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vi Brief Contents

Appendix C Poisson Probabilities 835

Appendix D Areas for the Standard Normal Distribution 841

Appendix E Values of e2λ 843

Appendix F References and Bibliography 844

Appendix G Self-Test Solutions and Answers to Even-Numbered


Problems 846

Index 909

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Contents

Preface xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem Solving and Decision Making 3
1.2 Quantitative Analysis and Decision Making 5
1.3 Quantitative Analysis 7
Model Development 7
Data Preparation 10
Model Solution 11
Report Generation 13
A Note Regarding Implementation 13
1.4 Models of Cost, Revenue, and Profit 14
Cost and Volume Models 14
Revenue and Volume Models 15
Profit and Volume Models 15
Breakeven Analysis 16
1.5 Quantitative Methods in Practice 17
Summary 19
Glossary 19
Problems 20
Case Problem Scheduling a Golf League 23

Chapter 2 Introduction to Probability 24


2.1 Experiments and the Sample Space 26
2.2 Assigning Probabilities to Experimental
Outcomes 28
Classical Method 28
Relative Frequency Method 29
Subjective Method 29
2.3 Events and Their Probabilities 30
2.4 Some Basic Relationships of Probability 31
Complement of an Event 31
Addition Law 32
Conditional Probability 35
Multiplication Law 39
2.5 Bayes’ Theorem 40
The Tabular Approach 43
2.6 Simpson’s Paradox 45
Summary 47
Glossary 48
Problems 49
Case Problem Hamilton County Judges 57
Case Problem College Softball Recruiting 59

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viii Contents

Chapter 3 Probability Distributions 61


3.1 Random Variables 63
3.2 Discrete Random Variables 64
Probability Distribution of a Discrete Random Variable 64
Expected Value 66
Variance 67
3.3 Binomial Probability Distribution 69
Nastke Clothing Store Problem 70
Expected Value and Variance for the Binomial Distribution 73
3.4 Poisson Probability Distribution 73
An Example Involving Time Intervals 74
An Example Involving Length or Distance Intervals 74
3.5 Continuous Random Variables 76
Applying the Uniform Distribution 76
Area as a Measure of Probability 77
3.6 Normal Probability Distribution 80
Standard Normal Distribution 81
Computing Probabilities for Any Normal Distribution 85
Grear Tire Company Problem 87
3.7 Exponential Probability Distribution 88
Computing Probabilities for the Exponential Distribution 89
Relationship Between the Poisson and Exponential Distributions 90
Summary 91
Glossary 91
Problems 92
Case Problem Specialty Toys 99
Appendix 3.1 Computing Discrete Probabilities with Excel 100
Appendix 3.2 Computing Probabilities for Continuous Distributions
with Excel 101

Chapter 4 Decision Analysis 103


4.1 Problem Formulation 105
Influence Diagrams 106
Payoff Tables 106
Decision Trees 107
4.2 Decision Making Without Probabilities 109
Optimistic Approach 109
Conservative Approach 109
Minimax Regret Approach 110
4.3 Decision Making with Probabilities 112
Expected Value of Perfect Information 114
4.4 Risk Analysis and Sensitivity Analysis 116
Risk Analysis 116
Sensitivity Analysis 117
4.5 Decision Analysis with Sample Information 122
Influence Diagram 122
Decision Tree 123
Decision Strategy 125
Risk Profile 130

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Contents ix

Expected Value of Sample Information 131


Efficiency of Sample Information 132
4.6 Computing Branch Probabilities with Bayes’ Theorem 133
Summary 137
Glossary 138
Problems 139
Case Problem 1 Property Purchase Strategy 153
Case Problem 2 Lawsuit Defense Strategy 154
Appendix 4.1 Using Analytic Solver Platform to Create Decision Trees 155

Chapter 5 Utility and Game Theory 164


5.1 The Meaning of Utility 165
5.2 Utility and Decision Making 167
The Expected Utility Approach 169
Summary of Steps for Determining the Utility of Money 171
5.3 Utility: Other Considerations 172
Risk Avoiders Versus Risk Takers 172
5.4 Introduction to Game Theory 177
Competing for Market Share 178
Identifying a Pure Strategy 180
5.5 Mixed Strategy Games 181
A Larger Mixed Strategy Game 183
Summary of Steps for Solving Two-Person, Zero-Sum Games 185
Extensions 185
Summary 185
Glossary 186
Problems 186
Case Problem Utility, Game Theory, and Product Line Extension Decisions 193

Chapter 6 Time Series Analysis and Forecasting 195


6.1 Time Series Patterns 197
Horizontal Pattern 197
Trend Pattern 199
Seasonal Pattern 201
Trend and Seasonal Pattern 203
Cyclical Pattern 204
Selecting a Forecasting Method 204
6.2 Forecast Accuracy 206
6.3 Moving Averages and Exponential Smoothing 211
Moving Averages 211
Weighted Moving Averages 214
Exponential Smoothing 215
6.4 Linear Trend Projection 218
6.5 Seasonality 223
Seasonality Without Trend 223
Seasonality with Trend 226
Models Based on Monthly Data 228

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x Contents

Summary 229
Glossary 230
Problems 230
Case Problem 1 Forecasting Food and Beverage Sales 238
Case Problem 2 Forecasting Lost Sales 239
Appendix 6.1 Forecasting with Excel Data Analysis Tools 240

Chapter 7 Introduction to Linear Programming 249


7.1 A Simple Maximization Problem 251
Problem Formulation 252
Mathematical Model for the RMC Problem 254
7.2 Graphical Solution Procedure 255
A Note on Graphing Lines 264
Summary of the Graphical Solution Procedure for Maximization Problems 265
Slack Variables 266
7.3 Extreme Points and the Optimal Solution 268
7.4 Computer Solution of the RMC Problem 269
Interpretation of Answer Report 270
7.5 A Simple Minimization Problem 271
Summary of the Graphical Solution Procedure for Minimization Problems 273
Surplus Variables 274
Computer Solution of the M&D Chemicals Problem 275
7.6 Special Cases 276
Alternative Optimal Solutions 276
Infeasibility 276
Unbounded 278
7.7 General Linear Programming Notation 280
Summary 282
Glossary 283
Problems 284
Case Problem 1 Workload Balancing 299
Case Problem 2 Production Strategy 300
Case Problem 3 Hart Venture Capital 301
Appendix 7.1 Solving Linear Programs with Excel Solver 302
Appendix 7.2 Solving Linear Programs with LINGO 306

Chapter 8 Linear Programming: Sensitivity Analysis and


Interpretation of Solution 308
8.1 Introduction to Sensitivity Analysis 310
8.2 Objective Function Coefficients 311
8.3 Right-Hand Sides 314
Cautionary Note on the Interpretation of Shadow Prices 318
8.4 Limitations of Classical Sensitivity Analysis 319
Simultaneous Changes 319
Changes in Constraint Coefficients 320
Nonintuitive Shadow Prices 321
8.5 More Than Two Decision Variables 323
Modified RMC Problem 324
Bluegrass Farms Problem 326

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Contents xi

8.6 Electronic Communications Problem 329


Problem Formulation 330
Solution and Interpretation 331
Summary 334
Glossary 335
Problems 336
Case Problem 1 Product Mix 355
Case Problem 2 Investment Strategy 356
Case Problem 3 Truck Leasing Strategy 356
Appendix 8.1 Sensitivity Analysis with Excel Solver 357
Appendix 8.2 Sensitivity Analysis with LINGO 358

Chapter 9 Linear Programming Applications in Marketing,


Finance, and Operations Management 362
9.1 Marketing Applications 364
Media Selection 364
Marketing Research 367
9.2 Financial Applications 370
Portfolio Selection 370
Financial Planning 373
9.3 Operations Management Applications 377
A Make-or-Buy Decision 377
Production Scheduling 381
Workforce Assignment 388
Blending Problems 393
Summary 397
Problems 398
Case Problem 1 Planning an Advertising Campaign 411
Case Problem 2 Schneider’s Sweet Shop 413
Case Problem 3 Textile Mill Scheduling 414
Case Problem 4 Workforce Scheduling 415
Case Problem 5 Duke Energy Coal Allocation2 417
Appendix 9.1 Excel Solution of Hewlitt Corporation Financial
Planning Problem 419

Chapter 10 Distribution and Network Models 424


10.1 Supply Chain Models 425
Transportation Problem 425
Problem Variations 428
A General Linear Programming Model 431
Transshipment Problem 432
Problem Variations 438
A General Linear Programming Model 438
10.2 Assignment Problem 440
Problem Variations 443
A General Linear Programming Model 443
10.3 Shortest-Route Problem 445
A General Linear Programming Model 448

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xii Contents

10.4 Maximal Flow Problem 449


10.5 A Production and Inventory Application 453
Summary 456
Glossary 457
Problems 458
Case Problem 1 Solutions Plus 475
Case Problem 2 Supply Chain Design for the Darby Company 477
Case Problem 3 DK Dental Care 478
Appendix 10.1 Excel Solver Solution of Transportation, Transshipment,
and Assignment Problems 480

Chapter 11 Integer Linear Programming 487


11.1 Types of Integer Linear Programming Models 489
11.2 Graphical and Computer Solutions for an All-Integer Linear Program 491
Graphical Solution of the LP Relaxation 492
Rounding to Obtain an Integer Solution 493
Graphical Solution of the All-Integer Problem 493
Using the LP Relaxation to Establish Bounds 494
Computer Solution 495
11.3 Applications Involving 0-1 Variables 496
Capital Budgeting 496
Fixed Cost 497
Supply Chain Design 499
Bank Location 504
Product Design and Market Share Optimization 506
11.4 Modeling Flexibility Provided by 0-1 Integer Variables 511
Multiple-Choice and Mutually Exclusive Constraints 511
k Out of n Alternatives Constraint 512
Conditional and Corequisite Constraints 512
A Cautionary Note About Sensitivity Analysis 514
Summary 515
Glossary 515
Problems 516
Case Problem 1 Textbook Publishing 527
Case Problem 2 Yeager National Bank 528
Case Problem 3 Production Scheduling with Changeover Costs 529
Case Problem 4 Applecore Children’s Clothing 530
Appendix 11.1 Excel Solver Solution of Integer Linear Programs 532
Appendix 11.2 LINGO Solution of Integer Linear Programs 535

Chapter 12 Advanced Optimization Applications 537


12.1 Data Envelopment Analysis 538
Evaluating the Performance of Hospitals 539
Overview of the DEA Approach 540
DEA Linear Programming Model 541
Summary of the DEA Approach 545
12.2 Revenue Management 546

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Contents xiii

12.3 Portfolio Models and Asset Allocation 552


A Portfolio of Mutual Funds 552
Conservative Portfolio 553
Moderate Risk Portfolio 556
12.4 Nonlinear Optimization—The RMC Problem Revisited 559
An Unconstrained Problem 560
A Constrained Problem 561
Local and Global Optima 564
Shadow Prices 566
12.5 Constructing an Index Fund 568
Summary 572
Glossary 573
Problems 573
Case Problem CAFE Compliance in the Auto Industry 585
Appendix 12.1 Solving Nonlinear Problems with LINGO 587
Appendix 12.2 Solving Nonlinear Problems with Excel Solver 590

Chapter 13 Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM 592


13.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected
Activity Times 593
The Concept of a Critical Path 595
Determining the Critical Path 596
Contributions of PERT/CPM 601
Summary of the PERT/CPM Critical Path Procedure 601
13.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain
Activity Times 602
The Daugherty Porta-Vac Project 602
Uncertain Activity Times 603
The Critical Path 606
Variability in Project Completion Time 608
13.3 Considering Time–Cost Trade-Offs 611
Crashing Activity Times 612
Linear Programming Model for Crashing 614
Summary 617
Glossary 617
Problems 618
Case Problem R. C. Coleman 628
Appendix 13.1 Finding Cumulative Probabilities for
Normally Distributed Random Variables 629

Chapter 14 Inventory Models 631


14.1 Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model 633
The How-Much-to-Order Decision 637
The When-to-Order Decision 638
Sensitivity Analysis for the EOQ Model 639
Excel Solution of the EOQ Model 640
Summary of the EOQ Model Assumptions 641

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xiv Contents

14.2 Economic Production Lot Size Model 642


Total Cost Model 643
Economic Production Lot Size 645
14.3 Inventory Model with Planned Shortages 645
14.4 Quantity Discounts for the EOQ Model 650
14.5 Single-Period Inventory Model with Probabilistic Demand 652
Neiman Marcus 653
Nationwide Car Rental 656
14.6 Order-Quantity, Reorder Point Model with Probabilistic Demand 658
The How-Much-to-Order Decision 659
The When-to-Order Decision 660
14.7 Periodic Review Model with Probabilistic Demand 662
More Complex Periodic Review Models 665
Summary 666
Glossary 666
Problems 667
Case Problem 1 Wagner Fabricating Company 675
Case Problem 2 River City Fire Department 676
Appendix 14.1 Development of the Optimal Order Quantity (Q*)
Formula for the EOQ Model 677
Appendix 14.2 Development of the Optimal Lot Size (Q*) Formula for the
Production Lot Size Model 678

Chapter 15 Waiting Line Models 680


15.1 Structure of a Waiting Line System 682
Single-Server Waiting Line 682
Distribution of Arrivals 682
Distribution of Service Times 684
Queue Discipline 685
Steady-State Operation 685
15.2 Single-Server Waiting Line Model with Poisson Arrivals and
Exponential Service Times 685
Operating Characteristics 685
Operating Characteristics for the Burger Dome Problem 687
Managers’ Use of Waiting Line Models 687
Improving the Waiting Line Operation 688
Excel Solution of Waiting Line Model 689
15.3 Multiple-Server Waiting Line Model with Poisson Arrivals and
Exponential Service Times 690
Operating Characteristics 690
Operating Characteristics for the Burger Dome Problem 692
15.4 Some General Relationships for Waiting Line Models 694
15.5 Economic Analysis of Waiting Lines 696
15.6 Other Waiting Line Models 698
15.7 Single-Server Waiting Line Model with Poisson Arrivals and
Arbitrary Service Times 699
Operating Characteristics for the M/G/1 Model 699
Constant Service Times 700

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Contents xv

15.8 Multiple-Server Model with Poisson Arrivals, Arbitrary Service Times,


and No Waiting Line 701
Operating Characteristics for the M/G/k Model with Blocked
Customers Cleared 701
15.9 Waiting Line Models with Finite Calling Populations 703
Operating Characteristics for the M/M/1 Model with a Finite
Calling Population 704
Summary 706
Glossary 708
Problems 708
Case Problem 1 Regional Airlines 716
Case Problem 2 Office Equipment, Inc. 717

Chapter 16 Simulation 719


16.1 What-If Analysis 721
Sanotronics 721
Base-Case Scenario 721
Worst-Case Scenario 722
Best-Case Scenario 722
16.2 Simulation of Sanotronics Problem 723
Use of Probability Distributions to Represent Random Variables 723
Generating Values for Random Variables with Excel 725
Executing Simulation Trials with Excel 729
Measuring and Analyzing Simulation Output 730
16.3 Inventory Simulation 732
Simulation of the Butler Inventory Problem 735
16.4 Waiting Line Simulation 737
Black Sheep Scarves 738
Customer (Scarf) Arrival Times 738
Customer (Scarf) Service (Inspection) Times 739
Simulation Model 739
Simulation of Black Sheep Scarves 742
Simulation with Two Quality Inspectors 744
Simulation Results with Two Quality Inspectors 745
16.5 Simulation Considerations 747
Verification and Validation 747
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Simulation 747
Summary 748
Glossary 749
Problems 750
Case Problem 1 Four Corners 757
Case Problem 2 Harbor Dunes Golf Course 759
Case Problem 3 County Beverage Drive-Thru 761
Appendix 16.1 Probability Distributions for Random Variables 762
Appendix 16.2 Simulation with Analytic Solver Platform 765

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xvi Contents

Chapter 17 Markov Processes 770


17.1 Market Share Analysis 772
17.2 Accounts Receivable Analysis 779
Fundamental Matrix and Associated Calculations 781
Establishing the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 782
Summary 784
Glossary 785
Problems 785
Case Problem Dealer’s Absorbing State Probabilities in Blackjack 790
Appendix 17.1 Matrix Notation and Operations 791
Appendix 17.2 Matrix Inversion with Excel 794

Appendix A Building Spreadsheet Models 796


Appendix B Binomial Probabilities 828
Appendix C Poisson Probabilities 835
Appendix D Areas for the Standard Normal Distribution 841
Appendix E Values of e2λ 843
Appendix F References and Bibliography 844
Appendix G Self-Test Solutions and Answers to Even-Numbered
Problems 846

Index 909

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Preface

The purpose of this thirteenth edition, as with previous editions, is to provide undergraduate
and graduate students with a conceptual understanding of the role that quantitative methods
play in the decision-making process. The text describes the many quantitative methods
developed over the years, explains how they work, and shows how the decision maker can
apply and interpret them.
This book is applications-oriented and uses our problem scenario approach to gently
introduce quantitative material. In each chapter, a problem is described in conjunction with
the quantitative procedure being introduced. Development of the quantitative technique or
model includes applying it to the problem to generate a solution or recommendation. This
approach can help to motivate the student by demonstrating not only how the procedure
works, but also how it contributes to the decision-making process.
The mathematical prerequisite for this text is an algebra course. The two chapters on
probability and probability distributions will provide the necessary background for the use
of probability in subsequent chapters. Throughout the text we use generally accepted nota-
tion for the topic being covered. As a result, students who pursue study beyond the level of
this text will generally experience little difficulty reading more advanced material. To also
assist in further study, a bibliography is included at the end of this book.

CHANGES IN THE THIRTEENTH EDITION


We are very excited about the changes in the thirteenth edition of Quantitative Methods for
Business, and want to tell you about some of the changes we have made and why.

Updated Chapter 16: Simulation


The most substantial content change in this latest edition involves the coverage of simu-
lation. We maintain an intuitive introduction by continuing to use the concepts of best-,
worst-, and base-case scenarios, but we have added a more elaborate treatment of uncer-
tainty by using Microsoft Excel to develop spreadsheet simulation models. Within the
chapter, we explain how to construct a spreadsheet simulation model using only native
Excel functionality. In the chapter appendix, we describe how an Excel add-in, Analytic
Solver Platform, facilitates more sophisticated simulation analyses. This new appendix on
Analytic Solver Platform replaces the previous edition’s coverage of Crystal Ball, which
we no longer pair with our textbook. Nine new problems are introduced, and several others
have been updated to reflect the new simulation coverage.

Other Content Changes


A variety of other changes have been made throughout the text in response to user sugges-
tions. The most prominent of these include a new section on variability in project manage-
ment in Chapter 13, new Appendix A coverage of data tables and Goal Seek functionality
in Excel 2013, and adjustment of forecasting notation in Chapter 6. The software previously
used to create decision trees in the Chapter 4 appendix, TreePlan, has now been incorporated
into the Excel add-in Analytic Solver Platform, and we have updated Chapter 4 accordingly.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xviii Preface

New Q.M. in Action, Cases, and Problems


Q.M. in Action is the name of the short summaries that describe how the quantitative
methods being covered in the chapter have been used in practice. In this edition, you will
find numerous Q.M. in Action vignettes, cases, and homework problems. We have updated
many of these Q.M. in Actions to provide more recent examples. In all, we have added
15 new Q.M. in Actions.
The end of each chapter of this book contains cases for students. The cases are more
in-depth and often more open-ended than the end-of-chapter homework problems. We have
added three new cases to this edition: one on linear programming applications in Chapter
9, one on distribution and network models in Chapter 10, and one on integer programming
in Chapter 11. Solutions to all cases are available to instructors.
We have added more than 35 new homework problems to this edition. Many other
homework problems have been updated to provide more timely references.

FEATURES AND PEDAGOGY


We continued many of the features that appeared in previous editions. Some of the impor-
tant ones are noted here.

Annotations: Annotations that highlight key points and provide additional insights
for the student are a continuing feature of this edition. These annotations, which
appear in the margins, are designed to provide emphasis and enhance understanding
of the terms and concepts presented in the text.

Notes and Comments: We provide Notes and Comments at the end of many sections
to give the student additional insights about the methodology being discussed and
its application. These insights include warnings about or limitations of the method-
ology, recommendations for application, brief descriptions of additional technical
considerations, and other matters.

Self-Test Exercises: Certain exercises are identified as self-test exercises. Completely
worked-out solutions for these exercises are provided in Appendix G, entitled Self-
Test Solutions and Answers to Even-Numbered Problems, located at the end of the
book. Students can attempt the self-test problems and immediately check the solutions
to evaluate their understanding of the concepts presented in the chapter. At the request
of professors using our textbooks, we now provide the answers to even-numbered
problems in this same appendix.

Q.M. in Action: These articles are presented throughout the text and provide a sum-
mary of an application of quantitative methods found in business today. Adaptations
of materials from the popular press, academic journals such as Interfaces, and write-
ups provided by practitioners provide the basis for the applications in this feature.

ANCILLARY LEARNING AND TEACHING MATERIALS


For Students
Print and online resources are available to help the student work more efficiently as well
as learn how to use Excel.

LINGO: The student version of LINGO 14.0 software is available for download at
no additional cost to students who purchase a new text, through a link on the student
companion site.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface xix


Analytic Solver Platform: An educational version of the latest version of the
Analytic Solver Platform software is available at no cost with a new text.

For Instructors
Instructor ancillaries are now provided on the website. Included in this convenient format
are the following:

Solutions Manual: The Solutions Manual, prepared by the authors, includes solu-
tions for all problems in the text.

Solutions to Case Problems: Also prepared by the authors, it contains solutions to
all case problems presented in the text.

PowerPoint Presentation Slides: Prepared by John Loucks of St. Edwards University,
the presentation slides contain a teaching outline that incorporates graphics to help
instructors create even more stimulating lectures. The slides may be adapted using
PowerPoint software to facilitate classroom use.

Test Bank: Also prepared by John Loucks, the Test Bank in Microsoft Word files
includes multiple choice, true/false, short-answer questions, and problems for each
chapter.
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero is a flexible, online system that allows
you to:

author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage Learning solutions

create multiple test versions in an instant

deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want

COURSE OUTLINE FLEXIBILITY


The text provides instructors with substantial flexibility in selecting topics to meet specific
course needs. Although many variations are possible, the single-semester and single-
quarter outlines that follow are illustrative of the options available.
Suggested One-Semester Course Outline
Introduction (Chapter 1)
Probability Concepts (Chapters 2 and 3)
Decision Analysis (Chapters 4 and 5)
Forecasting (Chapter 6)
Linear Programming (Chapters 7, 8, and 9)
Distribution and Network Models (Chapter 10)
Integer Linear Programming (Chapter 11)
Advanced Optimization Applications (Chapter 12)
Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM (Chapter 13)
Simulation (Chapter 15)
Suggested One-Quarter Course Outline
Introduction (Chapter 1)
Decision Analysis (Chapters 4 and 5)
Linear Programming (Chapters 7, 8, and 9)
Distribution and Network Models (Chapter 10)
Integer Linear Programming (Chapter 11)

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xx Preface

Advanced Optimization Applications (Chapter 12)


Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM (Chapter 13)
Simulation (Chapter 15)
Many other possibilities exist for one-term courses, depending on the time available, course
objectives, and backgrounds of the students.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We were fortunate in having the thoughts and comments of a number of colleagues as we
began work on this thirteenth edition of Quantitative Methods for Business. Our apprecia-
tion and thanks go to:

Larry Barchett Edward Gordhammer Penina Orenstein


Ohio Valley University Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Seton Hall University
Stacie A. Bosley University Edward R. Sim
Hamline University Wendy Keyes Hardin-Simmons University
Gregory Chase California Baptist Rahmat Tavallali
West Liberty University University Walsh University
Ali A. Choudry Kenneth Lawrence John S. Watters
Embry-Riddle University New Jersey Institute McKendree University
of Technology
Mary Fletcher Susan M. L. Zee
Mount Mary University Holly S. Lutze Southeastern Louisiana
Texas Lutheran University University

Writing and revising a textbook is a continuing process. We owe a debt to many of our
colleagues and friends for their helpful comments and suggestions during the development
of earlier editions. Among these are the following:

Ellen Parker Allen Edward Baker Heidi Burgiel


Southern Methodist University of Miami Bridgewater State College
University Norman Baker Rodger D. Carlson
Gopesh Anand University of Cincinnati Morehead State University
The Ohio State University David Bakuli Ying Chien
Robert L. Armacost Westfield State College University of Scranton
University of Central Robert T. Barrett Renato Clavijo
Florida Francis Marion University Robert Morris University
Daniel Asera Oded Berman Ron Craig
University of Nevada, University of Toronto Wilfrid Laurier University
Las Vegas
Gary Blau Mary M. Danaher
Uttarayan Bagchi Purdue University Florida Atlantic University
University of Texas
at Austin William Bleuel Stanley Dick
Pepperdine University Babson College
Stephen Baglione
Saint Leo University Richard G. Bradford Swarna D. Dutt
Avila University State University of
Ardith Baker West Georgia
Oral Roberts University Thomas Bundt
Hillsdale College

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Preface xxi

John Eatman Joseph Haimowitz Anil Kukreja


University of North Avila University Xavier University of
Carolina–Greensboro Nicholas G. Hall Louisiana
Ronald Ebert The Ohio State University Alireza Lari
University of Missouri– Michael E. Hanna Fayetteville State
Columbia University of Houston– University
Charlie Edmonson Clear Lake John Lawrence, Jr.
University of Dayton John Hanson California State
Don Edwards University of San Diego University–Fullerton
University of South William V. Harper Jodey Lingg
Carolina Otterbein College City University
Ronald Ehresman Melanie Hatch John S. Loucks
Baldwin-Wallace College Miami University St. Edwards University
Peter Ellis Harry G. Henderson Constantine Loucopoulos
Utah State University Davis & Elkins College Emporia State University
Lawrence Ettkin Carl H. Hess Donald R. MacRitchie
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at Chattanooga Larry Maes
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James Evans Southeastern Louisiana Davenport University
University of Cincinnati University Ka-sing Man
Paul Ewell, David Hott Georgetown University
Bridgewater College Florida Institute of William G. Marchal
Ephrem Eyob Technology University of Toledo
Virginia State University Woodrow W. Hughes Barbara J. Mardis
Michael Ford Jr., Converse College University of Northern Iowa
Rochester Institute of Christine Irujo Kamlesh Mathur
Technology Westfield State College Case Western Reserve
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University Duke University
Birsen Karpak
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University of Connecticut Christos Koulamas Indiana State University
Alfredo Gomez, Florida International Mohammad Meybodi
Florida Atlantic University University Indiana University–
Bob Gregory M. S. Krishnamoorthy Kokomo
Bellevue University Alliant International John R. Miller
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State University of Melvin H. Kuhbander Mario Miranda
West Georgia Sullivan University The Ohio State University

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xxii Preface

Joe Moffitt Donna Retzlaff-Roberts Dothang Truong


University of University of Memphis Fayetteville State University
Massachusetts Don R. Robinson Vicente A. Vargas
Saeed Mohaghegh Illinois State University University of San Diego
Assumption College Richard Rosenthal William Vasbinder
Herbert Moskowitz Naval Postgraduate School Becker College
Purdue University Kazim Ruhi Emre Veral
Shahriar Mostashari University of Maryland City University of
Campbell University– Susan D. Sandblom New York–Baruch
School of Business Scottsdale Community Elizabeth J. Wark
Alan Neebe College Springfield College
University of North Tom Schmidt John F. Wellington
Carolina Simpson College Indiana University–Purdue
V. R. Nemani Antoinette Somers University, Fort Wayne
Trinity College Wayne State University Robert P. Wells
William C. O’Connor Rajesh Srivastava Becker College
University of Montana– Florida Gulf Coast Laura J. White
Western University University of West Florida
Donald A. Ostasiewski Donald E. Stout, Jr. Edward P. Winkofsky
Thomas More College Saint Martin’s College University of Cincinnati
David Pentico Minghe Sun Cynthia Woodburn
Duquesne University University of Texas at Pittsburg State University
John E. Powell San Antonio Neba L J Wu
University of South Dakota Christopher S. Tang Eastern Michigan
B. Madhusudan Rao University of California– University
Bowling Green State Los Angeles Kefeng Xu
University Giri Kumar Tayi University of Texas at
Handanhal V. Ravinder State University of San Antonio
University of New Mexico New York–Albany Mari Yetimyan
Avuthu Rami Reddy Willban Terpening San Jose State University
University of Wisconsin Gonzaga University

Our associates from organizations who provided application write-ups made a major
contribution to the text. These individuals are cited in a credit line on the associated Q.M.
in Action.
We are also indebted to our product manager, Aaron Arnsparger; our marketing man-
ager, Heather Mooney; our senior content developer, Maggie Kubale; our content project
manager, Jana Lewis; our media editor, Chris Valentine; and others at Cengage Learning
for their counsel and support during the preparation of this text.

David R. Anderson
Dennis J. Sweeney
Thomas A. Williams
Jeffrey D. Camm
James J. Cochran
Michael J. Fry
Jeffrey W. Ohlmann

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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
CONTENTS 1.4 MODELS OF COST,
REVENUE, AND PROFIT
1.1 PROBLEM SOLVING AND
Cost and Volume Models
DECISION MAKING
Revenue and Volume Models
1.2 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS Profit and Volume Models
AND DECISION MAKING Breakeven Analysis
1.3 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 1.5 QUANTITATIVE METHODS
Model Development IN PRACTICE
Data Preparation Methods Used Most Frequently
Model Solution
Report Generation
A Note Regarding
Implementation

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2 Chapter 1 Introduction

This book is concerned with the use of quantitative methods to assist in decision making. It
emphasizes not the methods themselves, but rather how they can contribute to better decisions.
A variety of names exists for the body of knowledge involving quantitative approaches to deci-
sion making. Today, the terms most commonly used—management science (MS), operations
research (OR), decision science, and business analytics—are often used interchangeably.
The scientific management revolution of the early 1900s, initiated by Frederic W.
Taylor, provided the foundation for the use of quantitative methods in management. How-
ever, modern research in the use of quantitative methods in decision making, for the most
part, originated during the World War II period. At that time, teams of people with diverse
specialties (e.g., mathematicians, engineers, and behavioral scientists) were formed to deal
with strategic and tactical problems faced by the military. After the war, many of these
team members continued their research into quantitative approaches to decision making.
Two developments that occurred during the post–World War II period led to the growth
and use of quantitative methods in nonmilitary applications. First, continued research re-
sulted in numerous methodological developments. Arguably the most notable of these devel-
opments was the discovery by George Dantzig, in 1947, of the simplex method for solving
linear programming problems. At the same time these methodological developments were
taking place, digital computers prompted a virtual explosion in computing power. Comput-
ers enabled practitioners to use the methodological advances to solve a large variety of
problems. The computer technology explosion continues, and personal computers can now
be used to solve problems larger than those solved on mainframe computers in the 1990s.
To reinforce the applied nature of the text and to provide a better understanding of the
variety of applications in which quantitative methods (Q.M.) have been used successfully,
Q.M. in Action articles are presented throughout the text. Each Q.M. in Action article sum-
marizes an application of quantitative methods in practice. The first Q.M. in Action, Revenue
Management at AT&T Park, describes one of the most important applications of quantita-
tive methods in the sports and entertainment industry.

Q.M. in ACtIon
REVENUE MANAGEMENT AT AT&T PARK*
Imagine the difficult position Russ Stanley, Vice Presi- product and uses operations research to determine if the
dent of Ticket Services for the San Francisco Giants, price should be changed to reflect these conditions. As
found himself facing late in the 2010 baseball season. the scheduled takeoff date for a flight nears, the cost
Prior to the season, his organization had adopted a dy- of a ticket increases if seats for the flight are relatively
namic approach to pricing its tickets similar to the model scarce. On the other hand, the airline discounts tickets
successfully pioneered by Thomas M. Cook and his op- for an approaching flight with relatively few ticketed
erations research group at American Airlines. Stanley passengers. Through the use of optimization to dynami-
desparately wanted the Giants to clinch a playoff birth, cally set ticket prices, American Airlines generates nearly
but he didn’t want the team to do so too quickly. $1 billion annually in incremental revenue.
When dynamically pricing a good or service, an or- The management team of the San Francisco Giants
ganization regularly reviews supply and demand of the recognized similarities between their primary product
(tickets to home games) and the primary product sold
*Based on Peter Horner, “the Sabre Story,” OR/MS Today (June by airlines (tickets for flights) and adopted a similar rev-
2000); Ken Belson, “Baseball tickets too Much? Check Back tomor-
enue management system. If a particular Giants’ game
row,” New York Times.com (May 18, 2009); and Rob Gloster, “Giants
Quadruple Price of Cheap Seats as Playoffs Drive Demand,” Bloom- is appealing to fans, tickets sell quickly and demand far
berg Businessweek (September 30, 2010). (continued)

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1.1 Problem Solving and Decision Making 3

exceeds supply as the date of the game approaches; under better to go all the way down to the last game,” Stanley said
these conditions fans will be willing to pay more and the in a late season interview. “Our hearts are in our stomachs;
Giants charge a premium for the ticket. Similarly, tickets we’re pacing watching these games.”
for less attractive games are discounted to reflect relatively Does revenue management and operations research
low demand by fans. This is why Stanley found himself work? Today, virtually every airline uses some sort of
in a quandary at the end of the 2010 baseball season. The revenue-management system, and the cruise, hotel, and
Giants were in the middle of a tight pennant race with the car rental industries also now apply revenue-management
San Diego Padres that effectively increased demand for methods. As for the Giants, Stanley said dynamic pricing
tickets to Giants’ games, and the team was actually sched- provided a 7 to 8% increase in revenue per seat for Giants’
uled to play the Padres in San Fransisco for the last three home games during the 2010 season. Coincidentally, the
games of the season. While Stanley certainly wanted his Giants did win the National League West division on the
club to win its division and reach the Major League Base- last day of the season and ultimately won the World Series.
ball playoffs, he also recognized that his team’s revenues Several professional sports franchises are now looking to
would be greatly enhanced if it didn’t qualify for the play- the Giants’ example and considering implementation of
offs until the last day of the season. “I guess financially it is similar dynamic ticket-pricing systems.

1.1 Problem Solving and Decision Making


Problem solving can be defined as the process of identifying a difference between the
actual and the desired state of affairs and then taking action to resolve this difference. For
problems important enough to justify the time and effort of careful analysis, the problem-
solving process involves the following seven steps:
1. Identify and define the problem.
2. Determine the set of alternative solutions.
3. Determine the criterion or criteria that will be used to evaluate the alternatives.
4. Evaluate the alternatives.
5. Choose an alternative.
6. Implement the selected alternative.
7. Evaluate the results to determine whether a satisfactory solution has been obtained.
Decision making is the term generally associated with the first five steps of the
problem-solving process. Thus, the first step of decision making is to identify and define
the problem. Decision making ends with the choosing of an alternative, which is the act of
making the decision.
Let us consider the following example of the decision-making process. For the moment,
assume you are currently unemployed and that you would like a position that will lead to a
satisfying career. Suppose your job search results in offers from companies in Rochester,
New York; Dallas, Texas; Greensboro, North Carolina; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Fur-
ther suppose that it is unrealistic for you to decline all of these offers. Thus, the alternatives
for your decision problem can be stated as follows:
1. Accept the position in Rochester.
2. Accept the position in Dallas.
3. Accept the position in Greensboro.
4. Accept the position in Pittsburgh.

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4 Chapter 1 Introduction

The next step of the problem-solving process involves determining the criteria that will
be used to evaluate the four alternatives. Obviously, the starting salary is a factor of some
importance. If salary were the only criterion important to you, the alternative selected as
“best” would be the one with the highest starting salary. Problems in which the objective
is to find the best solution with respect to one criterion are referred to as single-criterion
decision problems.
Suppose that you also conclude that the potential for advancement and the location of
the job are two other criteria of major importance. Thus, the three criteria in your decision
problem are starting salary, potential for advancement, and location. Problems that involve
more than one criterion are referred to as multicriteria decision problems.
The next step of the decision-making process is to evaluate each of the alternatives with
respect to each criterion. For example, evaluating each alternative relative to the starting
salary criterion is done simply by recording the starting salary for each job alternative.
However, evaluating each alternative with respect to the potential for advancement and
the location of the job is more difficult because these evaluations are based primarily on
subjective factors that are often difficult to quantify. Suppose for now that you decide to
measure potential for advancement and job location by rating each of these criteria as poor,
fair, average, good, or excellent. The data you compile are shown in Table 1.1.
You are now ready to make a choice from the available alternatives. What makes this
choice phase so difficult is that the criteria are probably not all equally important, and no
one alternative is “best” with regard to all criteria. When faced with a multicriteria deci-
sion problem, the third step in the decision-making process often includes an assessment of
the relative importance of the criteria. Although we will present a method for dealing with
situations like this one later in the text, for now let us suppose that after a careful evaluation
of the data in Table 1.1, you decide to select alternative 3. Alternative 3 is thus referred to
as the decision.
At this point in time, the decision-making process is complete. In summary, we see that
this process involves five steps:

1. Define the problem.


2. Identify the alternatives.
3. Determine the criteria.
4. Evaluate the alternatives.
5. Choose an alternative.

Note that missing from this list are the last two steps in the problem-solving process: imple-
menting the selected alternative and evaluating the results to determine whether a satisfac-
tory solution has been obtained. This omission is not meant to diminish the importance

TABLE 1.1 DATA FOR THE JOB EVALUATION DECISION-MAKING PROBLEM

Starting Potential for Job


Alternative Salary Advancement Location
1. Rochester $48,500 Average Average
2. Dallas $46,000 Excellent Good
3. Greensboro $46,000 Good Excellent
4. Pittsburgh $47,000 Average Good

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1.2 Quantitative Analysis and Decision Making 5

FIGURE 1.1 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION


MAKING

Define
the
Problem

Identify
the
Alternatives

Determine
Decision
the
Making
Criteria

Evaluate
Problem
the
Solving
Alternatives

Choose
an
Alternative

Implement
Decision
the
Decision

Evaluate
the
Results

of each of these activities, but to emphasize the more limited scope of the term decision
making as compared to the term problem solving. Figure 1.1 summarizes the relationship
between these two concepts.

1.2 Quantitative Analysis and Decision Making


Consider the flowchart presented in Figure 1.2. Note that we combined the first three steps
of the decision-making process under the heading of “Structuring the Problem” and the
latter two steps under the heading “Analyzing the Problem.” Let us now consider in greater
detail how to carry out the activities that make up the decision-making process.
Figure 1.3 shows that the analysis phase of the decision-making process may take two
basic forms: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative analysis is based primarily on the man-
ager’s judgment and experience; it includes the manager’s intuitive “feel” for the problem and
is more an art than a science. If the manager has had experience with similar problems, or
if the problem is relatively simple, heavy emphasis may be placed upon a qualitative analysis.
However, if the manager has had little experience with similar problems, or if the problem

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6 Chapter 1 Introduction

FIGURE 1.2 A SUBCLASSIFICATION OF THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

Structuring the Problem Analyzing the Problem

Define Identify Determine Evaluate Choose


the the the the an
Problem Alternatives Criteria Alternatives Alternative

FIGURE 1.3 THE ROLE OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

Analyzing the Problem

Qualitative
Analysis
Structuring the Problem

Define Identify Determine Summary Make


the the the and the
Problem Alternatives Criteria Evaluation Decision

Quantitative
Analysis

is sufficiently complex, then a quantitative analysis of the problem can be an especially


important consideration in the manager’s final decision.
Quantitative methods are When using a quantitative approach, an analyst will concentrate on the quantitative
especially helpful with
facts or data associated with the problem and develop mathematical expressions that de-
large, complex problems.
For example, in the scribe the objectives, constraints, and other relationships that exist in the problem. Then, by
coordination of the using one or more mathematical methods, the analyst will make a recommendation based
thousands of tasks on the quantitative aspects of the problem.
associated with landing Although skills in the qualitative approach are inherent in the manager and usually
the Apollo 11 safely on the
increase with experience, the skills of the quantitative approach can be learned only by
moon, quantitative
techniques helped to ensure studying the assumptions and methods of management science. A manager can increase
that more than 300,000 decision-making effectiveness by learning more about quantitative methodology and by
pieces of work performed better understanding its contribution to the decision-making process. A manager who is
by more than 400,000 knowledgeable in quantitative decision-making procedures is in a much better position
people were integrated
to compare and evaluate the qualitative and quantitative sources of recommendations and
smoothly.
ultimately to combine the two sources to make the best possible decision.
The box in Figure 1.3 entitled “Quantitative Analysis” encompasses most of the sub-
ject matter of this text. We will consider a managerial problem, introduce the appropriate
quantitative methodology, and then develop the recommended decision.

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1.3 Quantitative Analysis 7

Some of the reasons why a quantitative approach might be used in the decision-
making process include the following:
1. The problem is complex, and the manager cannot develop a good solution without
the aid of quantitative analysis.
2. The problem is critical (e.g., a great deal of money is involved), and the manager
desires a thorough analysis before making a decision.
3. The problem is new, and the manager has no previous experience from which to
draw.
4. The problem is repetitive, and the manager saves time and effort by relying on
quantitative procedures to automate routine decision recommendations.

1.3 Quantitative Analysis


From Figure 1.3 we see that quantitative analysis begins once the problem has been struc-
tured. It usually takes imagination, teamwork, and considerable effort to transform a rather
general problem description into a well-defined problem that can be approached via quan-
titative analysis. It is important to involve the stakeholders (the decision maker, users of
results, etc.) in the process of structuring the problem to improve the likelihood that the
ensuing quantitative analysis will make an important contribution to the decision-making
process. When those familiar with the problem agree that it has been adequately structured,
work can begin on developing a model to represent the problem mathematically. Solution
procedures can then be employed to find the best solution for the model. This best solu-
tion for the model then becomes a recommendation to the decision maker. The process of
developing and solving models is the essence of the quantitative analysis process.

Model Development
Models are representations of real objects or situations and can be presented in various
forms. For example, a scale model of an airplane is a representation of a real airplane.
Similarly, a child’s toy truck is a model of a real truck. The model airplane and toy truck
are examples of models that are physical replicas of real objects. In modeling terminology,
physical replicas are referred to as iconic models.
A second classification includes models that are physical in form but do not have the
same physical appearance as the object being modeled. Such models are referred to as
analog models. The speedometer of an automobile is an analog model; the position of the
needle on the dial represents the speed of the automobile. A thermometer is another analog
model representing temperature.
A third classification of models—the type we will primarily be studying—includes
representations of a problem by a system of symbols and mathematical relationships or
expressions. Such models are referred to as mathematical models and are a critical part of
any quantitative approach to decision making. For example, the total profit from the sale of
a product can be determined by multiplying the profit per unit by the quantity sold. Let x
represent the number of units produced and sold, and let P represent the total profit. With a
profit of $10 per unit, the following mathematical model defines the total profit earned by
producing and selling x units:

P 5 10x (1.1)

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8 Chapter 1 Introduction

The purpose, or value, of any model is that it enables us to make inferences about the
real situation by studying and analyzing the model. For example, an airplane designer might
test an iconic model of a new airplane in a wind tunnel to learn about the potential flying
characteristics of the full-size airplane. Similarly, a mathematical model may be used to
make inferences about how much profit will be earned if a specified quantity of a particular
product is sold. According to the mathematical model of equation (1.1), we would expect
that selling three units of the product (x 5 3) would provide a profit of P 5 10(3) 5 $30.
In general, experimenting with models requires less time and is less expensive than
experimenting with the real object or situation. One can certainly build and study a model
airplane in less time and for less money than it would take to build and study the full-size
airplane. Similarly, the mathematical model in equation (1.1) allows a quick identifica-
tion of profit expectations without requiring the manager to actually produce and sell x
units. Models also reduce the risks associated with experimenting with the real situation.
In particular, bad designs or bad decisions that cause the model airplane to crash or the
mathematical model to project a $10,000 loss can be avoided in the real situation.
Herbert A. Simon, a Nobel The value of model-based conclusions and decisions depends on how well the model
Prize winner in economics represents the real situation. The more closely the model airplane represents the real air-
and an expert in decision
making, said that a
plane, the more accurate will be the conclusions and predictions. Similarly, the more closely
mathematical model does the mathematical model represents the company’s true profit–volume relationship, the
not have to be exact; it just more accurate will be the profit projections.
has to be close enough to Because this text deals with quantitative analysis based on mathematical models, let
provide better results than us look more closely at the mathematical modeling process. When initially considering
can be obtained by common
sense.
a managerial problem, we usually find that the problem definition phase leads to a spe-
cific objective, such as maximization of profit or minimization of cost, and possibly a set
of restrictions or constraints, which express limitations on resources. The success of the
mathematical model and quantitative approach will depend heavily on how accurately the
objective and constraints can be expressed in mathematical equations or relationships.
The mathematical expression that defines the quantity to be maximized or minimized is
referred to as the objective function. For example, suppose x denotes the number of units
produced and sold each week, and the firm’s objective is to maximize total weekly profit.
With a profit of $10 per unit, the objective function is 10x. A production capacity constraint
would be necessary if, for instance, 5 hours are required to produce each unit and only 40
hours are available per week. The production capacity constraint is given by

5x # 40 (1.2)

The value of 5x is the total time required to produce x units; the symbol # indicates that the
production time required must be less than or equal to the 40 hours available.
The decision problem or question is the following: How many units of the product
should be produced each week to maximize profit? A complete mathematical model for
this simple production problem is

Maximize 10x objective function


subject to ss.t.d
5x # 40
f constraints
x$0
The x $ 0 constraint requires the production quantity x to be greater than or equal to zero,
which simply recognizes the fact that it is not possible to manufacture a negative number

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1.3 Quantitative Analysis 9

FIGURE 1.4 FLOWCHART OF THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMING MODEL INPUTS


INTO OUTPUT

Uncontrollable Inputs
(Environmental Factors)

Controllable
Mathematical Output
Inputs
Model (Projected Results)
(Decision Variables)

of units. The optimal solution to this simple model can be easily calculated and is given by
x 5 8, with an associated profit of $80. This model is an example of a linear programming
model. In subsequent chapters we will discuss more complicated mathematical models
and learn how to solve them in situations for which the answers are not nearly so obvious.
In the preceding mathematical model, the profit per unit ($10), the production time per
unit (5 hours), and the production capacity (40 hours) are factors not under the control of
the manager or decision maker. Such factors, which can affect both the objective function
and the constraints, are referred to as uncontrollable inputs to the model. Inputs that are
controlled or determined by the decision maker are referred to as controllable inputs to
the model. In the example given, the production quantity x is the controllable input to the
model. Controllable inputs are the decision alternatives specified by the manager and thus
are also referred to as the decision variables of the model.
Once all controllable and uncontrollable inputs are specified, the objective function
and constraints can be evaluated and the output of the model determined. In this sense,
the output of the model is simply the projection of what would happen if those particular
factors and decisions occurred in the real situation. A flowchart of how controllable and
uncontrollable inputs are transformed by the mathematical model into output is shown in
Figure 1.4. A similar flowchart showing the specific details for the production model is
shown in Figure 1.5. Note that we have used “Max” as an abbreviation for maximize.

FIGURE 1.5 FLOWCHART FOR THE PRODUCTION MODEL

Uncontrollable Inputs

$10 profit per unit


5 labor-hours per unit
40 labor-hours capacity

Max 10 (8)
Value for Profit = 80
s.t.
the Production
5 (8) ≤ 40
Quantity (x = 8) Time Used = 40
8 ≥ 0
Controllable Mathematical
Output
Input Model

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
10 Chapter 1 Introduction

As stated earlier, the uncontrollable inputs are those the decision maker cannot influ-
ence. The specific controllable and uncontrollable inputs of a model depend on the par-
ticular problem or decision-making situation. In the production problem, the production
time available (40) is an uncontrollable input. However, if it were possible to hire more
employees or use overtime, the number of hours of production time would become a con-
trollable input and therefore a decision variable in the model.
Uncontrollable inputs can either be known exactly or be uncertain and subject to varia-
tion. If all uncontrollable inputs to a model are known and cannot vary, the model is referred
to as a deterministic model. Corporate income tax rates are not under the influence of the
manager and thus constitute an uncontrollable input in many decision models. Because
these rates are known and fixed (at least in the short run), a mathematical model with cor-
porate income tax rates as the only uncontrollable input would be a deterministic model.
The distinguishing feature of a deterministic model is that the uncontrollable input values
are known in advance.
If any of the uncontrollable inputs are uncertain and subject to variation, the model is
referred to as a stochastic or probabilistic model. An uncontrollable input in many produc-
tion planning models is demand for the product. Because future demand may be any of a
range of values, a mathematical model that treats demand with uncertainty would be con-
sidered a stochastic model. In the production model, the number of hours of production time
required per unit, the total hours available, and the unit profit were all uncontrollable inputs.
Because the uncontrollable inputs were all known to take on fixed values, the model was
deterministic. If, however, the number of hours of production time per unit could vary from
3 to 6 hours depending on the quality of the raw material, the model would be stochastic.
The distinguishing feature of a stochastic model is that the value of the output cannot be
determined even if the value of the controllable input is known because the specific values
of the uncontrollable inputs are unknown. In this respect, stochastic models are often more
difficult to analyze.

Data Preparation
Another step in the quantitative analysis of a problem is the preparation of the data required
by the model. Data in this sense refer to the values of the uncontrollable inputs to the model.
All uncontrollable inputs or data must be specified before we can analyze the model and
recommend a decision or solution for the problem.
In the production model, the values of the uncontrollable inputs or data were
$10 per unit for profit, 5 hours per unit for production time, and 40 hours for produc-
tion capacity. In the development of the model, these data values were known and
incorporated into the model as it was being developed. If the model is relatively small
with respect to the number of the uncontrollable input values, the quantitative analyst
will probably combine model development and data preparation into one step. In these
situations the data values are inserted as the equations of the mathematical model are
developed.
However, in many mathematical modeling situations, the data or uncontrollable input
values are not readily available. In these situations, the analyst may know that the model
will require profit per unit, production time, and production capacity data, but the values
will not be known until the accounting, production, and engineering departments can be
consulted. Rather than attempting to collect the required data as the model is being devel-
oped, the analyst will usually adopt a general notation for the model development step, and
a separate data preparation step will then be performed to obtain the uncontrollable input
values required by the model.

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
1.3 Quantitative Analysis 11

Using the general notation

c 5 profit per unit


a 5 production time in hours per unit
b 5 production capacity in hours

the model development step for the production problem would result in the following gen-
eral model (recall x 5 the number of units to produce and sell):

Max cx
s.t.
ax # b
x$0

A separate data preparation step to identify the values for c, a, and b would then be neces-
sary to complete the model.
Many inexperienced quantitative analysts assume that once the problem is defined
and a general model developed, the problem is essentially solved. These individuals tend
to believe that data preparation is a trivial step in the process and can be easily handled
by clerical staff. Actually, this is a potentially dangerous assumption that could not be
further from the truth, especially with large-scale models that have numerous data input
values. For example, a moderate-sized linear programming model with 50 decision vari-
ables and 25 constraints could have more than 1300 data elements that must be identified
in the data preparation step. The time required to collect and prepare these data and the
possibility of data collection errors will make the data preparation step a critical part of
the quantitative analysis process. Often, a fairly large database is needed to support a
mathematical model, and information systems specialists also become involved in the
data preparation step.

Model Solution
Once the model development and data preparation steps are completed, we proceed to the
model solution step. In this step, the analyst attempts to identify the values of the decision
variables that provide the “best” output for the model. The specific decision-variable value
or values providing the “best” output are referred to as the optimal solution for the model.
For the production problem, the model solution step involves finding the value of the pro-
duction quantity decision variable x that maximizes profit while not causing a violation of
the production capacity constraint.
One procedure that might be used in the model solution step involves a trial-and-error
approach in which the model is used to test and evaluate various decision alternatives. In the
production model, this procedure would mean testing and evaluating the model using vari-
ous production quantities or values of x. As noted in Figure 1.5, we could input trial values
for x and check the corresponding output for projected profit and satisfaction of the pro-
duction capacity constraint. If a particular decision alternative does not satisfy one or more
of the model constraints, the decision alternative is rejected as being infeasible, regardless
of the corresponding objective function value. If all constraints are satisfied, the decision
alternative is feasible and is a candidate for the “best” solution or recommended decision.
Through this trial-and-error process of evaluating selected decision alternatives, a decision
maker can identify a good—and possibly the best—feasible solution to the problem. This
solution would then be the recommended decision for the problem.

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Ja sitten kun kaikki olivat menneet isosta portista, astelivat
Norman of Torn ja pieni vanhus rinnakkain linnan rakennuksesta ja
keikahtivat kahden aseenkantajan keskellä pihaa pitelemien
ratsujensa selkään.

Ulkona ylängöllä joukko parhaillaan sijoittui marssijärjestykseen, ja


kun nämä kaksi ratsastivat portista liittyäkseen siihen, kääntyi pieni
vanhus Norman of Tornin puoleen, sanoen:

»Olin vähällä unohtaa, että minulla on sinulle sanoma. Isä Claude


lähetti eilen illalla sanan, että hänen piti äkkiä lähteä etelään päin ja
että senvuoksi joku kohtaus, joka sinulla ja hänellä piti olla, täytyy
jättää tuonnemmaksi; hän vakuutti sinun ymmärtävän.» Vanhus
tähysti kumppaniaan tarkasti kypärinsä silmäraon lävitse.

»Sepä omituista», virkkoi Norman of Torn, mutta se oli hänen


ainoa huomautuksensa. Ja sitten he liittyivät jonoon, joka liikkui
verkkaisesti alaspäin laaksoa kohti, ja heidän sivuuttaessaan isä
Clauden majan Norman of Torn näki, että ovi oli suljettu ja ettei
rakennuksessa näkynyt elonmerkkiäkään. Hänet valtasi alakuloinen
tunnelma, sillä pienen kukka-aitauksien ympäröimän majan autio
ulkonäkö tuntui kaameasti ennustavan läheistä tulevaisuutta, jolloin
hän ei enää näkisi ystävänsä ja neuvonantajansa säteileviä, rattoisia
kasvoja.

Tuskin oli Tornin joukko ehtinyt laakson itälaitaa pitkin kadota


näkyvistä, ennenkuin seurue upeapukuisia ritareja tuli etelästäpäin
toista tietä pitkin joen länsirantaa myöten, meni joen ylitse ja
seisahtui isä Clauden majan edustalle.

Kun heidän luikkauksiinsa ei vastattu, laskeutui muuan seurueen


jäsenistä ratsailta mennäkseen rakennukseen.
»Ole varovainen, mylord», huudahti hänen kumppaninsa.
»Olemme kovin likellä Tornin linnaa, ja varsin hyvin saattaa
sanomassa, jolla sinut tänne kutsuttiin, olla enemmän petosta kuin
totta.»

»Älä pelkää!» vastasi Simon de Montfort. »Tornin paholaisella ei


ole kaunaa minua vastaan.» Hän astui kapeaa polkua myöten ovelle
ja koputti. Kun vastausta ei kuulunut, työnsi hän sen auki ja meni
hämärään majaan. Siellä hän tapasi isäntänsä, hyvän isä Clauden,
virumassa selällään lattialla papillisen puvun rinta tummana
kuivuneesta ja hyytyneestä verestä.

Palattuaan ovelle de Montfort kutsui luoksensa pari seuralaistaan.

»Englannin pienen, kadonneen prinssin salaisuus on vaarallinen


taakka ihmisen kannettavaksi», lausui hän. »Mutta paremmin kuin
papin mitkään mahdolliset sanat saa tämä minut uskomaan, että
prinssi Rikhardin ryöstäjä ja kenties myöskin hän itse ovat vielä
Englannissa.»

Majaa tarkastettaessa kävi selville, että murhaaja oli penkonut sen


perinpohjaisesti. Hyllyjen ja lippaiden sisällöt viruivat lattialla joka
huoneessa, vaikka oli ilmeistä, ettei tarkoituksena ollut saaliin
ryöstäminen, koska useita jalokiviesineitä ja rahaa oli jätetty
koskematta.

»Todellinen tarkoitus on tässä», sanoi de Montfort, osoittaen


avointa takkaa, jossa oli useiden paperien ja asiakirjojen hiiltyneitä
jätteitä. »Kaikki kirjalliset todistuskappaleet on hävitetty, mutta
malttakaas, mitä tuolla pöydän alla on?» Ja Leicesterin kreivi
kumartui ottamaan lattialta pergamenttilevyn, johon oli aloitettu
kirjoittaa kirjettä. Se oli osoitettu hänelle, ja hän luki sen ääneen:
»Jos joku aavistamaton sattuma estää kohtauksemme, Herra
Kreivi, lähetän sinulle tämän erään henkilön mukana, joka ei tunne
sen sisältöä eikä niitä epäilyksiäni, joista tässä kerron.

Sen, joka tuo tämän kirjeen, uskon varmasti olevan kadonneen


prinssi
Rikhardin. Kuulustele häntä tarkoin, My Lord; silloin tiedän sinun
olevan siitä yhtä varman kuin minäkin olen.

Hänen entisyydestään tiedät melkein yhtä paljon kuin minäkin,


vaikka
et tietäne, kuinka ihmeen ritarillinen ja jaloluontoinen on se mies,
jota nimitetään —»

Tähän kirje katkesi ilmeisesti murhaajan tikarin keskeyttämänä.

»Mon Dieu! Kirotun huono onni!» tuskaili de Montfort. »Vain


sekunti vielä, ja se nimi, jota olemme etsineet kaksikymmentä vuotta,
olisi kirjoitettu! Onko milloinkaan nähty niin hornamaista sattumaa
kuin tämä, joka on auttanut tuota ruumiillistunutta pirua aina siitä
saakka, kun hänen miekkansa aikoja sitten lävisti lady Maudin
sydämen palatsin takaportilla lähellä Thamesin rantaa. Itse
paholainen vannaankin häntä suojelee.

»Täällä emme enää voi tehdä mitään», jatkoi hän. »Minun olisi
pitänyt jo monta tuntia takaperin olla matkalla Fletchingiin. Tulkaa,
hyvät herrat! Ratsastamme etelään Leicesterin kautta ja käskemme
sikäläisten isien huolehtia tämän pyhän miehen säädyllisestä
hautaamisesta.»

Seurue nousi ratsaille ja ratsasti ripeästi pois. Puolen päivän


aikaan he olivat Leicesterissä, ja kolme päivää myöhemmin he
saapuivat paroonien leiriin Fletchingiin.

Melkein samalla tunnilla Leicesterin luostaria munkit suorittivat


viimeiset pyhän kirkon määräämät menot isä Clauden sielun rauhan
turvaamiseksi ja hautasivat hänen tomunsa kirkkomaahan.

Ja niin poistui ihmisten keskuudesta vielä yksi kaksikymmentä


vuotta sitten kuninkaan asesalissa virinneen, tyydyttämättömän
vihan ja kostonhimon uhri.
KUUDESTOISTA LUKU

Samalla kun Norman of Torn ja hänen tuhat soturiaan hitaasti


samosivat etelään vievää tietä myöten Doveria kohti, valmistautui
Simon de Montfortin armeija ahdistamaan Lewesiä, johon kuningas
Henrik, hänen poikansa, prinssi Edward, ja hänen veljensä, prinssi
Rikhard, roomalaisten kuningas, olivat sijoittaneet
kuudenkymmenentuhannen miehen vahvuiset sotajoukkonsa.

Ennen auringonnousua eräänä toukokuun aamuna vuonna 1264


paroonien armeija lähti liikkeelle Fletchingissä, lähes viidentoista
kilometrin päässä Lewesistä olevasta leiristään ja eteni tiheiden
metsien lävitse huomaamatta noin kolmen kilometrin päähän
kaupungista.

Sieltä kapinalliset nousivat Combe-laakson yläpuolella olevalle,


mahtavalle kukkulaharjanteelle, ylängön ulkonevalle reunamalle,
joka salasi heidän marssinsa kaupungin puolelta. Kuninkaan
puoluelaisilla ei ollut aavistustakaan uhkaavasta hyökkäyksestäpä
ihan päinvastoin kuin ylimysten joukot he olivat viettäneet edellisen
yön juomingeissa ja kemuissa, joten he joutuivat ihan yllätetyiksi.
Tosin Henrik oli sijoittanut etuvartion Lewesin läheisyydessä
kohoavan kukkulan laelle, mutta hänen armeijassaan oli kuri niin
höllä, että vahtisotilaat olivat kyllästyneet tehtäväänsä, poistuneet
aamupuolella paikaltaan ja palanneet kaupunkiin jätettyään yhden
ainoan miehen vahdiksi. Tämä oli yksin jäätyään heti vaipunut
uneen; ja siten de Montfortin sotilaat löysivät ja vangitsivat hänet
Lewesin luostarin kellotornin näkyvissä, samalla kun kuningas ja
hänen kuninkaalliset liittolaisensa kaikessa rauhassa nukkuivat
mainitussa luostarissa juoden, tanssien ja laulaen kuluttamansa yön
jälkeen.

Jollei nyt olisi sattunut erästä tapausta, olisi ylimysten armeija


epäilemättä päässyt kaupunkiin vastustajien huomaamatta; mutta
sattui niin, että Henrik oli edellisenä iltana määrännyt sotilasosaston
päivän koittaessa lähtemään hankkimaan muonavaroja, koska sekä
ihmisten että eläinten ravinto oli vähissä.

Heti kaupungista poistuttuaan tämä joukkue joutui ylimysten


sotavoimien käsiin. Vaikka heistä muutamia kaatui ja joutui vangiksi,
hälyttivät pelastuneet kuningasmielisten armeijan ja ilmoittivat sille
vaaran läheisyyden ja vakavuuden.

Tällöin de Montfortin armeijan kaikki neljä osastoa olivat


täydelleen kaupungin näkyvissä. Vasemmalla sivustalla olivat
lontoolaiset Nicholas de Segraven johdolla; keskustassa ratsastivat
de Clare, John Fitz-John ja William de Monchensy, johtaen suurta
osastoa, joka oli sijoittunut loivana, katkeamattomana rinteenä
kaupunkiin viettävälle kukkulanhaaralle. Oikeata siipeä komensi
Henry de Montfort, Simon de Montfortin vanhin poika, ja hänen
muassaan olivat de Montfortin kolmas poika Guy, John de Burgh ja
Humphrey de Bohun. Varajoukkoja johti Simon de Montfort itse.
Siten oli Englannin ritariston parhaisto kuningasta ja hänen
puoluettaan vastassa, mutta myöskin viimemainitussa oli useita
ylimyksiä, joiden sukulaisia oli de Montfortin puolella, joten veli oli
veljeään vastassa, isä taisteli poikaansa vastaan tuona verisenä
keskiviikkona vanhan Lewesin kaupungin edustalla.

Ensimmäisenä tuli kuinkaan puolueesta kentälle prinssi Edward;


kun hän komean komppaniansa etunenässä ratsasti linnasta
lippujen ja viirien hulmutessa tuulessa, kiilloitettujen rauta-asujen ja
säihkyvien säilien välkkyessä aamuauringon valossa, tarjosi hän
upean ja vaikuttavan näyn karatessaan lontoolaisten kimppuun,
joihin hän kohdisti hyökkäyksensä kostaakseen heille sen, että he
edellisessä heinäkuussa olivat Lontoon lähistöllä loukanneet hänen
äitiään.

Hänen hyökkäyksensä oli niin raju, että huonosti aseistetut ja


suojattomat porvarit, jotka eivät olleet tottuneet tuimaan aseleikkiin,
hajaantuivat kuin lampaat rauta-asuisten miesten ja heidän
rautakenkäisten ratsujensa tieltä. Pitkät keihäät, raskaat nuijat,
kuusiteräiset sotakirveet ja ritarien hyvin karkaistut miekat tekivät
tuhoa heidän joukossaan, joten tappio oli täydellinen; mutta
tyytymättä voittoonsa prinssi Edward tahtoi tyydyttää kostonhimoaan
ja ajoi kaupunkilaisia takaa useita kilometrejä, teurastaen heitä
suuria määriä, samalla kuin heitä paljon hukkui yrittäessään
pelastautua Ouse-joen ylitse.

Kuninkaan armeijan vasenta, roomalaisten kuninkaan ja hänen


uljaan poikansa johtamaa siipeä ei onnistanut niin hyvin, sillä se
kohtasi tiukan vastustuksen Henry de Montfortin puolelta.

Myöskin kummankin armeijan keskustat näyttivät hyvin


tasaväkisiltä, ja niin jatkui taistelua koko päivän, ja kuninkaan
sotavoimat näyttivät olevan voiton puolella. Jollei Edward olisi
loitonnut niin kauas ajamaan takaa lontoolaisia, olisi voitto helposti
saattanut kallistua kuningasmielisille jo päivän alkupuolella, mutta
kun hän siten poisti osastonsa ottelusta voitettuaan osan de
Montfortin armeijaa, oli lopputulos sama kuin nämä kaksi osastoa
eivät olisi olleetkaan taistelussa mukana.

Ovela Simon de Montfort oli käyttänyt pientä sotajuonta, joka


vähäksi aikaa keskitti taistelun erään kummun laelle. Hän oli
sijoituttanut sinne vaununsa ja useiden päälliköittensä teltat ja
tavarat pienen vahtimiehistön valvontaan, joten vaunut ja siellä
liehuvat liput harhauttivat roomalaisten kuninkaan luulemaan kreivin
itsensäkin olevan siellä, sillä Simon de Montfortin lonkka oli hänen
ratsunsa kaatuessa vain noin kuukausi sitten loukkaantunut eivätkä
kuninkaan puoluelaiset tietäneet hänen parantuneen kylliksi
kyetäkseen ratsastamaan.

Ja niinpä roomalaisten kuninkaan johtamat sotavoimat pakottivat


Henry de Montfortin osastoa perääntymään, ja kuningasmieliset
tunkeutuivat yhä likemmäksi vaunuja, kunnes pääsivät
hyökkäämään niiden kimppuun, syytäen herjauksia vanhalle kreiville
ja käskien häntä tulemaan esille. Surmattuaan vaunuissaolijat he
huomasivat, ettei Simon de Montfort ollut niiden joukossa, vaan että
hän sensijaan oli sitonut sinne kolme Lontoon suurporvaria, iäkkäitä,
vaikutusvaltaisia miehiä, jotka olivat vastustaneet häntä ja auttaneet
ja tukeneet kuningasta.

Prinssi Rikhard, roomalaisten kuningas, kiukustui niin pahasti, että


hän karkasi paroonien sotajoukon kimppuun entistä jäntevämmin ja
hitaasti, mutta jatkuvasti pakotti ne perääntymään kauemmaksi
kaupungista.
Tämä näky ja se, että prinssi Edward oli nujertanut vihollisten
vasemman siiven, rohkaisi ja innosti kuningasmielisiä niin, että
molemmat jäljelläolevat osastot taistelivat entistä kiihkoisemmin,
joten ottelu, joka hetkistä aikaisemmin oli ollut tasaväkinen, nyt näytti
varmasti kääntyvän Henrik-kuninkaan voitoksi.

Sekä de Montfort että kuningas olivat syöksyneet


taisteluntelmeeseen kaikkine varaväkineen; enää ei ollut
merkkiäkään järjestyksestä; osastot olivat selvittämättömästi
sekaantuneet toisiinsa; ystävät ja viholliset olivat sekavana
myllerryksenä, taistelevana, kiroilevana sekasortona, jonka
yläpuolella Englannin ylhäisimpien sukujen viirit vihaisesti liehuivat.

Se, että koko joukko yhä siirtyi loitommaksi Lewesistä, osoitti


kuninkaan aseiden olevan voitolla, ja ne olisivatkin kenties
voittaneet, jollei taisteluun olisi sekaantunut uusi tekijä. Nyt ilmestyi
taistelutantereen pohjoispuolella kohoavien kunnaiden laelle suuri
joukko rauta-asuisia sotureita, ja heidän sijoituttuaan asemaan, josta
he saattoivat silmäillä taistelua, heilautti heidän johtajansa
miekkansa korkealle, ja yhtenä miehenä lähti tuhatpäinen joukko
laskettamaan vinhaa laukkaa.

Sekä de Montfort että kuningas taukosivat taistelemasta


katsellessaan tätä uutta, hyvin aseistettua, hyvillä ratsuilla
varustettua apuvoimaa. Keitä he saattoivat olla? Kumman puolen
liittolaisia he olivat? Ja kun sitten lähestyvien ratsumiesten lipuissa
alkoi musta haukansiipi näkyä, oivalsivat he, että tulija oli Norman of
Torn.

Nyt hän oli ihan likellä taistelijoita, ja jos aikaisemmin oli ollut
epäilyksiä, hyydytti tuhannesta rajusta kurkusta kajahtava, hurja
sotahuuto toiveet kuninkaan puoluelaisten rinnassa.
»De Montfortin puolesta! De Montfortin puolesta! Alas Henrik!»
kaikui äänekkäästi ja selvästi ottelun hälinässä.

Heti kääntyi ottelun hyökyaalto, ja ihan pelkän sattuman avulla


pelastui kuningas itsekin joutumasta vangiksi ja pääsi toistaiseksi
turvaan Lewesiin.

Roomalaisten kuningas pakeni vanhaan myllyyn, salpautuen


sinne, ja sieltä Norman of Torn hänet löysi. Kun ovi oli murrettu, meni
henkipatto sisälle, kiskoi omin käsin hallitsijan ulos de Montfortin
jalkojen juureen ja olisi surmannut hänet, jollei kreivi olisi sitä
estänyt.

»Minun pitää vielä nähdä merkkini jonkun kuninkaan otsassa»,


sanoi Norman of Torn, »ja kiusaus on voimakas; mutta jos te sitä
pyydätte, herra kreivi, on hänen henkensä teidän ja te saatte tehdä
sille niinkuin parhaaksi näette».

»Olette taistellut hyvin tänä päivänä, Norman of Torn», vastasi de


Montfort. »Totisesti uskon, että saamme kiittää voitostamme
ainoastaan teitä. Älkää senvuoksi tahratko jalon työn mainetta
tarpeettomilla, julmilla teoilla!»

»Juuri niin olisivat hekin minulle tehneet, jos minä olisin joutunut
heidän vangikseen», huomautti henkipatto.

Ja siihen Simon de Montfort ei osannut vastata mitään, sillä se oli


yksinkertainen totuus.

»Mistä johtuu, Norman of Torn», tiedusti de Montfort, »että heititte


painavan miekkanne paroonien puolelle? Onko syynä se, että
vihaatte kuningasta enemmän?»
»Enpä tiedä, vihaanko kumpiakaan», vastasi henkipatto. »Minua
on syntymästäni saakka opetettu vihaamaan teitä kaikkia, mutta
minkä tähden minun pitäisi vihata, sitä ei minulle ole koskaan
mainittu. Mahdollisesti se on vain paha tapa, joka häipyy ehtiessäni
kypsyneempään ikään.

»Mitä tulee siihen, että tänään taistelin, kuten tein», pitkitti hän,
»johtui se siitä, että lady Bertraden, tyttärenne, sydän on teidän
puolellanne. Jos se olisi ollut kuninkaan, hänen enonsa, puolella,
olisi Norman of Torn esiintynyt tänään toisella tavoin. Huomaatte siis,
herra kreivi, ettette ole minulle lainkaan kiitollisuuden velassa.
Huomenna mahdollisesti ahdistan ystäviänne entiseen tapaani.»

Simon de Montfort kääntyi katsomaan häneen mutta hänen sileä


kypärinsilmikkonsa ei millään merkillä paljastanut sen takana
liikkuvia ajatuksia.

»Teette paljon pelkän ystävyyden vuoksi, Norman of Torn», virkkoi


kreivi kylmästi, »ja epäilemättä on tyttäreni jo unohtanut teidät.
Englantilaisella ylimysnaisella, joka valmistautuu tulemaan
ranskalaiseksi prinsessaksi, ei riitä paljon ajatuksia tuhlattaviksi
maantierosvoille.» Hänen sävynsä ja hänen sanansa olivat tahallisen
röyhkeät ja loukkaavat, sillä tämän kopean ylimyksen ylpeyttä oli
pistänyt se ajatus, että halpasukuinen vintiö kerskui hänen tyttärensä
ystävyydellä.

Norman of Torn ei vastannut mitään, ja jos Leicesterin kreivi olisi


nähnyt kumppaninsa kasvot, olisi hän hämmästynyt huomatessaan,
että tuiman vihan ja suuttumuksen sijasta Tornin henkipaton piirteet
olivat vääntyneet tuskaiseen ja suruiseen ilmeeseen, sillä isän
kannasta hän päätteli, mitä hänen sopi odottaa tyttäreltä.
SEITSEMÄSTOISTA LUKU

Kun ne kuningasmieliset, jotka eivät olleet luopuneet herrastaan ja


suinpäin paenneet rannikolle, olivat päässeet linnan ja luostarin
turviin, luovutettiin kaupunki ryöstettäväksi ja hävitettäväksi. Siihen
Norman of Torn ja hänen sotilaansa eivät ottaneet osaa, vaan olivat
leirissä hiukan syrjässä seuraavan aamun päivänkoittoon saakka,
jolloin he lähtivät itään päin, Doveria kohti.

He ratsastivat aina myöhään seuraavaan iltaan asti, poiketen noin


kolmekymmentä kilometriä tieltään käydäkseen tarkastamassa
erästä kuningasmielisten linnoitusta. Sinne sijoitetut joukot olivat
paenneet saatuaan muutamia tunteja aikaisemmin pakolaisilta
tiedon Henrikin armeijan Lewesissä kärsimästä tappiosta.

Norman of Torn tarkasti linnan löytääkseen etsimänsä henkilön,


mutta huomattuaan sen ihan autioksi hän jatkoi samoamistaan itään
päin. Lähes kymmenen kilometriä kauempana hän saavutti joukon
lippunsa luota karanneita kuningasmielisiä sotilaita, ja heiltä hän
uhkauksien avulla helposti sai haluamansa tiedot; he kertoivat, mihin
suuntaan autioksi jätetystä linnasta lähteneet pakolaiset olivat
poistuneet sekä kuinka paljon heitä oli, ja kuvasivat seurueen jäseniä
niin tarkoin kuin osasivat.
Taaskin hänen oli pakko muuttaa etenemissuuntaansa, ja tällä
kertaa hän kääntyi pohjoiseen, Kentiin. Vasta illan pimettyä hän
saapui määräpaikkaansa ja näki edessään Roger de Leybournin
linnan tutut ääripiirteet. Tällä kertaa henkipatto sijoitti rajun laumansa
täydelleen piirittämään varustettua rakennusta, ennenkuin lähti
vakoilemaan muassaan parikymmentä tanakkaa hurjimusta.

Varmistuttuaan siitä, että nostosilta oli pystyssä ja ettei hän sieltä


voinut toivoa salavihkaa pääsevänsä sisälle, hiipi hän hiljaa ison
rakennuksen taakse, ja siellä kasvavasta pensaikosta hänen
sotilaansa etsivät niitä tikkaita, jotka Norman of Torn oli nähnyt lady
Claudian lurjusmaisen palvelijan ottavan esille, jotta henkipatto pääsi
ilmoittamatta tapaamaan Buckinghamin kreiviä.

Pian he sen löysivät, ja tuokiossa niiden yläpää oli nostettu


alhaalla olevan ikkunan ala-, reunaa vasten, joten kaikki
kaksikymmentä miestä pian seisoivat päällikkönsä ympärillä
Leybournin muurien sisällä.

Meluttomasti he liikkuivat linnan saleissa ja käytävissä, kunnes


keittiöstä isoa leivosta kantava palvelijatar käännyttyään jyrkästä
nurkkauksesta törmäsi suoraan Tornin henkipattoon. Päästäen
parkaisun, joka olisi saattanut kuulua Lewesiin, hän pudotti vadin
kivilattialle, pyörähti ympäri ja juoksi, yhäti kirkuen, suoraan avaraan
ruokasaliin.

Pieni henkipattojoukko oli niin likellä hänen kinterillään, että vieraat


olivat tuskin ennättäneet nousta pöydästä tyrmistyneinä tytön
kimeästä kirkumisesta, ennenkuin Norman of Torn syöksähti sisälle
leveästä ovesta jäljessään kaksikymmentä paljastettua miekkaa.
Sali oli täynnä ritareja, aatelisnaisia, palvelijoita ja sotilaita.
Viisikymmentä miekkaa lennähti yhtä monesta tupesta, kun
seurueen miehet näkivät vihamielisiltä näyttävät tulijat, mutta
ennenkuin ehdittiin sivaltaa ainoatakaan iskua, kohotti Norman of
Torn miekka oikeassa kädessä vasenta kättänsä ylöspäin, tehden
hiljaisuutta vaativan eleen.

»Seis!» huusi hän, kääntyi suoraan Roger de Leybournin puoleen


ja jatkoi: »Minulla ei ole mitään riitaa sinun kanssasi, mylord; mutta
taaskin olen tullut etsimään erästä vierasta salistasi. Minusta tuntuu,
että sinulla on yhtä huono maku valitessasi kestittäviäsi kuin kauniilla
vaimollasi oli.»

»Kuka olet sinä, joka noin karkeasti tunkeudut häiritsemään linnani


rauhaa ja rohkenet loukata vieraitani?» kysyi Roger de Leybourn.

»Kuka olen! Jos maltat odottaa, näet merkkini tuon virnistelevän


paviaanin otsassa», vastasi henkipatto, osoittaen rautakudoksen
peittämällä sormellaan de Leybournin likellä istunutta miestä.

Kaikkien silmät kääntyivät henkipaton jäykän sormen osoittamaan


suuntaan, ja siellä oli tosiaankin kauhistuneen näköinen mies. Hän
seisoi kasvot harmaina, nojaten pöytään tukea saadakseen; polvet
tutisivat pelosta hänen lihavan ruhonsa alla, samalla kun hänen
huulensa olivat vetäytyneet erilleen toisistaan hänen keltaisia
hampaitaan vasten ja vääntyneet kauhuisen pelon kammottavaan
irvistykseen.

»Jollette te minua tunnekaan, sir Roger», virkkoi Norman of Torn


kuivasti, »on arvossa pidetyllä vieraallanne ilmeisesti parempi
muisti».
Vihdoin pelon lamauttama mies sai takaisin puhekykynsä, ja
vaikka hänen katseensa ei hetkeksikään hievahtanut tuiman, rauta-
asuisen henkipaton uhkaavasta hahmosta, puhutteli hän Leybournin
isäntää, kiljuen kimeällä, pelon akkamaiseksi muuttamalla
falsettiäänellä: »Ottakaa hänet kiinni! Surmatkaa hänet!

»Käskekää sotilaittenne karata hänen kimppuunsa! Jos mielitte


elää enää hetkeäkään, paljastakaa miekkanne ja puolustautukaa,
sillä hän on Tornin paholainen ja hänen päästänsä on luvattu suuri
palkkio!

»Oi, pelastakaa minut, pelastakaa minut! Hän on tullut tappamaan


minua», lopetti hän, surkeasti ulisten.

Tornin paholainen! Kuinka se nimi hyydyttikään kokoontuneiden


vieraiden sydämiä!

Tornin paholainen! Hitaasti sir Roger de Leybournin pöydän


ympärillä seisovat miehet käsittivät, mitä se kammottava nimi oikein
merkitsi.

Hetkisen vallitsi huoneessa jännittynyt hiljaisuus, syvä kuin


haudassa; sitten muuan naisista kirkaisi ja kaatui pitkäkseen
pöydälle. Hän oli nähnyt Tornin paholaisen merkin puoliso-
vainajansa otsassa.

Ja sitten Roger de Leybourn puhkesi puhumaan.

»Norman of Torn, ainoastaan kerran ennen olette astunut


Leybournin muurien sisälle, ja silloin te erästä toista henkilöä
palvellaksenne teitte suuren palveluksen Leybournin suvulle ja olitte
luonani yön kunnioitettuna vieraana. Vain hetkinen sitte lausuitte,
ettei teillä ole mitään minua vastaan. Minkä tähden siis olette täällä?
Puhukaa! Pitääkö Leybournin isännän tervehtiä Norman of Tornia
ystävänä vaiko vihollisena, käsi ojossa vaiko miekka kädessä?»

»Olen tullut etsimään tuota miestä, jolla kaikki näette olevan hyvän
syyn pelätä minua. Ja poistuessani vien osan hänestä muassani.
Minulla on hyvin kiire, ja senvuoksi mieluimmin ottaisin suuren,
hyvän ystäväni Peter of Colfaxin kenenkään häiritsemättä; mutta
jollette siihen suostu, on meitä kaksikymmentä miestä näiden
muurien sisällä ja lähes tuhat väijyy ulkosalla. Mitä sanotte, mylord?»

»Teillä täytyy olla vakava syy olla suuttunut Peter of Colfaxiin,


koska olette etsineet hänet käsiinne tällä tavoin vain päivän kestävän
ratsastusmatkan päässä kuninkaan armeijasta, vaikka kuningas on
luvannut palkkion päästänne, ja myöskin toisesta armeijasta, jonka
miehet samoin ovat vihollisianne.»

»Menisin ilomielin helvettiin noutamaan Peter of Colfaxia», vastasi


henkipatto. »Syy ei vaikuta asiaan. Norman of Torn toimii ensin ja
selittää sitten, jos hän lainkaan välittää selittää. Astukaa esiin, Peter
of Colfax, ja kerran elämässänne taistelkaa miehen tavoin
pelastaaksenne nämä ystävänne siitä kohtalosta, joka vihdoin kaksi
vuotta kestäneen kärsivällisen odotuksen jälkeen on teidät
tavoittanut!»

Verkkaisesti pelkuri-raukan herpaantuneet raajat toivat hänet


horjuen huoneen keskelle, johon vähitellen oli valmistettu pieni,
aukea tila; seurueen miehet muodostivat ympyrän, jonka keskellä
Peter of Colfax ja Norman of Torn seisoivat.

»Antakaa hänelle aimo kulaus paloviinaa!» kehoitti henkipatto.


»Muutoin hän vaipuu lattiaan ja tukehtuu oman kauhunsa tuskiin.»
Kun Peter of Colfax oli pakotettu nielemään pikarin tulista nestettä,
sai hän takaisin menetettyä rohkeuttaan niin paljon, että kykeni
nostamaan miekkaa pitelevän kätensä asentoon ja
puolustautumaan; ja kun väkijuoma alkoi kiertää hänen suonissaan
ja alkuvoimainen itsesäilytysvaisto alkoi vaikuttaa, miekkaili hän yhä
varmemmin, kunnes katselijat arvelivat hänellä saattavankin olla
mahdollisuuksia selviytyä Tornin henkipatosta voittajana. Mutta he
eivät aavistaneet Norman of Tornin vain leikkivän uhrillaan
saadakseen kidutuksen kestämään kauemmin ja ennen
surmaamista rangaistakseen Peter of Colfaxia yhtä hirveästi kuin
parooni oli rääkännyt Bertrade de Montfortia, koska tämä ei alistunut
tyydyttämään hänen alhaisia halujaan.

Vieraat kurottelivat kaulaansa nähdäkseen edessään näyteltävän


kiehtovan draaman kaikki yksityiskohdat.

»Hyvä Jumala, millainen miekkailija!» mutisi joku.

»Sellaista miekkailua ei ole nähty aina siitä alkaen, kun


ensimmäinen miekka kiskaistiin ensimmäisestä tupesta!» huomautti
Roger de Leybourn. »Eikö se ole ihmeellistä?»

Hitaasti, mutta varmasti Norman of Torn silpoi Peter of Colfaxia


vähä kerrallaan ja niin hornamaisen varovasti, että verenvuotoa
lukuunottamatta mies ei millään tavoin rampaantunut; eikä
henkipatto kajonnut uhrinsa kasvoihin välkkyvllää miekallaan; niitä
hän säästi tarkoituksensa lopullista täyttämistä varten.

Eikä pinteeseen joutunut, henkensä edestä taisteleva Peter of


Colfax ollut mitätön vastustaja edes Tornin paholaiselle. Hän otteli
vimmaisesti, äärimmäisessä pelossaan syöksähdellen teloittajansa
kimppuun raivokkaan tuskaisesti. Hänen sinertävälle otsalleen oli
kihonnut isoja hikikarpaloita.

Ja sitten Norman of Tornin aseen kiiltävä kärki välähti


salamannopeasti uhrin kasvojen editse, ja Peter of Colfaxin oikean
silmän yläpuolella oli kapea, kohtisuora viillos, josta punainen veri oli
parhaiksi alkanut tihkua, kun mestarillisen säilän toinen nopea liike
oli piirtänyt toisen samanlaisen, edellisen suuntaisen naarmun.

Viisi kertaa kosketti partaveitsenterävä kärki Peter of Colfaxin


otsaa, kunnes katselijat näkivät tuomitun miehen otsassa
verikirjaimisen kuoleman merkin — NT.

Se oli loppu. Peter of Colfax, joka oli silvottu riekaleiksi, mutta


taisteli mielipuolisesti — ja mielipuoleksi hän oli tullutkin — oli jo
melkein kuin kuollut, sillä Tornin henkipaton merkki oli hänen
otsassaan. Nyt hän kiljui ja höpisi vaahtoisten huuliensa välitse,
hänen keltaiset torahampaansa paljastuivat hullun kammottavaan
irvistykseen, ja hän karkasi suoraan Norman of Tornia kohti. Pitkä
miekka välähti, kun henkipatto, pinnistäen kaikki valtaiset voimansa,
heilautti sitä kaaressa, joka osui Peter of Colfaxin olkapäiden
yläpuolelle ja virnistävä pää kierähti lattialle, kun taas kammottava
ruho, joka oli ollut englantilainen parooni, vaipui sekavaksi kasaksi
Leybournin linnan ison salin ruohopeitteiselle lattialle.

Silmät levällään tarkkailevia vieraita puistatti. Joku purskahti


hysteeriseen nauruun, eräs nainen nyyhkytti, ja sitten Norman of
Torn, pyyhkien säiläänsä lattialle levitettyihin ruohoihin, kuten hän oli
tehnyt kerran ennenkin samassa salissa, alkoi rauhallisesti puhua
Leybournin isännälle.
»Haluaisin lainata tuon kultaisen vadin, mylord. Se tai sen sijasta
toinen komeampi palautetaan teille.»

Leybourn nyökkäsi myöntävästi, ja Norman of Torn kääntyi


lausumaan muutamia käskysanoja eräälle miehistään.

Mies otti Peter of Colfaxin pään lattialta ja pani sen kultavadille.

»Kiitän teitä, sir Roger, vierasystävyydestänne», sanoi Norman of


Torn, kumartaen hänelle ja lumouksen vallassa oleville vieraille.
»Hyvästi!» Sitten Norman of Torn jäljessään sotilaansa, joista yksi
kantoi Peter of Colfaxin päätä kultaisella vadilla, poistui tyynesti
salista ja koko linnasta.
KAHDEKSASTOISTA LUKU

Sekä hevoset että miehet olivat melkein lopen uupuneet useita


päiviä kestäneiden ratsastusretkien ja taisteluiden riuduttavasta
rasituksesta, minkä vuoksi Norman of Torn sijoittui leiriin siksi yöksi;
eikä hän uudelleen lähtenyt liikkeelle, ennenkuin toisena aamuna,
kolme päivää Lewesin taistelun jälkeen.

Hän suuntasi matkansa pohjoiseen, Leicesterin linnaa kohti, jossa


hänellä oli syytä luulla tapaavansa erään nuoren naisen, ja vaikka
hänen kipeätä sydäntään kirveli, kun hän ajatteli häntä odottavaa
nöyryytystä, ei hän kuitenkaan voinut tehdä sen vähempää kuin sen,
mitä tunsi kunniantuntonsa vaativan.

Hänen vierellään ratsastivat hurja, punapäinen, jättiläiskokoinen


Shandy ja Tornin jäntevä, pieni harmaapää, jota henkipatto nimitti
isäkseen.

Harmaita hiuksia ja pergamenttimaista ihoa lukuunottamatta ei


vanhus ollut missään suhteessa muuttunut kaikkina näinä vuosina.
Kun hänessä ei ollut ruumiillisia vikoja ja hän aina oleskeli ulko-
ilmassa ja harrasti miekkailua, oli hänellä vielä nuoren miehen
lihakset ja kestävyys.

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