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vi Brief Contents
Index 909
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Contents
Preface xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem Solving and Decision Making 3
1.2 Quantitative Analysis and Decision Making 5
1.3 Quantitative Analysis 7
Model Development 7
Data Preparation 10
Model Solution 11
Report Generation 13
A Note Regarding Implementation 13
1.4 Models of Cost, Revenue, and Profit 14
Cost and Volume Models 14
Revenue and Volume Models 15
Profit and Volume Models 15
Breakeven Analysis 16
1.5 Quantitative Methods in Practice 17
Summary 19
Glossary 19
Problems 20
Case Problem Scheduling a Golf League 23
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viii Contents
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Contents ix
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x Contents
Summary 229
Glossary 230
Problems 230
Case Problem 1 Forecasting Food and Beverage Sales 238
Case Problem 2 Forecasting Lost Sales 239
Appendix 6.1 Forecasting with Excel Data Analysis Tools 240
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Contents xi
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xii Contents
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Contents xiii
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xiv Contents
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Contents xv
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xvi Contents
Index 909
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Preface
The purpose of this thirteenth edition, as with previous editions, is to provide undergraduate
and graduate students with a conceptual understanding of the role that quantitative methods
play in the decision-making process. The text describes the many quantitative methods
developed over the years, explains how they work, and shows how the decision maker can
apply and interpret them.
This book is applications-oriented and uses our problem scenario approach to gently
introduce quantitative material. In each chapter, a problem is described in conjunction with
the quantitative procedure being introduced. Development of the quantitative technique or
model includes applying it to the problem to generate a solution or recommendation. This
approach can help to motivate the student by demonstrating not only how the procedure
works, but also how it contributes to the decision-making process.
The mathematical prerequisite for this text is an algebra course. The two chapters on
probability and probability distributions will provide the necessary background for the use
of probability in subsequent chapters. Throughout the text we use generally accepted nota-
tion for the topic being covered. As a result, students who pursue study beyond the level of
this text will generally experience little difficulty reading more advanced material. To also
assist in further study, a bibliography is included at the end of this book.
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xviii Preface
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Preface xix
●
Analytic Solver Platform: An educational version of the latest version of the
Analytic Solver Platform software is available at no cost with a new text.
For Instructors
Instructor ancillaries are now provided on the website. Included in this convenient format
are the following:
●
Solutions Manual: The Solutions Manual, prepared by the authors, includes solu-
tions for all problems in the text.
●
Solutions to Case Problems: Also prepared by the authors, it contains solutions to
all case problems presented in the text.
●
PowerPoint Presentation Slides: Prepared by John Loucks of St. Edwards University,
the presentation slides contain a teaching outline that incorporates graphics to help
instructors create even more stimulating lectures. The slides may be adapted using
PowerPoint software to facilitate classroom use.
●
Test Bank: Also prepared by John Loucks, the Test Bank in Microsoft Word files
includes multiple choice, true/false, short-answer questions, and problems for each
chapter.
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero is a flexible, online system that allows
you to:
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author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage Learning solutions
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create multiple test versions in an instant
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deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want
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xx Preface
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We were fortunate in having the thoughts and comments of a number of colleagues as we
began work on this thirteenth edition of Quantitative Methods for Business. Our apprecia-
tion and thanks go to:
Writing and revising a textbook is a continuing process. We owe a debt to many of our
colleagues and friends for their helpful comments and suggestions during the development
of earlier editions. Among these are the following:
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Preface xxi
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xxii Preface
Our associates from organizations who provided application write-ups made a major
contribution to the text. These individuals are cited in a credit line on the associated Q.M.
in Action.
We are also indebted to our product manager, Aaron Arnsparger; our marketing man-
ager, Heather Mooney; our senior content developer, Maggie Kubale; our content project
manager, Jana Lewis; our media editor, Chris Valentine; and others at Cengage Learning
for their counsel and support during the preparation of this text.
David R. Anderson
Dennis J. Sweeney
Thomas A. Williams
Jeffrey D. Camm
James J. Cochran
Michael J. Fry
Jeffrey W. Ohlmann
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
CONTENTS 1.4 MODELS OF COST,
REVENUE, AND PROFIT
1.1 PROBLEM SOLVING AND
Cost and Volume Models
DECISION MAKING
Revenue and Volume Models
1.2 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS Profit and Volume Models
AND DECISION MAKING Breakeven Analysis
1.3 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 1.5 QUANTITATIVE METHODS
Model Development IN PRACTICE
Data Preparation Methods Used Most Frequently
Model Solution
Report Generation
A Note Regarding
Implementation
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2 Chapter 1 Introduction
This book is concerned with the use of quantitative methods to assist in decision making. It
emphasizes not the methods themselves, but rather how they can contribute to better decisions.
A variety of names exists for the body of knowledge involving quantitative approaches to deci-
sion making. Today, the terms most commonly used—management science (MS), operations
research (OR), decision science, and business analytics—are often used interchangeably.
The scientific management revolution of the early 1900s, initiated by Frederic W.
Taylor, provided the foundation for the use of quantitative methods in management. How-
ever, modern research in the use of quantitative methods in decision making, for the most
part, originated during the World War II period. At that time, teams of people with diverse
specialties (e.g., mathematicians, engineers, and behavioral scientists) were formed to deal
with strategic and tactical problems faced by the military. After the war, many of these
team members continued their research into quantitative approaches to decision making.
Two developments that occurred during the post–World War II period led to the growth
and use of quantitative methods in nonmilitary applications. First, continued research re-
sulted in numerous methodological developments. Arguably the most notable of these devel-
opments was the discovery by George Dantzig, in 1947, of the simplex method for solving
linear programming problems. At the same time these methodological developments were
taking place, digital computers prompted a virtual explosion in computing power. Comput-
ers enabled practitioners to use the methodological advances to solve a large variety of
problems. The computer technology explosion continues, and personal computers can now
be used to solve problems larger than those solved on mainframe computers in the 1990s.
To reinforce the applied nature of the text and to provide a better understanding of the
variety of applications in which quantitative methods (Q.M.) have been used successfully,
Q.M. in Action articles are presented throughout the text. Each Q.M. in Action article sum-
marizes an application of quantitative methods in practice. The first Q.M. in Action, Revenue
Management at AT&T Park, describes one of the most important applications of quantita-
tive methods in the sports and entertainment industry.
Q.M. in ACtIon
REVENUE MANAGEMENT AT AT&T PARK*
Imagine the difficult position Russ Stanley, Vice Presi- product and uses operations research to determine if the
dent of Ticket Services for the San Francisco Giants, price should be changed to reflect these conditions. As
found himself facing late in the 2010 baseball season. the scheduled takeoff date for a flight nears, the cost
Prior to the season, his organization had adopted a dy- of a ticket increases if seats for the flight are relatively
namic approach to pricing its tickets similar to the model scarce. On the other hand, the airline discounts tickets
successfully pioneered by Thomas M. Cook and his op- for an approaching flight with relatively few ticketed
erations research group at American Airlines. Stanley passengers. Through the use of optimization to dynami-
desparately wanted the Giants to clinch a playoff birth, cally set ticket prices, American Airlines generates nearly
but he didn’t want the team to do so too quickly. $1 billion annually in incremental revenue.
When dynamically pricing a good or service, an or- The management team of the San Francisco Giants
ganization regularly reviews supply and demand of the recognized similarities between their primary product
(tickets to home games) and the primary product sold
*Based on Peter Horner, “the Sabre Story,” OR/MS Today (June by airlines (tickets for flights) and adopted a similar rev-
2000); Ken Belson, “Baseball tickets too Much? Check Back tomor-
enue management system. If a particular Giants’ game
row,” New York Times.com (May 18, 2009); and Rob Gloster, “Giants
Quadruple Price of Cheap Seats as Playoffs Drive Demand,” Bloom- is appealing to fans, tickets sell quickly and demand far
berg Businessweek (September 30, 2010). (continued)
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1.1 Problem Solving and Decision Making 3
exceeds supply as the date of the game approaches; under better to go all the way down to the last game,” Stanley said
these conditions fans will be willing to pay more and the in a late season interview. “Our hearts are in our stomachs;
Giants charge a premium for the ticket. Similarly, tickets we’re pacing watching these games.”
for less attractive games are discounted to reflect relatively Does revenue management and operations research
low demand by fans. This is why Stanley found himself work? Today, virtually every airline uses some sort of
in a quandary at the end of the 2010 baseball season. The revenue-management system, and the cruise, hotel, and
Giants were in the middle of a tight pennant race with the car rental industries also now apply revenue-management
San Diego Padres that effectively increased demand for methods. As for the Giants, Stanley said dynamic pricing
tickets to Giants’ games, and the team was actually sched- provided a 7 to 8% increase in revenue per seat for Giants’
uled to play the Padres in San Fransisco for the last three home games during the 2010 season. Coincidentally, the
games of the season. While Stanley certainly wanted his Giants did win the National League West division on the
club to win its division and reach the Major League Base- last day of the season and ultimately won the World Series.
ball playoffs, he also recognized that his team’s revenues Several professional sports franchises are now looking to
would be greatly enhanced if it didn’t qualify for the play- the Giants’ example and considering implementation of
offs until the last day of the season. “I guess financially it is similar dynamic ticket-pricing systems.
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4 Chapter 1 Introduction
The next step of the problem-solving process involves determining the criteria that will
be used to evaluate the four alternatives. Obviously, the starting salary is a factor of some
importance. If salary were the only criterion important to you, the alternative selected as
“best” would be the one with the highest starting salary. Problems in which the objective
is to find the best solution with respect to one criterion are referred to as single-criterion
decision problems.
Suppose that you also conclude that the potential for advancement and the location of
the job are two other criteria of major importance. Thus, the three criteria in your decision
problem are starting salary, potential for advancement, and location. Problems that involve
more than one criterion are referred to as multicriteria decision problems.
The next step of the decision-making process is to evaluate each of the alternatives with
respect to each criterion. For example, evaluating each alternative relative to the starting
salary criterion is done simply by recording the starting salary for each job alternative.
However, evaluating each alternative with respect to the potential for advancement and
the location of the job is more difficult because these evaluations are based primarily on
subjective factors that are often difficult to quantify. Suppose for now that you decide to
measure potential for advancement and job location by rating each of these criteria as poor,
fair, average, good, or excellent. The data you compile are shown in Table 1.1.
You are now ready to make a choice from the available alternatives. What makes this
choice phase so difficult is that the criteria are probably not all equally important, and no
one alternative is “best” with regard to all criteria. When faced with a multicriteria deci-
sion problem, the third step in the decision-making process often includes an assessment of
the relative importance of the criteria. Although we will present a method for dealing with
situations like this one later in the text, for now let us suppose that after a careful evaluation
of the data in Table 1.1, you decide to select alternative 3. Alternative 3 is thus referred to
as the decision.
At this point in time, the decision-making process is complete. In summary, we see that
this process involves five steps:
Note that missing from this list are the last two steps in the problem-solving process: imple-
menting the selected alternative and evaluating the results to determine whether a satisfac-
tory solution has been obtained. This omission is not meant to diminish the importance
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1.2 Quantitative Analysis and Decision Making 5
Define
the
Problem
Identify
the
Alternatives
Determine
Decision
the
Making
Criteria
Evaluate
Problem
the
Solving
Alternatives
Choose
an
Alternative
Implement
Decision
the
Decision
Evaluate
the
Results
of each of these activities, but to emphasize the more limited scope of the term decision
making as compared to the term problem solving. Figure 1.1 summarizes the relationship
between these two concepts.
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6 Chapter 1 Introduction
Qualitative
Analysis
Structuring the Problem
Quantitative
Analysis
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1.3 Quantitative Analysis 7
Some of the reasons why a quantitative approach might be used in the decision-
making process include the following:
1. The problem is complex, and the manager cannot develop a good solution without
the aid of quantitative analysis.
2. The problem is critical (e.g., a great deal of money is involved), and the manager
desires a thorough analysis before making a decision.
3. The problem is new, and the manager has no previous experience from which to
draw.
4. The problem is repetitive, and the manager saves time and effort by relying on
quantitative procedures to automate routine decision recommendations.
Model Development
Models are representations of real objects or situations and can be presented in various
forms. For example, a scale model of an airplane is a representation of a real airplane.
Similarly, a child’s toy truck is a model of a real truck. The model airplane and toy truck
are examples of models that are physical replicas of real objects. In modeling terminology,
physical replicas are referred to as iconic models.
A second classification includes models that are physical in form but do not have the
same physical appearance as the object being modeled. Such models are referred to as
analog models. The speedometer of an automobile is an analog model; the position of the
needle on the dial represents the speed of the automobile. A thermometer is another analog
model representing temperature.
A third classification of models—the type we will primarily be studying—includes
representations of a problem by a system of symbols and mathematical relationships or
expressions. Such models are referred to as mathematical models and are a critical part of
any quantitative approach to decision making. For example, the total profit from the sale of
a product can be determined by multiplying the profit per unit by the quantity sold. Let x
represent the number of units produced and sold, and let P represent the total profit. With a
profit of $10 per unit, the following mathematical model defines the total profit earned by
producing and selling x units:
P 5 10x (1.1)
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8 Chapter 1 Introduction
The purpose, or value, of any model is that it enables us to make inferences about the
real situation by studying and analyzing the model. For example, an airplane designer might
test an iconic model of a new airplane in a wind tunnel to learn about the potential flying
characteristics of the full-size airplane. Similarly, a mathematical model may be used to
make inferences about how much profit will be earned if a specified quantity of a particular
product is sold. According to the mathematical model of equation (1.1), we would expect
that selling three units of the product (x 5 3) would provide a profit of P 5 10(3) 5 $30.
In general, experimenting with models requires less time and is less expensive than
experimenting with the real object or situation. One can certainly build and study a model
airplane in less time and for less money than it would take to build and study the full-size
airplane. Similarly, the mathematical model in equation (1.1) allows a quick identifica-
tion of profit expectations without requiring the manager to actually produce and sell x
units. Models also reduce the risks associated with experimenting with the real situation.
In particular, bad designs or bad decisions that cause the model airplane to crash or the
mathematical model to project a $10,000 loss can be avoided in the real situation.
Herbert A. Simon, a Nobel The value of model-based conclusions and decisions depends on how well the model
Prize winner in economics represents the real situation. The more closely the model airplane represents the real air-
and an expert in decision
making, said that a
plane, the more accurate will be the conclusions and predictions. Similarly, the more closely
mathematical model does the mathematical model represents the company’s true profit–volume relationship, the
not have to be exact; it just more accurate will be the profit projections.
has to be close enough to Because this text deals with quantitative analysis based on mathematical models, let
provide better results than us look more closely at the mathematical modeling process. When initially considering
can be obtained by common
sense.
a managerial problem, we usually find that the problem definition phase leads to a spe-
cific objective, such as maximization of profit or minimization of cost, and possibly a set
of restrictions or constraints, which express limitations on resources. The success of the
mathematical model and quantitative approach will depend heavily on how accurately the
objective and constraints can be expressed in mathematical equations or relationships.
The mathematical expression that defines the quantity to be maximized or minimized is
referred to as the objective function. For example, suppose x denotes the number of units
produced and sold each week, and the firm’s objective is to maximize total weekly profit.
With a profit of $10 per unit, the objective function is 10x. A production capacity constraint
would be necessary if, for instance, 5 hours are required to produce each unit and only 40
hours are available per week. The production capacity constraint is given by
5x # 40 (1.2)
The value of 5x is the total time required to produce x units; the symbol # indicates that the
production time required must be less than or equal to the 40 hours available.
The decision problem or question is the following: How many units of the product
should be produced each week to maximize profit? A complete mathematical model for
this simple production problem is
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1.3 Quantitative Analysis 9
Uncontrollable Inputs
(Environmental Factors)
Controllable
Mathematical Output
Inputs
Model (Projected Results)
(Decision Variables)
of units. The optimal solution to this simple model can be easily calculated and is given by
x 5 8, with an associated profit of $80. This model is an example of a linear programming
model. In subsequent chapters we will discuss more complicated mathematical models
and learn how to solve them in situations for which the answers are not nearly so obvious.
In the preceding mathematical model, the profit per unit ($10), the production time per
unit (5 hours), and the production capacity (40 hours) are factors not under the control of
the manager or decision maker. Such factors, which can affect both the objective function
and the constraints, are referred to as uncontrollable inputs to the model. Inputs that are
controlled or determined by the decision maker are referred to as controllable inputs to
the model. In the example given, the production quantity x is the controllable input to the
model. Controllable inputs are the decision alternatives specified by the manager and thus
are also referred to as the decision variables of the model.
Once all controllable and uncontrollable inputs are specified, the objective function
and constraints can be evaluated and the output of the model determined. In this sense,
the output of the model is simply the projection of what would happen if those particular
factors and decisions occurred in the real situation. A flowchart of how controllable and
uncontrollable inputs are transformed by the mathematical model into output is shown in
Figure 1.4. A similar flowchart showing the specific details for the production model is
shown in Figure 1.5. Note that we have used “Max” as an abbreviation for maximize.
Uncontrollable Inputs
Max 10 (8)
Value for Profit = 80
s.t.
the Production
5 (8) ≤ 40
Quantity (x = 8) Time Used = 40
8 ≥ 0
Controllable Mathematical
Output
Input Model
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10 Chapter 1 Introduction
As stated earlier, the uncontrollable inputs are those the decision maker cannot influ-
ence. The specific controllable and uncontrollable inputs of a model depend on the par-
ticular problem or decision-making situation. In the production problem, the production
time available (40) is an uncontrollable input. However, if it were possible to hire more
employees or use overtime, the number of hours of production time would become a con-
trollable input and therefore a decision variable in the model.
Uncontrollable inputs can either be known exactly or be uncertain and subject to varia-
tion. If all uncontrollable inputs to a model are known and cannot vary, the model is referred
to as a deterministic model. Corporate income tax rates are not under the influence of the
manager and thus constitute an uncontrollable input in many decision models. Because
these rates are known and fixed (at least in the short run), a mathematical model with cor-
porate income tax rates as the only uncontrollable input would be a deterministic model.
The distinguishing feature of a deterministic model is that the uncontrollable input values
are known in advance.
If any of the uncontrollable inputs are uncertain and subject to variation, the model is
referred to as a stochastic or probabilistic model. An uncontrollable input in many produc-
tion planning models is demand for the product. Because future demand may be any of a
range of values, a mathematical model that treats demand with uncertainty would be con-
sidered a stochastic model. In the production model, the number of hours of production time
required per unit, the total hours available, and the unit profit were all uncontrollable inputs.
Because the uncontrollable inputs were all known to take on fixed values, the model was
deterministic. If, however, the number of hours of production time per unit could vary from
3 to 6 hours depending on the quality of the raw material, the model would be stochastic.
The distinguishing feature of a stochastic model is that the value of the output cannot be
determined even if the value of the controllable input is known because the specific values
of the uncontrollable inputs are unknown. In this respect, stochastic models are often more
difficult to analyze.
Data Preparation
Another step in the quantitative analysis of a problem is the preparation of the data required
by the model. Data in this sense refer to the values of the uncontrollable inputs to the model.
All uncontrollable inputs or data must be specified before we can analyze the model and
recommend a decision or solution for the problem.
In the production model, the values of the uncontrollable inputs or data were
$10 per unit for profit, 5 hours per unit for production time, and 40 hours for produc-
tion capacity. In the development of the model, these data values were known and
incorporated into the model as it was being developed. If the model is relatively small
with respect to the number of the uncontrollable input values, the quantitative analyst
will probably combine model development and data preparation into one step. In these
situations the data values are inserted as the equations of the mathematical model are
developed.
However, in many mathematical modeling situations, the data or uncontrollable input
values are not readily available. In these situations, the analyst may know that the model
will require profit per unit, production time, and production capacity data, but the values
will not be known until the accounting, production, and engineering departments can be
consulted. Rather than attempting to collect the required data as the model is being devel-
oped, the analyst will usually adopt a general notation for the model development step, and
a separate data preparation step will then be performed to obtain the uncontrollable input
values required by the model.
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
1.3 Quantitative Analysis 11
the model development step for the production problem would result in the following gen-
eral model (recall x 5 the number of units to produce and sell):
Max cx
s.t.
ax # b
x$0
A separate data preparation step to identify the values for c, a, and b would then be neces-
sary to complete the model.
Many inexperienced quantitative analysts assume that once the problem is defined
and a general model developed, the problem is essentially solved. These individuals tend
to believe that data preparation is a trivial step in the process and can be easily handled
by clerical staff. Actually, this is a potentially dangerous assumption that could not be
further from the truth, especially with large-scale models that have numerous data input
values. For example, a moderate-sized linear programming model with 50 decision vari-
ables and 25 constraints could have more than 1300 data elements that must be identified
in the data preparation step. The time required to collect and prepare these data and the
possibility of data collection errors will make the data preparation step a critical part of
the quantitative analysis process. Often, a fairly large database is needed to support a
mathematical model, and information systems specialists also become involved in the
data preparation step.
Model Solution
Once the model development and data preparation steps are completed, we proceed to the
model solution step. In this step, the analyst attempts to identify the values of the decision
variables that provide the “best” output for the model. The specific decision-variable value
or values providing the “best” output are referred to as the optimal solution for the model.
For the production problem, the model solution step involves finding the value of the pro-
duction quantity decision variable x that maximizes profit while not causing a violation of
the production capacity constraint.
One procedure that might be used in the model solution step involves a trial-and-error
approach in which the model is used to test and evaluate various decision alternatives. In the
production model, this procedure would mean testing and evaluating the model using vari-
ous production quantities or values of x. As noted in Figure 1.5, we could input trial values
for x and check the corresponding output for projected profit and satisfaction of the pro-
duction capacity constraint. If a particular decision alternative does not satisfy one or more
of the model constraints, the decision alternative is rejected as being infeasible, regardless
of the corresponding objective function value. If all constraints are satisfied, the decision
alternative is feasible and is a candidate for the “best” solution or recommended decision.
Through this trial-and-error process of evaluating selected decision alternatives, a decision
maker can identify a good—and possibly the best—feasible solution to the problem. This
solution would then be the recommended decision for the problem.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Ja sitten kun kaikki olivat menneet isosta portista, astelivat
Norman of Torn ja pieni vanhus rinnakkain linnan rakennuksesta ja
keikahtivat kahden aseenkantajan keskellä pihaa pitelemien
ratsujensa selkään.
»Täällä emme enää voi tehdä mitään», jatkoi hän. »Minun olisi
pitänyt jo monta tuntia takaperin olla matkalla Fletchingiin. Tulkaa,
hyvät herrat! Ratsastamme etelään Leicesterin kautta ja käskemme
sikäläisten isien huolehtia tämän pyhän miehen säädyllisestä
hautaamisesta.»
Nyt hän oli ihan likellä taistelijoita, ja jos aikaisemmin oli ollut
epäilyksiä, hyydytti tuhannesta rajusta kurkusta kajahtava, hurja
sotahuuto toiveet kuninkaan puoluelaisten rinnassa.
»De Montfortin puolesta! De Montfortin puolesta! Alas Henrik!»
kaikui äänekkäästi ja selvästi ottelun hälinässä.
»Juuri niin olisivat hekin minulle tehneet, jos minä olisin joutunut
heidän vangikseen», huomautti henkipatto.
»Mitä tulee siihen, että tänään taistelin, kuten tein», pitkitti hän,
»johtui se siitä, että lady Bertraden, tyttärenne, sydän on teidän
puolellanne. Jos se olisi ollut kuninkaan, hänen enonsa, puolella,
olisi Norman of Torn esiintynyt tänään toisella tavoin. Huomaatte siis,
herra kreivi, ettette ole minulle lainkaan kiitollisuuden velassa.
Huomenna mahdollisesti ahdistan ystäviänne entiseen tapaani.»
»Olen tullut etsimään tuota miestä, jolla kaikki näette olevan hyvän
syyn pelätä minua. Ja poistuessani vien osan hänestä muassani.
Minulla on hyvin kiire, ja senvuoksi mieluimmin ottaisin suuren,
hyvän ystäväni Peter of Colfaxin kenenkään häiritsemättä; mutta
jollette siihen suostu, on meitä kaksikymmentä miestä näiden
muurien sisällä ja lähes tuhat väijyy ulkosalla. Mitä sanotte, mylord?»