hypothesis, the parameter is the average. Therefore,

you will use the symbol µ. The claim is above ₱15,000 can be written as
µ > ₱15,000 and greater than falls at alternative hypothesis, 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 >
₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. Since you have already formulated the alternative, the null
hypothesis will be 𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 ≤ ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 as complement of >. You can also write
your null hypothesis as 𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎.
𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 ≤ ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎or 𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 > ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (claim)

3. Holistic Fitness Center claims that their members reduced an

average of 13 pounds after joining the center. An independent
agency wanted to check this claim took sample of 40 members and
found that they reduced an average of 12 pounds with the standard
deviation of 4 pounds. Determine the null and alternative
hypothesis.

Solution: In this example, the parameter to be tested is the average and

the claim is reduced of 13 pounds. The claim that pertains to the
parameter has the notation of (<). Therefore, the claim is found at the
alternative hypothesis and can be written as 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 < 𝟏𝟑. The null
hypothesis would be 𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 ≥ 𝟏𝟑 or 𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟑
𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 ≥ 𝟏𝟑 or 𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟑.
𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 < 𝟏𝟑 (claim)

4. The treasurer of a municipality claims that the average net worth

of families in the municipality is at least ₱730,000. A random
sample of 50 families from this area produced a mean net worth of
₱860,000 with standard deviation of ₱65,000. What are the null and
alternative hypotheses?

Solution: In this example, the parameter is the average and the claim
is that the average is at least ₱730,000. The word at least has the
notation of (≥) which means that the claim is at the null hypothesis. In

38
 the alternative hypothesis, you will use (<) as its complement.
Therefore:
𝑯𝑶 : µ ≥ ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 or 𝑯𝑶 : µ = ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (claim)
𝑯𝒂 : µ < ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

5. An academic organization claimed that Grade 11 students’ study

time is at most 240 minutes per day, on average. Another survey
was conducted to find whether the claim is true. The group took a
random sample of 30 students and found a mean study time of 300
minutes with standard deviation of 90 minutes. What are the null
and alternative hypotheses?

Solution: The parameter used in this example is average (µ) and the
claim is that average is at most 240 minutes. The word ‘at most’ has
the notation of (≤) which means that claim is at the null hypothesis.
The null hypothesis would be 𝑯𝟎 : µ ≤ 𝟐𝟒𝟎. To formulate the alternative,
use the notation (>) as the complement of (≤). Therefore, alternative
hypothesis is 𝑯𝒂 : µ > 𝟐𝟒𝟎.
𝑯𝑶 : µ ≤ 𝟐𝟒𝟎 or 𝑯𝑶 : µ = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 (claim)
𝑯𝒂 : µ > 𝟐𝟒𝟎

One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Test

The alternative hypothesis can take another form depending on the

value of the parameter. The parameter may increase, decrease, or changed
from the null value. An alternative hypothesis predicts not only the
difference of sample mean from the population mean but also how it would
be different in a specific direction - lower or higher. This test is called
a directional or one-tailed test because the rejection region is entirely
within one tail of the distribution.

On the other hand, some hypotheses predict only that one value will
be different from another, without additionally predicting which will be
higher. The test of such a hypothesis is nondirectional or two-
tailed because an extreme test statistic in either tail of the distribution
(positive or negative) will lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis of no
difference.
One-Tailed Two-Tailed
 Alternative hypothesis contains  Alternative contains the
the greater than (>) or less than inequality (≠) symbol.
(<) symbols
 It is directional (either right-tailed  It has no direction.
or left-tailed)

39
 The table below shows the null and alternative hypotheses stated
together with the directional test.

Two-Tailed Test Right-Tailed Test Left-Tailed Test

Null 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 or 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 or 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≥
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜
Hypothesis 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑜
Alternative
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑜 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 𝜇𝑜
Hypothesis
Illustrative Examples:
Determine the hypotheses and the hypothesis test.
1. Teacher A wants to know if mathematical games affect the
performance of the students in learning Mathematics. A class of 45
students was used in the study. The mean score was 90 and the
standard deviation was 3. A previous study revealed that 𝝁 = 𝟖𝟓 and
the standard deviation 𝝈 = 𝟓.
The parameter is the population mean = 85. You can write the
hypotheses into symbols: 𝐻𝑂 ∶ 𝜇 = 85 and 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇 ≠ 85. The phrase ‘affects
performance’ has no clue of the direction of the study, so it implies
either increase or decrease in performance. This tells you that the test is
two-tailed test.
𝑯𝑶 ∶ 𝝁 = 𝟖𝟓 and 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 ≠ 𝟖𝟓 (two-tailed test)

2. A piggery owner believes that using organic feeds on his pigs will
yield greater income. His average income from the previous year
was ₱120, 000. State the hypothesis and identify the directional
test.
In this example, the null hypothesis is 𝑯𝑶 ∶ 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 . You may
notice that the hypothesis used the phrase ‘greater income’ that is
associated with greater than. Therefore, 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. This
hypothesis uses inequality symbol (>) so it is one-tailed test and it uses
greater than which specifically called for the right-tailed test.
𝑯𝑶 ∶ 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 and 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (right-tailed test)

3. The average waiting time of all costumers in a restaurant before

being served is less than 20 minutes. Determine the hypotheses and
the directional test.
You may notice that the hypothesis used the phrase ‘less than’
which denotes that the alternative hypothesis is 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 < 𝟐𝟎. This
hypothesis uses inequality symbol (<) so it is one-tailed test and it used
less than which specifically called for the left-tailed test. In this
example, the null hypothesis is 𝑯𝑶 ∶ 𝝁 ≥ 𝟐𝟎.
𝑯𝑶 ∶ 𝝁 ≥ 𝟐𝟎 and 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 < 𝟐𝟎 (left-tailed test)

40
 What’s More

Activity 2. Fill Me!

Directions: Determine what is asked in each problem as indicated by the

blanks.

1. A school principal claims that the Grade 11 students in her high school
have a mean score of 92.
Parameter: ___________ Null Hypothesis: ___________
Claim: mean score of 92 Alternative Hypothesis: 𝐻𝑎 : µ ≠ 92

2. A medicine company has manufactured and claimed that their medicine

pill contains an average of 14mg of active ingredient.
Parameter: average Null Hypothesis: ___________
Claim: average of 14mg Alternative Hypothesis: ___________

3. A certain product produced by a manufacturing company is supposed to

weigh at least 12lbs.
Parameter: ___________ Null Hypothesis: 𝐻𝑜 : µ ≥ 121
Claim: weigh at least 12lbs Alternative Hypothesis: ___________

4. The Bureau of Internal Revenue claims that the mean wait time for
taxpayer during a recent tax filing is at most 8.7 minutes. A random
sample of 11 taxpayers has a mean wait time of 8.7 minutes and a
standard deviation of 2.7 minutes. Is there enough evidence to reject the
claim at a significance level of 0.10?
Parameter: mean Null Hypothesis: ___________
Claim: ___________ Alternative Hypothesis: 𝐻𝑎 : µ > 8.7

5. According to a company, the mean pH level of the river water is 7.4. A

researcher randomly selected 15 river water samples and found out that
the mean is 6.7 with standard deviation of 0.24.
Parameter: mean
Claim: mean pH level of the water river is 7.4
Null Hypothesis: ___________
Alternative Hypothesis: ___________

41
Activity 3. Let’ s Hypothesize

Directions: Write the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in

notations for each given situation.

1. Mrs. Dela Cruz claims that her students scored an average of 91 in their
Mathematics quiz. The master teacher wants to know whether the
teacher’s claim is acceptable or not.
𝐻𝑜 : _________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎 : _________________________________________________

2. A car manufacturer claims that the mean selling price of all cars
manufactured is only ₱150,000. A consumer agency wants to test
whether the mean selling price of all the cars manufactured exceeds
₱150, 000.
𝐻𝑜 : _________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎 : _________________________________________________

3. A manufacturer of soft drinks claims that all labeled 1.5-liter bottles

contain an average of 1.49 liters of soft drinks. A retailer wishes to test
whether the mean amount of soft drinks in labeled 1.5-liter bottle is less
than 1.49 liters.
𝐻𝑜 : _________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎 : _________________________________________________

4. A bus company in Manila claims that the mean waiting time for a bus
during rush hour is less than 12 minutes. A random sample of 30
waiting times has a mean of 15 minutes with a standard deviation of 4.8
minutes.
𝐻𝑜 : _________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎 : _________________________________________________

5. The average power consumption of air conditioner is at most 2,700 watts

as claimed by the owner. A survey made by an electric power company
found out that the mean consumption is 3,000 with standard deviation
of 225.
𝐻𝑜 : _________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎 : _________________________________________________

42
Activity 4. One-Tailed or Two-Tailed!

Directions: Identify whether the given hypothesis is one-tailed or two-tailed.

Write ONE if it is one-tailed and TWO if it is two-tailed test.

1. A used car dealer says that the mean price car in the Philippines is at
least ₱350,000.

2. PAG-ASA reported that the mean annual rainfall in the Philippines is at

most 4,064mm.

3. According to the survey, the average cost of visiting doctors is ₱500.

4. The mean age of students in a university in the previous years was 27

years old. An instructor thinks the mean age for students is older than
27. She randomly surveys 56 students and finds that the sample mean is
29 with a standard deviation of 2.

5. The mean work week for engineers in a new company is believed to be

about 40 hours. A newly hired engineer hopes that it is shorter. She asks
10 engineering friends for the lengths of their mean work weeks. Based
on the results, should she count on the mean work week to be shorter
than 40 hours?

Activity 5. Formu-Tail

Directions: Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses. Identify whether

it is one-tailed or two-tailed. If the hypothesis is one tailed, identify its
direction whether it is left or right. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. The average salary of an accountant is ₱24,620 per month in the

Philippines.
𝐻𝑜 : ________________ 𝐻𝑎 : __________________ _______-tailed test

2. A normal smartphone battery manufacturer claims that the mean life of

a certain type of battery is more than 650 hours.
𝐻𝑜 : ________________ 𝐻𝑎 : __________________ _______-tailed test

3. According to an international shipping company, a package from US can

arrive to Manila in an average of less than 8 business days.
𝐻𝑜 : ________________ 𝐻𝑎 : _________________ _______- tailed test

43
4. The average price of a certain type of car is greater than ₱600,000.
𝐻𝑜 : _________________ 𝐻𝑎 : _________________ _______- tailed test

5. A research organization reports that the mean of adult grocery shoppers

who never buy the store brand in Metro Manila is 300.
𝐻𝑜 : _________________ 𝐻𝑎 : _________________ _______- tailed test

6. A study claims that the mean survival period for certain cancer patients
treated immediately with chemotherapy and radiation is 24 months.
𝐻𝑜 : _________________ 𝐻𝑎 : _________________ _______- tailed test

7. The average pre-school cost for tuition fees last year was ₱ 15,500. The
following year, 20 schools had a mean of ₱ 13, 100 and standard
deviation of ₱ 2,500.
𝐻𝑜 : _________________ 𝐻𝑎 : _________________ _______- tailed test

8. A magazine reports that a typical shopper spends less than 10 minutes

in line waiting to check out. A sample of 30 shoppers at the DM
Supermarket showed mean of 9.5 minutes with standard deviation of 2.7
minutes.
𝐻𝑜 : ________________ 𝐻𝑎 : __________________ _______-tailed test

9. The principal of Mabundok High School claims that the students in his
school have above average intelligence. A random sample of 30 students’
IQ scores have a mean score of 113. The mean population IQ is 100 with
a standard deviation of 15. Is there an evidence to support his claim?
𝐻𝑜 : ________________ 𝐻𝑎 : __________________ _______-tailed test

10. The owner of BYD manufacturer claims that their batteries last an
average of at most 350 hours under normal use. A researcher randomly
selected 20 batteries from the production line and tested them. The
tested batteries had a mean life span of 270 hours with a standard
deviation of 50 hours.
𝐻𝑜 : ________________ 𝐻𝑎 : __________________ _______-tailed test

44
 What I Have Learned

Direction: Complete the following statements.

1. ______________________ is a statement about a parameter and deals with

evaluating the value of parameter.

2. The two kinds of hypothesis are______________ and ____________.

3. To formulate a hypothesis, the steps are:

a. ________________________________________
b. ________________________________________
c. ________________________________________
d. ________________________________________
4. The test of hypothesis can be __________________ if the alternative
hypothesis uses ≠ symbol or __________________ if it uses < 𝑜𝑟 >
symbols.

5. The null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis can be denoted as ______

and ______, respectively.

What I Can Do

Cite five (5) research questions used in real life and formulate your null and
alternative hypotheses.
Example: Is it true that turmeric can prevent viruses?
𝐻𝑜 : Drinking turmeric cannot prevent viruses.
𝐻𝑎 : Drinking turmeric can prevent viruses.

45
 Assessment

Directions: Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements.

Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. This hypothesis states that there is no difference between population

parameters and the hypothesized value.
A. hypothesis C. alternative hypothesis
B. null hypothesis D. two-tailed hypothesis

2. When the value of parameter has significant difference with the

hypothesized value, then it is called ________________.
A. one-tailed test C. null hypothesis
B. two-tailed test D. alternative hypothesis

3. The sign of the alternative hypothesis in a left-tailed test is

always_________.
A. equal B. less than C. not equal D. greater than

4. If the researcher wishes to test the claim that the mean of the population
is 75, the appropriate null hypothesis is:
A. 𝜇 ≤ 75 B. 𝜇 ≥ 75 C. 𝜇 ≠ 75 D. 𝜇 = 75

5. A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamins, the birth

weight of the babies will increase. The average birth weight of the
population is 3.9 kgs. What is the alternative hypothesis?
A. 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 3.9 B. 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 3.9 C. 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 = 3.9 D. 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 3.9

6. According to the report, the average weight of Filipino newborn baby is 2.

8 kgs. Mellissa wants to perform a significance test to see if this holds
true in her nation. She takes a random sample of babies and observes
that the average weight of newborns is 3kgs. What is the null
hypothesis?
A. 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 2.8 B. 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 2.8 C. 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 = 2.8 D. 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 2.8

7. What kind of hypothesis is illustrated below?

The mean score of all Grade 11 students is higher than 75.
A. one-tailed test C. null hypothesis
B. two-tailed test D. alternative hypothesis

46
 8. “A modern approach in advertisement will not increase the demand for a
product.” This is an example of _______________ hypothesis.
A. Null C. alternative
B. Mean D. right-tailed

9. What is the alternative hypothesis in the following statement?

“The number of defective batteries produced by the company is not equal
to 15 batteries a day as claimed by the manager.”
A. µ = 15 B. µ ≠ 15 C. µ > 15 D. µ < 15

10. Which is the correct null hypothesis of the given statement?

“According to the owner, an average of 500 people buys foods at
McDonalds during breakfast and lunch hours.”
A. 𝐻𝑜 = 500 B. 𝐻𝑜 ≠ 500 C. 𝐻𝑜 < 500 D. 𝐻𝑜 > 500

11. On average, the household electricity consumption in the country was

about 248.1-kilowatt hours in 2015. Electricity was used primarily for
lighting purposes, cooking, recreation, and space cooling. Which
inequality symbols are correct (=, ≠, ≥, <, ≤, >) for the null and alternative
hypotheses: 𝐻𝑜 : µ __ 248.1 𝐻𝑎 : µ __ 248.1?
A. = , > B. <, > C. =, ≠ D. ≤, ≥

12. Which is the correct alternative hypothesis for one-tailed test?

A. µ = 25 B. µ ≠ 25 C. µ ≥ 25 D. µ < 25

13. A teacher in Math announced that the mean score of Grade 9 students in
the first quarterly assessment in Mathematics was 89 and standard
deviation was 6. One student, who believed that the mean score was less
than this, randomly selected 30 students and computed the mean score.
What kind of test of hypothesis can describe this?
A. left-tailed B. two-tailed C. right-tailed D. multiple-tailed

14. Determine the null and alternative hypothesis.

“It was claimed that the average monthly income of aircraft pilot was
₱116, 714.00. A random sample of 45 pilots is selected and it is found out
that the average monthly salary is ₱ 120,000. Using a 0.01 level of
significance, can it be concluded that there is an increase in the average
monthly income of pilot?”

A. 𝐻𝑜 : µ = ₱116, 714.00, 𝐻𝑎 : µ ≤ ₱116, 714.00

B. 𝐻𝑜 : µ = ₱116, 714.00, 𝐻𝑎 : µ ≠ ₱116, 714.00
C. 𝐻𝑜 : µ = ₱116, 714.00, 𝐻𝑎 : µ > ₱116, 714.00
D. 𝐻𝑜 : µ = ₱116, 714.00, 𝐻𝑎 : µ < ₱116, 714.00

47
15. Which directional test is illustrated in the given problem below?
In a recent survey, the average amount of money students have in their
wallet is ₱200.00 with standard deviation of 45. A teacher feels that the
average amount is lower. She surveyed 80 randomly selected students
and found that the average amount is ₱35.
A. left-tailed B. two-tailed C. alternative D. right tailed

Additional Activities

Activity 6. Let Us Take a Challenge!

1. Based on the data provided in a known website article entitled “Tuition
Fee Guide: 2019 Cost of College Education in the Philippines”, the
average tuition fee in private colleges and universities is greater than
₱145,000 a year. Suppose that we want to perform a hypothesis test to
find whether the average tuition fee is greater than ₱145.000.
a. Determine the null and alternative hypotheses for the hypothesis test.
b. Classify the hypothesis as two-tailed, left-tailed, or right-tailed.

2. A traffic enforcer believes that the number of cars passing through a

certain intersection during rush hours in weekdays follows a normal
distribution with an average of 800. A new highway is opened, and it is
hypothesized that the number of cars passing through the intersection
will decrease as a result. A sample of 15 weekdays is taken, and the
mean number of cars passing through the intersection is 750 with a
sample standard deviation of 42.
a. Determine the null and alternative hypotheses for the hypothesis test.
b. Classify the hypothesis as two-tailed, left-tailed, or right-tailed.

48
 49
What I Know
Additional
1. C 11. D What's In
2. A 12. A Activities
3. C 13. C Activity 1 1. a. 𝐻𝑜 : µ = ₱145,000,
4. C 14. D
5. B 15. D 1. A 𝐻𝑎 : µ > ₱145,000,
6. B 2. B
7. C 3. D b. Right-tailed test
8. C 4. C 2. a. 𝐻𝑜 : µ = 800,
9. D 5. A
𝐻𝑎 : µ < 800,
10. A
b. Left-tailed test
Answer Key
 Pagbasa at Pagsusuri
ng Iba’t Ibang Teksto Tungo
sa Pananaliksik
Ikaapat na Markahan – Modyul 3
PAGSULAT NG MAIKLING PANANALIKSIK

ALAMIN

Magandang araw! Kumusta?

Marami na kayong natutuhan tungkol sa mga konsepto sa pagsulat ng

papel pananaliksik. Ngayon, subukin mong gawin ang pagbuo ng isang papel
pananaliksik upang masukat mo ang iyong kakayahan at ang mga natutuhan
mong mga konsepto tungkol dito.
Ang maikling pananaliksik ay karaniwang ipinagagawa sa mga
estudyante bilang isa sa mga pangangailangan sa larangang akademiko.

Sa katapusan ng modyul na ito, inaasahan na ikaw ay:

 Nakabubuo ng isang maikling pananaliksik na napapanahon ang

paksa
(F11EP – Ivij – 38)

MGA TIYAK NA LAYUNIN

Sa araling ito, inaasahan na ikaw ay:

1. Nagagamit ang mga konsepto sa pagsulat ng maikling pananaliksik;

2. Nakasusulat ng isang maikling pananaliksik sa napapanahong
paksa; at
3. Naipakikita ang kawilihan sa pagsulat ng napapanahong pananaliksik.

50
 SUBUKIN

Panuto: Basahin at unawaing mabuti ang bawat pahayag. Piliin ang titik na
katumbas ng tamang sagot at isulat sa sariling kuwaderno.

1. Ano ang tawag sa isang maingat na pagsusuri o pagsisiyasat sa isang suliranin

o problema?
A. mananaliksik B. pananaliksik C. konsepto

2. Sino ang responsable sa paggamit ng mga nakuhang datos?

A. mananaliksik B. manunulat C. makata

3. Ano tawag sa proseso ng pananaliksik na kung saan dito isinaalang- alang ang
interes ng magsasagawa ng pananaliksik o kadalasa’y mga tanong na nais
mong mabigyan ng kasagutan?
A. batayang konsepto B. pagpili ng paksa C. mananaliksik

4. Ano ang tawag sa paglalarawan ng mga dati o bagong teorya na may

kaugnayan sa isinasagawang pag-aaral?
A. teoritikal na balangkas B. konseptuwal na balangkas C. batayang konsepto

5. Ano ang tawag sa balangkas na nababatay sa konsepto o ideya ng

mananaliksik?
A. teoritikal na balangkas B. konseptuwal na balangkas C. batayang konsepto

6. Alin sa bahaging ito ng papel pananaliksik na malalaman ang sagot sa tanong

na ano, bakit, ano ba ang paksang inaaralan at bakit ito pinag-aaralan?
A. rasyonal B. paglalahad ng suliranin C. kahalagahan ng pag-aaral

7. Anong bahagi ng papel pananaliksik nakalagay ang sanhi o layunin ng paksang

inaaralan na anyong patanong?
A. rasyonal B. paglalahad ng suliranin C. kahalagahan ng pag-aaral

8. Saang bahagi ng papel pananaliksik na inilalahad kung sino ang makikinabang

sa nasabing pag-aaral?
A. rasyonal B. paglalahad ng suliranin C. kahalagahan ng pag-aaral

9. Saan bahagi ng papel pananaliksik nakalagay ang teoryang pagbabatayan ng

pag-aara?.
A. rasyonal B. balangkas na teoritikal C. saklaw at limitasyon ng pag-aaral

10. Saang bahagi ng papel pananaliksik na tinatakda ang parameter ng

pananaliksik dahil tinutukoy rito ang baryabol na sakop at hidi sakop ng pag-aaral?
A.rasyonal B. batayang konseptuwal C. saklaw at limitasyon ng pag-aaral

51
 TUKLASIN

Panuto: Mag-isip ng mga sampung suliraning naranasan, narinig sa radyo,

nabasa sa pahayagan at sa sosyal midya. Isulat ito sa sariling
kuwaderno.

SURIIN

Ang pamanahong papel ay isang uri ng papel pampananaliksik na karaniwang

ipinagagawa sa mga estudyante sa mataas na paaralan at kolehiyo bilang isa sa
mga pangangailangang akademiko. Ngayon naman, Sikapin mong makasusulat
kayo ng isang pamanahong papel gamit ang napapanahong paksa.Sundin lamang
ang nasa ibaba.

Paksa: Antas ng Kawilihan sa Pagbasa ng mga Mag-aaral sa Ikaapat na Taon

Kaugnay ng Kanilang Akademik Performans

KABANATA I: Ang Suliranin at Kaligiran Nito

Ang kabanatang ito ay nahahati sa mga sumusunod na bahagi:

1. Ang Panimula o Introduksyon-ay isang maikling talatang kinapapalooban
ng pangkalahatang pagtalakay ng paksa ng pananaliksik.

Halimbawa:
Ang mundo ay puno ng pagbabago dahil sa modernong
teknolohiyang ipinakikilala ng panahon. May masasama at mabuti itong
naidudulot ang makabagong teknolohiya sa buhay ng mga kabataan.
Tungkulin ng mga kabataan ang mag-aral ng leksyon subalit kadalasan
tinatamad sa pag-aaral o pagbabalik-aral ng kanilang mga aralin. Dalawa
ang kadalasan nilang ginagawa. Una, ang magpahinga o matulog at ang
pangalawa, maglaro gamit ang PSP, laptop at cellphone o di kaya’y
making ng musuika sa ipod higit sa lahat manood ng telebisyon.
Ang makabagong kagamitan ay maaaring magdulot ng
masasama at mabubuting epekto. Ang laptop at cellphone ay maaaring
magdulot ng mabubuting epekto dahil sa magagamit bilang pandgdag sa
kanilang kaalaman. Maaari namang magdudulot ng masasama epekto
ang ipod at psp sa dahilang maaari itong maging sanhi ng pagkawalan ng
interes sa pag-aaral kung nasosobrahan ang paggamit ng mga ito.

52
2. Layunin ng Pag-aaral-inilalahad ang pangkalahatang layunin o dahilan
kung bakit isinagawa ang pag-aaral. Tinutukoy rin dito ang ispesipikong
suliranin na nasa anyong patanong.

Halimbawa:
Ang pananaliksik na ito ay naglalayong malaman ang antas ng kawilihan
sa pagbasa ng mga mag-aaral kaugnay ng kanilang akademik
performans.

Naglalayon itong masagot ang sumusunod na mga tiyak na suliranin:

1. Ano ang profayl ng mga rspondenteng mag-aaral batay sa:
1.1. Kasarian;
1.2. Kabuuang kita ng pamilya buwan;
1.3. Edukasyong natapos ng mga magulang;
1.4. Uri ng babasahin na nasa bahay;
1.5. Oras na inilalaan sa pagbasa; at
1.6. Uri ng babasahing kadalasang binabasa?
2. Ano ang antas ng kawilihan sa pagbasa ng mga respondent?
3. Ano ang performans ng mga rspondente sa asignaturang Filipino sa
ikalawang markahan?
4. May kaugnayan bas a pagitan ng antas ng kawilihan sa pagbasa ng
mga respondent at ang kanilang performans sa ikalawang markahan?
5. May kaugnayan bas a pagitan ng antas ng kawilihan sa pagbasa ng
mga respondent at ang kanilang profayl?

3. Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral- inilalahad ang significance o kabuluhan

ng pagsasagawa ng pananaliksik ng paksa ng pag-aaral. Tinutukoy
rito ang maaaring maging kapakinabangan o halaga ng pag-aaral sa
iba’tibang indibidwal, pangkat, tanggapan, institusyon, propesyon,
disiplina o larangan.

Halimbawa:
Ang kasalukuyang pag-aaral ay maaaring makatulong sa sumusunod
na indibidwal o grupo ng mga tao.

Sa mga Estudyante
Ang pag-aaral na ito ay makatutulong upang ang mga mag-aaral ay
magiging aktibong makikilahok sa mga gawaing inihanda ng guro.Kaya
nararapat na palaging handa at magkaroon ng kawilihan sa bawat
talakayan ang mga estudyante at mahikayat na silang magbasa at higit
sa lahat mapapahalagahan ang kanilang binabasa.

Sa mga Guro
Sila ang matitiyagang tagapagbahagi ng mga kaalaman sa mga mag-
aaral at makatulong ang pag-aaral na ito sa paghanap ng mga
makabagong teknik o paraan upang maituro nila nang mabisa ang mga
aralin lalo na ang panitikan.

4. Saklaw at Limitasyon-tinutukoy ang simula at hangganan ng

pananaliksik. Dito tinatakda ang parameter ng pananaliksik dahil

53
tinutukoy rito kung ano-ano ang mga baryabol na sakop at hindi sakop ng
pag-aaral.

Halimbawa:
Saklaw- Sakop ng pag-aaral na ito ang apat na seksyon na mahigit isang
daang mag-aaral sa ikaapat na antas ng mataas na paaralan ng Saint
Louis School- don Bosco.ang kanilang marka sa ikalawang markahan sa
asignaturang Filipino taong 2014-2015 ang ginamit sap ag-aaral na ito.

Limitasyon-Nilimitahan ang pag-aaral na ito sa mga mag-aaral lamang

sa ikaapat na antas sa pribadong paaralang sekundarya ng Saint Louis
School- Don Bosco, Siyudad ng Dumaguete.
Ang pagsagot sa mga sarbey-kwestyoneyr ay nakasalalay lamang
sa katapatan ng mga mag-aaral.

5. Depinisyon ng mga Terminolohiya- ang mga katawagang makailang

ginamit sa pananaliksik at ang bawat isa’y binigyan ng kahulugan.
Ang pagpapakahulugan ay maaaring konseptuwal (ibinibigay ng standard
ng depinisyon ng mga katawagan bilang mga konsepto) o operasyonal
(binigyang-kahulugan ang mga katawagan kung paano iyon ginamit sa
pamanahong papel.)

Halimbawa:

Antas ng kawilihan-tumutukoy sq lawak ng interes, panahon na ginugol

at pag-uugali ng mga rspondente kaugnay ng pagbabasa ng iba’tibang uri
ng babasahin

Performans- tumutukoy sa marka o grado ng mga respondent sa

asignaturang Filipino sa ikalawang markahan.

Respondente- tumutukoy sa mga mag-aaral mula sa mataas na paaralan

ng Saint Louis School- Don Bosco. Ang mga mag-aaral na ito ay nasa
ikaapat na taon sa hayskul at sila ang sakop sa pag-aaral na ito.

Uri ng mga babasahing kadalasang binabasa- ito ay tumutukoy sa mga

babasahing kinagigiliwang basahin ng mga respondent na maaaring
matatagpuan sa kanilang paaran, bahay at silid-aklatan.

Uri ng mga babasahing nasa bahay- ito ay tumutukoy sa mga

babasahing nasa bahay ng bawat respondent.

Pamprosesong Tanong:

1. Ano-ano ang layunin ng pananaliksik:

2. Ano-ano ang kahalagahan ng pananaliksik?
3. Sino-sino ang mga respondente ng pananaliksik?

54
 PAGYAMANIN

Panuto: Basahing mabuti ang mga pahayag sa ibaba. Suriin ang bahagi ng
Kabanata 1(Ang Suliranin at Kaligiran Nito) Titik lamang ang isulat sa iyong
kuwaderno.

A. Panimula
B. Layunin ng Pag-aaral
C. Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral
D. Saklaw at Limitasyon
E. Depinisyon ng mga Terminolohiya

1. Anong uri ng musika ang pinakikinggan ng mga mag-aaral sa unang taon ng

Pamantasang De Guia, Taong Akademiko 2019-2020?

2. Ano-ano ang mga dahilan bakit pinagsasabay ng mga mag-aaral ang

pakikinig ng musika habang nag-aaral?

3. Ang piniling respondente sap ag-aaral na ito ay nasa unang taon ng Senior
High School ng Pamantasang De Guia, taong akademiko 2019-2020.

4. Ang musika ay isang anyo ng sining na gumagamit ng tunog sa

pagpapahayag ng damdamin o saloobin. Maraming uri ang musika. May
musikang malungkot, masaya at hindi magandang pakinggan.

5. Ang pag-aaral na ito ay nakatutulong sa mga mag-aaral na mahilig ng mga

musika habang nag-aaral.

6. Sakop ng mga mag-aaral sa unang taon sa Pamantasan ng De Guia taong

akademiko 2019-2020.

7. Respondente-piling mag-aaral sa unang taon sa Pamantasang De Guia taong

akademiko 2019-2020.

55
 ISAISIP

Sa pagpili ng paksa, kailangang ikonsider

ang mga sumusunod:
Kasapatan ng datos, limitasyon ng panahon,
kakayahang pinansyal, kabuluhan ng paksa at
higit sa lahat ang interes ng mananaliksik
(Bernales,et al.,2008).

ISAGAWA

Panuto: Sumulat ng papel pananaliksik gamit ang pormat na nasa ibaba at

pumili ng paksa sa loob ng kahon.
I- Paksa
II- Panimula
III- Layunin ng Pag-aaral
IV- Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral
V- Saklaw at Limitasyon
VI- Depinisyon ng mga Terminolohiya
VII- Listahan ng mga Sanggunian

1. Epekto ng Pandemya sa Pag-aaral ng mga Mag-aaral sa Senior High School

2. Epekto ng Modular Modality na Pag-aaral ng mga Mag-aaral sa Senior High School
3. Kahandaan ng Mag—aaral sa Pag-aaral sa Gitna ng Pandemya
4. Kakulangan ng Kagamitang Pampagtuturo sa Asignaturang Filipino

Pamantayan sa Pagwawasto ng Pinal na Burador:

Pagsunod sa wastong Format (APA o MLA) - 5
Wastong Gramatika- 15
Tamang palugit- 5
Wastong pagkakasunod-sunod
ng mga bahagi na naibigay na pormat- 5
Wastong pagkakaorganisa ng mga kaisipan- 10
Nilalaman- 20

KABUUAN: 60

56
 TAYAHIN

Panuto: Basahin at piliin lamang ang titik na katumbas ng tamang sagot sa bawat
bilang. Isulat sa sariling kuwaderno.

1. Anong bahagi ng pagsulat ng papel pananaliksik na nagpapaliwang sa dahilan

kung bakit gagawin ang isang pananaliksik?
A. layunin B. tesis ng pahayag C. paksa

2. Anong bahagi rin na nagsasaad sa gustong matamo at o matuklasan ng mga

mag-aaral sa pananaliksik na gagawin?
A. Paksa B. layunin C. tesis na pahayag

3. Ano-ano ang mga katangian ng isang mabuting mananaliksik?

A. Masipag at matiyaga
B. maingat, sistematiko at mapanuri
C. lahat ng nabanggit

4. Sa pagpili ng paksa sa paggawa ng papel pananaliksik, alin dito ang dapat

ikonsider?
A. Kasapatan ng mga datos at limitasyon ng panahon
B. Kakayahang pinansyal ,kabuluhan ng paksa at interes ng mananaliksik
C. Lahat ng nabanggit

5. Anong bahagi ng pagsulat ng papel pananaliksik na nagsasaad ng mailing

talatang kinapapalooban ng pangkalahatang pagtalakay ng paksa ng
pananaliksik?
A. panimula B.layunin C.saklaw at limitasyon

6. Anong bahagi ng pagsulat ng papel pananaliksik na naglalahad ng dahilan sa

pagsasagawa ng pag-aaral?
A. kalagahan ng pag-aaral B. layunin C.saklaw at limistasyon

7. Anong bahagi na naglalahad ng kabuluhan ng pagsasagawa ng pananaliksik ng

paksa ng pag-aaral?
A. depinisyon ng mga terminolohiya
B. saklaw at limitasyon
C. kahalagahan ng pag-aaral

8. Saang bahagi ng papel pananaliksik na tinatakda ang parameter ng pananaliksik

dahil tinutukoy rito ang baryabol na sakop at hidi sakop ng pag-aaral?
A.rasyonal
B. batayang konseptuwal
C. saklaw at limitasyon ng pag-aaral

57
9. Ano ang tawag sa balangkas na nababatay sa konsepto o ideya ng
mananaliksik?
A.teoritikal na Balangkas
B. konseptuwal na balangkas
C. batayang konsepto

10. Alin sa bahaging ito ng papel pananaliksik na malalaman ang sagot sa tanong
na ano , bakit, ano ba ang paksang inaaralan at bakit ito pinag-aaralan?
A. rasyonal B. paglalahad ng suliranin C. kahalagahan ng pag-aaral

KARAGDAGANG GAWAIN

Panuto: Lapatan ng tamang sagot ang espasyong nakalaan. Isulat sa sariling

kuwaderno.

Ang aking natutuhan sa araling ito na ang pagsulat ng papel pananaliksik ay

__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________.

Dapat kong __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.

Sagutan ang mga sumusunod:

1. Pagyamanin 1-7
2. Tayahin 1-10
3. Performance task - Isagawa (deadline June 11, 2021)

58
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Grade 11 – Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Concept, Characteristics and Forms of Stratification Systems

What I Need to Know

Good day, dear learner!

Using this learning resource, you are ought to examine the concept, characteristics
and forms of stratification systems using sociological perspectives as reflected in the
K12 Most Essential Learning Competencies.

Specifically, at the end of this module, you are expected to achieve the following
objectives:
K: Identify the different forms of stratification systems;
S: Analyze the concept, characteristics and forms of stratification systems; and A:
Develop the value of equality in dealing with all types of people.

Henceforth, at the end of this topic, you will be able to examine closely the concept,
characteristics and forms of stratification systems using sociological perspectives particularly
in the Philippine setting.

59
 What’s
In

*In two sentences, express

your stand based on the
picture and write your
answers in your notebook.

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________
Process Questions: Write your answer in
your notebook.

*Which part of the pyramid has

large number of people? Why?

*Is there a balance in the distribution

of wealth and income? Why?

Proceed to the next activity to learn more.

https://www.facebook.com/anakbayanphils/photos/a.196894503659321.57811.193483107333794/1311529945529099/?type=3

60
 What’s New

https://www.haikudeck.com/social-stratification-in-the-philippines-education-presentation-Wev5BtrXGx

What is It

Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social
standing. Social stratification refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of
socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/what-is-social-stratification/

Types of Social Class in the Philippines

Three primary social classes exist in the Philippines: the low-income class, the
middle-income class, and the high-income class.

The latest Family Income and Expenditure Survey by the Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA) shows that majority (58.4%) of Filipinos belong to the low-income class, while the middle
class comprises around 40% of the population. Only 1.4% fall in the high-income class.

The Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), the government’s

socioeconomic policy think tank, notes that the low-income class has a bigger share of the
population because they tend to have larger families than other social classes.

The middle class is further classified into lower, middle, and upper middle-income
classes. In between the poor and the middle class is another social class called the
lowincome class—they’re not middle class but not considered poor. And then there’s the
upperincome class in between the middle class and the rich. Although people in this social
class make six-digit figures monthly, they’re not considered among the elite group of the
wealthiest in the Philippines.

For policy-making and public service purposes, the Philippine government looks at the
per capita income (in relation to the poverty threshold) to classify the income level of its citizens
and to assess their standard of living.

The current official poverty threshold in the Philippines is PHP 10,481, which is the
minimum amount a family of five needs in a month to buy their basic food and non-food items.

61
 If your family income is higher than the poverty threshold, the government doesn’t consider
you poor. Wondering what social class you’re in? Your guess might not match the
government’s definition of social classes.

Income Cluster Per Capita Income Monthly Income (for a family of 5)

Poor Less than the official poverty threshold Less than PHP 10,481

Low-income class (but Between the poverty line and twice the poverty line Between PHP 10,481 and PHP
not poor) 20,962
Lower middle-income Between two and four times the poverty line Between PHP 20,962 and PHP
class 41,924
Middle middle-income Between four and seven times the poverty line Between PHP 41,924 and PHP
class 73,367
Upper middle-income Between seven and 12 times the poverty line Between PHP 73,367 and PHP
class 125,772
Upper-income class Between 12 and 20 times the poverty line Between PHP 125,772 and PHP
(but not rich) 209,620
Rich At least 20 times the poverty line PHP 209,620 and above

The government defines the middle class as those earning incomes between two to 12
times the poverty line. This means if your family income is between around PHP 21,000 and
PHP 125,000, you fall in the middle-income class.

A 2018 PIDS study provides deeper insights into the middle class in the Philippines.
Here are some important and interesting facts to know about the country’s middle class vis-
àvis their poor and low-income counterparts:

Facts about the Middle Class in the Philippines

Middle-income households have significantly greater access to education, health, and

other services (not necessarily from the government). Most of them live in urban areas,
especially in Metro Manila and nearby areas.

Three in every four middle-income households live in a space that they own, while 23%
rent. A small percentage (3%) of the middle class live in the slums, but they make up a large
chunk of informal settlers in the country (42%).

This is attributed to the lack of affordable housing in the cities. Middle-class workers
have stable jobs (mostly salaried) in wholesale and retail trade, transportation, communication,
and government sectors. These include sari-sari store owners, tricycle and jeep drivers, bus
conductors, call center agents, public school teachers, clerks, private-sector employees, and
government workers. They have higher educational attainment, which is why more of them
have better-quality jobs. Their families are smaller with fewer children. Middleclass families
spend more on their children’s education, sending them to private schools and getting them
tutoring services. In Metro Manila and other traffic-congested cities, most cars are owned by
the middle class.

Middle-class households are less dependent on the government, shifting away from
using public services and leaning towards private ones. This is especially true in the case of
transportation, healthcare, and education.

62
 Assessment
TEST 1
Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write your answers in your
notebook.

1. Middle-class families spend more on their children’s education

2. High-income class has a bigger share of the population
3. Middle-class households are less dependent on the government.
4. Middle middle-income class has less than the official poverty threshold.
5. Middle-class workers have stable jobs
6. The current official poverty threshold in the Philippines is PHP 10,481
7. A small percentage (3%) of the middle class live in the slums.
8. Most cars are owned by the middle class.
9. Social stratification refers to a society’s categorization of its people.
10. Middle-income households have significantly greater access to education.

TEST 2
Directions: Choose from the given options which are best described in each of the items. Write
only the letter which corresponds to the correct answer in your notebook.

A. Poor
B. Low-income class (but not poor)
C. Lower middle-income class
D. Middle middle-income class
E. Upper middle-income class
F. Upper-income class (but not rich)
G. Rich

1. At least 20 times the poverty line.

2. Between 12 and 20 times the poverty line.
3. Between seven and 12 times the poverty line.
4. Between four and seven times the poverty line.
5. Between two and four times the poverty line.
6. Between the poverty line and twice the poverty line.
7. Less than the official poverty threshold.
8. Has a bigger share of the population.
9. Their families are smaller with fewer children.
10. They are less dependent on the government, shifting away from using public services
and leaning towards private ones.

63
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 2 - Module 3
MODULE 3
Gathering Data Through Appropriate
Instrument and Analytic Designs
(Plans Data C ollection, Data Gathering Instrument,
and Analysis Procedures)

Hi! Welcome again to our research class.

As you all know, research is a systematic process of rediscovering

ideas and concepts. It undergoes certain stages as you learned in
previous modules. Today you will be equipped with the knowledge
on data collection, data gathering instrument and analysis
procedures. They play a great part in any research undertaking as
success of it partly lies in them.

Objectives:

Specifically, after working on this module, you should be able to:

1. Distinguish the types of data collection, data gathering instruments and data
analysis procedures.
2. Plan data collection, data gathering instruments and data analysis

YOUR READINESS CHECK

HYPOTHETIC GUESS. Identify the word being described in the following sentences.
Choose your answers from the words found in the box and write on your answer sheet.
Data Analysis Qualitative Method Data Collection
Instrument Interview

1. ___________________is a methodological process of gathering and analyzing

specific information to proffer solutions to relevant questions and evaluate the
results.
2. ___________________ is a type of data collection that does not involve numbers
or a need to be deduced through a mathematical calculation, rather it is based on
the non-quantifiable elements like the feeling or emotion of the researcher.
3. ___________________ refers to the devices/instruments used to collect data such
as a paper questionnaire or a computer-assisted interviewing system.

64
 4. ___________________means a face-to-face conversation between two
individuals with the sole purpose of collecting relevant information to satisfy a
research purpose.
5. ___________________ involves interpretation of data gathered through the use
of analytical and logical reasoning to determine patterns, relationships or trends.

YOUR VOCABULARY BUILDER

Match the words in column A
with their synonyms in column
B. Write the letter only on your notebook/answer sheet.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. data A. interpretation
2. collection B. information
3. instrument C. tool
4. analysis D. design
5. method E. gathering

YOUR INITIAL TASK

Activity 1: TWOFOLD. Determine whether the following situations describe Primary Data
Collection or Secondary Data Collection. Write PDC for Primary Data Collection or SDC for
Secondary Data Collection. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. Marissa went to Barangay Malusog to interview her students about their cultural
practices learned from their ancestors.
2. Arnold read blogs and journal on the internet related to his research problem.
3. He prepared questionnaires and distributed them to his target respondents.
4. Loraine watched the interview of Pres. Duterte as it is the subject of her research.
5. As part of her research problem, Loreto stayed for a month in Barrio Makisig to observe
the ways the locals celebrate special occasions.

65
 YOUR GUIDE

The underlying need for data collection is to capture quality evidence that seeks to
answer all the questions that have been posed. Through data collection business or
management can deduce quality information that is a prerequisite for making informed
decisions. To improve the quality of information, it is expedient that data is collected so that
you can draw inferences and make informed decisions on what is considered factual.

Types of Data Collection

Before broaching the subject of the various types of data collection, it is pertinent to note
that data collection in itself falls under two broad categories; Primary data collection and
secondary data collection.

Primary Data Collection is the gathering of raw data collected at the source. It is a
process of collecting the original data collected by a researcher for a specific research
purpose. It could be further analyzed into two segments; qualitative research and
quantitative data collection methods.
Secondary Data Collection is referred to as the gathering of second-hand data
collected by an individual who is not the original user. It is the process of collecting
data that is already existing, be it already published books, journals and/or online
portals. In terms of ease, it is much less expensive and easier to collect.

Qualitative Research Method

The qualitative research methods of data collection does not involve the collection of data that
involves numbers or a need to be deduced through a mathematical calculation, rather it is
based on the non-quantifiable elements like the feeling or emotion of the researcher. An
example of such a method is an open-ended questionnaire.

Experiments
Surveys (sample surveys or census surveys)
Interview is a data collection strategy in which participants are asked to talk about the area
under consideration.

Steps For An Effective Interview

• Prepare interview schedule
• Select subjects/ key Respondant
• Conduct the interview
• Analyze and interpret data collected from the interview

Classifications

A. Structured Interviews : In this case, a set of pre-decided questions are there.

B. Unstructured Interviews :In this case, we don’t follow a system of predetermined
questions.
C. Focused Interviews :Attention is focused on the given experience of the
respondent and its possible effects.

66
 D. Clinical Interviews : Concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations or
with the course of an individual’s life experience.
E. Group Interviews :a group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed.
F. Qualitative and quantitative Interviews :divided on the basis of subject matter
i.e., whether qualitative or quantitative.
G. Individual Interviews : Interviewer meets a single person and interviews him.
H. Selection Interviews : Done for selection of people for certain Jobs.

Observation is a method under which data from the field is collected with the help of
observation by the observer or by personally going to the field. In the words of P.V Young
“Observation may be defined as systematic viewing, coupled with consideration of seen
phenomenon.”

Steps for an Effective Observation

• Determine what needs to be observed
• Select participants
• Random/Selected
• Conduct the observation (venue, duration, recording
materials, take photographs)
• Compile data collected
• Analyze and interpret data collected

Classifications

A. Structured Observation. When the observation is characterized by a careful

definition of the units to be observed, the style of recording the observed
information, standardized conditions of observation and the selection of related
data of observation.
B. Unstructured Observation. When it takes place without the above
characteristics.
C. Participant Observation happens when the observer is member of the group
which he is observing.
D. Non-Participant Observation occurs when observer is observing people without
giving any information to them.

Questionnaire is predefined set of questions, assembled in a pre-determined order. It is

handy when the researcher is trying to collect information from large numbers of people.

Steps For An Effective Questionnaire

• Prepare questions (Formulate & choose types of questions, order them, write
instructions, make copies)
• Select your respondents (Random/Selected)
• Administer the questionnaire(date, venue, time )
• Tabulate data collected
• Analyze and interpret data collected

Classifications
A. Open-ended questions give the respondents the ability to respond in their own
words.

67
 B. Close-ended or fixed alternative questions allow the respondents to choose
one of the given alternatives. .Types:- Dichotomous questions and Multiple
Questions.

Schedules are very similar to Questionnaire method. The main difference is that a
schedule is filled by the enumerator who is specially appointed for the purpose. Here the
enumerator goes to the respondents, asks them the questions from the Questionnaire in the
order listed, and records the responses in the space provided. It is a must that the enumerator
must be trained in administering the schedule.

Now after gathering the data needed using the different research instruments, data
analysis comes next. It is the process of evaluating data using the logical and analytical
reasoning to carefully examine each component of the data collected or provided. Also it is
one of the many steps that are taken when a research experiment is conducted.

Qualitative Data Analysis:

The data obtained through this method consists of words, pictures, symbols and
observations. This type of analysis refers to the procedures and processes that are utilized for
the analysis of data to provide some level of understanding, explanation or interpretation.
Unlike the quantitative analysis, no statistical approaches are used to collect and analyze this
data. There are a variety of approaches to collecting this type of data and interpreting it. Some
of the most commonly used methods are:

Qualitative data refers to non-numeric information such as interview transcripts, notes, video
and audio recordings, images and text documents. Qualitative data analysis can be divided
into the following five categories:

1. Content analysis. This refers to the process of categorizing verbal or behavioural data
to classify, summarize and tabulate the data.
2. Narrative analysis. This method involves the reformulation of stories presented by
respondents taking into account context of each case and different experiences of
each respondent. In other words, narrative analysis is the revision of primary qualitative
data by researcher.
3. Discourse analysis. A method of analysis of naturally occurring talk and all types of
written text.
4. Framework analysis. This is more advanced method that consists of several stages
such as familiarization, identifying a thematic framework, coding, charting, mapping
and interpretation.
5. Grounded theory. This method of qualitative data analysis starts with an analysis of
a single case to formulate a theory. Then, additional cases are examined to see if they
contribute to the theory.

68
 YOUR DISCOVERY TASKS

Activity 1: FIVE QUESTIONS!

A. WHAT THE PICS TELL. Label the pictures with the correct research instrument being
shown.
1.

Source: https://www.hhs -consulting.com/interviews/

______________________________

2.

Source:
https://www.researchworld.com/fundamentals -of -
questionnaire -writing/
______________________________

3.

69
 Source: https://ieconferences.com/research-tools-1-
observation/
_______________________________
4.

Source: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-
university-rankings/academic -reputation-survey-
explained
______________________________

5.

Source: https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty -free-

vector/boy-and-girl-do-science-experiment-together-
vector-16950689
________________________________

B. WHICH IS WHICH? Read the texts below. Then tell which of the type of data analysis
was used in the research and explain why you said so.
TEXT A. These results show that the reference books used by the 19 teachers had
issues on contextualization under appropriateness. The IMs are moderately
appropriate to the developmental stage of the learners, their interests and level and
skills.

70
 In support of this, the participants during the FGD emphasized that the

contents of these reference books are found to be difficult on the part of the students.
The participants said “not all students are engaged in the tasks. There are even some
who misbehaved.” “Students do not display much interest because contents of these
materials are only applicable to higher level students” another respondent added.
Although the IMs have moderate extent of contextualization, teachers should strive for
IMs with even higher extent of contextualization. In fact, the Division Supervisor
emphasized that “teacher should not rely only on the

activities found in the book. Rather, they need to use materials that would speak
about the culture, practices, and events in a particular locality, because when they are
used in teaching, learning becomes more meaningful.” In this case, the IMs
become even more appropriate.

My Premise:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

My Explanation:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

TEXT B.

Strauss and Corbin (1998) describe data analysis as a process of breaking

down, organizing, and reassembling data to develop a different understanding of
phenomena. In accord with procedures outlined by Strauss and Corbin regarding data
analysis for grounded theory research, the following coding procedures were
implemented in the current project: open coding, axial coding, and selective cod
ing. This section describes how data were deconstructed, and subsequently
reorganized to provide an understanding of how school psychologists respond in
multicultural

settings.
Several individuals, in addition to the researcher, engaged in coding and interpreting
the data for the current project. Two peer debriefers and one peer
auditor participated in the analysis process. Characteristics of both debriefers include
European American background and experience working in school settings. One of the
debriefer s is a practicing school psychologist while the other has had a career as a
special educator and is currently in a graduate school psychology program. The

71
 peer debriefers assisted in the coding of data and provided feedback on coding
categories and data in terpretations. The auditor for this project is a female, Latina,
Doctoral -level, school psychologist. The auditor monitored the coding and
interpretation process and provided feedback. Further information about the roles of
these individuals is provided la ter in this chapter.
Examples of coding interview data are included in this chapter to illustrate the
process. Although explained as though the data analysis procedures represent distinct
phases, often this was not the case; different coding tasks began c oncurrently. Table
2 lists two passages from the interviews. These passages are referred to throughout
this section to demonstrate the open, axial, and selective

coding phases.

My Premise:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
My Explanation:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

How’s your journey so far? Well, very good! Let’s proceed for
another challenging task. This time you final task.

LET’S SUM IT UP

Data collection is an integral part of research as this gives flesh to the work.
Researchers who use the qualitative research design employs the following research
instruments: interview, experiment, questionnaires, observations and schedule. From the raw
data, analysis follows and this includes either content analysis, narrative analysis, discourse
analysis, framework analysis or grounded theory.

72
 TOPIC: _____________________________________________________________

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT: ____________________________________________

ANALYSIS: __________________________________________________________

References:

Atondo, H. B. (2019). Contextualized Instructional Materials in Teaching Reading and

Writing Skills (unpublished thesis). Bicol University, Legazpi City.

Felongco, G.P. (2018). “Viral high school bullying video worries the Philippines Retrieved
from: ”https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/philippines/viral-high-school-bullying-video-
worries-the-philippines-1.61074536

“7 Data Collection Methods & Tools For Research” Retrieved from:

https://www.formpl.us/blog/data-collection-method

“ Qualitative Data Analysis” Retrieved from: https://research-methodology.net/research-

methods/data- analysis/qualitative-data-analysis/

73