> Neha Vengurlekar: CSS answers UT2

1)A **cookie** in the context of computing and web technology refers to a small piece of data that a
website stores on a user's computer or device. These data files are typically created by a web server
and are sent to a user's web browser. Cookies serve various purposes, such as remembering user
preferences, session management, and tracking user behavior. They can be both essential for improving
the user experience on websites and controversial due to privacy concerns, as they can be used for
tracking user activities.

A **web browser** is a software application used to access and display websites on the internet. It
acts as an intermediary between a user and the World Wide Web, allowing users to interact with web
content and services. Popular web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge,
and Safari. They interpret and render web pages, handle user input, and manage various web-related
functions like security, bookmarks, and extensions. Web browsers have evolved to support a wide
range of features, from tabbed browsing to enhanced security and privacy settings.

A **timer** is a device or software function used to measure or control the passage of time. Timers
come in various forms, from physical devices like kitchen timers to digital timers and software-based
timers. In computing, timers are often used for scheduling tasks, measuring program execution times,
and handling events. They are crucial in various applications, such as real-time systems, video games,
and time-based triggers for actions. Timers can be set to count up or down, trigger actions at specific
intervals, or serve as a mechanism for managing time-sensitive operations in software and hardware.

2. Write JS code to create webpage in new window

Certainly! You can use JavaScript to open a new browser window and create a webpage in it. Here's an
example of how you can achieve this:

```javascript
// Function to open a new window and create a webpage
function openNewWindow() {
// Specify the URL of the webpage you want to load in the new window
var url = "https://www.example.com";

// Define the window features (size, position, etc.)

var windowFeatures =
"width=600,height=400,toolbar=no,location=no,status=no,menubar=no,scrollbars=yes";

// Open a new window with the specified URL and features

var newWindow = window.open(url, "_blank", windowFeatures);

// Check if the new window was successfully opened

if (newWindow) {
// You can manipulate the new window here if needed
// For example, you can add content to it using the newWindow.document object
newWindow.document.write("<h1>Hello, New Window!</h1>");
} else {
// Handle the case where the new window couldn't be opened (due to pop-up blockers, etc.)
alert("A new window was blocked or not allowed.");
}
}

// Call the function to open the new window

openNewWindow();
```

In this code, the `openNewWindow` function opens a new browser window and loads the specified
webpage (`"https://www.example.com"` in this case) with the defined window features. You can
customize the URL, window size, and features as per your requirements. If the new window is
successfully opened, you can manipulate its content using the `newWindow.document` object.

3. JS to implement Scroll by & moveto

To implement scrolling by a certain amount and moving to a specific position on a webpage using
JavaScript, you can use the `scrollTop` property and the `scrollTo` method of the `window` or a specific
element. Here's an example of how to achieve this:

```javascript
// Scroll by a certain amount (e.g., 100 pixels down)
function scrollByAmount() {
window.scrollBy(0, 100); // Scroll down by 100 pixels
}

// Move to a specific position (e.g., scroll to the top of the page)

function scrollToPosition() {
window.scrollTo(0, 0); // Scroll to the top of the page (0 pixels from the top and 0 pixels from the left)
}

// Attach event listeners to buttons or triggers to call the functions

document.getElementById("scrollByButton").addEventListener("click", scrollByAmount > Neha
Vengurlekar: );
document.getElementById("scrollToButton").addEventListener("click", scrollToPosition);
```

In this code, we define two functions:

1. `scrollByAmount`: This function scrolls the page down by a specified amount, in this case, 100 pixels.
You can adjust the amount to your preference.

2. `scrollToPosition`: This function moves the page to a specific position, in this case, the top of the
page (0 pixels from the top and 0 pixels from the left).

We then attach event listeners to buttons (with IDs "scrollByButton" and "scrollToButton") so that when
these buttons are clicked, the respective functions are called.

You can create HTML buttons with these IDs to trigger the scrolling actions. Here's an example of the
HTML for the buttons:

```html
<button id="scrollByButton">Scroll By 100 Pixels</button>
<button id="scrollToButton">Scroll to Top</button>
```

By clicking the "Scroll By 100 Pixels" button, the page will scroll down by 100 pixels, and by clicking the
"Scroll to Top" button, the page will scroll to the top. You can customize these functions and buttons as
needed for your webpage.

4. Explain Js security in detail JavaScript (JS)

security is a critical aspect of web development, as it directly impacts the safety of web applications
and the privacy of their users. It involves protecting against various threats and vulnerabilities that can
be exploited by malicious actors. Here's a detailed explanation of JavaScript security:

1. **Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Prevention:**

- XSS is one of the most common JavaScript security threats. It occurs when an attacker injects
malicious scripts into a web application, which are then executed by a user's browser.
- To prevent XSS, developers should sanitize and validate user input, escape special characters in
output, and use Content Security Policy (CSP) headers to limit script execution sources.

2. **Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Protection:**

- CSRF attacks trick users into performing unintended actions on a website without their consent.
JavaScript can be used to make these requests.
- Preventing CSRF involves using tokens to verify the authenticity of requests and requiring user
interaction for sensitive actions.

3. **Content Security Policy (CSP):**

- CSP is a security feature that helps prevent XSS by defining which scripts can be executed on a page. It
limits the domains from which resources can be loaded.
- Properly configured CSP headers can significantly enhance a website's security.

4. **Same-Origin Policy (SOP):**

- SOP is a fundamental concept in web security that restricts web pages from making requests to
different origins (domains) than the one that served the page. This helps prevent unauthorized data
access.
- However, developers can use techniques like Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) to relax these
restrictions when necessary.

5. **Secure Communication (HTTPS):**

- Always use HTTPS to encrypt data transferred between the client and server. This helps prevent man-
in-the-middle attacks and ensures data integrity and confidentiality.

6. **Data Validation and Sanitization:**

- Validate and sanitize data on both the client and server sides. Input validation helps prevent attacks
like SQL injection, and output escaping protects against XSS.

7. **Client-Side Storage Security:**

- Be cautious when using client-side storage mechanisms like Web Storage and Cookies. Store only non-
sensitive data, and consider using HTTP-only cookies for session management.

8. **Third-Party Libraries and Dependencies:**

- Regularly update and patch third-party libraries and dependencies to address known security
vulnerabilities. Unused libraries should be removed.

9. **User Authentication and Authorization:**

- Implement strong authentication mechanisms, such as password hashing and two-factor
authentication (2FA). Authorize users to access only the resources they need.

10. **Denial of Service (DoS) Mitigation:**

- Protect against DoS attacks by rate-limiting requests, implementing CAPTCHA, and using intrusion
detection syst > Neha Vengurlekar: ems.

11. **Code Reviews and Security Testing:**

- Conduct regular code reviews to identify potential security issues. Additionally, perform security
testing, such as penetration testing, to uncover vulnerabilities.

12. **Security Headers:**

- Use security-related HTTP headers, like X-Content-Type-Options, X-Frame-Options, and X-XSS-
Protection, to enhance the security of web applications.

13. **Regular Updates:**

- Keep your JavaScript runtime and frameworks up to date to ensure that you are protected against
known vulnerabilities.

14. **Security Training and Awareness:**

- Ensure that your development team is aware of security best practices and continually trained to
recognize and mitigate security risks.

In summary, JavaScript security is a multifaceted area that involves protecting against a wide range of
threats, from code injection to data leakage. A comprehensive approach, incorporating secure coding
practices, security headers, and constant vigilance, is essential to maintain the integrity and safety of
web applications.

5. Explain Component of browser.

A web browser is a software application that allows users to access and navigate the World Wide Web.
It consists of several key components that work together to provide a seamless web browsing
experience.

1. **User Interface (UI):** The user interface is what you see when you open a web browser. It includes
elements like the address bar, navigation buttons (back, forward, refresh), bookmarks, and tabs. The UI
is designed to make it easy for users to interact with the browser and access web content.

2. **Rendering Engine:** This is the core component responsible for rendering web pages. Different
browsers use different rendering engines. For example, Google Chrome uses Blink, Mozilla Firefox uses
Gecko, and Apple Safari uses WebKit. The rendering engine interprets the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript of
a web page and displays it on your screen.

3. **Browser Engine:** The browser engine manages the interaction between the UI and the rendering
engine. It handles user input and communicates with the rendering engine to load web pages, manage
tabs, and control various browser functions.

4. **Networking: ** Browsers use networking components to connect to the internet. They establish
connections with web servers and retrieve web pages and other resources. Browsers also manage
cookies, caches, and security protocols to ensure secure and efficient communication.

5. **JavaScript Engine:** JavaScript is a crucial scripting language used for interactivity on web pages.
Browsers have their JavaScript engines (e.g., V8 for Chrome, SpiderMonkey for Firefox) to execute
JavaScript code and enhance the functionality of websites.

6. **Extensions and Add-Ons:** Many modern browsers support extensions and add-ons. These are
small software programs that users can install to customize their browsing experience. They can add
functionality, block ads, enhance privacy, or provide various tools and features.

7. **Security and Privacy Features:** Browsers implement various security measures to protect users
from online threats. These include features like phishing protection, secure socket layer (SSL) support,
private browsing modes, and the ability to block malicious websites.

8. **Bookmarking and History:** Browsers allow users to save and organize their favorite websites by
providing bookmarking and history features. Bookmarks make it easy to revisit frequently accessed
sites, and the history feature logs the websites you've visited.

9. **Download Manager:** Browsers have built-in download managers to handle the downloading of
files from the internet. Users can monitor and manage downloads, including pausing and resuming.
10. **Tab Management:** Modern browsers support tabbed browsing, allowing users to open multiple
web pages in a single window. Users can easily switch between tabs and organize them as needed.

These are the fundamental components that make up a web browser. They work in tandem to provide
a user-friendly, efficient, and secure platform for expl > Neha Vengurlekar: oring the vast expanse of the
internet. Each browser may have unique features and settings, but these core components are present
in most, if not all, web browsers.

6. Explain Create & delete Cookie with ex.

Cookies are small pieces of data stored on a user's device by a web browser. They are commonly used
to store information about a user's interactions with a website, such as login credentials, shopping cart
contents, and user preferences. Here, I'll explain how to create and delete cookies in web development
with an example in JavaScript.

**Creating a Cookie:**

To create a cookie in JavaScript, you can use the `document.cookie` property. Here's an example of
creating a simple cookie that stores a username:

```javascript
// Create a cookie that stores a username with an expiration date
function createCookie(name, value, daysToExpire) {
var date = new Date();
date.setTime(date.getTime() + (daysToExpire * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000));
var expires = "expires=" + date.toUTCString();
document.cookie = name + "=" + value + ";" + expires + ";path=/";
}

// Usage: Create a cookie named "username" that expires in 7 days

createCookie("username", "JohnDoe", 7);
```

In the example above, the `createCookie` function takes three parameters: the name of the cookie, its
value, and the number of days until it expires. It sets the cookie with the provided name, value, and
expiration date.

**Deleting a Cookie:**

To delete a cookie, you can create a new cookie with the same name and set its expiration date to a
time in the past. Here's an example:

```javascript
// Delete a cookie by setting its expiration date to the past
function deleteCookie(name) {
document.cookie = name + "=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 UTC; path=/;";
}

// Usage: Delete the "username" cookie

deleteCookie("username");
```

In the `deleteCookie` function, we set the cookie's expiration date to a time in the past (January 1,
1970). This effectively removes the cookie from the user's device.

It's important to note that you can only delete cookies that are on the same path and domain as your
web page. Cookies set by other websites or on different paths will not be accessible for deletion due to
browser security restrictions.

Remember that cookies are widely used for various purposes, including user authentication and
tracking user preferences. Developers should handle them with care and consider user privacy and
security concerns when working with cookies.

7. Describe regular expression & regular expression object properties

**Regular Expression (RegEx):**

A regular expression, often abbreviated as RegEx, is a powerful tool for pattern matching and searching
within text. It is a sequence of characters that forms a search pattern. Regular expressions are
commonly used in programming and text processing to:

- Search for specific patterns or sequences of characters within a larger text.

- Validate and manipulate strings based on specific criteria.
- Extract and replace text based on patterns.

RegEx uses a specific syntax to represent patterns, which can include characters, metacharacters, and
quantifiers. For l, the regular expression `\d{2,4}` represents a pattern for matching a sequence of 2 to
4 digits.

**Regular Expression Object Properties:**

When working with regular expressions in programming languages like JavaScript, there are properties
associated with RegEx objects. These properties allow you to interact with and retrieve information
about the regular expression pattern and its matches. Here are some common properties of a RegEx
object:

1. **source:** This property returns the source pattern of the regular expression as a string. For
example, if you have a RegEx object created with `/abc/`, the `source` property will return `"abc"`.
2. **global:** A boolean property indicating whether the `g` flag is set in the regular expression. If `g` is
set, it allows for global searching, meaning it will find all matches in the input string rather than
stopping at the first match.

3. **ignoreCase:** A boolean property indicating whether the `i` f > Neha Vengurlekar: lag is set in the
regular expression. If `i` is set, the pattern matching is case-insensitive.

4. **multiline:** A boolean property indicating whether the `m` flag is set in the regular expression. If
`m` is set, it enables multi-line mode, allowing matches to occur across multiple lines in the input text.

5. **lastIndex:** This property is used when performing global searches. It indicates the index in the
input string at which the next match will start. It's typically used in conjunction with the `exec()`
method for iterating through multiple matches.

6. **dotAll:** A boolean property indicating whether the `s` flag is set in the regular expression. If `s` is
set, the dot (`.`) metacharacter will also match newline characters.

These properties provide information and control over how the regular expression behaves and how it
interacts with the input text. Developers use these properties in combination with methods like `test()`,
`exec()`, and `match()` to work with regular expressions effectively in their code.

6. How to Create a rollover? explain with example

Creating a rollover effect in JavaScript involves handling events like "mouseover" and "mouseout" to
change the appearance of an element when the user interacts with it. Here's an example of how to
create a rollover effect for a button using JavaScript:

**HTML:**

```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<button id="rollover-button">Hover over me</button>
<script src="script.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
```

In the HTML, we have a button element with the id "rollover-button."

**CSS (styles.css):**
```css
/* Default style for the button */
#rollover-button {
padding: 10px 20px;
background-color: #3498db;
color: #fff;
border: none;
cursor: pointer;
}

/* Style to apply when hovering over the button */

#rollover-button:hover {
background-color: #e74c3c;
}
```

The CSS is the same as in the previous example, defining the button's default and hover styles.

**JavaScript (script.js):**

```javascript
// Get a reference to the button element
const button = document.getElementById('rollover-button');

// Add an event listener for mouseover

button.addEventListener('mouseover', function() {
button.style.backgroundColor = '#e74c3c'; // Change the background color on mouseover
});

// Add an event listener for mouseout

button.addEventListener('mouseout', function() {
button.style.backgroundColor = '#3498db'; // Change the background color on mouseout
});
```

In the JavaScript code, we:

1. Get a reference to the button element with the id "rollover-button."

2. Add an event listener for the "mouseover" event. When the mouse hovers over the button, we
change its background color to create the rollover effect.

3. Add an event listener for the "mouseout" event. When the mouse moves away from the button, we
revert the background color to its original state.

Now, when you hover the mouse over the button, the background color changes, creating a rollover
effect. When you move the mouse away, the button returns to its default style. This JavaScript code
allows you to control the rollover effect programmatically. You can customize it to handle various other
styles and effects as needed.

9. JS to find non-matching characters & replace text using regular expression. > Neha Vengurlekar:
Page2
9. JS to find non-matching characters & replace text using regular expression.
In JavaScript, you can use regular expressions to find and replace non-matching characters in a string.
To do this, you can use the `String.prototype.replace()` method in combination with a regular
expression that matches the characters you want to replace. Here's an example:

```javascript
// Input string
const text = "This is an example string with some special characters: @#$%";

// Regular expression to match non-alphanumeric characters (characters other than letters and
numbers)
const regex = /[^a-zA-Z0-9 ]/g;

// Replace non-matching characters with a space

const replacedText = text.replace(regex, ' ');

console.log(replacedText);
```

In this example:

1. We have an input string `text` that contains various characters, including special characters like `@`,
`#`, and `$`.

2. We define a regular expression `regex` that matches non-alphanumeric characters using the `[^a-zA-
Z0-9 ]` pattern. The `^` inside square brackets negates the character set, so it matches any character
that is not a letter, a number, or a space.

3. We use the `String.prototype.replace()` method to replace all non-matching characters with spaces.
The `' '` in the `replace()` method is what we're replacing non-matching characters with.

4. The result, stored in the `replacedText` variable, will be the input string with non-matching
characters replaced by spaces.

After running this code, `replacedText` will contain the following string: "This is an example string with
some special characters " (with spaces replacing the non-matching characters).

You can customize the regular expression to match the specific characters you want to replace, and the
replacement string can be tailored to your needs.

Ch 6.
(1)Define status bar and Menu
A **status bar** and a **menu** are two common UI elements in software applications, including
mobile apps and desktop software, serving different purposes:

1. **Status Bar:**
- A status bar is a horizontal or vertical bar at the edge of a window or at the bottom of a graphical user
interface (GUI) that provides information about the system, application, or document's current status.
- It typically displays essential information such as the time, network connectivity, battery status,
system notifications, or application-specific details.
- In mobile devices, the status bar is often located at the top of the screen, and it may also show
information like signal strength, Wi-Fi connection, and notifications for text messages or app updates.
- The status bar offers quick access to settings and notifications, making it a crucial part of user
interaction.

2. **Menu:**
- A menu is a user interface component that presents a list of options or actions for users to choose
from. Menus can be either textual or graphical and are used for navigation, configuration, or executing
commands within an application.
- Menus can come in various forms, including context menus (right-click menus), dropdown menus, fly-
out menus, and more.
- In application software, menus are often found in the top bar or within windows, providing users with
access to features, settings, and tools. For example, a file menu in a word processor typically offers
options like "New," "Open," "Save," and "Print."
- In web development, menus can be implemented using HTML and CSS for the structure and style, and
JavaScript for interactivity.

Both the status bar and menu are essential components of user interfaces that enhance the user
experience by providing information and easy access to functionalities. Their design and usage can vary
depending on the platform and the specific application's requirements.

2. Describe floating menu in detail

A **floating menu**, also known as a **sticky menu**, is a type of user interface element commonly
used in web design and mobile app development. It remains visible on the screen as the user scrolls
down a webpage, ensuring easy and persistent access to navigation options, actions, or other
important feature > Neha Vengurlekar: s. Here's a detailed description of a floating menu:

**Key Characteristics and Components of a Floating Menu:**

1. **Fixed Position:** The most defining characteristic of a floating menu is its fixed position on the
screen. It stays in a specific location (usually at the top or side of the viewport) as the user scrolls down
the page. This ensures that essential navigation or interactive elements are readily available at all
times.

2. **Visibility:** Floating menus are designed to be visible and accessible, often with high contrast or a
different background color, to make them stand out from the rest of the content.

3. **Content:** The content of a floating menu can vary widely. It can include navigation links, icons,
buttons, search bars, or other interactive elements. The content is chosen based on the specific needs
of the website or app.

4. **Scroll Trigger:** The menu typically becomes "sticky" or "floats" into view when the user scrolls
past a certain point on the page. This trigger point is often the original position of the menu, such as
the top of the page.

5. **Responsive Design:** Floating menus are often designed with responsiveness in mind. They may
adapt their layout or behavior on smaller screens (e.g., mobile devices) to ensure a seamless user
experience.

**Benefits of a Floating Menu:**

1. **Improved Navigation:** Users can easily access critical navigation options without having to scroll
back to the top of a page, enhancing user experience.

2. **Persistent Branding:** A floating menu can include branding elements such as a logo or company
name, helping maintain a strong brand presence throughout the user's journey on the site.

3. **Enhanced User Engagement:** Interactive elements within the floating menu can encourage user
engagement, such as search bars or call-to-action buttons.

4. **Efficient Use of Screen Space:** It maximizes the use of screen real estate, particularly on large,
content-heavy pages, making navigation more efficient.

**Use Cases:**

Floating menus are commonly used in a variety of scenarios, including:

- **Websites with Long Scrolling Pages:** On websites with lengthy content, such as blogs or e-
commerce sites, floating menus ensure users can easily navigate and access key functions without
scrolling back to the top.

- **One-Page Websites:** One-page websites, where all content is displayed on a single page, often
employ floating menus for smooth navigation between sections.
- **Mobile Apps:** In mobile app development, floating menus can provide consistent access to
primary features or actions regardless of how far users have scrolled.

**Challenges and Considerations:**

While floating menus offer several advantages, it's essential to consider the following:

- **Overcrowding:** Adding too many items to the floating menu can lead to overcrowding and
overwhelm the user. It's crucial to prioritize what's included.

- **User Preferences:** Some users may find floating menus distracting or may prefer a more
minimalistic design. Consider providing an option to hide or minimize the floating menu.

- **Testing:** User testing is valuable to ensure that the floating menu enhances, rather than detracts
from, the user experience.

Floating menus have become a valuable tool in web and app design, as they provide an efficient and
user-friendly way to access navigation and features while maintaining a clean and uncluttered interface.

(3) Cmp pop up menu & context mence

4. Develop TS create pull down menu.

Certainly! To create a pull-down menu (also known as a dropdown menu) in JavaScript, you can use
HTML, CSS, and JavaScript together. Here's a basic example:

HTML:
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="dropdown">
<button onclick="toggleDropdown()" class="dropbtn">Menu</button>
<div id="myDropdown" class="dropdown-content">
<a href="#">Item 1</a>
<a href="#">Item 2</a>
<a href="#">Item 3</a>
</div>
</div>
<script src=" > Neha Vengurlekar: script.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
```

CSS (styles.css):
```css
/* Styles for the dropdown menu */
.dropdown {
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
}

.dropbtn {
background-color: #3498db;
color: white;
padding: 10px;
border: none;
}

.dropdown-content {
display: none;
position: absolute;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
min-width: 160px;
box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
z-index: 1;
}

.dropdown-content a {
padding: 12px 16px;
text-decoration: none;
display: block;
color: black;
}

.dropdown-content a:hover {
background-color: #f1f1f1;
}
```

JavaScript (script.js):
```javascript
function toggleDropdown() {
var dropdown = document.getElementById("myDropdown");
if (dropdown.style.display === "none" || dropdown.style.display === "") {
dropdown.style.display = "block";
} else {
dropdown.style.display = "none";
}
}

// Close the dropdown if the user clicks outside of it

window.onclick = function(event) {
if (!event.target.matches('.dropbtn')) {
var dropdown = document.getElementById("myDropdown");
if (dropdown.style.display === "block") {
dropdown.style.display = "none";
}
}
}
```

This code will create a simple pull-down menu that appears when you click the "Menu" button and
closes when you click outside of it. You can customize the menu items and styles as needed.