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Cross Over to
HTML5 Game
Development
Use Your Programming Experience to
Create Mobile Games
—
Zarrar Chishti
 Cross Over to HTML5
Game Development
Use Your Programming
Experience to Create
Mobile Games

Zarrar Chishti
Cross Over to HTML5 Game Development: Use Your Programming
Experience to Create Mobile Games
Zarrar Chishti
Glasgow, United Kingdom

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-3290-3 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-3291-0

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3291-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017961309

Copyright © 2017 by Zarrar Chishti
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
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The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they
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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for
any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein.
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Printed on acid-free paper
Table of Contents
About the Author��������������������������������������������������������������������������������vii
About the Technical Reviewer�������������������������������������������������������������ix
Acknowledgments�������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi
Preface����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xiii

Chapter 1: Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������1
Introducing Our Game: Space Zombies������������������������������������������������������1
Setting up Your Work Environment�������������������������������������������������������������4
Part 1: Setting up Our Folders������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
Part 2: Setting up Our Files������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 6

Hosting and Media Files���������������������������������������������������������������������������10

Part 1: Your Computer vs. Hosting Servers ��������������������������������������������������������������� 10
Part 2: Download the Media for Your Project������������������������������������������������������������� 11

Chapter 2: In the Beginning, There Was HTML������������������������������������15

Hello World�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15
Background Image�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������18
Adding the Rest of the Images�����������������������������������������������������������������20

Chapter 3: Time to Apply a Little CSS�������������������������������������������������23

Start with a Quick Test�����������������������������������������������������������������������������24
Our Background Image����������������������������������������������������������������������������28
Our Other Images�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32

iii
Table of Contents

Chapter 4: Apply Intelligence with JavaScript�����������������������������������37

Why Do We Need to Resize?���������������������������������������������������������������������37
How Do We Universally Resize?���������������������������������������������������������������38
Let’s Resize Our Images���������������������������������������������������������������������������46

Chapter 5: Take a Shot: Part 1������������������������������������������������������������51

Changing Our Cursor and Registering a Click������������������������������������������51
Making Our Gun Act More Realistic����������������������������������������������������������55
Animating the Gun with Sprite Sheets�����������������������������������������������������60
Part 1������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60
Part 2������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63
Part 3������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64
Part 4������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68

Reloading Our Gun�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������71

Firing Our Gun������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������78
One Last Thing…�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81

Chapter 6: Where Are the Zombies?���������������������������������������������������85

Creating a Zombie: Part 1�������������������������������������������������������������������������85
Creating a Zombie: Part 2�������������������������������������������������������������������������86
Moving the Zombie Closer������������������������������������������������������������������������95
Creating All the Zombies��������������������������������������������������������������������������99
Generating a Zombie Life Cycle��������������������������������������������������������������102

Chapter 7: Take a Shot: Part 2����������������������������������������������������������107

Hitting a Zombie�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������107
Making the Hits Count����������������������������������������������������������������������������113

iv
 Table of Contents

Zombie Down!����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������119
Part 1: Create Six Bubble Zombie Elements������������������������������������������������������������ 120
Part 2: Activate the Counter Bubble Zombie������������������������������������������������������������ 129
Part 3: Animate the Bubble Zombies����������������������������������������������������������������������� 136

Reloading the Gun����������������������������������������������������������������������������������146

Clean up the Depths and Click Zones�����������������������������������������������������157
Part 1: Ensuring Gun Fire����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 157
Part 2: Zombie Depth Levels������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 163

Intro Splash and “Game Over” Screens�������������������������������������������������171

Part 1: Images Folder���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 171
Part 2: Stopping and Starting���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 172

Chapter 8: Add Some Bling to Our Game������������������������������������������191

What’s the Score?����������������������������������������������������������������������������������192
Sprinkle of Special Effects���������������������������������������������������������������������203
Part 1: Get Started��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 204
Part 2: Displaying the Effects���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 204

Turn up the Sound Effects����������������������������������������������������������������������219

Part 1: Getting Started��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 220
Part 2: Adding Sound Effects����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 220

Embedding the Game�����������������������������������������������������������������������������225

Part 1: Getting Started��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 225
Part 2: Modify the default.html File������������������������������������������������������������������������� 226

Game Over. Restart?�������������������������������������������������������������������������������244

Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������247

v
About the Author
Zarrar Chishti is a software and games
development consultant with over 500 games
developed for companies around the world. He
is sought after to advise on the development
of viral games for major marketing campaigns.
His consultancy and development firm include
prestigious companies such as Turner Media,
British Airways and Channel 4 among the
many clients that keep coming back when a
new product or service is being launched.
After graduating from Glasgow University
in 1996 with a prestigious joint honors degree in Software Engineering,
Zarrar contracted as a software developer in both London and L.A. for 5
years. In 2001 he opened his own software firm in Glasgow and within 2
years was employing 10 staff. This was to grow to 30 in 2005 when he began
to offer games development to his clients.
One of the most notable game projects Zarrar has produced includes
an interactive comic for the popular Ben 10 TV series. The project was a
notable success that took his firm 10 months to deliver. It was rolled out
in over 25 countries in localized language editions. Other projects include
building a series of games for the ever popular Big Brother TV franchise
and an employee training game for Legal and General.

vii
About the Technical Reviewer
Massimo Nardone has more than 22 years
of experiences in security, web/mobile
development, and cloud and IT architecture.
His true IT passions are security and Android.
He has programmed and taught how to
program with Android, Perl, PHP, Java, VB,
Python, C/C++ and MySQL for more than 20
years.
He holds a master’s degree in computing
science from the University of Salerno, Italy.
He has worked as a project manager, software engineer, research
engineer, chief security architect, information security manager, PCI/SCADA
auditor and senior lead IT security/cloud/SCADA architect for many years.
His technical skills include security, Android, cloud, Java, MySQL,
Drupal, Cobol, Perl, web and mobile development, MongoDB, D3, Joomla,
Couchbase, C/C++, WebGL, Python, Pro Rails, Django CMS, Jekyll,
Scratch, and more.
He currently works as chief information security office (CISO) for
Cargotec Oyj.
He worked as visiting lecturer and supervisor for exercises at the
Networking Laboratory of the Helsinki University of Technology (Aalto
University). He holds four international patents (PKI, SIP, SAML, and Proxy
areas).
Massimo has reviewed more than 40 IT books for various publishing
companies. He is the coauthor of Pro Android Games (Apress, 2015).

ix
Acknowledgments
To Pops - you were an amazing dad who has left a massive hole in our lives.
To my closest friend, who has been (and continues to be) there for me
at the times when it matters the most: my brother Ibrar. Thank you to my
parents, who gave me the most amazing education and start to life. My one
constant and partner in crime, my wife Sadia. My son, whom I am so proud
of (incidentally, he was my initial editor for the book) and my “janno-jaan”
daughters: Sara, Aisha, and Rushda. I would be in a tremendous amount
of trouble if I did not also acknowledge Bella, our Bengal cat.
I would like to say a heartfelt thank you to my agent, Carole. You agreed
to represent me, despite my thick Scottish accent! Your guidance and
patience at the start will always be remembered and appreciated. Also,
thank you to the awesome and gorgeous team at Apress: Aaron and Jessica.
I had a great time working with you both and you made this “noob” feel
like part of the team.
I want to thank two people who have inspired me to write books. My
Latin teacher Mr. Temperely and my favorite author of all time, David Blixt.
I would also like send my love and appreciation to all my staff, both past
and present: Alasdair, George, Paul (the Great), Les, and Claire. Also, my
thanks to those clients that gave me my initial start despite having little or
no experience.
Finally, I would like to thank the nurses and doctors at Monklands
Haematology department who looked after my wife, Sadia. I will always
remember your commitment, passion, and support that you gave to her.
Thank you for sending her home to us.

xi
Preface
Welcome to the wonderful world of HTML5 game development. Are you
looking for a new challenge or looking to expand your current skill set?
Then get ready to start your journey. This book has been written with a
simple goal in mind: to provide the means for anyone to develop their first
HTML5 game.
This is a great time to break into the most lucrative game development
platform in the world. The global demand for the HTML5 game
development platform has expanded so quickly that it is currently crying
out for seasoned developers from more traditional environments to
cross over. Never before has there been such a widely accepted platform
by literally every manufacturer and operating system. This, in turn,
has convinced marketing departments to move away from traditional
platforms, such as dedicated mobile apps, for the more widely accepted
HTML5 format.
In short, there has never been a better time for a seasoned IT
programmer to cross over and capitalize in this lucrative market with their
much sought-after talents and experience.
I have spent the last five years training developers from a wide range
of programming disciplines to cross-train in HTML5 game development.
Whatever your vocation, whether it be an application databases systems
developer or a professional web developer, with this book you will learn to
evolve your current coding skills to enable you to become eligible for the
biggest gaming platform in the world.
From the first chapter, you immediately see encouraging results as
you power through a challenging and fun project that has been uniquely
designed and developed for this book.

xiii
Visit https://textbookfull.com
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Preface

Why This Book

This book was written with a simple goal in mind: to help seasoned
programmers from other disciplines to cross over to HTML5 game
development.
No apps need to be purchased. No special hardware or software is
required. As long as you have a simple computer with Internet access, you
can start today.
How quickly you build this game is entirely up to you. For each major
step we come across, you can decide to either study the technical aspects
or skip ahead to the next step. Either way, by the end of this book, you will
have a playable game to show off to friends and family.
This book is perfect for anyone that just wants to roll up their sleeves
and start developing a game for themselves. I believe that by the end of
this book, you will be in a far better position to make a decision on whether
you want to invest your time and money in becoming a qualified games
developer.

What You Will Need

Any computer will do.

• You do not need a super-fast computer

• You do not need an expensive IDE installed

• You do not need the latest graphics card

You can build this game using the computer/laptop that you already
have—as long as it switches on and you can run the already installed
Notepad program (if you are using Windows) or TextEdit (if you are on an
Apple Mac).

xiv
 Preface

What about your phone or tablet? Technically, it is possible; however, it

is not ideal because the operating environment is not suited to coding (i.e.,
typing). If you do wish to use these devices, then you may wish to invest in
a Bluetooth keyboard and an external memory card.

How to Use This Book

During this project, I have spent a great deal of my time minimizing the
amount of code that you need to write. However, I had to balance this
with making code that was still readable, which means that in occasional
instances of this book, you will find some lengthy portions of code to write.
I do apologize for this; however, keep in mind that you will be able to reuse
the code in your next project.
The following icons appear in the book.

In this section, you will see the actual code that will need to be written. It is
important to ensure that you copy the code exactly as it is written.
On most occasions, you will only need to write the lines that are
written in bold. Also, the lines of code that existed before but have just
been modified are in red.

xv
Preface

In this section, you will see interesting facts and explanations of the code
that has just been written. If you wish to build on your coding knowledge
as you proceed, then you will find a great source of information here.
However, feel free to ignore this section if you just want to get on with
building your game.

Did something go wrong? Did the code you just wrote not work? Not to
worry. You will find common (and some not so common) mistakes here
with solutions on how to fix them.

xvi
CHAPTER 1

Introduction
“If you have a garden and a library,
you have everything you need.”
Marcus Tullius Cicero
(106 BC – 43 BC)

var replaceWord1 = str.replace("garden", "computer");

var replaceWord2 = str.replace("a library", "time");

I have been developing software since 1996 and I have developed games
for small and large companies for over a decade now. Like any form of
development in the real world, you need to know why you are building
the game before you think of coding strategies and build processes. In the
gaming world, this comes in the form of the game’s story. This includes the
background, reasons to play, and the goals of the game.

Introducing Our Game: Space Zombies

So here is our story, which we will develop into a game.
Hi. My name is Ace Star. The year is 2107. For the last three
months, I have been stationed as a security guard on the only moon
of planet ZC636, which is in the Andromeda Galaxy. In addition to
me and a group of dignitaries from Earth, there is a group of about
500 top scientists stationed here to work on secret experiments.
1
© Zarrar Chishti 2017
Z. Chishti, Cross Over to HTML5 Game Development,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3291-0_1
Chapter 1 Introduction

I need your help.

Last night, there was an explosion in one of the labs. A gas was released
that turned all the scientists in the lab into zombies.
I have positioned myself outside the only doors of the colony’s main
building. The other survivors are safely inside. I am the last line of defense
before help arrives from Earth.
I discovered that our weapons are useless against the zombies. While
running out of the labs, however, I found a new, experimental weapon.
It seems to do the trick.
I can hear them coming. Are you ready?

Let’s have a look at a few of the graphics that we will use for the
development.

This is the background image for our game.

It will fill the screen by stretching out both
horizontally and vertically.
Our zombies will spawn from where the ground
meets the sky. Once spawned, they will come
toward us, growing bigger.
Say hello to Professor Z, our average zombie. In
terms of speed, he is not very fast and he does
not suddenly sprint to the front. He simply heads
toward you at his own leisurely speed! In terms of
our weapon shots, he will not be too hard or too
easy to “neutralize.” It takes two zaps to get him.
Say ciao to Belladonna, our fastest zombie.
Keep an eye on her because she will appear one
minute and then suddenly sprint to the front.
She will not be too hard to neutralize, however.
One zap will get her.

2
 Chapter 1 Introduction

Finally, this is Brad, our heavyweight zombie.

Unfortunately, due to all of those hours lifting
weights, he is slower than the average zombie.
He takes his time to gain speed once he spawns.
He will be harder to neutralize, however. It takes
three zaps to get him.
This is the experimental weapon that our hero
found in one of the labs. When fired, it zaps
out a special liquid, which when successfully
administered, encases the zombie in an air
bubble.
It will need to be reloaded often.
This is our Reload button. From a game-design
point of view, it adds another dimension to the
gameplay.
This is our game’s logo. We will not see it until
the last chapter of the book, when we embed our
game.
This is the box that we will embed into our
game. Initially, you see the game span the
entire screen. Near the end, however, we look at
embedding the code into this box.
This is the background image that we use in the
final chapter. The background is the main image
used when we build a dedicated web page to
embed our game into.

3
Chapter 1 Introduction

The following is a screenshot of the finished game.

Setting up Your Work Environment

This section discusses how to set up your work environment.

Part 1: Setting up Our Folders

You need to create a work folder where all of your work files can be stored.
This makes it easier to distinguish your work files from all the others on
your computer. So first, create a root (or master) folder called My_Work_
Files in the C drive.

4
 Chapter 1 Introduction

Once you have your root folder, the next step is to create the subfolders
that you will need for the game. Create four folders inside My_Work_Files.
Name the folders as follows:

• CSS

• Images

• Raw Images

• js

Your folder should look like the following screenshot.

The CSS folder will hold special code files that help structure the design of
the game. All the files in this folder will end in .css.
The js folder will hold all of our JavaScript files, which will form the
engine for our game. They will contain commands and instructions that will
control what happens in our game. All the files in this folder will end in .js.

5
Chapter 1 Introduction

The Images folder, as the name suggests, will contain all the image or
media files that we will need for the game.
The Raw Images folder will not technically be used for raw images. In
our case, we will use this folder as special temporary housing for all of our
media. We will move them into the Images folder when we need them.

Part 2: Setting up Our Files

For the purposes of this book, I will use Notepad (if you are using an Apple
computer, then I would use TextEdit). I find Notepad simpler and easier
to use; however, almost any IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
can be used for this project. So go ahead and use the IDE that you are most
comfortable with.
If you do want to use an IDE, here is a list of a few that are free to use:

• Eclipse. This is an open source editor that is typically

used for C and C++ (as well as other high-level
languages) projects.

• NetBeans. Like Eclipse, this is an open source

editor; however, it comes bundled with a plethora of
development frameworks.

• Aptana. A very popular IDE among web developers, it can

be plugged into Eclipse. Typically used for HTML projects.

• CodeRun. This is a slightly unusual choice in that

it runs on a browser (i.e., it is a web-based IDE).
Personally, I find it excellent for last-minute fixes when
at a remote location.

• Visual Studio Community. This is free for individual

programmers and comes packed with all the amazing
features that you will find in Visual Studio Professional
series.
6
 Chapter 1 Introduction

Although using an IDE has its benefits, I think that it is worth keeping
in mind this excellent quote about using IDEs for multiple languages:

“Although many IDEs can handle more than one language, few do it
well. Plus, it’s likely overkill if you are just getting started.”

Now that the folders are set up, let’s create the files that you will use to
develop the game.
First, you need to create a default.html file. If you are using an IDE,
click File ➤ Create New and select HTML. If you are using Notepad, open a
new file and save it as default.html.
Your folder should now look like this:

Now, we need to create files within some of the folders we created.

Double-click the js folder. Repeat the preceding steps (i.e., create a New
File and then Save As). The following are the file names to enter:
• > SZ_main.js
• > SZ_movement.js
• > SZ_setupContent.js
• > SZ_SS.js
• > SZ_touch.js
• > SZ_zombie_movement.js

7
Visit https://textbookfull.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks, textbook
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Chapter 1 Introduction

Your js folder should now look like this:

Finally, we need to create a file within the CSS folder. Repeat the steps
from earlier (i.e., create a New File and then Save As). The file name to
enter is

> SZ_master.css.

Your CSS folder should now look like this:

8
 Chapter 1 Introduction

We need our files to work across the worldwide network successfully, so we

should try to keep to the standardized naming conventions.
It is best to avoid character spaces in file names. Technically, this is
acceptable in local environments (Apple and Windows OS), however,
character spaces are not recognized by other systems. Ideally, use an
underscore or a hyphen character to separate words within file names.
Do not use any special characters, such as !, ?, %, #, or /. It is best to
limit file names to underscores, numbers, and letters.
For this project, you will notice that I try to consistently start all of my
file names with SZ_. This is because they are the initials for the name of the
game—Space Zombies. It is important to be consistent and descriptive in
naming and organizing files so that it is obvious where to find specific data
and what the files contain.
By naming your files in a meaningful manner, you increase your
chances of finding those files in the future and knowing what information
they contain. When you come to develop new games, you will easily be
able to locate Space Zombie files by searching for all files starting with SZ_.
Finally, it is good practice to keep file names as short as possible. Apart
from adding to the size of the file, it also makes them easier to remember
six months down the line.

9
Chapter 1 Introduction

Hosting and Media Files

As long as the files remain on your hard drive (the files and folders created
earlier), you will be able to test the game comfortably on your computer.
This is certainly okay for budding developers starting out.
Nonetheless, at some point when you have developed several games,
you may wish to showcase them for all to see and play.
To do this, you need to upload your files to a server computer. A server
is essentially a computer that is connected to the Internet.

Part 1: Your Computer vs. Hosting Servers

You need to open an account with a server computer. If you do a Google
search for “server hosting free trial,” you have several options available.
If you are still unsure, please do not hesitate to message me on Twitter
@zarrarchishti.

The following is a short list of available hosting options.

Dedicated Server

This is the most expensive option. Essentially, you own the computer that
is connected to the Internet. This is only an option if you are either a huge
company or a reseller.

10
 Chapter 1 Introduction

Shared Server

This is generally the most economical option for hosting. It is very much
for people like you, who are renting a piece of the server. The main
advantage is the ridiculously low cost, of course. However, as your game
development expertise increases, you may find this option to be limiting
and unfit for your specific needs.

Cloud Hosting

Whereas the prior two options rely on one physical computer, cloud
hosting allows an unlimited number of computers to act as one system.

Part 2: Download the Media for Your Project

The media files (image and sound files) used in the project are available
for you to download.
Open your Internet browser and go to the following URL:

http://zarrarchishtiauthor.com/downloads/

Click the Download button. This will initiate a download. The browser
will let you know when it has completed. Navigate to your download folder
and locate the downloaded file.
It should be a file called raw_media_1.rar. Now you need to extract the
files from this zipped file in a new folder called Raw Media. Double-click
this folder and you will see the following four folders:

• > Images

• > JS

• > sounds

• > html_web

11
Chapter 1 Introduction

First, copy all four folders to your Raw Images folder, which is in the
My_Work_Files folder.
At this stage, we are only interested in the files inside the JS folder. As
we progress through the game, we will go back to the other folders and
copy the files as needed. Double-click the JS folder (in the Raw Images
folder). Using the same technique as before to copy files, go ahead and
copy all the files, and then paste them into your own js folder (in the My_
Work_Files folder).
Your js folder (in the My_Work_Files folder) should now look like this:

That’s it for now! We have successfully set up our game development

environment. We are now ready to start coding our game!

12
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
T ake of that gold calx (which was precipitated with the oyl of
sand) one part, and three or four parts of the liquor of crystals
or of sand, mix the gold calx in a good crucible with the liquor, and
set this mixture into a gentle heat, so that the moystness may
evaporate from the oyl of sand which is not easily done; for the
peble or sand, by reason of their dryness keep and hold the
moystness, and will not let it go easily; it riseth in the pot or
crucible, as borax or Allome doth when you calcine them; therefore
the crucible, must not be filled above half, that the liquor together
with the gold may have room enough, and do not run over the pot:
and when it riseth no more, then strengthen the fire, till the pot be
red-hot. The mixture standing fast, put a lid upon it, which may
close well, that no coals, ashes, or other impurity may fall into it,
and give it so strong fire in a winde furnace, that the liquor together
with the gold calx may melt like water; keep it melting so long, till
the liquor and gold together be like unto a transparent fair ruby,
which will be done in an hours time or thereabouts; then pour it
forth into a clean copper morter, let it cool, and then make it into
powder, and pour spirit of wine upon it for to extract, which will look
like unto thin blood: and will prove more effectual in use, than the
above described Tincture.
The residue from which the Tincture is extracted, must be boyled
with lead, and precipitated and driven off as you do oares, and you
will get the remaining gold, which went not into the spirit of wine;
but it is very pale and turned like unto silver in colour, which if it be
melted by Antimony, it recovereth its former colour without any
considerable loss in the weight. How the melting in crucibles, and
boyling of the remaining gold is to be done, shall be more punctually
set down in the fourth part; I know several other fine processes, for
to extract the colour easily out of gold; but because the gold must
be first made fit for it by melting in a crucible, and that it is not
pertinent to speak of that operation here in this second part,
therefore it shall be reserved for the fourth, where you shall be
informed at large, not onely how to prepare Gold, Antimony and
other minerals, and make them fit for extraction, but also how to
reduce them into a transparent, soluble and fire-proof Ruby (which
are none of the meanest medicines) and as it was done here with
the gold, so you may proceed likewise with other metals and
minerals for to extract their colours. And therefore being needless to
describe each metals tincture by it self, all the processes of them
shall be disclosed in one, viz. in that of gold. The book would grow
too big, if I should describe them severally, which I count needless
to do. Let this suffice for this Second part, that we have taught, how
to extract out of the gold its colour after a common way. Which
indeed are good medicines, but for ought I know of no use in
Alchymy. But he that seeketh to have a true Tincture out of gold, let
him endeavour first to destroy the gold by the universal Mercury,
and to turn the inside outward, and the outside inward, and proceed
further according unto art, then the soul of gold will easily joyn it
self with the spirit of wine, and come to be a good medicine,
whereof more in my treatise de auro potabili is handled. If one know
the Chalybs of Sandivogius, which is well to be had, he might with
little labour quickly get a good medicine: but because we shew our
selves still ungrateful children unto God, therefore it is no marvel,
that he withdraweth his hand from us, and leaveth us in errors.

What further may be done with the liquor of pebles.

M any more profitable things, as well in Alchymy, as in medicine,

may be compassed by the oyl of sand; as for example, to
make fair painting colours out of metals, which abide in all elements:
Also to frame all sorts of transparent hard stones out of crystal,
which in beauty are like unto the natural, yea fairer sometimes; also
how to make many fair Amauses or Enamels and the like profitable
arts: but they belonging not to this second part, shall be reserved
for the fourth, where all such shall be taught very punctually with all
the circumstances thereunto relating.

How by the help of this liquor to make trees to grow

out of metals, with their colours.
 Although this process in Physick may be of no great use: yet in
regard that to a Chymical Physitian it gives good information
of the condition of natural things, and their change. I thought
it not amiss to set it down here.

T ake of the above described oyl made of sand, pebles or crystals

as much as you please, mix therewith a like quantity of the
lixivium of Tartar, shake both well together, so that the thick liquor
may not be perceived in the lixivium, but be throughly incorporated
therewith, both being turned to a thin solution, and then your water
is prepared, wherein the metals do grow.
The metals must be first dissolved in their proper corrosive
Menstruums, and the Menstruum must be quite abstracted from
thence again, but not too near, that the calx of the metal may not
grow red-hot, whereby its growing vertue would be taken from it.
Then take it out of the little glass-body, and break it in pieces about
the bigness of a pulse, and put them in the above described liquor in
a cleer bright glass, that the growing of the metals may be discerned
through it; and as soon as the prepared metals are taken out of the
glass body, they must be kept from the aire, else they lose their
growing vertue. Therefore thus dry they must be broken in pieces,
and laid in the bottom of the glass (wherein the liquor is) a fingers
breadth one from another asunder, and must not be laid together on
a heap. The glass must stand still in a quiet place, and the metal will
presently swell in it, and thrust forth some bulks, out of which
branches and twigs do grow, so finely, that one shall admire at it;
and let none think that this growing serveth only for to please the
eye, for some special thing is hid in it; for all sand or pebles,
although they be white, invisibly containeth a hidden tincture or
golden sulphur, which none without experience will be able to
believe; for if for a time you digest the pure filings of lead in it, there
will gold come to stick to the outside thereof (which gold may be
washed off with water) and the lead will look as if it were gilded.
Which gold came from no where else but from the sand or pebles,
although they were white and clear, so that it could not be perceived
in them. It sheweth also its meliorating vertue, when the metals do
grow therein, and for a certain space of time are digested therewith.
For it may be seen apparently, that the metals in the growing do
increase from this liquor, and attract what is for their turn; which
hence also may be perceived, that when but as much as the bigness
of a pea groweth therein, it will grow twice or thrice as big, which is
worthy to be considered of. Also the pebles or sand-stones are the
natural matrixes of metals, and there appeareth a great sympathy
between them, especially between the unripe metals and them; as if
nature should say to such raw or unripe metals, return into your
mothers womb, and stay there the due time, till you have attained
there to perfect ripeness, for you were taken thence too soon
against my will. Further, out of this liquor there may be made a good
borras to reduce the metals thereby. There may be made also with
this liquor fair glased and firm colours upon earthen vessels like unto
Porcellan or China. Also by boyling it with water, a tender impalpable
snow-white earth may be precipitated out of it, whereof there may
be made vessels like unto Porcellan.
Many other useful things may be brought to pass thereby in
mechanical businesses, needless here to relate.
Also the unripe and volatile minerals may be fixed and ripened
thereby, so that not only they may be the fitter to be used in
Physick, but also the volatile gold and silver contained in them may
be saved thereby, whereof more in the fourth part.
N. B. Hither belongs also the process of the spirit of lead, Virgins-
milk and Dragons blood.

Of the spirit of urine and of the volatile spirit of salt Armoniack.

O ut of urine or salt Armoniack, a powerful and penetrating spirit

may be made several wayes, which not only is to be used in
phisick for many diseases, but is also found very useful in
mechanical and chymical operations, as followeth.
Take of the urine of sound men living chast, gather a good
quantity together in a wooden vessel, let it stand for its time to
putrefy, and distil a spirit thereof, which afterward in a great glass
retort with a wide neck must be rectified from calcined tartar, and
still that which cometh over first, may be saved by it self, and so the
second and third also, the strongest may be used for the preparing
of metallical medicines, and the weaker for a medicine alone by its
self, or else mingled with fit vehicles: The salt which in the
rectification cometh over with the strongest spirit; may be put to the
weakest, to make it the stronger, or else it may be saved by it self in
a good strong glass.
But because the spirit of urine is tedious to make, therefore I will
shew, how to get it easier out of salt Armoniack. The preparation is
thus.
Take of salt armoniack, and lapis calaminaris, and make each by it
self into powder, and then mix them together, and cast of it into the
red hot vessel at once no more than ℥ ss. or ℥ i. Unto the vessel
there must be applyed a great receiver: for this spirit goeth with
such a force and power, that it were impossible to distil it in a retort
without danger or loss, for I broke more than one receiver with it,
before I did invent this instrument. The spirits being well setled in
the receiver, cast in more of your mixture; this continue so long till
all your matter is cast in; then take off the receiver, and pour the
spirit into a strong glass, which must be well closed at the top, but
not with wax and a bladder, because it softeneth the wax, and doth
penetrate through the bladder; but first stop it with paper, then melt
Lacca or sulphur, and pour it upon it, so that it come to be very well
closed, and then it will not be able to exhale, or thou mayst get such
glasses made, as in the fifth part shall be taught, for to keep all the
subtle spirits in them, for more security sake. And this spirit, if no
water have been mixt with it in the receiver, needeth no rectifying:
but he that will have it stronger yet, may rectify it by a glass retort,
and so keep it for use.
And this is the best way to make a strong spirit out of salt
armoniack: the same may be done also, by taking of filed Zinck,
instead of lapis calaminaris: also by adding of salt of tartar, salt
made of the Lee of wood ashes, unquencht lime, and the like: but
the spirit is nothing near so strong (although all those things may be
done with it, that are done with the former) as that which is made
with lapis calaminaris or Zinck.

The process or the manner of making it, is this:

T ake ℔ i. of salt armoniack made into powder, and as much of

salt of tartar, mix both together by the help of a lye made of
tartar, or only with common water, so that all come to be like a pap,
and cast in one spoonful thereof at once, into the distilling vessel,
then cast in more till you have spirit enough.
N. B. The salt of tartar may also be mixed dry with the salt
Armoniack without any lye or water, and so distilled: but it is not so
good, as when the mixture is tempered with lye or water: for if it be
cast in dry, the spirit will come over in the form of a volatile salt: but
if the mixture have been moistened, then most part thereof will
come over like a fiery burning spirit: In like manner also the mixture
of Lyme and salt Armoniack may be tempered moist, and it will yield
more spirit than if it be distilled dry.
It may be asked: why lapis calaminaris, Zinck and unquencht
lyme, calcined tartar, salt of potashes, fixed salt nitre or the like
things prepared by the fire, must be added unto salt Armoniack, and
whether it be not as good to add some bolus, or other earth (as
usually is done to other salts) and so to distil a spirit of it? To which I
answer, that there are two sorts of salt in salt Armoniack, viz. a
common acid salt, and a volatile salt of urine, which without
mortifying of one of them, cannot be separated: for as soon as they
feel the heat, the volatile salt of urine carrieth the acid salt upwards,
and they both together yield a sublimate, of the same nature and
essence with common salt armoniack which is not sublimed, onely it
is purer than the common. And no spirit would come over from it, if
it should be mingled with bole, brick, dust, sand, or any other
strengthless earth, and so distilled, but the whole salt as it is of it
self (leaving its earthy substance behind) would sublime thus dry:
but that it falleth out otherwise with the lapis calaminaris (which is
also like an earth) so that a separation of the salts is wrought
thereby, and a volatile spirit cometh over; the reason is, that the
lapis calaminaris and Zinck are of such a nature, that they have a
great affinity with all acid things, and do love them, and are loved by
them likewise (whereof some mention hath been made in the first
part) so that the acid salt sticks to it in the warmth, and uniteth it
self with it, and the volatile salt is set free, and distilled into a subtle
spirit; which could not have been done, if the acid salt had not been
kept back, by the lapis calaminaris or Zink. But that a spirit is
distilled off by addition of fixed salts; the reason is that fixed salts
are contrary unto acid salts, and (if they get the uperhand) do kill
the same, and rob them of their strength, whereby those things
which are mixed with them are freed from their bond: and so it falls
out here with salt armoniack, that when by addition of a vegetable
fixed salt, the acidity of the salt armoniack is killed; the salt of urine,
which formerly was bound therewith, gets its former freedome and
strength, and being sublimed turns into a spirit. Which could not
have been done, if common salt had been added to the salt
armoniack instead of salt of tartar; for the salt of urine would
thereby (as by a far greater enemy) be killed and kept back, so that
it could yield no spirit. I thought fit to give notice hereof to the
ignorant (not for those, who knew it before) and to the unknowing it
will do much good, and that they may have a light for other labours:
for I have many times seen, and see it still by daily experience, that
the most part of vulgar Chymists, whatsoever they do (having got it
either by reading, seeing, or hearing) they hurle it over like
botchers, and are not able to give any solid reason, why this or that
must fall out in such or another manner, not labouring to find out
the natures and conditions of salts, minerals, and other materials,
but contenting themselves onely with the Receipt, saying this or that
Author hath written so, and therefore it must be so, whereas many
times such books are patcht up out of all sorts of authors. And those
that stick to so many books, will hardly ever come to get any good,
but are led out of one Labyrinth into another, spending their life
miserably in watching and cares: but if they would first seriously
consider things, and learn to know nature, and then take their work
in hand, then they would sooner attain unto true knowledge; and so
much of this matter by the way. I hope that he that hath been in
error will be pleased with it, and the knowing will not grudge to have
it imparted to the ignorant.
That which remains after the distillation is done, is also good for
use; if the addition have been of salt of tartar, a melting powder may
be made of it, to reduce metals. Of lapis calaminaris or Zinck, yields
per deliquium a clear, white, and heavy sharp oyl, for the sharper
part of salt armoniack, which did not turn to spirit, hath dissolved
lapis calaminaris, and is almost of the same vertues for external use
in Chyrurgery with that, which above in the first part which was
taught to be made out of lapis calaminaris, and spirit of salt, save
only that this in the distilling doth not yield so strong a spirit as the
other, but onely yields a sharp sublimate.

Of the use and vertue of the spirit of salt Armoniack.

T his spirit is of a sharp penetrating essence, and of an airy, moist,

and warm nature; and therefore may with credit be used in
many diseases, 8, 10, 12. (more or less) drops thereof used in a
convenient vehicle, do immediately penetrate all the body over,
causing sudden sweating, opening the obstructions of the spleen,
and dispersing and expelling many malignities by sweat and urine, it
cureth the quartane, collick, the suffocation of the Matrix, and many
more diseases.
In brief, this spirit is a safe, sure, and ready medicine for to
disperse and expel all tough, gross and venemous humors. Also, this
spirit acteth his part externally, quenching all inflammations, curing
the Erysipelas and Grangrene; it allayeth the pains of the gout,
clothes being dipt in it and applyed: and although it draw blisters, it
matters not; laid to the pulse, it is good in ardent feavers, it
asswageth swellings and pains; disscusseth congealed blood,
helpeth strained limbs, and benummed nerves: onely smelled unto,
it cureth the megrim, and other Chronical diseases of the head: for it
dissolveth the peccant matter, and evacuateth it through the nostrils;
it restoreth the lost hearing, being externally laid on with a little
instrument fit for the purpose. Also in the obstructions of womens
courses applyed by a fit instrument in a spiritual way, openeth
presently, and cleanseth the womb, and maketh women fruitful, &c.
Mingled with common water, and held in the mouth, asswageth the
tooth-ach, proceeding from sharp humors which are falln in the
teeth. A little of it applyed in a glister, killeth the wormes in the body,
and allayeth the colick.
This spirit may also further be used to many other things,
especially by means thereof many pretious and effectual
medicaments may be made out of metals and minerals, whereof
some shall be described as followeth.
N. B. There is yet another matter, which is found every where and
at all times, and is to be got by every one without distillation and
charges, and is as good for the abovesaid diseases, as the distilled
spirit, and if all men knew it, there would not be found every where
so many sick people, nor so many Doctors and Apothecaries.

To distill a blood red oyl of vitriol by the help of the spirit of urin.

D issolve Hungarian or other good vitriol in common water, and let

it run through a filtring paper, pour of this spirit upon it so
much, till all the green be vanisht, and the water be made clear, and
a yellow sulphur be settled: then pour off the clear, and the rest
which is muddy, pour together in a filtrum, that the moisture may
run off, and the earth of the vitriol remain in the paper, which you
must dry, and distil to a blood-red oyl, which will open the
obstructions of the whole body, and perfectly cure the epilepsie. The
clear water must be evaporated dry, and there will remain a salt,
which being distilled, yields a wonderful spirit. Before it be distilled,
it is a specificum purgans, whereof 8. 10. 12. to 24. grains taken,
may safely be used in all diseases.

The Tincture of Vegetables.

S pices, seeds or flowers being extracted therewith and digested
and distilled, the essence of them will come over with it, in the
form of a red oyl.

Vitriol of copper.

I f you pour it upon calx of copper, made by often heating the

Copper red hot and quenching it again, it will extract within an
hours time a fair blew colour, and having dissolved as much thereof
as it can pour it off and let it shoot in a cold place, and you will get a
fair sky coloured vitriol, a small quantity whereof will cause strong
vomits; the rest of the vitriol remaineth a blew oyl, good to be used
in ulcers.

The Tincture of crude Tartar.

I f you take common crude tartar, and pour of this spirit upon it,
and set it in digestion, the spirit will extract a blood-red tincture,
and if the spirit be abstracted from it, there will remain a pleasant
red oyl, of no small vertue and power.

To make the oyls or liquors of salts.

T his spirit also dissolveth crystals and other stones, they being
first dissolved, precipitated and reduced to impalpable
powders, turning them into oyles and liquors, good to be used in
Alchymy and Physick.

To precipitate all metals with it.

A ny metal being dissolved in an acid spirit may be precipitated

better and purer therewith, than with the liquor of the salt of
tartar; for Aurum fulminans which is precipitated with it fulminateth
far stronger than if it were done with oyl of tartar.
R. Some juyce of Lemon and mix it with the solution of gold,
before it be precipitated, and then not all the gold will precipitate,
but some of it will remain in the solution, and in time many small
green stones (not unlike unto common vitriol) will appear; which in a
small dose will purge all noxious humors.

The oyl and vitriol of silver.

I f you dissolve silver in Aqua fortis, and pour so much of this spirit
into it till it ceaseth to make a noise, some of the silver will
precipitate in the form of a black powder, the rest of the silver
remaineth in the liquor: the phlegm abstracted from it in Balneo, till
it get a skin at the top, and then set into a cool place, there will
grow white crystals in it, which being taken out and dryed are a
good purge in madness, dropsie, feavers and other diseases, safely
and without danger to be used to young and old. The rest of the
liquor which did not crystallise may be extracted with spirit of wine,
and the fæces being cast away the extraction will be pleasanter. The
spirit of wine abstracted from it, there will remain a medicine of no
small value in all diseases of the brain.

To extract a red Tincture out of Antimony or common sulphur.

B oyl sulphur or Antimony made into powder in a Lixivium of salt

of tartar, till it turn red, and pour this spirit upon it, and distill
gently in a Balneum, and there will come over a fair tincture with the
volatile spirit, silver anointed therewith will be guilt, though not
lastingly. It serveth for all diseases of the lungs.

How to ripen Antimony and common sulphur, so that several

sorts of such smels, as vegetables have, arise from thence.

D issolve Antimony or sulphur in the liquor of pebles or sand,

coagulate the solution to a red mass; upon this mass pour
spirit of urin, and let it extract in a gentle warmth. The spirit being
coloured red, pour it off, and pour on other spirit, let it extract
likewise, and this you must iterate so often, till the spirit will extract
no more tincture; then pour all the extracts together and abstract
the spirit of urin from it in Balneum through a limbeck, and there will
remain a blood red liquor, and if you pour upon this spirit of wine it
will extract a fairer tincture then the former was, leaving the fæces
behind, and this tincture smelleth like garlick: and if it be digested
three or four weeks in a gentle warmth, it will get a very pleasant
smel, like unto the yellow prunes or plums: and if it remain longer
yet in digestion, it will get a smel not inferior to musk and ambar;
This tincture having been digested a long time, and got several
smels, is not only notably by the fire increased in pleasantness of
smel and taste, but also in vertue: for so many and various sweet
smels are perceived in it, that it is to be admired, which variety and
exaltation proceedeth only from the pure and ripening spirit of urin,
for there is hid in it a fire, which doth not destroy but preserve and
graduate all colours, whereof in another place more shall be said.
N. B. Betwixt the spirit of urin and the animal and mineral Copper
there appeareth a great sympathy; for it doth not only love copper
above all other metals, and mingleth easily with it, and maketh it
extraordinary fair, and of good use in Physick, but it prepareth it also
to such a medicine, whereby all venerous sores (both by inward and
outward use) how deep so ever they took root in the blood, without
the use of any other medicaments, are perfectly cured; it maketh
fruitful and barren, according as it is used; it cleanseth the matrix,
hindreth the rising thereof, and miraculously furthereth womens
courses that have been stayed, above all other medicaments of what
name soever.
If this spirit be mingled with the volatile (but not corrosive) spirit
of vitriol or common salt there will come a salt out of it, which is
inferior to none in fusibleness, and useful both in Alchymy and
Physick.
N. B. The liquor of the salt Of tartar, and the spirit of wine do not
mix without water, this being the mean partaking of both of their
natures, and if you add unto it spirit of urin it will not mingle but
keep its own place: so that these three sorts of liquors, being put in
the same glass, and though they be shaked never so much will not
incorporate for all that: the liquor of the salt of tartar keepeth to the
bottom, next to it will be the spirit of urin, and on the top of that is
the spirit of wine: and if you pour a distilled oyl upon it, that will
keep uppermost of all, so that you may keep four sorts of liquors in
one glass, whereof none is mingled with the other.
Although this be of no great profit, yet it serveth for to learn
thereby the difference of spirits.

Of the spirit and oyl of Harts-horn.

T ake Harts-horn, cut it with a saw into pieces, of the bigness of a

finger, and cast in one at a time into the aforesaid distilling
vessel, and when the spirits are settled, then another, and continue
this until you have spirits enough: and the vessel being filled with
the pieces that were cast in, take them out with the tongs, and cast
in others, and do this as often as is needful. The distilling being
finished, take off the receiver, and pour into it dephlegmed spirit of
wine, which will cleanse the volatile salt: pour the oyl with the spirit
and volatile salt through a filtring paper made wet first and lying in a
glass funnel, and the spirit of wine together with the spirit of Harts-
horn and the volatile salt will run through the paper, and the blackish
oyl will stay behind, but it must quickly be poured out, else it will
pass through after them. The spirit together with the volatile salt
rectifie through a retort, and the best part of the spirit will come
over together with the spirit of wine and volatile salt; and when the
phlegme is coming, take of the spirit, which is come over, that the
naughty phlegm may not come amongst it; keep it well, for it is very
volatile, the oyl may be mingled with salt of tartar, and rectified by a
glass retort, and so it will be clear; if you will have it fairer, you must
rectify it with spirit of salt.
The first, which is done with salt of Tartar, is of more vertue; it
cureth the Quartane, and provoketh sweat extremly, cureth all
internal wounds and pains, which were caused by falls, blows, or
other wayes: 6, or 8. 10, to 20. drops of it taken in wine and
sweated upon it in the bed. The spirit is very good for all
obstructions of the whole body, from ℈ ss. to ʒ ss. therefore taken in
a fit vehicle, provoketh urine, and forceth down womens courses, it
cleanseth the blood and maketh sweat mightily. In the Plague, Pox,
Leprosie, Scurvy, Melancholia Hypochondriaca, malignant Feavers,
and the like where sweating is necessary, it proveth a rare medicine.

To make the spirit of mans hair an excellent medicine.

A fter the same manner you may make spirits out of all kind of
horns and claws of beasts: but since by reason of their ill smel
the use of them is not liked of (though in several heavy diseases, as
in the fits of the mother and Epilepsie, they do admirably well:)
therefore I will acquiesce. However it is worth observing, that the
spirit made of mans hair is not to be rejected in metallical
operations, for it dissolveth common sulphur, and reduceth it into a
milk, which by further ripening may be turned into blood, the like
whereunto no spirit is able to do. The same spirit may also of it self,
without addition of sulphur be fixed into a ruby; but that which is
ripened with sulphur is the better; and if it be brought so far by the
fire, that it have lost its stink, and be made fixed than it will be able
sufficiently to pay for the pains and coals bestowed upon it.
N. B. Hither belongeth the Process to pour dissolved metals upon
filed hartshorn, and so to distil them.

Of the oyl of Ambar.

A mbar yeildeth a very pleasant oyl and of great vertue especially

the white Ambar: the yellow is not so good, and the black is
inferior to this; for by reason of its impurity it cannot be well used
inwardly; and there cometh over also along with it a volatile salt and
an acid water, which must be seperated; the water (for ought that I
know) is of little vertue; the salt if it be sublimed from the salt of
Tartar and purified, is a good diuretick, and in the Stone and the
Gout, may successfully be used both inwardly and outwardly. The oyl
if it be rectified, especially that which comes over first, is an
excellent medicine against the Plague, Epilepsy, rising of the Mother
and Megrim, 6, 8, 10, to 20. drops being taken thereof at once, and
the nostrils also being anoynted therewith for to smell to it; and it is
to be observed, that when it is rectified with spirit of salt, it proveth
much clearer, than done by it self without addition: but if it be
rectified with salt of tartar, it is of much more vertue, though it fall
not so clear, as that which is done by spirit of salt.
N. B. If it be rectified from a strong Aqua Regia having before
once already been rectified with spirit of salt, it will turn so subtle,
that it is able to dissolve iron or copper in some sort, and to reduce
them into good medicines; and in this second rectification by Aqua
Regia all will not come over, but part of it will be coagulated by the
corrosive water, so that it turneth thick, like unto mastich, which in
the warmth is soft, and may be handled with owns fingers like wax,
but in the could it is so hard, that it may be broken and made into
powder, and glistereth like gold.

Of the oyl of soot.

O f the soot, which is taken from Chimneys, where nothing is

burnt but wood, there may be distilled a sharp volatile salt and
a hot oyl. The salt is in vertue not unlike unto that which is made of
harts-horn or ambar, and it quencheth inflammation, from what
cause so ever it do proceed: The oyl may without rectification
externally be used very successfully for all loathsome scabs, and for
a scald head, &c. But if it be rectified, as hath been taught to be
done with the oyl of Tartar, of Ambar, and of Hartshorn; then it may
safely be used inwardly, as the above written oyls are used; for it
doth as well as these, yea better in some special cases.

How to make a good oyl out of soot without distilling.

B oyl the soot in common watter, till the water turn blood red (urin
is better than water) and set this solution (being in an earthen
pot) in winter time into the greatest frost so long till all in the pot be
frozen into one piece and turned white: then break the pot and the
ice, and in the midst thereof you will find the hot oyl unfrozen and
liquid in colour like blood, which is not much inferior in vertue unto
that which is distilled, yet afterward it may be rectified, and so
exalted in its vertue, when you please, and it is to be noted, that this
separation doeth only succeed in the greatest frost and cold, and not
else.

Of the spirit and oyl of honey.

O f honey there may be made a subtle spirit and a sowre vinegar,

if it be mingled with twice as much of pure calcined sand and
so distilled; and it falleth much better yet if it be made with the
flores of Antimony, which were taught to be made in the first part,
whereby the spirit is increased in its vertue, and its running over
hindred thereby; and so distilling it, there will come over a pleasant
spirit, a sharp vinegar and some red oyl also, which must be
seperated: the spirit after the rectification inwardly used is good in
all diseases of the lungs. It openeth and inlargeth the Breast,
strengthneth the Heart, takes away all obstructions of the Liver and
Spleen; it dissolveth and expelleth the Stone, resisteth all
putrefaction of the Blood; preserveth from, and cureth the Plague;
all Agues, Dropsies, and many other diseases, daily used from ℈ j. to
ʒ j. taken with distilled water proper for the diseases: the sower
vinegar coloureth hair and nails as yellow as gold: it cureth the itch
and scabs of the skin; it cleanseth and healeth old and new wounds,
they being bathed and washed therewith.
The red oyl is too strong to be used of it self, it may be mingled
with the subtle spirit which came over first and so used, and the
spirit will be exalted thereby in its vertue.

Of the oyl and spirit of sugar.

I n the same manner as hath been taught of honey, there is also

made a spirit and oyl of sugar, viz. adding pure sand to it; or
(which is better) of the flores of Antimony, and then according to the
rules of Art one spoonful after the other of this mixture cast in, it will
yeild a yellow spirit, and a little red oyl, which after the distillation
must be digested in Balneo so long together, till the spirit have
assumed the oyl and be turned thereby very red in colour; it
needeth not to be rectified, but may daily be used either by it self, or
with such vehicles as are proper for your purpose; in all it is like in
virtue unto that which was made of honey; yet this of sugar is more
pleasant than the other; it reneweth and restoreth all the blood in
man, in regard that it received great vertue from the diaphoretical
flores of Antimony; and this spirit may fitly be used in all diseases, it
can do no hurt, neither in cold nor hot diseases; it doth help nature
mightily, and doth so much good, that it is almost beyond belief.
Especially if for a time it be used daily from ℈ j. to ʒ j. The residue of
it is black, and may be kept for the same use again, viz. for an
addition to other honey or sugar, or else you may sublime it again
into flores in the furnace described in the first part, or in the furnace
described in the fourth part of this book, with an addition of iron or
tartar, or salt nitre, reduces it into a Regulas, &c.

To distil an excellent spirit and a blood red tincture of corals and

sugar.

I f you mix sugar with red corals made into powder and distil it,
there will besides the spirit come over a blood-red tincture like a
heavy oyl, which is to be joyned with the spirit by digestion in
Balneo, and it will be as vertuous as that which was made with
Antimony diaphoreticum. It doth perfectly and lastingly cure the
epilepsie in young and old; it cleanseth the blood from all filth, so
that the Leprosie together with its several species may be cured
thereby, &c. Its use is the same as was taught above of the
Antimonized spirit of sugar.

Of the spirit of Muste or new Wine.

T ake sweet Must or juice of grapes, as soon as it is squeezed out,

boyl it to the consistency of honey- and then mix it with sand,
corals, or (which is better) with flores of Antimony, and so distill it,
and it will yield such another spirit as that which is made of honey or
sugar, only that this is somewhat tarter than that of honey. With
honey, sugar and the juice of grapes, several metals may be
dissolved in boyling and so prepared and made up into divers
medicaments, both with and without distillation, after the same
manner as was taught above with tartar: for honey, sugar, and the
juice of grapes, are nothing else but a sweet salt, which by
fermentation and addition of some sower thing, may be changed
into a sower Tartar, in all like unto that which is gathered in the wine
vessels. There may be made also a tartar out of cherries, pears,
apples, figs, and all other fruit, yielding a sweet juice; as also of rye,
wheat, oats, barley and the like, whereof in the third part more shall
be said.
For every sweet liquor of vegetables, if it be turned inside out, by
fermentation may be changed to a natural sowre tartar; and it is
utterly false, that (as some do suppose) only wine yields tartar,
which by daily use made of it by those that have very hungry
stomachs (like Woolves) indistinctly together with the nourishment
went into the limbs, and there turned to a stony matter. If this were
true, than in cold Countries, where no wine groweth, men would not
be troubled with the Gout or Stone; the Contrary whereof is seen
daily: though I must confess, that among all vegetables none
yeildeth more than the vine, the concurrent acidity being the cause
thereof; for it turneth the sweetness into tartar; for the sowrer the
wine is, the more tartar it yieldeth; and so much the sweeter, so
much the less tartar. By this discourse an industrious Chymist may
easily come to know the original nature and properties of tartar, and
in default of wine, how to make it out of other vegetables; common
salt or the salt of tartar may be distilled with honey, sugar, or sodden
wine (sapa) and it will yield such strong spirits, that metals may be
dissolved with them, and they are not to be despised in Physick and
Alchymy.

Of oyl Olive.

O ut of oyls made by expression (as oyl olive, rape oyl, wallnut

oyl, hempseed oyl, linseed oyl, and the like) there may be
distilled a penetrating oyl, useful both out wardly and inwardly,
which is done thus: Take common potters clay not mingled with
sand, frame little bals of it, as big as a pigeons or hens-egg, burn
them (but not too strong) to a hard stone, so that they may attract
the oyl; and when they are no more quite red-hot, but pretty hot,
then throw them into oyl olive which is the best; let them lye in it, till
they be quite full and drunk of the oyl, which will be done in two or
three hours (some cast them red hot into the oyl, but amiss,
because the oyl contracts thence an Empyreuma) then take them
out, and cast in one or two of them at once into your distilling-vessel
made red-hot, and let it go; and within a while after cast in one or
two more, and continue this till you have oyl enough. If the vessel
be full of the bals, take them out with the tongs or ladle, that you
may proceed without let in your distillation, and in this manner you
need not fear the breaking of your retort or receiver, or the burning
of your oyle. The distillation being performed take off your receiver,
pour the oyl that came over into a glass retort, and rectify it from
calcined Allome or Vitriol, and the Allome will keep back the
blackness and stink, and so the oyl will come over clear, which must
be yet rectified once or twice more with fresh calcined Allome,
according to the intensness of penetrating which you look for; that
which cometh over first, ought still to be caught by it self, and you
will get a very fair, bright and clear oyl, which is very subtle; but that
which cometh after is somewhat yellow, and not so penetrating
neither as the first; and therefore it is but for external use to extract
flores and herbs therewith, and to make pretious balsams for cold
and moyst sores. Also you may dissolve with it Amber, Mastick,
Myrrh, and the like attractive things, and with Wax and Colophony
reduce it to a plaster, which will be very good in venemous sores and
boyls, for to attract the poyson, and to heal them out of hand. If you
dissolve in it common yellow sulphur made into powder, you will get
a blood red balsom, healing all manner of scabs, and other like
defects of the skin; especially when you add to it purified
verdegrease, and in hot sores Saccharum Saturni, which in a gentle
heat and by continual stirring about do easily melt and mingle
therewith. It needeth not to be done in glasses, but may be done in
an ordinary earthen pot or pipkin.

The use of the blessed oyl.

T he first and clear is of a very penetrating nature: some drops
thereof given in some Aqua vitæ, presently stays the collick,
proceeding from winds that could not be vented; as also the rising of
the mother, the navil being anointed therewith: and a cold humour
being faln upon the nervs, whereby they are lamed; if you do but
anoint them with this oyl, and rub it in with warm hands, it will
quickly restore them, and therefore in regard of its present help,
may well be called Oleum sanctum. If you extract plates of iron or
copper with this oyl, it will turn deep red or green, and is a
soveraign remedy for to warm and dry up all cold and watery sores.
It consumeth allso all superfluous moisture in Wounds and ulcerous
Sores, as also all other excrescencies of the skin: it healeth tettars
and scald-heads, and other like defects proceeding from superfluous
cold and moisture. You may also dissolve in it Euphorbium and other
hot gums, and use them against great frost, for what limb soever is
anointed therewith, no frost how great soever can do it any hurt.
The balsames made with gum or sulphur may be also distilled by a
retort, and in some cases they are more useful than the undistilled
balsame.

Of the oyl of Wax.

I n the same manner may be distilled also the oyl of wax, the use
whereof is in all like unto the former; and for all cold infirmities
of the nerves, this is found more effectual yet than the former.

A Spirit good for the Stone.

O ut of stones which are found in grapes, there may be distilled a

sowre spirit, which is a certain and specifical remedy for the
stone in the kidneys and bladder, and also for all pains of the gout.
It is not onely to be used internally, but also externally, wetting
clothes in it, and applying them to the places affected, and it will
asswage and drive away the pains.

Of the spirit or acid oyl of Sulphur.

T o reduce sulphur into a sowre spirit or oyl hath been sought
hitherto by many, but found by few. Most of them made it in
glass-bells, but got very little that way; for the glasses being quickly
hot, could not hold the oyl, so that it went away in a smoak. Some
thought to get it by distilling, others by dissolving, but none of all
these would do the feat. Which is the reason why now-adayes it is
found almost no where right, and in the Drugsters and Apothecaries
shops they usually sell oyl of Vitriol instead of it, which by far is not
to be compared in vertue to the oyl of sulphur. For this is not onely
of a far pleasanter sowre taste, but in efficacy also much exceeds
the other. And therefore being of so great use both in Physick and
Alchymy, as in all hot diseases, mingling the patients drink therewith,
till it get a pleasant sowre tast, for to quench the intolerable drowth,
to strengthen the stomach, to refresh the lungs and the liver: Also
externally for to cure the gangreen: Also for to Chrystallise some
metals thereby, and to reduce them into pleasant vitriols, useful as
well in Alchymy as Physick: I thought good to set down the
preparation, though it be not done in this our distilling furnace, but
in another way by kindling and burning it as followeth.
Make a little furnace with a grate, upon which a strong crucible
must be fastned resting on two iron bars, and it is to be ordered so
that the smoak be conveighed (not above by the crucible, but)
through a pipe at the side of the furnace: the crucible must be filled
with sulphur even to the top; and by a coal-fire without flame be
brought to burn and kept burning. Over the burning sulphur, a vessel
is to be applyed of good stony earth like unto a flat dish with an high
brim, wherein is alwayes cold water to be kept, and whereunto the
burning sulphur doth flame: which thus burning, its fatness
consumeth, and the acid last is freed and sublimed to the cold
vessel, where it is dissolved by the air, and in the form of a sharp oyl
runs from the hollow vessel into the receiver, which must be taken
off sometime, and more sulphur supplyed instead of that which hath
been consumed, to the end that the sulphur may still burn in the
crucible: and beat with the flame to the cold head: and within few
dayes you will get a great quantity of oyl, which else by the
(campana) glass-bell in many weeks could not have been done.
N. B. Such a sowre spirit or oyl may also be got by distillation
together with the flores, viz. thus: If you take pieces of sulphur as
big as hens eggs, and cast them one after another into the hot
distilling vessel, a sowre oyl together with flores, will come over into
the receiver, which must with water be separated out of the flores,
and the water abstracted from it again in a cucurbit, and in the
bottome of your glass body you will find the oyl, which in vertue and
taste is equal to the former, but you get nothing near so much in
quantity by this way, and if you do not look for the oyl, you may
leave it with the flores, which by reason of their pleasant acid taste
are much toothsomer to take than the ordinary ones.

To the Courteous Reader.

T hus I conclude this second part; I could have set down more
medicinal processes in this Treatise: but having as many as will
be a sufficient guide for the distilling of other things also, I thought
it good here to acquiesce; and whatsoever hath been here omitted,
shall be supplyed in the following parts.
F I N I S.
 T H E
THIRD PART
O F
Philosophical Furnaces:
In which is described the Nature of the Third Furnace; by the help
whereof, and that without Stills, and Caldrons, and other
Copper, Iron, Tin, and Leaden Instruments, various Vegetable
burning Spirits, Extracts, Oyls, Salts, &c. by the help of a
certain little Copper Instrument, and Wooden Vessels are made
for Chymical and Medicinal Uses.

A Preface of the Copper Instrument and

Furnace.

N
ow this Instrument is made of strong Copper plates after the
following manner. You must make two strong hemispheares
of Copper or Latten of the bigness of a mans head (or
thereabout) and join them together with a most strong soder, and
that without tin, whereof the one must have a pipe: Now the pipe
must be of a most exact roundness, that it may most accurately fit
the hole that is made with an auger or wimble to keep the water
from flowing out like to a tap, of the length of one span at least,
wider on the hinder part towards the globe, than on the forepart,
which also must be according to the bigness of the globe, greater or
lesser, and be exactly joined with the best soder to its hemisphear,
and the diameter of the forepart being very round like a tap, and
most exactly filling the round hole must be of two fingers breath.
Now there is required to the foresaid instrument or globe, a certain
peculiar little furnace made of iron or copper, viz. most strong copper
plates, covered within with stones or the best lute, into which is put
that globe like a retort, so that it may ly upon two iron bars of the
distance of a span, or span and half from the grate; the neck
whereof (that pipe) goeth forth of the furnace one span at least. The
furnace also must have below a place for the ashes, and above a
cover with its hole for the letting forth of the smoke, and for
regulating the fire, as you may see by the annexed figure. It must
also below have a treefoot, on which the furnace must be set, and
on the sides two handles by the help whereof it may be removed
from place to place; the which is very necessary; for it is not only
used for the distilling of burning spirits by wooden Vessels instead of
copper, but also for such distillation, and digestion that is performed
in gourds, bolt-heads, and other instruments of glass, stone, copper,
tin, &c. which are to be set in Balneo: also in the boyling of beer,
metheglin, wine, and other drinks, which are to be performed by the
help of wooden Vessels.

Of Wooden Instruments that are to be used instead of Stills, Baths,

and Cauldrons.

In the first Figure, A represents the Furnace with a Copper Globe.

B. The Copper Globe. C. The distilling Vessel. D. The Refrigeratory
with a Worm. E. The Receiver. F. Stools on which the Vessels stand.
The Second, A Balneum with a Cover having Holes in it for the
Glasses, set upon a Tree-foot.
The Third, A Wooden Vessel for the making of Beer. The Fourth, A
Tub for a moist Bath, which is to be warmed by the Copper Globe.
The Fifth, A wooden Box for a dry Bath to provoke sweat with
Volatile Spirits.

I
n the first place I shall speak of wooden Vessels that are to be
used instead of Copper stills, in the distilling of burning spirits
out of wine, beer, lees, malt, wheat, meal, roots, hearbs,
flowers, seeds, and other vegetables, as also oyls of vegetables.
 See that thou hast an oken barrel, like to those wherein wine and
beer are kept, of a just bigness, viz. answerable to the bigness of
the globe, as is sufficient for the coction: for a barrel that is too big
will make the coction slow, and tedious. A greater globe may be
fitted to a lesser barrel, but not on the contrary, a great barrel to a
little globe: For by how much the bigger the globe is, and the less
the barrel, so much the sooner is the work hastned. Now seeing that
this Art was invented for the saving of costs, which otherwise would
have been expended in providing of stils, cauldrons, furnaces, &c. it
is best not to have too great a globe, which requires a greater
furnace, and is more hardly to be carryed, because it is to be
covered within with lute, or a wall; for it is sufficient if it be big
enough for the coction. Wherefore I will give you a just and due
proportion of both, viz. of the globe, and vessel, which in distillations
and other operations, the curteous reader may imitate.
A globe of the bigness of a mans head, containing three or four
cannes, whereof each containeth four pints, is sufficient for the
heating of a barrel of 30, 40, 50, 60. and 100 gallons, which by how
much the more remote from 100 and nearer to 30, so much the
sooner is it heated, and the coction furthered; and on the contrary,
by how much the nearer it is to 100 and more remote from 30, so
much the slower is the coction. I do not therefore advise that a huge
barrel be chosen for a small globe, by reason of a long and tedious
operation: And if all and every thing be not so accurately observed
to a hair, yet it matters not much, because it sufficeth to do the
same thing by the help of one small copper instrument of divers
forms. For in this way of distilling, wooden vessels that are requisite
to the distilling of spirits, and boyling of Bear, and for baths are more
easily provided, then so many copper vessels in the common way.
For by this means not only costs are spared, but also it is in stead of
building of furnaces, because when any barrel hath been used, you
may remove it, and set another in the place of it for another
operation, the which cannot be done with stills and cauldrons
fastened into a furnace. And this invention is for those that want
Artificers, as Coppersmiths, &c. because wooden instruments are
more easily provided: also by the help of this globe may most secret
operations be performed.
For the furnace with the copper globe may be built in one place,
and in another place the Balneum, viz. the places divided with a
wall, so that he that looks to the fire may not know what is done in
the Elaboratory; for oftentimes the care of the fire is committed to
heedless servants, that break glass instruments by their
carelesseness, by which means oftentimes a most pretious medicine
is lost; which danger this invention is without.
Wherefore this copper globe with its wooden vessels is more
convenient then those copper stills and cauldrons. But this I would
have thee know that this new invented distillation is slower, then the
common way which is performed by stills, and consequently requires
a long fire. I desire therefore the rich that dwell in large and
spacious houses, that they would use the old way of distilling; but
the poor, who have but little houshold conveniences, and the
covetous, that they would use this little copper globe with its
wooden vessels: for although there be a longer fire required, yet
these are not to be compared to those costs which are otherwise
expended upon so many copper vessels of so many divers forms. Let
him therefore keep to his copper vessels, who cannot understand
me, for it concernes not me. Without doubt there are some whom
this my new invented way of distilling will please, before other, being
communicated for the sake of the poor labouring house-keepers,
that cannot boyl Beer, and distill burning spirits for lack of vessels:
for a globe of five or four pound is more easily provided, then other
copper vessels of 60, 80, 100 pound: also those wooden vessels are
more easily provided than furnaces, which some for want of place
only cannot build. Choose therefore which way thou wilt, for these
things which I have wrote, I have wrote for the poors sake rather
than for the rich. Certainly rich men that have spacious Elaboratories
need not to be ashamed to follow this way, for it is free for every
man to go a shorter way, unless they had rather prefer the old way
before a new and compendious, whom I cannot help, being
contented with a publication which is made for the sake of my
neighbour, whether it be taken well or ill, with a good minde,
certainly knowing that more profit then disprofit may be obtained by
the help thereof. It shall not therefore repent him of his labor, who
knows rightly to prepare and use this copper, and wooden vessels.

There follows now the preparation of the vessel.

T he vessel being made is to be placed with one bottom, upon a

stool that is fitted for it, which being done, make a hole with a
wimble neer the bottom, for the receiving of the neck of the copper
globe, which is to be covered over with a linnen cloth: make also
about the lower bottom another hole for a tap, by the help whereof
the remainder of the distillation is drawn forth: also you must make
a large hole in the upper bottom, the diameter whereof must be one
span for to pour in the water to be distilled, with a funnel. Also there
must be made a hole near the upper bottom of two or three fingers
breadth, into which is to be put a copper pipe of a span long, which
is to be fastened closely therein; and to this pipe another oaken
vessel with a copper worm and cold water like to other
refrigeratories, must be applyed. Also the joints of the aforesaid
short pipe, viz. of the first barrel, and of the second barrel, viz. the
refrigeratory must be straightly, and closely united together, which
afterward may be the better joyned together with a fit lute for the
distilling. And this is the form and fashion of the wooden vessel, that
is to be used in the place of copper vessels, in the distilling of
burning spirits and oyls. But thou wilt object that these kind of
wooden vessels are porous, and drink up great part of the spirit and
oyls.
I answer; none of the spirits seeketh a violent passage out, in
case the ways be open. There is no danger therefore, when there is
passage enough given them by a pipe that is wide enough. Neither
doth oyl stick to them in distillation, for whatsoever is by force of the
boyling water to be separated from the spices, and seeds that also is
sublimable by the force of the seething water, so as to distill in, so
that in the refrigeratory no more is lost than in the stills. Distillation
being made, the aforesaid spirits may be rectified in these wooden
vessels, (being first washed) as well as in copper stills.

The making of a wooden vessel for a Balneum, which is to be

used in stead of copper and leaden Cauldrons for digestion,
and distillation by glass vessels.

M ake an oaken vessel as big or as little as you please, according

to the greatness, or littleness, multitude, or fewness of the
vessels, of two or three spans high, a little narrower above then
below, and so fashioned above, that a cover of wood, copper, or
lead, may most closely be joyned to it: the cover must have holes
greater or lesser, according to the glasses, as is wont to be in the
making of a Balneum, as you may see by the annexed figure. This
vessel also must be placed upon a stool of the height of an ell, or
such height as is required for the joyning of the copper globe with
the Balneum, which must have a hole near the lower bottom, for the
receiving of the neck of the aforesaid globe. In defect of such a
vessel, which yet you may provide easily enough, take a wine or
bear vessel divided in the middle, and make a hole near the bottom
for the neck of the globe, make also a wooden cover with holes, &c.
He that will be curious may provide all things according to the best
Art.

A wooden vessel serving for boyling of bear, metheglin, vinegar,

&c. as well as copper, iron, and tin vessels.

M ake a wooden vessel, which shall be more high than broad, a

little wider above than below, as you please: or take a wine or
bear barrel divided in the middle, and near the bottom make a hole
for the neck of the globe, which is to be covered with boards, which
serves as well for the boyling of bear, &c. as those of copper.

A wooden vessel for a bath for sweet, or mineral water, which

may be according as you please, kept warm, for the
preserving of health.