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CSS Introduction: Before Your Begin

The document provides an introduction to CSS including what CSS is, its advantages, who creates and maintains CSS standards, CSS versions, and an overview of CSS syntax including selectors, properties, and values. The document also covers including CSS through embedded, internal, and external stylesheets and combining multiple CSS rules.

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CSS Introduction: Before Your Begin

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CSS Introduction

Before your begin:

Before you begin, it's important that you know Windows or Unix. A working knowledge of Windows
or Unix makes it much easier to learn HTML.

You should be familiar with:

Basic word processing using any text editor.

How to create directories and files.
How to navigate through different directories.
Basic understanding on internet browsing using a browser like Internet Explorer or Firefox
etc.
Basic understanding on developing simple Web Pages using HTML or XHTML.

If you are new to HTML and XHTML then I would suggest you to go through our HTML Tutorial or
XHTML Tutorial. Anyone of HTML or XHTML is enough to proceed.

What is CSS?

Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simple design language intended to simplify
the process of making web pages presentable.

CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using CSS, you can control the color of the text,
the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how columns are sized and laid out, what
background images or colors are used, as well as a variety of other effects.

CSS is easy to learn and understand but it provides powerful control over the presentation of an
HTML document. Most commonly, CSS is combined with the markup languages HTML or XHTML.

Advantages of CSS:

CSS saves time - You can write CSS once and then reuse same sheet in multiple HTML
pages. You can define a style for each HTML element and apply it to as many Web pages as
you want.
Pages load faster - If you are using CSS, you do not need to write HTML tag attributes
every time. Just write one CSS rule of a tag and apply to all the occurrences of that tag. So
less code means faster download times.
Easy maintenance - To make a global change, simply change the style, and all elements
in all the web pages will be updated automatically.
Superior styles to HTML - CSS has a much wider array of attributes than HTML so you
can give far better look to your HTML page in comparison of HTML attributes.
Multiple Device Compatibility - Style sheets allow content to be optimized for more than
one type of device. By using the same HTML document, different versions of a website can
be presented for handheld devices such as PDAs and cell phones or for printing.
Global web standards - Now HTML attributes are being deprecated and it is being
recommended to use CSS. So its a good idea to start using CSS in all the HTML pages to
make them compatible to future browsers.

Who Creates and Maintains CSS?

CSS is created and maintained through a group of people within the W3C called the CSS Working
Group. The CSS Working Group creates documents called specifications. When a specification has
been discussed and officially ratified by W3C members, it becomes a recommendation.

These ratified specifications are called recommendations because the W3C has no control over the
actual implementation of the language. Independent companies and organizations create that
software.

NOTE: The World Wide Web Consortium, or W3C is a group that makes recommendations about
how the Internet works and how it should evolve.

CSS Versions:

Cascading Style Sheets, level 1 (CSS1) was came out of W3C as a recommendation in December
1996. This version describes the CSS language as well as a simple visual formatting model for all
the HTML tags.

CSS2 was became a W3C recommendation in May 1998 and builds on CSS1. This version adds
support for media-specific style sheets e.g. printers and aural devices, downloadable fonts, element
positioning and tables.

About this Tutorial:

This tutorial covers both versions CSS1 and CSS2 and teaches you CSS starting from basic concepts
to advanced concepts. So now start from next chapter and finish it till end to become master in
CSS.
CSS Syntax - Selectors

A CSS comprises of style rules that are interpreted by the browser and then applied to the
corresponding elements in your document. A style rule is made of three parts:

Selector: A selector is an HTML tag at which style will be applied. This could be any tag like
<h1> or <table> etc.
Property: A property is a type of attribute of HTML tag. Put simply, all the HTML attributes
are converted into CSS properties. They could be color or border etc.
Value: Values are assigned to properties. For example color property can have value either
red or #F1F1F1 etc.

You can put CSS Style Rule Syntax as follows:

selector { property: value }

Example: You can define a table border as follows:

table{ border :1px solid #C00; }

Here table is a selector and border is a property and given value 1px solid #C00 is the value of that
property.

You can define selectors in various simple ways based on your comfort. Let me put these selectors
one by one.

The Type Selectors:

This is the same selector we have seen above. Again one more example to give a color to all level 1
headings :

h1 {
color: #36CFFF;
}

The Universal Selectors:

Rather than selecting elements of a specific type, the universal selector quite simply matches the
name of any element type :

* {
color: #000000;
}

This rule renders the content of every element in our document in black.

The Descendant Selectors:

Suppose you want to apply a style rule to a particular element only when it lies inside a particular
element. As given in the following example, style rule will apply to <em> element only when it lies
inside <ul> tag.

ul em {
color: #000000;
}

The Class Selectors:

You can define style rules based on the class attribute of the elements. All the elements having that
class will be formatted according to the defined rule.

.black {
color: #000000;
}

This rule renders the content in black for every element with class attribute set to black in our
document. You can make it a bit more particular. For example:

h1.black {
color: #000000;
}

This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements with class attribute set to black.

You can apply more than one class selectors to given element. Consider the following example :

<p class="center bold">

This para will be styled by the classes center and bold.
</p>

The ID Selectors:

You can define style rules based on the id attribute of the elements. All the elements having that id
will be formatted according to the defined rule.

#black {
color: #000000;
}

This rule renders the content in black for every element with id attribute set to black in our
document. You can make it a bit more particular. For example:

h1#black {
color: #000000;
}

This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements with id attribute set to black.
The true power of id selectors is when they are used as the foundation for descendant selectors, For
example:

#black h2 {
color: #000000;
}

In this example all level 2 headings will be displayed in black color only when those headings will lie
with in tags having id attribute set to black.

The Child Selectors:

You have seen descendant selectors. There is one more type of selectors which is very similar to
descendants but have different functionality. Consider the following example:

body > p {
color: #000000;
}

This rule will render all the paragraphs in black if they are direct child of <body> element. Other
paragraphs put inside other elements like <div> or <td> etc. would not have any effect of this rule.

The Attribute Selectors:

You can also apply styles to HTML elements with particular attributes. The style rule below will
match all input elements that has a type attribute with a value of text:

input[type="text"]{
color: #000000;
}

The advantage to this method is that the <input type="submit" /> element is unaffected, and the
color applied only to the desired text fields.

There are following rules applied to attribute selector.

p[lang] - Selects all paragraph elements with a lang attribute.

p[lang="fr"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute has a value of exactly
"fr".
p[lang~="fr"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute contains the word
"fr".
p[lang|="en"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute contains values that
are exactly "en", or begin with "en-".

Multiple Style Rules:

You may need to define multiple style rules for a single element. You can define these rules to
combine multiple properties and corresponding values into a single block as defined in the following
example:

h1 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}

Here all the property and value pairs are separated by a semi colon (;). You can keep them in a
ingle line or multiple lines. For better readability we keep them into separate lines.

For a while don't bother about the properties mentioned in the above block. These properties will be
explained in coming chapters and you can find complete detail about properties in CSS References.

Grouping Selectors:
You can apply a style to many selectors if you like. Just separate the selectors with a comma as
given in the following example:

h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}

This define style rule will be applicable to h1, h2 and h3 element as well. The order of the list is
irrelevant. All the elements in the selector will have the corresponding declarations applied to them.

You can combine various class selectors together as shown below:

#content, #footer, #supplement {

position: absolute;
left: 510px;
width: 200px;
}
CSS Inclusion - Associating Styles

There are four ways to associate styles with your HTML document. Most commonly used methods
are inline CSS and External CSS.

Embedded CSS - The <style> Element:

You can put your CSS rules into an HTML document using the <style> element. This tag is placed
inside <head>...</head> tags. Rules defined using this syntax will be applied to all the elements
available in the document. Here is the generic syntax:

<head>
<style type="text/css" media="...">
Style Rules
............
</style>
</head>

Attributes:

Attributes associated with <style> elements are:

Attribute Value Description

Specifies the style sheet language as a content-type (MIME type). This is

type text/css
required attribute.

screen
tty
tv
projection
Specifies the device the document will be displayed on. Default value is all.
media handheld
This is optional attribute.
print
braille
aural
all

Example:

Following is the example of embed CSS based on above syntax:

<head>
<style type="text/css" media="all">
h1{
color: #36C;
}
</style>
</head>

Inline CSS - The style Attribute:

You can use style attribute of any HTML element to define style rules. These rules will be applied to
that element only. Here is the generic syntax:

<element style="...style rules....">

Attributes:

Attribute Value Description

style The value of style attribute is a combination of style declarations separated

style
rules by semicolon (;).

Example:

Following is the example of inline CSS based on above syntax:

<h1 style ="color:#36C;"> This is inline CSS </h1>

This will produce following result:

This is inline CSS

External CSS - The <link> Element:

The <link> element can be used to include an external stylesheet file in your HTML document.

An external style sheet is a separate text file with .css extension. You define all the Style rules
within this text file and then you can include this file in any HTML document using <link> element.

Here is the generic syntax of including external CSS file:

Attributes:

Attributes associated with <style> elements are:

Attribute Value Description

Specifies the style sheet language as a content-type (MIME type). This

type text/css
attribute is required.

href URL Specifies the style sheet file having Style rules. This attribute is a required.

screen
tty
tv Specifies the device the document will be displayed on. Default value is all.
media
projection This is optional attribute.
handheld
print
braille
aural
all

Example:

Consider a simple style sheet file with a name mystyle.css having the following rules:

h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}

Now you can include this file mystyle.css in any HTML document as follows:

Imported CSS - @import Rule:

@import is used to import an external stylesheet in a manner similar to the <link> element. Here is
the generic syntax of @import rule.

Here URL is the URL of the style sheet file having style rules. You can use another syntax as well:

Example:

Following is the example showing you how to import a style sheet file into HTML document:

<head>
@import "mystyle.css";
</head>

CSS Rules Overriding:

We have discussed four ways to include style sheet rules in a an HTML document. Here is the rule to
override any Style Sheet Rule.
Any inline style sheet takes highest priority. So it will override any rule defined in
<style>...</style> tags or rules defined in any external style sheet file.
Any rule defined in <style>...</style> tags will override rules defined in any external style
sheet file.
Any rule defined in external style sheet file takes lowest priority and rules defined in this file
will be applied only when above two rules are not applicable.

Handling old Browsers:

There are still many old browsers who do not support CSS. So we should take care while writing our
Embedded CSS in an HTML document. The following snippet shows how you can use comment tags
to hide CSS from older browsers:

CSS Comments:
Many times you may need to put additional comments in your style sheet blocks. So it is very easy
to comment any part in style sheet. You simple put your comments inside /*.....this is a comment in
style sheet.....*/.

You can use /* ....*/ to comment multi-line blocks in similar way you do in C and C++
programming languages.

Example:

/* This is an external style sheet file */

h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}
/* end of style rules. */
CSS - Measurement Units

Before we start actual exercise, I would like to give a brief idea about the CSS Measurement Units.

CSS supports a number of measurements including absolute units such as inches, centimeters,
points, and so on, as well as relative measures such as percentages and em units. You need these
values while specifying various measurements in your Style rules e.g border="1px solid red".

We have listed out all the CSS Measurement Units alogwith proper Examples:

Unit Description Example

% Defines a measurement as a percentage relative p {font-size: 16pt; line-height: 125%;}

to another value, typically an enclosing
element.

cm Defines a measurement in centimeters. div {margin-bottom: 2cm;}

em A relative measurement for the height of a font p {letter-spacing: 7em;}

in em spaces. Because an em unit is equivalent
to the size of a given font, if you assign a font
to 12pt, each "em" unit would be 12pt; thus,
2em would be 24pt.

ex This value defines a measurement relative to a p {font-size: 24pt; line-height: 3ex;}

font's x-height. The x-height is determined by
the height of the font's lowercase letter x.

in Defines a measurement in inches. p {word-spacing: .15in;}

mm Defines a measurement in millimeters. p {word-spacing: 15mm;}

pc Defines a measurement in picas. A pica is p {font-size: 20pc;}

equivalent to 12 points; thus, there are 6 picas
per inch.

pt Defines a measurement in points. A point is body {font-size: 18pt;}

defined as 1/72nd of an inch.

px Defines a measurement in screen pixels. p {padding: 25px;}

CSS - Colors

CSS uses color values to specify a color. Typically, these are used to set a color either for the
foreground of an element(i.e., its text) or else for the background of the element. They can also be
used to affect the color of borders and other decorative effects.

You can specify your color values in various formats. Following table tells you all possible formats:

Format Syntax Example

Hex Code #RRGGBB p{color:#FF0000;}

Short Hex Code #RGB p{color:#6A7;}

RGB % rgb(rrr%,ggg%,bbb%) p{color:rgb(50%,50%,50%);}

RGB Absolute rgb(rrr,ggg,bbb) p{color:rgb(0,0,255);}

keyword aqua, black, etc. p{color:teal;}

These formats are explained in more detail in the following sections:

CSS Colors - Hex Codes:

A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a red value,
the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).

A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Jasc Paintshop
Pro or even using Advanced Paint Brush.

Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following are the examples to
use Hexadecimal notation.

Color Color HEX

#000000

#FF0000

#00FF00

#0000FF

#FFFF00

#00FFFF

#FF00FF

#C0C0C0

#FFFFFF

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

CSS Colors - Short Hex Codes:
This is a shorter form of the six-digit notation. In this format, each digit is replicated to arrive at an
equivalent six-digit value; For example: #6A7 becomes #66AA77.

A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Jasc Paintshop
Pro or even using Advanced Paint Brush.

Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following are the examples to
use Hexadecimal notation.

Color Color HEX

#000

#F00

#0F0

#0FF

#FF0

#0FF

#F0F

#FFF

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

CSS Colors - RGB Values:

This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values, one each
for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage.

NOTE: All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to use it.

Following is the example to show few colors using RGB values.

Color Color RGB

rgb(0,0,0)

rgb(255,0,0)

rgb(0,255,0)

rgb(0,0,255)

rgb(255,255,0)

rgb(0,255,255)

rgb(255,0,255)

rgb(192,192,192)

rgb(255,255,255)
Building Color Codes:
You can build millions of color codes using our Color Code Builder. Check our HTML Color Code
Builder. To use this tool you would need a Java Enabled Browser.

Browser Safe Colors:

Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be most safe and computer independent colors.
These colors very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF. These color are safe to use because they
ensure that all computers would display the colors correctly when running a 256 color palette:

000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF

003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF

006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF

009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF

00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF

00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF

330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF

333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF

336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF

339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF

33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF

33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF

660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF

663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF

666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF

669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF

66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF

66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF

990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF

993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF

996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF

999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF

99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF

99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF

CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF

CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF

CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF

CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF

CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF

CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF

FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF

FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF

FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF

FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF

FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF

FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

Setting Backgrounds using CSS

This tutorial will teach you how to set backgrounds of various HTML elements. You can set following
background properties of an element:

The background-color property is used to set the background color of an element.

The background-image property is used to set the background image of an element.
The background-repeat property is used to control the repetition of an image in the
background.
The background-position property is used to control the position of an image in the
background.
The background-attachment property is used to control the scrolling of an image in the
background.
The background property is used as shorthand to specify a number of other background
properties.

Set the background color:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the background color for an element.

<p style="background-color:yellow;">
This text has a yellow background color.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text has a yellow background color.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Set the background image:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the background image for an element.

<table style="background-image:url(/images/pattern1.gif);">
<tr><td>
This table has background image set.
</td></tr>
</table>

Repeat the background image:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to repeat the background image if image is small.
You can use no-repeat value for background-repeat property if you don't want to repeat an image,
in this case image will display only once.

By default background-repeat property will have repeat value.

<table style="background-image:url(/images/pattern1.gif);
background-repeat: repeat;">
<tr><td>
This table has background image which repeats multiple times.
</td></tr>
</table>

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Following is the example which demonstrates how to repeat the background image vertically.

<table style="background-image:url(/images/pattern1.gif);
background-repeat: repeat-y;">
<tr><td>
This table has background image set which will repeat vertically.
</td></tr>
</table>

Following is the example which demonstrates how to repeat the background image horizontally.

<table style="background-image:url(/images/pattern1.gif);
background-repeat: repeat-x;">
<tr><td>
This table has background image set which will repeat horizontally.
</td></tr>
</table>

Set the background image position:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the background image position 100 pixels
away from the left side.

<table style="background-image:url(/images/pattern1.gif);
background-position:100px;">
<tr><td>
Background image positioned 100 pixels away from the left.
</td></tr>
</table>

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the background image position 100 pixels
away from the left side and 200 pixels down from the top.

<table style="background-image:url(/images/pattern1.gif);
background-position:100px 200px;">
<tr><td>
This table has background image positioned 100
pixels away from the left and 200 pixels from the top.
</td></tr>
</table>
Set the background attachment:
Background attachment determines whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of
the page.

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the fixed background image.

<p style="background-image:url(/images/pattern1.gif);
background-attachment:fixed;">
This parapgraph has fixed background image.
</p>

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the scrolling background image.

<p style="background-image:url(/images/pattern1.gif);
background-attachment:scroll;">
This parapgraph has scrolling background image.
</p>

Shorthand property :
You can use the background property to set all the background properties at once. For example:

<p style="background:url(/images/pattern1.gif) repeat fixed;">

This parapgraph has fixed repeated background image.
</p>
Setting Fonts using CSS

This tutorial will teach you how to set fonts of a content available in an HTML element. You can set
following font properties of an element:

The font-family property is used to change the face of a font.

The font-style property is used to make a font italic or oblique.
The font-variant property is used to create a small-caps effect.
The font-weight property is used to increase or decrease how bold or light a font appears.
The font-size property is used to increase or decrease the size of a font.
The font property is used as shorthand to specify a number of other font properties.

Set the font family:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the font family of an element. Possible
value could be any font family name.

<p style="font-family:georgia,garamond,serif;">
This text is rendered in either georgia, garamond, or the default
serif font depending on which font you have at your system.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text is rendered in either georgia, garamond, or the default

serif font depending on which font you have at your system.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Set the font style:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the font style of an element. Possible
values are normal, italic and oblique.

<p style="font-style:italic;">
This text will be rendered in italic style
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text will be rendered in italic style

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Set the font variant:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the font variant of an element. Possible
values are normal and small-caps.
<p style="font-variant:small-caps;">
This text will be rendered as small caps
</p>

This will produce following result:

THIS TEXT WILL BE RENEDERED AS SMALL CAPS

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Set the font weight:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the font weight of an element. The font-
weight property provides the functionality to specify how bold a font is. Possible values could be
normal, bold, bolder, lighter, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900.

<p style="font-weight:bold;">
This font is bold.
</p>
<p style="font-weight:bolder;">
This font is bolder.
</p>
<p style="font-weight:900;">
This font is 900 weight.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This font is bold.

This font is bolder.

This font is 900 weight.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Set the font size:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the font size of an element. The font-size
property is used to control the size of fonts. Possible values could be xx-small, x-small, small,
medium, large, x-large, xx-large, smaller, larger, size in pixels or in %

<p style="font-size:20px;">
This font size is 20 pixels
</p>
<p style="font-size:small;">
This font size is small
</p>
<p style="font-size:large;">
This font size is large
</p>
This will produce following result:

This font size is 20 pixels

This font size is small

This font size is large

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Set the font size adjust:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the font size adjust of an element. This
property enables you to adjust the x-height to make fonts more legible. Possible value could be any
number.

<p style="font-size-adjust:0.61;">
This text is using a font-size-adjust value.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text is using a font-size-adjust value.

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Set the font stretch:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the font stretch of an element. This
property relies on the user's computer to have an expanded or condensed version of the font being
used.

Possible values could be normal, wider, narrower, ultra-condensed, extra-condensed, condensed,

semi-condensed, semi-expanded, expanded, extra-expanded, ultra-expanded.

<p style="font-stretch:ultra-expanded;">
If this doesn't appear to work, it is likely that
your computer doesn't have a condensed or expanded
version of the font being used.
</p>

This will produce following result:

If this doesn't appear to work, it is likely that your computer doesn't have a condensed or expanded
version of the font being used.

To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Shorthand property :
You can use the font property to set all the font properties at once. For example:

<p style="font:italic small-caps bold 15px georgia;">

Applying all the properties on the text at once.
</p>

This will produce following result:

APPLYING ALL THE PROPERTIES ON THE TEXT AT ONCE.

Manipulating Text using CSS

This tutorial will teach you how to manipulate text using CSS properties. You can set following text
properties of an element:

The color property is used to set the color of a text.

The direction property is used to set the text direction.
The letter-spacing property is used to add or subtract space between the letters that
make up a word.
The word-spacing property is used to add or subtract space between the words of a
sentence.
The text-indent property is used to indent the text of a paragraph.
The text-align property is used to align the text of a document.
The text-decoration property is used to underline, overline, and strikethrough text.
The text-transform property is used to capitalize text or convert text to uppercase or
lowercase letters.
The white-space property is used to control the flow and formatting of text.
The text-shadow property is used to set the text shadow around a text.

Set the text color:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the text color. Possible value could be any
color name in any valid format.

<p style="color:red;">
This text will be written in red.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text will be written in red.

Set the text direction :

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the direction of a text. Possible values are
ltr or rtl.

<p style="direction:rtl;">
This text will be renedered from right to left
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text will be renedered from right to left

Set the space between characters:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the space between characters. Possible
values are normal or a number specifying space..
<p style="letter-spacing:5px;">
This text is having space between letters.
</p>

This will produce following result:

T h i s t e x t i s h a v i n g s p a c e b e t w e e n l e t t e r s .

Set the space between words:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the space between words. Possible values
are normal or a number specifying space..

<p style="word-spacing:5px;">
This text is having space between words.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text is having space between words.

Set the text indent:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to indent the first line of a paragraph. Possible
values are % or a number specifying indent space..

<p style="text-indent:1cm;">
This text will have first line indented by 1cm
and this line will remain at its actual position
this is done by CSS text-indent property.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text will have first line indented by 1cm

and this line will remain at its actual position
this is done by CSS text-indent property.

Set the text alignment:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to align a text. Possible values are left, right,
center, justify..

<p style="text-align:right;">
This will be right aligned.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
This will be center aligned.
</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">
This will be left aligned.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This will be right aligned.

This will be center aligned.

This will be left aligned.

Decorating the text:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to decorate a text. Possible values are none,
underline, overline, line-through, blink..

<p style="text-decoration:underline;">
This will be underlined
</p>
<p style="text-decoration:line-through;">
This will be striked through.
</p>
<p style="text-decoration:overline;">
This will have a over line.
</p>
<p style="text-decoration:blink;">
This text will have blinking effect
</p>

This will produce following result:

This will be underlined

This will be striked through.

This will have a over line.

This text will have blinking effect

Set the text cases:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the cases for a text. Possible values are
none, capitalize, uppercase, lowercase..

<p style="text-transform:capitalize;">
This will be capitalized
</p>
<p style="text-transform:uppercase;">
This will be in uppercase
</p>
<p style="text-transform:lowercase;">
This will be in lowercase
</p>

This will produce following result:

This will be capitalized

THIS WILL BE IN UPPERCASE

This will be in lowercase

Set the white space between text:

Following is the example which demonstrates how white space inside an element is handled.
Possible values are normal, pre, nowrap.

<p style="white-space:pre;">This text has a line break

and the white-space pre setting tells the browser to honor it
just like the HTML pre tag.</p>

This will produce following result:

This text has a line break

and the white-space pre setting tells the browser to honor it

just like the HTML pre tag.

Set the text shadow:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the shadow around a text. This may not be
supported by all the browsers.

<p style="text-shadow:4px 4px 8px blue;">

If your browser supports the CSS text-shadow property,
this text will have a blue shadow.</p>

This will produce following result:

If your browser supports the CSS text-shadow property, this text will have a blue shadow.
CSS - Images

Images are very important part of any Web Page. Though it is not recommended to include lot of
images but it is still important to use good images wherever it is required.

CSS plays a good role to control image display. You can set following image properties using CSS.

The border property is used to set the width of an image border.

The height property is used to set the height of an image.
The width property is used to set the width of an image.
The -moz-opacity property is used to set the opacity of an image.

The image border Property:

The border property of an image is used to set the width of an image border. This property can
have a value in length or in %.

A width of zero pixels means no border.

Here is the example:

<img style="border:0px;" src="/images/css.gif" />

This will produce following result:

The image height Property:
The height property of an image is used to set the height of an image. This property can have a
value in length or in %. While giving value in %, it applies it in respect of the box in which an image
is available.

Here is the example:

<img style="border:1px solid red; height:100px;"

src="/images/css.gif" />
<br />
<img style="border:1px solid red; height:50%;"
src="/images/css.gif" />

This will produce following result:

The image width Property:

The width property of an image is used to set the width of an image. This property can have a value
in length or in %. While giving value in %, it applies it in respect of the box in which an image is
available.

Here is the example:

<img style="border:1px solid red; width:100px;"

src="/images/css.gif" />
<br />
<img style="border:1px solid red; width:100%;"
src="/images/css.gif" />

This will produce following result:

The -moz-opacity Property:
The -moz-opacity property of an image is used to set the opacity of an image. This property is used
to create a transparent image in Mozilla. IE uses filter:alpha(opacity=x) to create transparent
images.

In Mozilla (-moz-opacity:x) x can be a value from 0.0 - 1.0. A lower value makes the element more
transparent (The same things goes for the CSS3-valid syntax opacity:x).

In IE (filter:alpha(opacity=x)) x can be a value from 0 - 100. A lower value makes the element
more transparent.

Here is the example:

<img style="border:1px solid red;-moz-opacity:0.4;filter:alpha(opacity=40);"

src="/images/css.gif" />

This will produce following result:

CSS - Links

This tutorial will teach you how to set different properties of a hyper link using CSS. You can set
following properties of a hyper link:

We will revisit same properties when we will discuss Pseudo-Classes of CSS.

The :link Signifies unvisited hyperlinks.

The :visited Signifies visited hyperlinks.
The :hover Signifies an element that currently has the user's mouse pointer hovering over
it.
The :active Signifies an element on which the user is currently clicking.

Usually these all properties are kept in the header part of HTML document.

Remember a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited in the CSS definition in order to be
effective. Also, a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS definition as follows.

Now we will see how to use these properties to give different effects to hyperlinks.

Set the color of Links:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the link color. Possible value could be any
color name in any valid format.

This will produce following black link:

Black Link

Set the color of Visited Links:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the color of visited links. Possible value
could be any color name in any valid format.

This will produce following link. Once you will click this link, it will change its color to green.

Click this link

Change the color of links when mouse is over:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to change the color of links when we bring a
mouse pointer over that link. Possible value could be any color name in any valid format.

This will produce following link. Now you bring your mouse over this link and you will see that it
changes its color to yellow.

Bring Mouse Here

Change the color of active links:

Following is the example which demonstrates how to change the color of active links. Possible value
could be any color name in any valid format.

This will produce following link. This will change it color to pink when user clicks it.
CSS - Tables

This tutorial will teach you how to set different properties of an HTML table using CSS. You can set
following properties of a table:

The border-collapse Specifies whether the browser should control the appearance of
adjacent borders that touch each other or whether each cell should maintain its style.
The border-spacing Specifies the width that should appear between table cells.
The caption-side Captions are presented in the <caption> element. By default, these are
rendered above the table in the document. You use the caption-side property to control the
placement of the table caption.
The empty-cells Specifies whether the border should be shown if a cell is empty.
The table-layout Allows browsers to speed up layout of a table by using the first width
properties it comes across for the rest of a column rather than having to load the whole
table before rendering it.

Now we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The border-collapse Property:

This property can have two values collapse and separate. Following is the example to show both
values:

This will produce following result:

Collapse Border Example

Cell A Collapse Example

Cell B Collapse Example

Separate Border Example

Cell A Separate Example

Cell B Separate Example

The border-spacing Property:

The border-spacing property specifies the distance that separates adjacent cells. borders. It can
take either one or two values; these should be units of length.

If you provide one value it will applies to both vertical and horizontal borders Or you can specify two
values, in which case the first refers to the horizontal spacing and the second to the vertical
spacing:

NOTE: Unfortunately, this property does not work in Netscape 7 or IE 6.

Now let's modify previous example and see the effect:

This will produce following result:

Separate Border Example with border-spacing

Cell A Collapse Example
Cell B Collapse Example

Separate Border Example with border-spacing

Cell A Separate Example
Cell B Separate Example

The caption-side Property:

The caption-side property allows you to specify where the content of a <caption> element should be
placed in relationship to the table. The table that follows lists the possible values.

This property can have one of the four values top, bottom, left or right. Let us see following
example to show each value:

NOTE:These properties may not work with your IE Browser.

<table style="width:400px; border:1px solid black;">

<caption class="top">
This caption will appear at the top
</caption>
<tr><td > Cell A</td></tr>
<tr><td > Cell B</td></tr>
</table>
<br />

<table style="width:400px; border:1px solid black;">

<caption class="bottom">
This caption will appear at the bottom
</caption>
<tr><td > Cell A</td></tr>
<tr><td > Cell B</td></tr>
</table>
<br />

<table style="width:400px; border:1px solid black;">

<caption class="left">
This caption will appear at the left
</caption>
<tr><td > Cell A</td></tr>
<tr><td > Cell B</td></tr>
</table>
<br />

<table style="width:400px; border:1px solid black;">

<caption class="right">
This caption will appear at the right
</caption>
<tr><td > Cell A</td></tr>
<tr><td > Cell B</td></tr>
</table>

This will produce following result:

This caption will appear at the top

Cell A
Cell B

This caption will appear at the bottom

Cell A
Cell B

This caption will appear at the left

Cell A
Cell B

This caption will appear at the right

Cell A
Cell B

The empty-cells Property:

The empty-cells property indicates whether a cell without any content should have a border
displayed.

This property can have one of the three values show, hide or inherit.

Here is the empty-cells property used to hide borders of empty cells in the <table> element.

This will produce following result:

Title one Title two

Row Title value value

Row Title value

The table-layout Property:

The table-layout property is supposed to help you control how a browser should render or lay out a
table.

This property can have one of the three values fixed, auto or inherit.

Here is the example to show the difference between these properties.

NOTE:This property is not supported by many browsers so do not rely on this property.

This will produce following result:

1000000000000000000000000000 10000000 100

CSS - Borders

The border properties allow you to specify how the border of the box representing an element
should look. There are three properties of a border you can change

The border-color Specifies the color of a border.

The border-style Specifies whether a border should be solid, dashed line, double line, or
one of the other possible values.
The border-width Specifies the width of a border.

Now we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The border-color Property:

The border-color property allows you to change the color of the border surrounding an element. You
can individually change the color of the bottom, left, top and right sides of an element's border
using the properties:

border-bottom-color changes the color of bottom border.

border-top-color changes the color of top border.
border-left-color changes the color of left border.
border-right-color changes the color of right border.

Here is the example which shows effect of all these properties:

This will produce following result:

This example is showing all borders in different colors.

This example is showing all borders in green color only.

The border-style Property:
The border-style property allows you to select one of the following styles of border:

none: No border. (Equivalent of border-width:0;)

solid: Border is a single solid line.
dotted: Border is a series of dots.
dashed: Border is a series of short lines.
double: Border is two solid lines.
groove: Border looks as though it is carved into the page.
ridge: Border looks the opposite of groove.
inset: Border makes the box look like it is embedded in the page.
outset: Border makes the box look like it is coming out of the canvas.
hidden: Same as none, except in terms of border-conflict resolution for table elements.

You can individually change the style of the bottom, left, top, and right borders of an element using
following properties:

border-bottom-style changes the style of bottom border.

border-top-style changes the style of top border.
border-left-style changes the style of left border.
border-right-style changes the style of right border.

Following is the example to show all these border styles:

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:none;">

This is a border with none width.
</p>
<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:solid;">
This is a solid border.
</p>
<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:dashed;">
This is a dahsed border.
</p>
<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:double;">
This is a double border.
</p>
<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:groove;">
This is a groove border.
</p>
<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:ridge">
This is aridge border.
</p>
<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:inset;">
This is a inset border.
</p>
<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:outset;">
This is a outset border.
</p>
<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:hidden;">
This is a hidden border.
</p>
<p style="border-width:4px;
border-top-style:solid;
border-bottom-style:dashed;
border-left-style:groove;
border-right-style:double;">
This is a a border with four different styles.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This is a border with none width.

This is a solid border.

This is a dahsed border.

This is a double border.

This is a groove border.

This is aridge border.

This is a inset border.

This is a outset border.

This is a hidden border.

This is a a border with four different styles.

The border-width Property:

The border-width property allows you to set the width of an element borders. The value of this
property could be either a length in px, pt or cm or it should be set to thin, medium or thick.

You can individually change the width of the bottom, top, left, and right borders of an element using
the following properties:

border-bottom-width changes the width of bottom border.

border-top-width changes the width of top border.
border-left-width changes the width of left border.
border-right-width changes the width of right border.

Following is the example to show all these border width:

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:solid;">

This is a solid border whose width is 4px.
</p>
<p style="border-width:4pt; border-style:solid;">
This is a solid border whose width is 4pt.
</p>
<p style="border-width:thin; border-style:solid;">
This is a solid border whose width is thin.
</p>
<p style="border-width:medium; border-style:solid;">
This is a solid border whose width is medium;
</p>
<p style="border-width:thick; border-style:solid;">
This is a solid border whose width is thick.
</p>
<p style="border-bottom-width:4px;
border-top-width:10px;
border-left-width: 2px;
border-right-width:15px;
border-style:solid;">
This is a a border with four different width.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This is a solid border whose width is 4px.

This is a solid border whose width is 4pt.

This is a solid border whose width is thin.

This is a solid border whose width is medium;

This is a solid border whose width is thick.

This is a a border with four different width.

Border Properties Using Shorthand:

The border property allows you to specify color, style, and width of lines in one property:

Following is the example to show to use all the three properties into a single property. This is the
most frequently used property to set border around any element.

<p style="border:4px solid red;">

This example is showing shorthand property for border.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This example is showing shorthand property for border.

CSS - Margins

The margin property defines the space around an HTML element. It is possible to use negative
values to overlap content.

The values of the margin property are not inherited by child elements. Remember that the adjacent
vertical margins (top and bottom margins) will collapse into each other so that the distance between
the blocks is not the sum of the margins, but only the greater of the two margins or the same size
as one margin if both are equal.

There are following four properties to set an element margin.

The margin A shorthand property for setting the margin properties in one declaration.
The margin-bottom Specifies the bottom margin of an element.
The margin-top Specifies the top margin of an element.
The margin-left Specifies the left margin of an element.
The margin-right Specifies the right margin of an element.

Now we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The margin Property:

The margin property allows you set all of the properties for the four margins in one declaration.
Here is the syntax to set margin around a paragraph:

p {margin: 10px 2%}

top and bottom margin will be 10px, left and right margin will be 2% of the total width of the
document.

p {margin: 10px 2% -10px}

top margin will be 10px, left and right margin will be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom
margin will be -10px

p {margin: 10px 2% -10px auto}

top margin will be 10px, right margin will be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom margin
will be -10px, left margin will be set by the browser

</style>

Here is the example:

<p style="margin: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

all four margins will be 15px
</p>

<p style="margin:10px 2%; border:1px solid black;">

top and bottom margin will be 10px, left and right margin will be 2% of the total width of the
document.
</p>
<p style="margin: 10px 2% -10px; border:1px solid black;"> top margin will be 10px, left and
right margin will be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom margin will be -10px </p>

<p style="margin: 10px 2% -10px auto; border:1px solid black;"> top margin will be 10px, right
margin will be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom margin will be -10px, left margin will
be set by the browser
</p>

This will produce following result:

all four margins will be 10px

top and bottom margin will be 10px, left and right margin will be 2% of the total width of the
document.

top margin will be 10px, left and right margin will be 2% of the total width of the document,
bottom margin will be -10px

top margin will be 10px, right margin will be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom
margin will be -10px, left margin will be set by the browser

The margin-bottom Property:

The margin-bottom property allows you set bottom margin of an element. It can have a value in
length, % or auto.

Here is the example:

<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified bottom margin
</p>

<p style="margin-bottom: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified bottom margin in percent
</p>

This will produce following result:

This is a paragraph with a specified bottom margin

This is another paragraph with a specified bottom margin in percent

The margin-top Property:

The margin-top property allows you set top margin of an element. It can have a value in length, %
or auto.

Here is the example:

<p style="margin-top: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
This is a paragraph with a specified top margin
</p>

<p style="margin-top: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified top margin in percent
</p>

This will produce following result:

This is a paragraph with a specified top margin

This is another paragraph with a specified top margin in percent

The margin-left Property:

The margin-left property allows you set left margin of an element. It can have a value in length, %
or auto.

Here is the example:

<p style="margin-left: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified left margin
</p>

<p style="margin-left: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified top margin in percent
</p>

This will produce following result:

This is a paragraph with a specified left margin

This is another paragraph with a specified top margin in percent

The margin-right Property:

The margin-right property allows you set right margin of an element. It can have a value in length,
% or auto.

Here is the example:

<p style="margin-right: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified right margin
</p>

<p style="margin-right: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified right margin in percent
</p>
This will produce following result:

This is a paragraph with a specified right margin

This is another paragraph with a specified right margin in percent

CSS - Lists

Lists are very helpful in conveying a set of either numbered or bulleted points. This tutorial teaches
you how to control list type, position, style etc. using CSS

There are following five CSS properties which can be used to control lists:

The list-style-type Allows you to control the shape or appearance of the marker.
The list-style-position Specifies whether a long point that wraps to a second line should
align with the first line or start underneath the start of the marker.
The list-style-image Specifies an image for the marker rather than a bullet point or
number.
The list-style Serves as shorthand for the preceding properties.
The marker-offset Specifies the distance between a marker and the text in the list.

Now we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The list-style-type Property:

The list-style-type property allows you to control the shape or style of bullet point (also known as a
marker) in the case of unordered lists, and the style of numbering characters in ordered lists.

Here are the values which can be used for an unordered list:

Value Description

none NA

disc (default) A filled-in circle

circle An empty circle

square A filled-in square

Here are the values which can be used for an ordered list:

Value Description Example

decimal Number 1,2,3,4,5

decimal-leading-zero 0 before the number 01, 02, 03, 04, 05

lower-alpha Lowercase alphanumeric characters a, b, c, d, e

upper-alpha Uppercase alphanumeric characters A, B, C, D, E

lower-roman Lowercase Roman numerals i, ii, iii, iv, v

upper-roman Uppercase Roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V

lower-greek The marker is lower-greek alpha, beta, gamma

lower-latin The marker is lower-latin a, b, c, d, e

upper-latin The marker is upper-latin A, B, C, D, E

hebrew The marker is traditional Hebrew numbering

armenian The marker is traditional Armenian numbering

georgian The marker is traditional Georgian numbering

cjk-ideographic The marker is plain ideographic numbers

hiragana The marker is hiragana a, i, u, e, o, ka, ki

katakana The marker is katakana A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI

hiragana-iroha The marker is hiragana-iroha i, ro, ha, ni, ho, he, to

katakana-iroha The marker is katakana-iroha I, RO, HA, NI, HO, HE, TO

Here is the example:

<ul style="list-style-type:circle;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ul style="list-style-type:sqaure;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ol style="list-style-type:decimal;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>

<ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>

<ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>

This will produce following result:

Maths
Social Science
Physics

1. Maths
2. Social Science
3. Physics

a. Maths
b. Social Science
c. Physics

i. Maths
ii. Social Science
iii. Physics

The list-style-position Property:

The list-style-position property indicates whether the marker should appear inside or outside of the
box containing the bullet points. It can have one the two values:

Value Description

none NA

If the text goes onto a second line, the text will wrap underneath the marker. It will also
inside
appear indented to where the text would have started if the list had a value of outside.

If the text goes onto a second line, the text will be aligned with the start of the first line (to
outside
the right of the bullet).

Here is the example:

<ul style="list-style-type:circle; list-stlye-position:outside;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ul style="list-style-type:sqaure;list-style-position:inside;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ol style="list-style-type:decimal;list-stlye-position:outside;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>

<ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;list-style-position:inside;">
<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>

This will produce following result:

Maths
Social Science
Physics

1. Maths
2. Social Science
3. Physics

a. Maths
b. Social Science
c. Physics

The list-style-image Property:

The list-style-image allows you to specify an image so that you can use your own bullet style. The
syntax is as follows, similar to the background-image property with the letters url starting the value
of the property followed by the URL in brackets. If it does not find given image then default bullets
are used.

Here is the example:

<ul>
<li style="list-style-image: url(/images/bullet.gif);">Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ol>
<li style="list-style-image: url(/images/bullet.gif);">Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>

This will produce following result:

Maths
Social Science
Physics

1. Maths
2. Social Science
3. Physics

The list-style Property:

The list-style allows you to specify all the list properties into a single expression. These properties
can appear in any order.

Here is the example:

<ul style="list-style: inside square;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ol style="list-style: outside upper-alpha;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>

This will produce following result:

Maths
Social Science
Physics

A. Maths
B. Social Science
C. Physics

The marker-offset Property:

The marker-offset property allows you to specify the distance between the marker and the text
relating to that marker. Its value should be a length as shown in the following example:

Unfortunately, however, this property is not supported in IE 6 or Netscape 7.

Here is the example:

<ul style="list-style: inside square; marker-offset:2em;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ul>

<ol style="list-style: outside upper-alpha; marker-offset:2cm;">

<li>Maths</li>
<li>Social Science</li>
<li>Physics</li>
</ol>

This will produce following result:

Maths
Social Science
Physics

A. Maths
B. Social Science
C. Physics
CSS - Paddings

The padding property allows you to specify how much space should appear between the content of
an element and its border:

There are following five CSS properties which can be used to control lists:

The value of this attribute should be either a length, a percentage, or the word inherit. If the value
is inherit it will have the same padding as its parent element. If a percentage is used, the
percentage is of the containing box.

You can also set different values for the padding on each side of the box using the following
properties:

The padding-bottom Specifies the bottom padding of an element.

The padding-top Specifies the top padding of an element.
The padding-left Specifies the left padding of an element.
The padding-right Specifies the right padding of an element.
The padding Serves as shorthand for the preceding properties.

Now we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The padding-bottom Property:

The padding-bottom property sets the bottom padding (space) of an element. This can take a value
in terms of length of %.

Here is the example:

<p style="padding-bottom: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified bottom padding
</p>

<p style="padding-bottom: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified bottom padding in percent
</p>

This will produce following result:

This is a paragraph with a specified bottom padding

This is another paragraph with a specified bottom padding in percent

The padding-top Property:

The padding-top property sets the top padding (space) of an element. This can take a value in
terms of length of %.

Here is the example:

<p style="padding-top: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified top padding
</p>

<p style="padding-top: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified top padding in percent
</p>

This will produce following result:

This is a paragraph with a specified top padding

This is another paragraph with a specified top padding in percent

The padding-left Property:

The padding-left property sets the left padding (space) of an element. This can take a value in
terms of length of %.

Here is the example:

<p style="padding-left: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified left padding
</p>

<p style="padding-left: 15%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified left padding in percent
</p>

This will produce following result:

This is a paragraph with a specified left padding

This is another paragraph with a specified left padding in percent

The padding-right Property:

The padding-right property sets the right padding (space) of an element. This can take a value in
terms of length of %.

Here is the example:

<p style="padding-right: 15px; border:1px solid black;">
This is a paragraph with a specified right padding
</p>

<p style="padding-right: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified right padding in percent
</p>

This will produce following result:

This is a paragraph with a specified right padding

This is another paragraph with a specified right padding in percent

The padding Property:

The padding property sets the left, right, top and bottom padding (space) of an element. This can
take a value in terms of length of %.

Here is the example:

<p style="padding: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

all four padding will be 15px
</p>

<p style="padding:10px 2%; border:1px solid black;">

top and bottom padding will be 10px, left and right padding will be 2% of the total width of the
document.
</p>

<p style="padding: 10px 2% 10px; border:1px solid black;"> top padding will be 10px, left and
right padding will be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom padding will be 10px </p>

<p style="padding: 10px 2% 10px 10px; border:1px solid black;"> top padding will be 10px, right
padding will be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom padding and top padding will be
10px
</p>

This will produce following result:

all four paddings will be 15px

top and bottom paddings will be 10px, left and right paddings will be 2% of the total width of the
document.

top padding will be 10px, left and right padding will be 2% of the total width of the document,
bottom padding will be 10px

top padding will be 10px, right padding will be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom
padding and top padding will be 10px
CSS - Cursors

The cursor property of CSS allows you to specify the type of cursor that should be displayed to the
user.

One good usage of this property is in using images for submit buttons on forms. By default, when a
cursor hovers over a link, the cursor changed from a pointer to a hand. For a submit button on a
form this does not happen. Therefore, using the cursor property to change the cursor to a hand
whenever someone hovers over an image that is a submit button. This provides a visual clue that
they can click it.

The table that follows shows possible values for the cursor property:

Value Description

Shape of the cursor depends on the context area it is over. For example an I over text, a
auto
hand over a link, and so on...

crosshair A crosshair or plus sign

default An arrow

pointer A pointing hand (in IE 4 this value is hand)

move The I bar

e-resize The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved right (east)

ne-resize The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved up and right (north/east)

nw-
The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved up and left (north/west)
resize

n-resize The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved up (north)

se-resize The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved down and right (south/east)

sw-resize The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved down and left (south/west)

s-resize The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved down (south)

w-resize The cursor indicates that an edge of a box is to be moved left (west)

text The I bar

wait An hour glass

help A question mark or balloon, ideal for use over help buttons

<url> The source of a cursor image file

NOTE: You should try to use only these values to add helpful information for users, and in places
they would expect to see that cursor. For example, using the crosshair when someone hovers over a
link can confuse visitors.

Here is the example:

<p>Move the mouse over the words to see the cursor change:</p>
<div style="cursor:auto">Auto</div>
<div style="cursor:crosshair">Crosshair</div>
<div style="cursor:default">Default</div>
<div style="cursor:pointer">Pointer</div>
<div style="cursor:move">Move</div>
<div style="cursor:e-resize">e-resize</div>
<div style="cursor:ne-resize">ne-resize</div>
<div style="cursor:nw-resize">nw-resize</div>
<div style="cursor:n-resize">n-resize</div>
<div style="cursor:se-resize">se-resize</div>
<div style="cursor:sw-resize">sw-resize</div>
<div style="cursor:s-resize">s-resize</div>
<div style="cursor:w-resize">w-resize</div>
<div style="cursor:text">text</div>
<div style="cursor:wait">wait</div>
<div style="cursor:help">help</div>

This will produce following result:

Move the mouse over the words to see the cursor change:

Auto
Crosshair
Default
Pointer
Move
e-resize
ne-resize
nw-resize
n-resize
se-resize
sw-resize
s-resize
w-resize
text
wait
help
CSS - Outlines

Outlines are very similar to the borders but there are few major differences in borders and outlines:

An outline does not take up space.

Outlines do not have to be rectangular.
Outline is always the same on all sides; you cannot specify different values for different
sides of the element.

NOTE: The outline properties are not supported by IE 6 or Netscape 7.

You can set following outline properties using CSS.

The outline-width property is used to set the width of the outline.

The outline-style property is used to set the line style for the outline.
The outline-color property is used to set the color of the outline.
The outline property is used to set all the above three properties in a single statement.

The outline-width Property:

The outline-width property specifies the width of the outline to be added to the box. Its value should
be a length or one of the values thin, medium, or thick . just like the border-width attribute

A width of zero pixels means no outline.

Here is the example:

<p style="outline-width:thin; outline-style:solid;">

This text is having thin outline.
</p>
<br />
<p style="outline-width:thick; outline-style:solid;">
This text is having thick outline.
</p>
<br />
<p style="outline-width:5px; outline-style:solid;">
This text is having 5x outline.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text is having thin outline.

This text is having thick outline.

This text is having 5x outline.

The outline-style Property:

The outline-style property specifies the style for the line (solid, dotted, or dashed) that goes around
an element. It can take one of the following values:

none: No border. (Equivalent of outline-width:0;)

solid: Outline is a single solid line.
dotted: Outline is a series of dots.
dashed: Outline is a series of short lines.
double: Outline is two solid lines.
groove: Outline looks as though it is carved into the page.
ridge: Outline looks the opposite of groove.
inset: Outline makes the box look like it is embedded in the page.
outset: Outline makes the box look like it is coming out of the canvas.
hidden: Same as none.

Here is the example:

<p style="outline-width:thin; outline-style:solid;">

This text is having thin solid outline.
</p>
<br />
<p style="outline-width:thick; outline-style:dashed;">
This text is having thick dashed outline.
</p>
<br />
<p style="outline-width:5px;outline-style:dotted;">
This text is having 5x dotted outline.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text is having thin solid outline.

This text is having thick dashed outline.

This text is having 5x dotted outline.

The outline-color Property:

The outline-color property allows you to specify the color of the outline. Its value should either be a
color name, a hex color, or an RGB value, as with the color and border-color properties.

Here is the example:

<p style="outline-width:thin; outline-style:solid;
outline-color:red">
This text is having thin solid red outline.
</p>
<br />
<p style="outline-width:thick; outline-style:dashed;
outline-color:#009900">
This text is having thick dashed green outline.
</p>
<br />
<p style="outline-width:5px;outline-style:dotted;
outline-color:rgb(13,33,232)">
This text is having 5x dotted blue outline.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text is having thin solid red outline.

This text is having thick dashed green outline.

This text is having 5x dotted blue outline.

The outline Property:

The outline property is a shorthand property that allows you to specify values for any of the three
properties discussed previously in any order but in a single statement.

Here is the example:

<p style="outline:thin solid red;">

This text is having thin solid red outline.
</p>
<br />
<p style="outline:thick dashed #009900;">
This text is having thick dashed green outline.
</p>
<br />
<p style="outline:5px dotted rgb(13,33,232);">
This text is having 5x dotted blue outline.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This text is having thin solid red outline.

This text is having thick dashed green outline.

This text is having 5x dotted blue outline.

CSS - Dimension

You have seen the border that surrounds every box ie. element, the padding that can appear inside
each box and the margin that can go around them. In this tutorial we will how we can change the
dimensions of boxes.

There are following properties that allow you to control the dimensions of a box.

The height property is used to set the height of a box.

The width property is used to set the width of a box.
The line-height property is used to set the height of a line of text.
The max-height property is used to set a maximum height that a box can be.
The min-height property is used to set the minimum height that a box can be.
The max-width property is used to set the maximum width that a box can be.
The min-width property is used to set the minimum width that a box can be.

The height and width Properties:

The height and width properties allow you to set the height and width for boxes. They can take
values of a length, a percentage, or the keyword auto.

Here is the example:

<p style="width:400px; height:100px;border:1px solid red;

padding:5px; margin:10px;">
This paragraph is 400pixels wide and 100 pixels high
</p>

This will produce following result:

This paragraph is 400pixels wide and 100 pixels high

The line-height Property:

The line-height property allows you to increase the space between lines of text. The value of the
line-height property can be a number, a length, or a percentage.

Here is the example:

<p style="width:400px; height:100px;border:1px solid red;

padding:5px; margin:10px;line-height:30px;">
This paragraph is 400pixels wide and 100 pixels high
and here line height is 30pixels.This paragraph is 400 pixels
wide and 100 pixels high and here line height is 30pixels.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This paragraph is 400pixels wide and 100 pixels high and here line height is 30pixels.This

paragraph is 400 pixels wide and 100 pixels high and here line height is 30pixels.

The max-height Property:

The max-height property allows you to specify maximum height of a box. The value of the max-
height property can be a number, a length, or a percentage.

NOTE: This property does not work in either Netscape 7 or IE 6.

Here is the example:

<p style="width:400px; max-height:10px;border:1px solid red;

padding:5px; margin:10px;">
This paragraph is 400px wide and max height is 10px
This paragraph is 400px wide and max height is 10px
This paragraph is 400px wide and max height is 10px
This paragraph is 400px wide and max height is 10px
</p>
<img alt="logo" src="/images/css.gif" width="95" height="84" />

This will produce following result:

This paragraph is 400px wide and max height is 10px This paragraph is 400px wide and max
height is 10px This paragraph is 400px wide and max height is 10px This paragraph is 400px
wide and max height is 10px

The min-height Property:

The min-height property allows you to specify minimum height of a box. The value of the min-
height property can be a number, a length, or a percentage.

NOTE: This property does not work in either Netscape 7 or IE 6.

Here is the example:

<p style="width:400px; min-height:200px;border:1px solid red;

padding:5px; margin:10px;">
This paragraph is 400px wide and min height is 200px
This paragraph is 400px wide and min height is 200px
This paragraph is 400px wide and min height is 200px
This paragraph is 400px wide and min height is 200px
</p>
<img alt="logo" src="/images/css.gif" width="95" height="84" />

This will produce following result:

This paragraph is 400px wide and min height is 200px This paragraph is 400px wide and min
height is 200px This paragraph is 400px wide and min height is 200px This paragraph is 400px
wide and min height is 200px

The max-width Property:

The max-width property allows you to specify maximum width of a box. The value of the max-width
property can be a number, a length, or a percentage.

NOTE: This property does not work in either Netscape 7 or IE 6.

Here is the example:

<p style="max-width:100px; height:200px;border:1px solid red;

padding:5px; margin:10px;">
This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px
This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px
This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px
This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px
This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px
</p>
<img alt="logo" src="/images/css.gif" width="95" height="84" />

This will produce following result:

This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px This paragraph is 200px high and max
width is 100px This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px This paragraph is 200px
high and max width is 100px This paragraph is 200px high and max width is 100px
The min-width Property:
The min-width property allows you to specify minimum width of a box. The value of the min-width
property can be a number, a length, or a percentage.

NOTE: This property does not work in either Netscape 7 or IE 6.

Here is the example:

<p style="min-width:400px; height:100px;border:1px solid red;

padding:5px; margin:10px;">
This paragraph is 100px high and min width is 400px
This paragraph is 100px high and min width is 400px
This paragraph is 100px high and min width is 400px
This paragraph is 100px high and min width is 400px
This paragraph is 100px high and min width is 400px
</p>
<img alt="logo" src="/images/css.gif" width="95" height="84" />

This will produce following result:

This paragraph is 100px high and min width is 400px This paragraph is 100px high and min
width is 400px This paragraph is 100px high and min width is 400px This paragraph is 100px
high and min width is 400px This paragraph is 100px high and min width is 400px
CSS - Scrollbars

There may be a case when an element's content might be larger than the amount of space allocated
to it. For example given width and height properties did not allow enough room to accommodate the
content of the element.

CSS provides a property called overflow which tells the browser what to do if the box's contents is
larger than the box itself. This property can take one of the following values:

Value Description

visible Allows the content to overflow the borders of its containing element.

The content of the nested element is simply cut off at the border of the containing element
hidden
and no scrollbars is visible.

The size of the containing element does not change, but the scrollbars are added to allow
scroll
the user to scroll to see the content.

The purpose is the same as scroll, but the scrollbar will be shown only if the content does
auto
overflow.

Here is the example:

This will produce following result:

Example of scroll value:

I am going to keep lot of content here just to show you how scrollbars works if there is an overflow
in an element box. This provides your horizontal as well as vertical scrollbars.

Example of auto value:

I am going to keep lot of content here just to show you how scrollbars works if there is an overflow
in an element box. This provides your horizontal as well as vertical scrollbars.
CSS - Visibility

A property called visibility allows you to hide an element from view. You can use this property
alongwith Javascript to create very complex menu and very complex webpage layouts.

You may choose to use the visibility property to hide error messages that are only displayed if the
user needs to see them, or to hide answers to a quiz until the user selects an option.

NOTE: Remember that the source code will still contain whatever is in the invisible paragraph, so
you should not use this to hide sensitive information such as credit card details or passwords.

The visibility property can take the values listed in the table that follows:

Value Description

visible The box and its contents are shown to the user.

The box and its content are made invisible, although they still affect the layout of the
hidden
page.

collapse This is for use only with dynamic table columns and row effects.

Here is the example:

<p>
This paragraph should be visible in normal way.
</p>
<p style="visibility:hidden;">
This paragraph should not be visible.
</p>

This will produce following result:

This paragraph should be visible in normal way.

This paragraph should not be visible.

CSS - Positioning

CSS helps you to position your HTML element. You can put any HTML element at whatever location
you like. You can specify whether you want the element positioned relative to its natural position in
the page or absolute based on its parent element.

Now we will see all the CSS positioning related properties with examples:

Relative Positioning:
Relative positioning changes the position of the HTML element relative to where it normally appears.
So "left:20" adds 20 pixels to the element's LEFT position.

You can use two values top and left alongwith position property to move an HTML element
anywhere in HTML document. Here's a quick reference when moving HTML elements in CSS.

Move Left - Use a negative value for left.

Move Right - Use a positive value for left.
Move Up - Use a negative value for top.
Move Down - Use a positive value for top.

NOTE: You can use bottom or right values as well in the same way as top and left.

Here is the example:

<div style="position:relative;left:80px;top:2px;
background-color:yellow;">
This div has relative positioning.
</div>

This will produce following result:

This div has relative positioning.

Absolute Positioning:
An element with position: absolute is positioned at the specified coordinates relative to your screen
top left corner.

You can use two values top and left alongwith position property to move an HTML element
anywhere in HTML document. Here's a quick reference when moving HTML elements in CSS.

Move Left - Use a negative value for left.

Move Right - Use a positive value for left.
Move Up - Use a negative value for top.
Move Down - Use a positive value for top.

NOTE: You can use bottom or right values as well in the same way as top and left.

Here is the example:

<div style="position:absolute;left:80px;top:20px;
background-color:yellow;">
This div has absolute positioning.
</div>

Fixed Positioning:
Fixed positioning allows you to fix the position of an element to a particular spot on the page -
regardless of scrolling. Specified coordinates will be relative to the browser window.

You can use two values top and left alongwith position property to move an HTML element
anywhere in HTML document. Here's a quick reference when moving HTML elements in CSS.

Move Left - Use a negative value for left.

Move Right - Use a positive value for left.
Move Up - Use a negative value for top.
Move Down - Use a positive value for top.

NOTE: You can use bottom or right values as well in the same way as top and left.

Here is the example:

<div style="position:fixed;left:80px;top:20px;
background-color:yellow;">
This div has fixed positioning.
</div>
CSS - Layers

CSS gives you opportunity to create layers of various divisions. The CSS layers refer to applying the
z-index property to elements that overlap with each other.

The z-index property is used alongwith position property to create an effect of layers. You can
specify which element should come on top and which element should come at bottom.

A z-index property can help you to create more complex webpage layouts. Following is the example
which shows how to create layers in CSS.

<div style="background-color:red;
width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;
top:10px;
left:80px;
z-index:2">
</div>
<div style="background-color:yellow;
width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;
top:-60px;
left:35px;
z-index:1;">
</div>
<div style="background-color:green;
width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;
top:-220px;
left:120px;
z-index:3;">
</div>
CSS - Pseudo Classes

CSS pseudo-classes are used to add special effects to some selectors. You do not need to use
Javascript or any other script to use those effects. A simple syntax of pseudo-classes is as follows:

selector:pseudo-class {property: value}

CSS classes can also be used with pseudo-classes:

selector.class:pseudo-class {property: value}

There are following most commonly used pseudo-classes:

Value Description

:link Use this class to add special style to an unvisited link.

:visited Use this class to add special style to a visited link.

:hover Use this class to add special style to an element when you mouse over it.

:active Use this class to add special style to an active element.

:focus Use this class to add special style to an element while the element has focus.

:first- Use this class to add special style to an element that is the first child of some other
child element.

:lang Use this class to specify a language to use in a specified element.

While defining pseudo-classes in a <style>...</style> block, following points should be taken care:

a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited in the CSS definition in order to be effective.
a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS definition in order to be effective.
Pseudo-class names are not case-sensitive.
Pseudo-class are different from CSS classes but they can be combined.

The :link pseudo-class

Following is the example which demonstrates how to use :link class to set the link color. Possible
value could be any color name in any valid format.

This will produce following black link:

Black Link
The :visited pseudo-class
Following is the example which demonstrates how to use :visited class to set the color of visited
links. Possible value could be any color name in any valid format.

This will produce following link. Once you will click this link, it will change its color to green.

Click this link

The :hover pseudo-class

Following is the example which demonstrates how use :hover class to change the color of links
when we bring a mouse pointer over that link. Possible value could be any color name in any valid
format.

This will produce following link. Now you bring your mouse over this link and you will see that it
changes its color to yellow.

Bring Mouse Here

The :active pseudo-class

Following is the example which demonstrates how to use :active class to change the color of active
links. Possible value could be any color name in any valid format.

This will produce following link. This will change its color to pink when user clicks it.

Click This Link

The :focus pseudo-class

Following is the example which demonstrates how to use :focus class to change the color of focused
links. Possible value could be any color name in any valid format.
<style type="text/css">
a:focus {color: #0000FF}
</style>
<a href="/html/index.htm">Click this Link</a>

This will produce following link. This will change it color to orange when this link gets focused, then
you focus on any other link to see that this color will change when it will lose focus.

Click This Link

The :first-child pseudo-class

The :first-child pseudo-class matches a specified element that is the first child of another element
and adds special style to that element that is the first child of some other element.

To make :first-child work in IE <!DOCTYPE> must be declared at the top of document.

For example, to indent the first paragraph of all <div> elements, you could use this definition:

But it will not match the paragraph in this HTML:

<div>
<h3>Heading</h3>
<p>
The first paragraph inside the div.
This paragraph will not be effected.
</p>
</div>

This will produce following result:

First paragraph in div. This paragraph will be indented

Second paragraph in div. This paragraph will not be indented

But it will not match the paragraph in this HTML:

Heading

The first paragraph inside the div.

This paragraph will not be effected.

The :lang pseudo-class

The language pseudo-class :lang allows constructing selectors based on the language setting for
specific tags.

This class is useful in documents that must appeal to multiple languages that have different
conventions for certain language constructs. For example, the French language typically uses angle
brackets (< and >) for quoting purposes, while the English language uses quote marks (' and ').

In a document that needs to address this difference, you can use the :lang pseudo-class to change
the quote marks appropriately. The following code changes the <blockquote> tag appropriately for
the language being used:

The :lang selectors will apply to all elements in the document. However, not all elements make use
of the quotes property, so the effect will be transparent for most elements.

...A quote in a paragraph...

CSS - Pseudo Elements

CSS pseudo-elements are used to add special effects to some selectors. You do not need to use
Javascript or any other script to use those effects. A simple syntax of pseudo-element is as follows:

selector:pseudo-element {property: value}

CSS classes can also be used with pseudo-elements:

selector.class:pseudo-element {property: value}

There are following most commonly used pseudo-elements:

Value Description

:first-line Use this element to add special styles to the first line of the text in a selector.

:first-letter Use this element to add special style to the first letter of the text in a selector.

:before Use this element to insert some content before an element.

:after Use this element to insert some content after an element.

The :first-line pseudo-element

Following is the example which demonstrates how to use :first-line element to add special effect to
the first line of elements in the document .

<p>The first line of this paragraph will be underlined

as defined in the CSS rule above. Rest of the lines in this
paragraph will remain normal. This example shows how to use
:first-line pseduo element to give effect to the first line
of any HTML element.</p>

This will produce following black link:

This line would not have any underline because this belongs to nline class.

The first line of this paragraph will be underlined as defined in the CSS rule above. Rest of the lines
in this paragraph will remain normal. This example shows how to use :first-line pseduo element to
give effect to the first lines of any HTML element.
The :first-letter pseudo-element
Following is the example which demonstrates how to use :first-letter element to add special effect
to the first letter of elements in the document .

<p>The first character of this paragraph will be 3em big

and in red color as defined in the CSS rule above. Rest of the
characters in this paragraph will remain normal. This example
shows how to use :first-letter pseduo element to give effect to
the first characters of any HTML element.</p>

This will produce following black link:

First character of this paragraph will be normal and will have font size 10 px;

The first character of this paragraph will be 3em big and in red color as defined in the CSS rule
above. Rest of the characters in this paragraph will remain normal. This example shows how to use
:first-letter pseduo element to give effect to the first characters of any HTML element.

The :before pseudo-element

Following is the example which demonstrates how to use :before element to add some content
before any element .

This will produce following black link:

This line will be preceded by a bullet.

The :after pseudo-element

Following is the example which demonstrates how to use :after element to add some content after
any element .

This will produce following black link:

This line will be succeeded by a bullet.

CSS - @ Rules

This tutorial will cover following important @ rules

The @import: rule imports another style sheet into the current style sheet.
The @charset rule indicates the character set the style sheet uses.
The @font-face rule is used to exhaustively describe a font face for use in a document.
The !important rule indicates that a user-defined rule should take precedence over the
author's style sheets.

NOTE: There are other @ rules which I will cover in subsequent chapters.

The @import rule

The @import rule allows you to import styles from another style sheet. It should appear right at the
start of the style sheet before any of the rules, and its value is a URL.

It can be written in one of two ways:

The significance of the @import rule is that it allows you to develop your style sheets with a
modular approach. You can create various style sheets and then include them wherever you need
them.

The @charset Rule

If you are writing your document using a character set other than ASCII or ISO-8859-1 you might
want to set the @charset rule at the top of your style sheet to indicate what character set the style
sheet is written in.

The @charset rule must be written right at the beginning of the style sheet without even a space
before it. The value is held in quotes and should be one of the standard character-sets. For example

It can be written in one of two ways:

In general, @font-face is extremely complicated, and its use is not recommended for any except
those who are expert in font metrics.

here is the example:

The !important Rule

Cascading Style Sheets cascade. This means that the styles are applied in order as they are read by
the browser. The first style is applied and then the second and so on.

The !important rule is a way to make your CSS cascade but also have the rules you feel are most
crucial always be applied. A rule that has the !important property will always be applied no matter
where that rule appears in the CSS document.

For example, in the following style sheet, the paragraph text will be black, even though the first
style property applied is red:

So if you wanted to make sure that a property always applied, you would add the !important
property to the tag. So, to make the paragraph text always red, you should write it as follows:

Here you have made p { color: #ff0000 !important; } mandatory, now this rule will always apply
even you have defined another rule p { color: #000000; }
CSS Filters - Text and Image Effects

You can use CSS filters to add special effects to text, images and other aspects of a webpage
without using images or other graphics. Filters only work on Internet Explorer 4.0+,. So if you
are developing your site for multi browsers then it may not be a good idea to use CSS filters
because there is a possibility that it would not give any advantage.

In this tutorial we will see detail of each CSS filter. These filters may not work in your browser.

Alpha Channel
This filter alters the opacity of the object, which makes it blend into the background. Following are
the parameters which can be used in this filter:

Parameter Description

opacity Level of the opacity. 0 is fully transparent, 100 is fully opaque.

finishopacity Level of the opacity at the other end of the object.

The shape of the opacity gradient.

0 = uniform
style
1 = linear
2 = radial
3 = rectangular

startX X coordinate for opacity gradient to begin.

startY Y coordinate for opacity gradient to begin.

finishX X coordinate for opacity gradient to end.

finishY Y coordinate for opacity gradient to end.

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="Filter: Alpha(Opacity=100, FinishOpacity=0,
Style=2, StartX=20, StartY=40, FinishX=0, FinishY=0)">

<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 357; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: blue; Filter:
Alpha(Opacity=100, FinishOpacity=0, Style=1, StartX=0, StartY=0, FinishX=580, FinishY=0)">CSS
Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:
Text Example:

CSS Tutorials
Motion Blur
This will be used to create blurred pictures or text with the direction and strength. Following are the
parameters which can be used in this filter:

Parameter Description

True or false. If true the image is added to the blurred image and if false the image is
add
not added to the blurred image.

The direction of the blur, going clockwise, rounded to 45-degree increments. The
default value is 270 (left).

0 = Top
45 = Top right
direction 90 = Right
135 = Bottom right
180 = Bottom
225 = Bottom left
270 = Left
315 = Top left

strength The number of pixels the blur will extend. The default is 5 pixels.

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="Filter: Blur(Add = 0, Direction = 225, Strength
= 10)">

<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 357; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: blue; Filter:
Blur(Add = 1, Direction = 225, Strength = 10)">CSS Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:

Text Example:

CSS Tutorials
Chroma Filter
This will be used to make any particular color transparent and usually it is used with images. You
can use it with scrollbars also.Following are the parameters which can be used in this filter:

Parameter Description

color The color that you'd like to be transparent.

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="Filter: Chroma(Color = #FFFFFF)">

<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 580; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: #3300FF; Filter:
Chroma(Color = #3300FF)">CSS Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:
Text Example:

CSS Tutorials
Drop Shadow Effect
This will be used to create a shadow of your object at the specified X (horizontal) and Y (vertical)
offset and color. . Following are the parameters which can be used in this filter:

Parameter Description

color The color, in #RRGGBB format, of the dropshadow.

Number of pixels the drop shadow is offset from the visual object, along the x-axis.
offX Positive integers move the drop shadow to the right, negative integers move the drop
shadow to the left.

Number of pixels the drop shadow is offset from the visual object, along the y-axis.
offY Positive integers move the drop shadow down, negative integers move the drop
shadow up.

If true, all opaque pixels of the object have a dropshadow. If false, all transparent
positive
pixels have a dropshadow. The default is true.

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="Filter: Chroma(Color = #000000)
DropShadow(Color=#FF0000, OffX=2, OffY=2, Positive=1)">

<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 357; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: red; Filter:
DropShadow(Color=#000000, OffX=2, OffY=2, Positive=1)">CSS Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:

Text Example:
CSS Tutorials
Flip Effect
This will be used to create a mirror image of the object. Following are the parameters which can be
used in this filter:

Parameter Description

FlipH Creates a horizontal mirror image

FlipV Creates a vertical mirror image

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="Filter: FlipH">

<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="Filter: FlipV">

<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 300; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: red; Filter:
FlipV">CSS Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:
Text Example:

CSS Tutorials
Glow Effect
This will be used to create a glow around the object. If it is a transparent image then glow is
created around the opaque pixels of it. Following are the parameters which can be used in this
filter:

Parameter Description

color The color you want the glow to be.

strength The intensity of the glow (from 1 to 255).

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="Filter: Chroma(Color = #000000)
Glow(Color=#00FF00, Strength=20)">

<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 357; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: red; Filter:
Glow(Color=#00FF00, Strength=20)">CSS Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:

Text Example:

CSS Tutorials
Grayscale Effect
This will be used to convert the colors of the object to 256 shades of gray. Following are the
parameters which can be used in this filter:

Parameter Description

gray Converts the colors of the object to 256 shades of gray.

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="Filter: Gray">

<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 357; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: red; Filter:
Gray">CSS Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:

Text Example:

CSS Tutorials
Invert Effect
This will be used to map the colors of the object to their opposite value in the color spectrum ie. to
create a negative image. Following are the parameters which can be used in this filter:

Parameter Description

Invert Maps the colors of the object to their opposite value in the color spectrum.

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="Filter: invert">
<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 357; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: red; Filter:
invert">CSS Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:

Text Example:

CSS Tutorials
Mask Effect
This will be used to turn transparent pixels to a specified color and makes opaque pixels
transparent. Following are the parameters which can be used in this filter:

Parameter Description

color The color that the transparent areas will become.

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="FILTER: Chroma(Color = #000000)
Mask(Color=#00FF00)">

<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 357; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: red; Filter:
Mask(Color=#00FF00)">CSS Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:
Text Example:

CSS Tutorials
Shadow Filter
This will be used to create an attenuated shadow in the direction and color specified. This is a filter
lies in between Dropshadow and a Glow. Following are the parameters which can be used in this
filter:

Parameter Description

color The color that you want the shadow to be.

The direction of the blur, going clockwise, rounded to 45-degree increments. The
default value is 270 (left).

0 = Top
45 = Top right
direction 90 = Right
135 = Bottom right
180 = Bottom
225 = Bottom left
270 = Left
315 = Top left

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="FILTER: Chroma(Color = #000000)
Shadow(Color=#00FF00, Direction=225)">

<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 357; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: red; Filter:
Shadow(Color=#0000FF, Direction=225)">CSS Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:
Text Example:

CSS Tutorials
Wave Effect
This will be used to gives the object a sine wave distortion to make it look wavey. Following are the
parameters which can be used in this filter:

Parameter Description

add A value of 1 adds the original image to the waved image, 0 does not.

freq The number of waves.

light The strength of the light on the wave (from 0 to 100).

phase At what degree the sine wave should start (from 0 to 100).

strength The intensity of the wave effect.

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="FILTER: Chroma(Color = #000000)
Wave(Add=0, Freq=1, LightStrength=10, Phase=220, Strength=10)">

<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 357; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: red; Filter:
Wave(Add=0, Freq=1, LightStrength=10, Phase=20, Strength=20)">CSS Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:
Text Example:

CSS Tutorials
X-Ray Effect
This will be used to grayscales and flattens the color depth. Following are the parameters which can
be used in this filter:

Parameter Description

xray Grayscales and flattens the color depth.

Example:

<p>Image Example:</p>
<img src="/images/css.gif" alt="CSS Logo" style="Filter: Xray"">

<p>Text Example:</p>
<div style="width: 357; height: 50; font-size: 30pt; font-family: Arial Black; color: red;
style="Filter: Xray">CSS Tutorials</div>

This will produce following result:

Image Example:

Text Example:
CSS Tutorials
CSS - Media Types

One of the most important features of style sheets is that they specify how a document is to be
presented on different media: on the screen, on paper, with a speech synthesizer, with a braille
device, etc.

here are currently two ways to specify media dependencies for style sheets:

Specify the target medium from a style sheet with the @media or @import at-rules.
Specify the target medium within the document language.

The @media rule:

An @media rule specifies the target media types (separated by commas) of a set of rules.

Following is the example:

The document language:

In HTML 4.0, the media attribute on the LINK element specifies the target media of an external
style sheet:

Following is the example:

Recognized media types:

The names chosen for CSS media types reflect target devices for which the relevant properties
make sense. They give a sense of what device the media type is meant to refer to. Following is the
list of various media types:

Value Description

all Suitable for all devices.

aural Intended for speech synthesizers.

braille Intended for braille tactile feedback devices.

embossed Intended for paged braille printers.

handheld Intended for handheld devices (typically small screen, monochrome, limited bandwidth).

Intended for paged, opaque material and for documents viewed on screen in print
print
preview mode. Please consult the section on paged media.

Intended for projected presentations, for example projectors or print to transparencies.

projection
Please consult the section on paged media.

screen Intended primarily for color computer screens.

Intended for media using a fixed-pitch character grid, such as teletypes, terminals, or
tty
portable devices with limited display capabilities.

tv Intended for television-type devices.

NOTE: Media type names are case-insensitive.

CSS Paged Media - @page Rule

Paged media differ from continuous media in that the content of the document is split into one or
more discrete pages. Paged media includes paper, transparencies, pages that are displayed on
computer screens, etc.

The CSS2 standard introduces some basic pagination control features that let authors help the
browser figure out how to best print their documents.

The CSS2 page model specifies how a document is formatted within a rectangular area -- the page
box -- that has a finite width and height. These features fall into two groups:

CSS2 features that define a particular page layout.

CSS2 features that control the pagination of a document.

Defining Pages: the @page rule

The CSS2 defines a "page box", a box of finite dimensions in which content is rendered. The page
box is a rectangular region that contains two areas:

The page area: The page area includes the boxes laid out on that page. The edges of the
page area act as the initial containing block for layout that occurs between page breaks.
The margin area: which surrounds the page area.

You can specify the dimensions, orientation, margins, etc. of a page box within an @page rule. The
dimensions of the page box are set with the 'size' property. The dimensions of the page area are the
dimensions of the page box minus the margin area.

For example, the following @page rule sets the page box size to 8.5 x 11 inches and creates '2cm'
margin on all sides between the page box edge and the page area:

You can use the margin, margin-top, margin-bottom, margin-left, and margin-right properties
within the @page rule to set margins for your page.

Finally, the marks property is used within the @page rule to create crop and registration marks
outside the page box on the target sheet. By default, no marks are printed. You may use one or
both of the crop and cross keywords to create crop marks and registration marks, respectively, on
the target print page.

Setting Page Size:

The size property specifies the size and orientation of a page box. There are four values which can
be used for page size:

auto: The page box will be set to the size and orientation of the target sheet.
landscape: Overrides the target's orientation. The page box is the same size as the target,
and the longer sides are horizontal.
portrait: Overrides the target's orientation. The page box is the same size as the target,
and the shorter sides are horizontal.
length: Length values for the 'size' property create an absolute page box. If only one
length value is specified, it sets both the width and height of the page box. Percentage
values are not allowed for the 'size' property.

In the following example, the outer edges of the page box will align with the target. The percentage
value on the 'margin' property is relative to the target size so if the target sheet dimensions are
21.0cm x 29.7cm (i.e., A4), the margins are 2.10cm and 2.97cm.

Below example sets the width of the page box to be 8.5in and the height to be 11in. The page box
in this example requires a target sheet size of 8.5"x11" or larger.

Once you create a named page layout, you can use it in your document by adding the page
property to a style that is later applied to an element in your document. For example, this style
renders all the tables in your document on landscape pages:

Due to the above rule, while printing, if the browser encounters a <table> element in your
document and the current page layout is the default portrait layout, it starts a new page and prints
the table on a landscape page.

Left, right, and first pages:

When printing double-sided documents, the page boxes on left and right pages should be different.
This can be expressed through two CSS pseudo-classes as follows:
<style tyle="text/css">
<!--
@page :left {
margin-left: 4cm;
margin-right: 3cm;
}

@page :right {
margin-left: 3cm;
margin-right: 4cm;
}
-->
</style>

You can specify the style for the first page of a document with the :first pseudo-class:

@page :first {
margin-top: 10cm /* Top margin on first page 10cm */
}
-->
</style>

Controlling pagination:
Unless you specify otherwise, page breaks occur only when the page format changes or when the
content overflows the current page box. To otherwise force or suppress page breaks, use the page-
break-before, pagebreak-after, and page-break-inside properties.

Both the page-break-before and page-break-after properties accept the auto, always, avoid, left,
and right keywords.

The keyword auto is the default, it lets the browser generate page breaks as needed. The keyword
always forces a page break before or after the element, while avoid suppresses a page break
immediately before or after the element. The left and right keywords force one or two page breaks,
so that the element is rendered on a left-hand or right-hand page.

Using pagination properties is straightforward. Suppose your document has level-1 headers start
new chapters, with sections denoted by level-2 headers. You'd like each chapter to start on a new,
right-hand page, but you don't want section headers to be split across a page break from the
subsequent content. You can achieve this using following rule:

Use only the auto and avoid values with the page-break-inside property. If you prefer that your
tables not be broken across pages if possible, you would write the rule:
<style tyle="text/css">

</style>

Controlling widows and orphans:

In typographic lingo, orphans are those lines of a paragraph stranded at the bottom of a page due
to a page break, while widows are those lines remaining at the top of a page following a page
break. Generally, printed pages do not look attractive with single lines of text stranded at the top or
bottom. Most printers try to leave at least two or more lines of text at the top or bottom of each
page.

The orphans property specifies the minimum number of lines of a paragraph that must be
left at the bottom of a page.
The widows property specifies the minimum number of lines of a paragraph that must be
left at the top of a page.

Here is the example to create 4 lines at the bottom and 3 lines at the top of each page:

A web document can be rendered by a speech synthesizer. CSS2 allows you to attach specific sound
style features to specific document elements.

Aural rendering of documents is mainly used by the visually impaired. Some of the situations in
which a document can be accessed by means of aural rendering rather than visual rendering are the
following.

Learning to read
Training
Web access in vehicles
Home entertainment
Industrial documentation
Medical documentation

When using aural properties, the canvas consists of a three-dimensional physical space (sound
surrounds) and a temporal space (one may specify sounds before, during, and after other sounds).

The CSS properties also allow you to vary the quality of synthesized speech (voice type, frequency,
inflection, etc.)

Here is one example:

This will direct the speech synthesizer to speak headers in a voice (a kind of audio font) called
"paul", on a flat tone, but in a very rich voice. Before speaking the headers, a sound sample will be
played from the given URL.

Paragraphs with class heidi will appear to come from front left (if the sound system is capable of
spatial audio), and paragraphs of class peter from the right.

Now we will see various properties related to aural media.

The azimuth property sets where the sound should come from horizontally.
The elevation property sets where the sound should come from vertically.
The cue-after specifies a sound to be played after speaking an element's content to delimit
it from other.
The cue-before specifies a sound to be played before speaking an element's content to
delimit it from other.
The cue is a shorthand for setting cue-before and cue-after
The pause-after specifies a pause to be observed after speaking an element's content.
The pause-before specifies a pause to be observed before speaking an element's content.
The pause is a shorthand for setting pause-before and pause-after.
The pitch specifies the average pitch (a frequency) of the speaking voice.
The pitch-range specifies variation in average pitch.
The play-during specifies a sound to be played as a background while an element's
content is spoken.
The richness specifies the richness, or brightness, of the speaking voice.
The speak specifies whether text will be rendered aurally and if so, in what manner.
The speak-numeral controls how numerals are spoken.
The speak-punctuation specifies how punctuation is spoken.
The speech-rate specifies the speaking rate.
The stress specifies the height of "local peaks" in the intonation contour of a voice.
The voice-family specifies prioritized list of voice family names.
The volume refers to the median volume of the voice.

The azimuth property:

This property sets where the sound should come from horizontally. The possible values are:

angle: Position is described in terms of an angle within the range -360deg to 360deg. The
value 0deg means directly ahead in the center of the sound stage. 90deg is to the right,
180deg behind, and 270deg (or, equivalently and more conveniently, -90deg) to the left.
left-side: Same as '270deg'. With 'behind', '270deg'.
far-left: Same as '300deg'. With 'behind', '240deg'.
left: Same as '320deg'. With 'behind', '220deg'.
center-left: Same as '340deg'. With 'behind', '200deg'.
center: Same as '0deg'. With 'behind', '180deg'.
center-right: Same as '20deg'. With 'behind', '160deg'.
right: Same as '40deg'. With 'behind', '140deg'.
far-right: Same as '60deg'. With 'behind', '120deg'.
right-side: Same as '90deg'. With 'behind', '90deg'.
leftwards: Moves the sound to the left and relative to the current angle. More precisely,
subtracts 20 degrees.
rightwards: Moves the sound to the right, relative to the current angle. More precisely,
adds 20 degrees.

Here is one example:

The elevation property:

This property sets where the sound should come from vertically. The possible values are:

angle: Specifies the elevation as an angle, between -90deg and 90deg. 0deg means on the
forward horizon, which loosely means level with the listener. 90deg means directly
overhead and -90deg means directly below.
below: Same as '-90deg'.
level: Same as '0deg'.
above: Same as '90deg'.
higher: Adds 10 degrees to the current elevation.
lower: Subtracts 10 degrees from the current elevation.

Here is one example:

The cue-after property:

This property specifies a sound to be played after speaking an element's content to delimit it from
other. The possible values are:

url: The URL of a sound file to be played.

none: Nothing has to be played

Here is one example:

The cue-before property:

This property specifies a sound to be played before speaking an element's content to delimit it from
other. The possible values are:

url: The URL of a sound file to be played.

none: Nothing has to be played

Here is one example:

The cue property:

This property is a shorthand for setting cue-before and cue-after. If two values are given, the first
value is cue-before and the second is cue-after. If only one value is given, it applies to both
properties.

For example the following two rules are equivalent:

The pause-after property:

This property specifies a pause to be observed after speaking an element's content. The possible
values are:

time: Expresses the pause in absolute time units (seconds and milliseconds).
percentage: Refers to the inverse of the value of the speech-rate property. For example, if
the speech-rate is 120 words per minute (i.e. a word takes half a second, or 500ms) then a
pause-after of 100% means a pause of 500 ms and a pause-after of 20% means 100ms.

The pause-before property:

This property specifies a pause to be observed before speaking an element's content. The possible
values are:

time: Expresses the pause in absolute time units (seconds and milliseconds).
percentage: Refers to the inverse of the value of the speech-rate property. For example, if
the speech-rate is 120 words per minute (i.e. a word takes half a second, or 500ms) then a
pause-before of 100% means a pause of 500 ms and a pause-before of 20% means 100ms.

The pause property:

This property is a shorthand for setting pause-before and pause-after. If two values are given, the
first value is pause-before and the second is pause-after.

Here is the example:

The pitch property:

This property specifies the average pitch (a frequency) of the speaking voice. The average pitch of a
voice depends on the voice family. For example, the average pitch for a standard male voice is
around 120Hz, but for a female voice, it's around 210Hz. The possible values are:

frequency: Specifies the average pitch of the speaking voice in hertz (Hz).
x-low, low, medium, high, x-high : These values do not map to absolute frequencies
since these values depend on the voice family.

The pitch-range property:

This property specifies variation in average pitch. The possible values are:

number: A value between '0' and '100'. A pitch range of '0' produces a flat, monotonic
voice. A pitch range of 50 produces normal inflection. Pitch ranges greater than 50 produce
animated voices.

The play-during property:

This property specifies a sound to be played as a background while an element's content is spoken.
Possible values could be any of the followings:

URI: The sound designated by this <uri> is played as a background while the element's
content is spoken.
mix: When present, this keyword means that the sound inherited from the parent
element's play-during property continues to play and the sound designated by the uri is
mixed with it. If mix is not specified, the element's background sound replaces the parent's.
repeat: When present, this keyword means that the sound will repeat if it is too short to fill
the entire duration of the element. Otherwise, the sound plays once and then stops.
auto: The sound of the parent element continues to play.
none: This keyword means that there is silence.

Here is the example:

The richness property:

This property specifies the richness, or brightness, of the speaking voice. The possible values are:

number: A value between '0' and '100'. The higher the value, the more the voice will carry.
A lower value will produce a soft, mellifluous voice.

The speak property:

This property specifies whether text will be rendered aurally and if so, in what manner. The possible
values are:
none: Suppresses aural rendering so that the element requires no time to render.
normal: Uses language-dependent pronunciation rules for rendering an element and its
children.
spell-out: Spells the text one letter at a time .

Note the difference between an element whose 'volume' property has a value of 'silent' and an
element whose 'speak' property has the value 'none'. The former takes up the same time as if it had
been spoken, including any pause before and after the element, but no sound is generated. The
latter requires no time and is not rendered

The speak-numeral property:

This property controls how numerals are spoken. The possible values are:

digits: Speak the numeral as individual digits. Thus, "237" is spoken "Two Three Seven".
continuous: Speak the numeral as a full number. Thus, "237" is spoken "Two hundred
thirty seven". Word representations are language-dependent.

The speak-punctuation property:

This property specifies how punctuation is spoken. The possible values are:

code: Punctuation such as semicolons, braces, and so on are to be spoken literally.

none: Punctuation is not to be spoken, but instead rendered naturally as various pauses.

The speech-rate property:

This property specifies the speaking rate. Note that both absolute and relative keyword values are
allowed. The possible values are:

number: Specifies the speaking rate in words per minute.

x-slow: Same as 80 words per minute..
slow: Same as 120 words per minute .
medium: Same as 180 - 200 words per minute.
fast: Same as 300 words per minute.
x-fast: Same as 500 words per minute.
faster: Adds 40 words per minute to the current speech rate.
slower: Subtracts 40 words per minutes from the current speech rate.

The stress property:

This property specifies the height of "local peaks" in the intonation contour of a voice. English is a
stressed language, and different parts of a sentence are assigned primary, secondary, or tertiary
stress. The possible values are:

number: A value, between '0' and '100'. The meaning of values depends on the language
being spoken. For example, a level of '50' for a standard, English-speaking male voice
(average pitch = 122Hz), speaking with normal intonation and emphasis would have a
different meaning than '50' for an Italian voice.

The voice-family property:

The value is a comma-separated, prioritized list of voice family names. It can have following values:
generic-voice : Values are voice families. Possible values are 'male', 'female', and 'child'.
specific-voice: Values are specific instances (e.g., comedian, trinoids, carlos, lani).

Here is the example:

The volume property:

Volume refers to the median volume of the voice. It can have following values:

numbers: Any number between '0' and '100'. '0' represents the minimum audible volume
level and 100 corresponds to the maximum comfortable level.
percentage: These values are calculated relative to the inherited value, and are then
clipped to the range '0' to '100'.
silent: No sound at all. The value '0' does not mean the same as 'silent'.
x-soft: Same as '0'.
soft: Same as '25'.
medium: Same as '50'.
loud: Same as '75'.
x-loud: Same as '100'.

Here is the example:

Paragraphs with class goat will be very soft.

CSS Printing - @media Rule

You can use CSS to change the appearance of your web page when it's printed on a paper. You can
specify one font for the screen version and another for the print version.

You have seen @media rule in previous chapters. This rule allows you to specify different style for
different media. So you can define different rules for screen and a printer.

The example below specifies different font families for screen and print. Next CSS uses the same
font size for both screen as well as printer.

@media print
{
p.bodyText {font-family:georgia, times, serif;}
}
@media screen, print
{
p.bodyText {font-size:10pt}
}
-->
</style>

If you are defining your style sheet in a separate file then you can also use the media attribute
when linking to an external style sheet:

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"

media="print" href="mystyle.css">
CSS Layouts

Hope you are very comfortable with HTML tables and you are efficient in designing page layouts
using HTML Tables. But you know CSS also provides plenty of controls for positioning elements in a
document. Since CSS is the wave of the future, why not learn and use CSS instead of tables for
page layout purposes?

I'm listing down few pros and cons of both the technologies:

Most browsers support tables, while CSS support is being slowly adopted.
Tables are more forgiving when the browser window size changes - morphing their content
and wrapping to accommodate the changes accordingly. CSS positioning tends to be exact
and fairly inflexible.
Tables are much easier to learn and manipulate than CSS rules.

But each of these arguments can be reversed:

CSS is pivotal to the future of Web documents and will be supported by most browsers
Using it now helps guarantee future compliance.
CSS is more exact than tables, allowing your document to be viewed as you intended,
regardless of the browser window.
Keeping track of nested tables can be a real pain.CSS rules tend to be well organized, easily
read, and easily changed.

Finally, I would suggest you to use whichever technology makes sense to you - use what you know
or what presents your documents in the best way.

CSS also provides table-layout property to make your tables load much faster.Following is the
example:

<table style="table-layout:fixed;width:600px;">
<tr height="30">
<td width="150">CSS table layout cell 1</td>
<td width="200">CSS table layout cell 2</td>
<td width="250">CSS table layout cell 3</td>
</tr>
</table>

You will notice the benefits more on large tables. The reason this makes tables load faster is
because with traditional HTML, the browser had to calculate every cell before finally rendering the
table. When you set the table-layout algorithm to fixed however, it only needs to look at the first
row before rendering the whole table. This means that your table will need to have fixed column
widths and row heights.

Sample Column Layout:

Here are the steps to create a simple Column Layout using CSS:

Set the margin and padding of the complete document as follows:

Now we will define a column with yellow color and later we will attach this rule to a <div>:

Upto this point we will have a document with yellow body, so lets now define another division inside
level0:

Now we will nest one more division inside level1 and we will change just background color:

Finally we use the same technique, nest a level3 division inside level2 to get the visual layout for
the right column:

Complete source code:

Similar way you can add top navigation bar or ad bar at the top of the page.
CSS Validations

Validation is checking something against a rule. When you are beginners, this is very common that
you will do many mistakes in writing your CSS rules. How you will make sure whatever you have
written is 100% accurate and upto the W3 quality standards.

If you use CSS your code needs to be correct. Improper code may cause unexpected results in how
your page looks or functions.

But if you want to validate your CSS style sheet embedded in an (X)HTML document, you should
first check that the (X)HTML you use is valid.

Tool to check the validity of (X)HTML document: Validate (X)HTML document.

There are following good tools to check the validity of your CSS.

W3C CSS Validator (World Wide Web Consortium) This validator checks your
css by either file upload, direct input, or using URI - one page at a time. This
validator helps you to locate all the errors in your CSS.

The WDG CSS check validator lets you validate your css by direct input, file
upload, and using URI. Errors will be listed by line and column numbers if you
have any. errors usually come with links to explain the reason of error.

A CSS validator checks your Cascading Style Sheets to make sure that they comply with the CSS
standards set by the W3 Consortium. There are a few validators which will also tell you which CSS
features are supported by which browsers (since not all browsers are equal in their CSS
implementation).

Why Validate Your HTML Code?

There are a number of reasons why you should validate your code. But major ones are:

It Helps Cross-Browser, Cross-Platform and Future Compatibility.

Increase Search Engine Visibility because you have good quality website.
Professionalism: As a web developer your code should not raise errors while seen by the
visitors.
CSS Color References

The following table shows the 16 color names that were introduced in HTML 3.2 to support the 16
colors that 8-bit graphics cards offered. Same set of color can be used in CSS:

Color Name Hex Value Color

aqua #00ffff
black #000000
blue #0000ff
fuchsia #ff00ff
green #008000
gray #808080
lime #00ff00
maroon #800000
navy #000080
olive #808000
purple #800080
red #ff0000
silver #c0c0c0
teal #008080
white #ffffff
yellow #ffff00

There are other colors which are not part of HTML or XHTML but they are supported by most of the
versions of IE or Netscape. These color names can be used in CSS as well.

Color Name Hex Value Color

aliceblue #f0f8ff
antiquewhite #faebd7
aquamarine #7fffd4
azure #f0ffff
beige #f5f5dc
bisque #ffe4c4
blanchedalmond #ffebcd
blueviolet #8a2be2
brown #a52a2a
burlywood #deb887
cadetblue #5f9ea0
chartreuse #7fff00
chocolate #d2691e
coral #ff7f50
cornflowerblue #6495ed
cornsilk #fff8dc
crimson #dc143c
cyan #00ffff
darkblue #00008b
darkcyan #008b8b
darkgoldenrod #b8860b
darkgray #a9a9a9
darkgreen #006400
darkkhaki #bdb76b
darkmagenta #8b008b
darkolivegreen #556b2f
darkorange #ff8c00
darkorchid #9932cc
darkred #8b0000
darksalmon #e9967a
darkseagreen #8fbc8f
darkslateblue #483d8b
darkslategray #2f4f4f
darkturquoise #00ced1
darkviolet #9400d3
deeppink #ff1493
deepskyblue #00bfff
dimgray #696969
dodgerblue #1e90ff
firebrick #b22222
floralwhite #fffaf0
forestgreen #228b22
gainsboro #dcdcdc
ghostwhite #f8f8ff
gold #ffd700
goldenrod #daa520
gray #808080
greenyellow #adff2f
honeydew #f0fff0
hotpink #ff69b4
indianred #cd5c5c
indigo #4b0082
ivory #fffff0
khaki #f0e68c
lavender #e6e6fa
lavenderblush #fff0f5
lawngreen #7cfc00
lemonchiffon #fffacd
lightblue #add8e6
lightcoral #f08080
lightcyan #e0ffff
lightgoldenrodyellow #fafad2
lightgreen #90ee90
lightgrey #d3d3d3
lightpink #ffb6c1
lightsalmon #ffa07a
lightseagreen #20b2aa
lightskyblue #87cefa
lightslategray #778899
lightsteelblue #b0c4de
lightyellow #ffffe0
limegreen #32cd32
linen #faf0e6
magenta #ff00ff
mediumblue #0000cd
mediumorchid #ba55d3
mediumpurple #9370db
midnightblue #191970
mistyrose #ffe4e1
moccasin #ffe4b5
oldlace #fdf5e6
orange #ffa500
orchid #da70d6
peachpuff #ffdab9
peru #cd853f
pink #ffc0cb
plum #dda0dd
purple #800080
rosybrown #bc8f8f
royalblue #4169e1
salmon #fa8072
sandybrown #f4a460
seagreen #2e8b57
sienna #a0522d
skyblue #87ceeb
slateblue #6a5acd
steelblue #4682b4
tan #d2b48c
thistle #d8bfd8
tomato #ff6347
violet #ee82ee
wheat #f5deb3
whitesmoke #f5f5f5
yellow #ffff00
yellowgreen #9acd32
CSS Quick Guide

This is a quick guide for web developers where we have listed all the CSS properties defined in the
World Wide Web Consortium's Recommended Specification for Cascading Style Sheets, Level 2

We include each property's possible values, defined as either an explicit keyword or as one of these
values:

angle: A numeric value followed by deg, grad or rad.

color: Either a color name or hexadecimal RGB value, or an RGB triple of the form:
rgb(red, green, blue)
frequency: A numeric value followed by hz or khz, indicating Hertz or kiloHertz
length: An optional sign (either + or -), immediately followed by a number (with or without
a decimal point), immediately followed by a two-character unit identifier like px or pt or em
etc.
number: An optional sign, immediately followed by a number (with or without a decimal
point).
percent An optional sign, immediately followed by a number (with or without a decimal
point), immediately followed by a percent sign.
shape: A shape keyword, followed by a parentheses-enclosed list of comma-separated
shape-specific parameters. Currently, the only supported shape keyword is rect, which
expects four numeric parameters denoting the offsets of the top, right, bottom, and left
edges of the rectangle.
time: A numeric value followed by s or ms, designating a time in seconds or milliseconds.
url: The keyword url, immediately followed (no spaces) by a left parenthesis, followed by a
URL optionally enclosed in single or double quotes, followed by a matching right
parenthesis. For example: url("http://www.tutorialspoint.com/")

Property Possible Values Description

angle
left-side
far-left
left
center-left
center Describes the position of a sound source along the
azimuth
center-right horizontal axis of the listener's environment.
right
far-right
right-side

Composite property for the following properties:

background-attachment
Values from composite background-color
background
properties. background-image
background-position
background-repeat

scroll
background- fixed Determines if the background image is fixed in the
attachment window or scrolls as the document scrolls

background-
color Sets the background color of an element
color
transparent

url
background- none Sets the background image of an element
image

percent
none
length
top Sets the initial position of the element's background
background- center image, if specified; values normally are paired to
position bottom provide x, y positions; default position is 0% 0%.
left
right

repeat
repeat-x
background- repeat-y Determines how the background image is repeated
repeat no-repeat (tiled) across an element

Sets all four of an element's borders; value is one or

border See Description more of a color, a value for border-width, and a
value for border-style
Sets an element's bottom border; value is one or
border-bottom See Description more of a color, a value for border-bottom-width,
and a value for border-style
length
thin
border- medium Sets the thickness of an element's bottom border.
bottom-width thick

collapse
border- separate Sets the table border rendering algorithm
collapse

color
transparent Sets the color of all four of an element's borders;
border-color
default is the color of the element

border-left- color Sets the color of an element's left borders; default is

color the color of the element

border-right- color Sets the color of an element's right borders; default

color is the color of the element

border-top- color Sets the color of an element's top borders; default is

color the color of the element

border- color Sets the color of an element's bottom borders;

bottom-color default is the color of the element

Sets an element's left border; value is one or more

border-left See description of a color, a value for border-left-width, and a value
for border-style.
length
border-left-
thin Sets the thickness of an element's left border
width
medium
thick

Sets an element's right border; value is one or more

border-right See description of a color, a value for border-right-width, and a
value for border-style.
length
thin
border-right- medium Sets the thickness of an element's right border
width thick

With separate borders set the spacing between

border- borders. One value sets vertical and horizontal
See description
spacing spacing and two values sets horizontal and vertical
spacing respectively.
dashed
dotted
double
groove
inset
border-style none Sets the style of all four of an element's borders
outset
ridge
solid

Sets an element's top border; value is one or more

border-top See description of a color, a value for border-top-width, and a value
for border-style
length
thin
border-top- medium Sets the thickness of an element's top border.
width thick

length
thin
border-width medium Sets the thickness of all four of an element's borders
thick

length
percent Used with the position property to place the bottom
bottom
edge of an element

top
bottom
caption-side left Sets the position for a table caption
right

both
left Sets which margins of an element must not be
clear none adjacent to a floating element; the element is moved
right down until that margin is clear

shape
clip Sets the clipping mask for an element
color
color Sets the color of an element

content See description Inserts generated content around an element.

Increments a counter by 1; value is a list of counter
counter-
See description names, with each name optionally followed by a
increment
value by which it is incremented.
Resets a counter to zero; value is a list of counter
counter-reset See description names, with each name optionally followed by a
value to which it is reset.
url
none Plays the designated sound after an element is
cue-after
spoken

url
none Plays the designated sound before an element is
cue-before
spoken

url
auto
crosshair
default
active
pointer
move
e-resize
ne-resize
nw-resize
cursor n-resize Defines shap of the cursor
se-resize
sw-resize
s-resize
w-resize
text
wait
help
progress

ltr
direction rtl Defines direction of the flow of an element content

block
inline
list-items
display marker Controls how an element is displayed
none

angle
below
level
elevation above Sets the height at which a sound is played
higher
lower

hide
empty-cells show With separate borders, hides empty cells in a table
left
none Determines if an element floats to the left or right,
float right allowing text to wrap around it or be displayed inline

Sets all the font attributes for an element. Value is

any of the values for:

font-style
font-variant
font See description
font-weight
font-size
line-height
font-family

Defines the font for an element, either as a specific

font-family List of font names font or as one of the generic serif, sans-serif,
cursive, fantasy, and monospace.
xx-small
x-small
small
medium
large
xlarge
font-size xx-large Defines the font size
larger
smaller
length
percent

none
font-size- ratio Adjusts the current font's aspect ratio
adjust

wider
normal
narrower
ultracondensed
extracondensed
font-stretch condensed Determines the amount to stretch the current font
semi-condensed
semiexpanded
expanded
extra-ex

normal
italic Defines the style of the face, either normal or some
font-style oblique type of slanted style

normal
font-variant small-caps Defines a font to be in small caps

normal
Defines the font weight . if a number is used, it must
bold
font-weight be a multiple of 100 between 100 and 900; 400 is
bolder
normal, 700 is the same as the keyword bold
lighter
number

length
height auto Defines the height of an element

length
percent Used with the position property to place the left edge
left
of an element

length
letter-spacing normal Inserts additional space between text characters

length
number
line-height normal Sets the distance between adjacent text baselines
percent

Defines list-related styles using any of the values

for:

list-style See description list-style-image

liststyle-position
list-style-type

Defines an image to be used as a list item's marker,

in lieu of the value for:
url
list-style- none
image list-style-type

.
inside
list-style- outside Indents or extends (default) a list item's marker with
position respect to the item's content

circle
disc
square
decimal Defines a list item's marker either for unordered lists
lower-alpha (circle, disc, or square) or for ordered lists (decimal,
list-style-type lower-roman loweralpha, lower-roman, none, upper-alpha, or
none upper-roman)
upper-alpha
upperroman

length
percent
margin auto Defines all four of an element's margins

length
margin- percent Defines the bottom margin of an element. Default
bottom auto value is 0.

margin-left length Defines the left margin of an element. Default value

percent is 0.
auto

length
percent Defines the right margin of an element. Default
margin-right auto value is 0.

length
percent Defines the top margin of an element. Default value
margin-top auto is 0.

length The marker-offset property can be used in bulleted

auto lists for specifying the distance between the nearest
marker-offset
border edges of a marker box (or bullet) and its
associated principal box.
crop
cross The marks property is used to set crop marks and
marks none cross marks on paged media. This is used with the
inherit @page rule.

percent
length max-height property is used to constrain the height
max-height none of an element.

percent
length max-width property is used to set the maximum
max-width none width of an element.

percent
length min-height property is used to constrain the height
min-height
of an element.

percent
length min-width property is used to constrain the width of
min-width
an element.

number Sets the minimum number of lines allowed in an

orphans
orphaned paragraph fragment

The outline property is a shorthand property to

outline See the description
specify all outline properties.

color The outline-color property is used to specify the

invert color of the outline. Note that, unlike the border
outline-color
property, outline does not take up extra space and it
can be non-rectangular.
none
hidden
dotted
The outline-style property is used to specify the style
dashed
outline-color- of the outline. Note that, unlike the border property,
solid
style outline does not take up extra space and it can be
double
non-rectangular.
groove
ridge
inset
outset

thin
medium The outline-color property is used to specify the
thick color of the outline. Note that, unlike the border
outline-width length (i.e. 1px) property, outline does not take up extra space and it
inherit can be non-rectangular.

auto
hidden
overflow scroll Determines how overflow content is rendered
visible

padding See description Defines all four padding amounts around an element
length
padding- percent Defines the bottom padding of an element. Default
bottom value is 0

length
percent Defines the left padding of an element. Default value
padding-left
is 0

length
percent Defines the right padding of an element. Default
padding-right
value is 0

length
percent Defines the top padding of an element. Default value
padding-top
is 0

name
page Associates a named page layout with an element

auto
always
page-break- avoid
left Forces or suppresses page breaks after an element.
after
right

auto
always
page-break- avoid Forces or suppresses page breaks before an
before left element.
right

auto
page-break- avoid Suppresses page breaks within an element
inside

percent The pause property is CSS shorthand for specifying

pause time shorthand property for specifying pauses in aural
media.

percent
pause-after time Pauses a media after speaking an element

pause-before percent Pauses a media before speaking an element

time

frequency
x-low
low
medium Sets the average pitch of an element's spoken
pitch
high content
x-high

number Sets the range of the pitch, from 0 (flat) to 100

pitch-range
(broad); default is 50

url
mix If a URL is provided, it is played during an element's
none spoken content . specifying repeat loops the audio;
play-during
repeat mix causes it to mix with, rather than replace, other
background audio.

absolute
fixed
position relative Sets the positioning model for an element
static

quotes List of strings Sets the quote symbols used to quote text
number Sets the richness of the voice, from 0 (flat) to 100
richness
(mellifluous); default is 50

length
percent Used with the position property to place the right
right
edge of an element.

auto
length
portrait The size property is used in paged media to specify
size landscape the size of the page.
inherit

normal
none
speak spell-out Determines how an element's content is spoken.

always
once Determines if table headers are spoken once for
speak-header
each row or column or each time a cell is spoken.

continuous
speak- digits Determines how numerals are spoken
numeral

code
speak- none Determines if punctuation is spoken or used for
punctuation inflection

number
x-slow
Sets the rate of speech; a number sets the rate in
speech-rate slow
words per minute
medium
fast
x-fast
faster
slower

number Sets the stress of the voice, from 0 (catatonic) to

stress
100 (hyperactive); default is 50.

auto
table-layout fixed Determines the table-rendering algorithm

center
justify
text-align left Sets the text alignment style for an element
right

blink
line-through
text- none Defines any decoration for the text; values may be
decoration overline combined
underline

length
percent Defines the indentation of the first line of text in an
text-indent
element; default is 0

Creates text drop shadows of varying colors and

text-shadow See description
offsets
capitalize
lowercase
text-transform none Transforms the text in the element accordingly
uppercase

length
percent Used with the position property to place the top edge
top
of an element.

percent
baseline
bottom
middle
sub
vertical-align super Sets the vertical positioning of an element
text-bottom
text-top
top

collapse
hidden Determines if an element is visible in the document
visibility visible or table

Selects a named voice family to speak an element's

voice-family List of voices
content
number
Sets the volume of spoken content; numeric values
volume percent
range from 0 to 100
silent
x-soft
soft
medium
loud
x-loud

normal
nowrap Defines how whitespace within an element is
white-space pre handled

number Sets the minimum number of lines allowed in a

widows
widowed paragraph fragment

length
percent
width auto Defines the width of an element

length
word-spacing normal Inserts additional space between words

number
z-index Sets the rendering layer for the current element.

Pseudo-classes & Pseudo-elements:

Property Description
:active Use this class to add special effect to an activated element
:focus Use this class to add special effect to an element while the element has focus
:hover Use this class to add special effect to an element when you mouse over it
:link Use this class to add special effect to an unvisited link
:visited Use this class to add special effect to a visited link
Use this class to add special effect to an element that is the first child of some other
:first-child
element.
:lang Use this class to specify a language to use in a specified element
:first-
Use this element to add special effect to the first letter of a text
letter
:first-line Use this element to add special effect to the first line of a text
:before Use this element to insert some content before an element
:after Use this element to insert some content after an element

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