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CLEARLY VISUAL BASIC®
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 SECOND EDITION

CLEARLY VISUAL BASIC ®

PROGRAMMING WITH MICROSOFT ® VISUAL BASIC ® 2010

DIANE ZAK

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Programming with Microsoft
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 v

Brief Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
C H AP T E R 1 I Am Not a Control Freak! (Control Structures) . . . . . . . . . .1
C H AP T E R 2 First You Need to Plan the Party (Problem-Solving Process) . . . 11
C H AP T E R 3 I Need a Tour Guide (Introduction to Visual Basic 2010) . . . . . 27
C H AP T E R 4 Do It Yourself Designing (Designing Interfaces) . . . . . . . . . 49
C H AP T E R 5 The Secret Code (Assignment Statements) . . . . . . . . . . . 67
C H AP T E R 6 Where Can I Store This? (Variables and Constants) . . . . . . . 81
C H AP T E R 7 What’s Wrong with It? (Syntax and Logic Errors) . . . . . . . . .101
C H AP T E R 8 Decisions, Decisions, Decisions (Selection Structure) . . . . . .115
C H AP T E R 9 Time to Leave the Nest (Nested Selection Structures) . . . . . .139
C H AP T E R 1 0 So Many Paths . . . So Little Time (Multiple-Alternative
Selection Structures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
C H AP T E R 1 1 Testing, Testing . . . 1, 2, 3 (Selecting Test Data) . . . . . . . .183
C H AP T E R 1 2 How Long Can This Go On? (Pretest Loops) . . . . . . . . . . .203
C H AP T E R 1 3 Do It, Then Ask Permission (Posttest Loops) . . . . . . . . . .231
C H AP T E R 1 4 Let Me Count the Ways (Counter-Controlled Loops) . . . . . . .241
C H AP T E R 1 5 I’m on the Inside; You’re on the Outside (Nested Loops) . . . . .261
C H AP T E R 1 6 I Hear You Are Breaking Up (Sub Procedures) . . . . . . . . . .279
C H AP T E R 1 7 Talk to Me (Function Procedures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
C H AP T E R 1 8 A Ray of Sunshine (One-Dimensional Arrays) . . . . . . . . . .319
C H AP T E R 1 9 Parallel and Dynamic Universes (More on One-Dimensional
Arrays) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
C H AP T E R 2 0 Table Tennis, Anyone? (Two-Dimensional Arrays) . . . . . . . .363
C H AP T E R 2 1 Building Your Own Structure (Structures) . . . . . . . . . . . .383
vi
CONTENTS

C H AP T E R 2 2 I’m Saving for the Future (Sequential Access Files) . . . . . . .399

C H AP T E R 2 3 The String Section (String Manipulation) . . . . . . . . . . . .417
C H AP T E R 2 4 I’m Suffering from Information Overload (Access Databases) . . .439
C H AP T E R 2 5 The Missing “LINQ” (Querying a Database) . . . . . . . . . . .461
C H AP T E R 2 6 I Love This Class (Creating a Class) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
C H AP T E R 2 7 Getting “Web-ified” (Web Applications) . . . . . . . . . . . . .497
A PP E N D I X A Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527
A PP E N D I X B Answers to Mini-Quizzes and TRY THIS Exercises . . . . . . . .529
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569
 vii

Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv

C H AP T E R 1 I Am Not a Control Freak! (Control Structures) . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Sequence Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
The Selection Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
The Repetition Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

C H AP T E R 2 First You Need to Plan the Party (Problem-Solving Process) . . . . 11

How Do Programmers Solve Problems? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Step 1 Analyze the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Step 2 Plan the Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Step 3 Desk Check the Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

C H AP T E R 3 I Need a Tour Guide (Introduction to Visual Basic 2010) . . . . . . 27

Ok, the Algorithm Is Correct. What’s Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Creating a Visual Basic Windows Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
So Many Windows! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Creating the User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Save, Save, Save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Whose Property Is It? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Using the Format Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Lock Them Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Ok, Let’s See the Interface in Action! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Closing the Current Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Opening an Existing Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Exiting Visual Studio 2010 or Visual Basic 2010 Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
viii
CONTENTS

C H AP T E R 4 Do It Yourself Designing (Designing Interfaces) . . . . . . . . . 49

Delegating the Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Making the Interface More User Friendly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Do What I Tell You to Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
The Me.Close() Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

C H AP T E R 5 The Secret Code (Assignment Statements) . . . . . . . . . . . 67

The Fun Starts Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
The Val Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Who’s in Charge of This Operation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Your Assignment, if You Choose to Accept It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

C H AP T E R 6 Where Can I Store This? (Variables and Constants) . . . . . . . . 81

Using Storage Bins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
So, What’s Your Type? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Let’s Play the Name Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
You’ll Need a Reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
How Many Variables Should I Use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
The TryParse Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Check, Please…I’m Ready to Go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Using Constants to Keep Things…Well, the Same . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Dressing Up the Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

C H AP T E R 7 What’s Wrong with It? (Syntax and Logic Errors) . . . . . . . . .101

There’s a Bug in My Soup! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Finding Syntax Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Locating Logic Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
I’ve Reached My Breaking Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

C H AP T E R 8 Decisions, Decisions, Decisions (Selection Structure) . . . . . .115

Someone Might Need to Make a Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Going Beyond Rob’s Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
The If…Then…Else Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
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Examining Another Problem Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Hey, That’s Not the Way I Would Have Done It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

C H AP T E R 9 Time to Leave the Nest (Nested Selection Structures) . . . . . .139

Nested Selection Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Putting Rob’s Problems Aside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Let’s Go to the Swap Meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
That’s Way Too Logical for Me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Summary of Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

C H AP T E R 1 0 So Many Paths . . . So Little Time (Multiple-Alternative

Selection Structures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Which Way Should I Go? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Coding the Fitness For Good Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Don’t Be So Sensitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
What’s the Next Case on the Docket? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Using Select Case in the Fitness For Good Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Specifying a Range of Values in a Case Clause’s ExpressionList . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Coding the ABC Corporation Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Using Radio Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Coding the Gentry Supplies Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

C H AP T E R 1 1 Testing, Testing . . . 1, 2, 3 (Selecting Test Data) . . . . . . . .183

Will Your Application Pass the Test? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
The Only Cookies Version 1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
The Only Cookies Version 2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Stop! This Is a Restricted Area! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
The Shady Hollow Hotel Version 1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
The Shady Hollow Hotel Version 2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
I Need to Tell You Something . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Just When You Thought It Was Safe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

C H AP T E R 1 2 How Long Can This Go On? (Pretest Loops) . . . . . . . . . . .203

Over and Over Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
x
CONTENTS

The Do…Loop Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Counter Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
My Dream Car Version 1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
My Dream Car Version 2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
The Sales Express Application Counter and Accumulator Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
The InputBox Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Can I Abbreviate That Assignment Statement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

C H AP T E R 1 3 Do It, Then Ask Permission (Posttest Loops) . . . . . . . . . . .231

Testing After the Fact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
More on the Do…Loop Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Pseudocode and Flowchart Containing a Posttest Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
The Bouncing Robot Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Key Term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

C H AP T E R 1 4 Let Me Count the Ways (Counter-Controlled Loops) . . . . . . . .241

When Will It Stop? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Spaceship Version 1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Spaceship Version 2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Hey, Turn That Noise Down! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
The Monthly Payment Calculator Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
The Financial.Pmt Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
But They Said There Were No Strings Attached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

C H AP T E R 1 5 I’m on the Inside; You’re on the Outside (Nested Loops) . . . . . .261

One Loop Within Another Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Clock Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Revisiting the Monthly Payment Calculator Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
But I Want to Do It a Different Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

C H AP T E R 1 6 I Hear You Are Breaking Up (Sub Procedures) . . . . . . . . . .279

What’s the Proper Procedure? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
The Weekly Pay Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Send Me Something . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Just Give Me Its Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Where Do You Live? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
 xi

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

C H AP T E R 1 7 Talk to Me (Function Procedures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303

What’s the Answer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Price Calculator Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Revisiting the Total Due Calculator Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Which Way Is Better? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

C H AP T E R 1 8 A Ray of Sunshine (One-Dimensional Arrays) . . . . . . . . . . .319

Let’s Join the Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
My Friends Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Salary Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
States Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

C H AP T E R 1 9 Parallel and Dynamic Universes (More on One-Dimensional

Arrays) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
We Share the Same Subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Will You Share That with Me? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
But I Don’t Know How Many There Are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

C H AP T E R 2 0 Table Tennis, Anyone? (Two-Dimensional Arrays) . . . . . . . . .363

Let’s Table That Idea for Now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Revisiting the Employee Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
The GetLowerBound and GetUpperBound Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Calendar Orders Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

C H AP T E R 2 1 Building Your Own Structure (Structures) . . . . . . . . . . . .383

Putting the Pieces Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Willow Pools Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Revisiting the Employee Application…Again! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
xii
CONTENTS

Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

C H AP T E R 2 2 I’m Saving for the Future (Sequential Access Files) . . . . . . . .399

Sequential Access Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Write Those Lines of Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Now Read Those Lines of Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

C H AP T E R 2 3 The String Section (String Manipulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . .417

Working with Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
How Many Characters Are There? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Get Rid of Those Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
The Product ID Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Let’s Make a Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
I Need to Fit This in Somewhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
The Phone Numbers Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Where Does It Begin? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
I Just Want a Part of It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
The Rearrange Name Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Throw Away Those Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
The Last Name Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
I Like This Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Modifying the Product Id Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

C H AP T E R 2 4 I’m Suffering from Information Overload (Access Databases) . . .439

Keeping Good Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Connecting…Connecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Let the Computer Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
The Copy to Output Directory Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
How Does Visual Basic Do It? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Thank You for Catching My Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
I’ll Use My Own Controls, Thank You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Coding the Next Record and Previous Record Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

C H AP T E R 2 5 The Missing “LINQ” (Querying a Database) . . . . . . . . . . . .461

Asking Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Revisiting the Raye Industries Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
 xiii

One for All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

C H AP T E R 2 6 I Love This Class (Creating a Class) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475

That’s a Real Classy Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Revisiting the Willow Pools Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Who Owns That Property? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Behave Yourself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Constructive Behavior Is the Key to Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Methods Other than Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Using the Pattern to Create an Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Pool Supplies Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

C H AP T E R 2 7 Getting “Web-ified” (Web Applications) . . . . . . . . . . . . .497

Web Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Creating a Web Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Adding the Default.aspx Web Page to the Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Customizing a Web Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Adding Static Text to a Web Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Viewing a Web Page in Full Screen View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Adding Another Web Page to the Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Adding a Link Button Control to a Web Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Starting a Web Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Adding an Image to a Web Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Closing and Opening an Existing Web Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Repositioning a Control on a Web Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Dynamic Web Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Coding the Submit Button’s Click Event Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Validating User Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

A PP E N D I X A Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527

A PP E N D I X B Answers to Mini-Quizzes and TRY THIS Exercises . . . . . . . . .529
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
second commandment the representation of God in any corporeal
form. How could we, who deny corporeality even to some of His
creatures, attribute any corporeal property to the Supreme Being?
For it is not the tongue, heart, or brain of Moses that speaks to us,
instructs and guides us, but his soul which is rational, incorporeal,
and not subject to the relations of space; we ascribe to the soul
attributes of angels, of spiritual beings. How much more is this the
case with God! We have, therefore, no reason for rejecting the
Biblical account of the revelation on Mount Sinai; but we admit that
we [196]do not know how the idea became corporeal and was turned
into audible speech, what new thing was then created or what things
then in existence were annihilated. He is Almighty, and when we say
that He created the tablets and covered them with His writing, it was
done, like the creation of the heavens, by His word; that is, it was His
Will that His thought should become corporeal to a certain extent
and assume the form of tables, and that a certain writing be
inscribed on them. Just as the division of the sea and the formation
of a broad path between the walls of water was done directly by His
Will, without using instruments or employing intermediate causes, so
the air that reached the ear of the prophet assumed such a form that
sounds were perceived expressing the idea which God desired to
communicate to the prophet or to the people” (I., lxxxvii.–lxxxix.). In
describing the different meanings of the names of God, Elohim and
the Tetragrammaton, 21 the author says: “The nature of Elohim can
be perceived by reason, which teaches us that there exists a being
who governs the universe. The opinions at which people arrive vary
according to the different modes of reasoning which they employ; the
opinions of the philosophers have the greatest probability. But the
idea contained in the Tetragrammaton cannot be found by
reasoning, but is perceived intuitively by that prophetic vision during
which man is almost separated from his fellow-men, transformed into
an angel, and filled with another spirit; … previous doubts
concerning God disappear, he smiles at the arguments by which
men generally arrive at the idea of a deity and unity; he then
worships God in love, and would rather sacrifice his life than
abandon the worship of God” (IV., xv.). [197]

Abraham Ibn Ezra explains the words “And the Lord spake to
Moses” as referring to true speech and not to speech with the mouth,
which is merely a representation of the other. “God spake to Moses”
as man speaketh to his neighbour; that is to say, directly and not
through a messenger (On Exod. xxxiii. 11).—In commenting on the
Nineteenth Psalm he says: “The first part shows how the intelligent
man can find in nature evidence for the existence and power of the
Deity; but there is a far better and more trustworthy witness: the Law,
&c, called by David ‘perfect,’ because no other evidence is required
in support of the Divine utterances contained in the Holy Writings”
(On Ps. xix. 8).—Ibn Ezra is so firm in his belief in the truth of the
Divine Writings that he sets aside the contrary opinions of men as
absurd. “We believe in the words of our God and abandon the vain
opinions of the sons of man” (On Gen. vii. 19).—Whatever message
they brought from God was true, and its realisation could be relied
upon provided that the conditions were fulfilled, which were either
expressed or implied. In other things, however, which were not
contained in the Divine message they were not infallible (On Exod.
iv. 20). The prophets were trained for the office. The sons of the
prophets (or “the disciples”) led a contemplative life of seclusion, in
the hope of receiving inspiration, every one according to his faculty
(On Exod. iii. 15). The first step in this preparation was “the training
in the fear of the Lord,” which leads man to heed the negative
precepts of the Law. Then follows “the worship of God,” which
includes the observance of all positive precepts (Yesod Mora, vii.).

Maimonides (Mishneh torah, I.; Yesode ha-torah, vii. 1):—“One of the

principles of our faith is to believe that God inspires men. The
inspiration can only take place in men who distinguish themselves by
great wisdom and moral [198]strength; who are never overcome by
any passion, but, on the contrary, overcome all passions; who
possess wide and profound knowledge. If those who are endowed
with these various gifts, and, being physically perfect, enter the
garden of speculation, are absorbed in these great and difficult
problems, have the mind to understand and to comprehend, sanctify
themselves more and more, abandon the ways of the common
people that walk in the deep darkness of the time, and zealously
train themselves in freeing their mind from useless things, the
vanities and tricks of the time, in order always to keep the mind free
for reflecting on higher things, on the most holy and pure forms, on
the whole work of the Divine Wisdom from the first sphere to the
centre of the earth, and to comprehend thereby the greatness of
God: then they will at once be inspired with the holy spirit, their soul
will then be in the society of angels, they will become other beings,
they will feel that they are not the same as before, that they are
above other men, even above the wise. Thus it is said of Saul, ‘And
thou wilt prophesy with them, and be turned into another man’ ” (1
Sam. x. 6).

The same opinion is expressed by Maimonides in his “Commentary

on the Mishnah” (Sanhedrin, xi. 1), and in “The Guide” (III., xxxii.). In
the latter (l.c.) the various views on prophecy are fully discussed,
and the difference between the view of Maimonides and that of the
“philosophers” is given more distinctly. According to the
philosophers, the highest physical, moral, and intellectual
development is the sole means for the acquisition of the prophetic
faculty. Maimonides demands in addition to this the Divine Will; he
reserves, as it were, for the Supreme Being a kind of veto, and
believes that the prophetic faculty may, by Divine interference, i.e.,
by a miracle, be withheld from a person in spite of all preparation
and fitness. He compares this interference to the sudden paralysis
and equally sudden recovery [199]of the hand of King Jeroboam (1
Kings xiii. 4). Although the physical conditions for the motion of the
hand were present, the motion could not take place, because it was
the Will of God that the hand should at that particular time not be
able to perform its natural functions.

The question naturally suggests itself, Why, then, is the number of

prophets so exceedingly small? Why are there no prophets amongst
the large host of philosophers whose intellectual faculties have been
most highly developed, and who apparently live in a sphere of ideals
far above earthly and ordinary passions? Maimonides denies the fact
that the conditions are fulfilled; he believes that the life of the
philosophers is on the whole not so pure as would qualify them for
the office of prophecy (II., xxxvi.).

But Bileam, Laban, and Abimelech enjoyed the privilege of Divine

communication, although they had not attained to the highest degree
of moral sanctity. Maimonides says in reference to the dreams of
Abimelech and Laban (ibid., chap. xli.): “The sentence, ‘And Elohim
(an angel) came to a certain person in the dream of the night,’ does
not indicate a prophecy, and the person to whom Elohim appeared is
not a prophet; the phrase only informs us that the attention of the
person was called by God to a certain thing, and at the same time
that this happened at night. For just as God may cause a person to
move in order to save or kill another, so He may cause, according to
His Will, certain things to rise in man’s mind in a dream by night. We
have no doubt that the Syrian Laban was a wicked man and an
idolater. Abimelech, though himself a virtuous man, is told by
Abraham, ‘I said, Surely there is no fear of God in this place’ (Gen.
xx. 11). And yet of both it is said that Elohim appeared to them in a
dream. Note and consider the distinction between the phrases
‘Elohim came’ and ‘Elohim said;’ between ‘in a dream [200]by night’
and ‘in a vision by night.’ In reference to Jacob it is said, ‘And an
angel said to Israel in visions by night’ (Gen. xlvi. 2), whilst in
reference to Abimelech and Laban it is said, ‘Elohim came to
Abimelech (or to Laban) in the dream by night’ (Ibid. xx. 3 and xxxi.
24). Onkelos therefore renders this phrase: ‘A word came from the
Lord,’ and not ‘God revealed himself.’ ”

Bileam is, according to Maimonides, in some respect like Laban and

Abimelech; what God told him in a dream by night was not a
prophecy. In other respects he is described by this philosopher as a
person endowed with ‫‏רוח הקדש‬‎“the holy spirit;” i.e., he felt that some
influence had come upon him, and that he had received a new
power which encouraged him to speak for a certain object (The
Guide, xlv.). Maimonides adds that at that time Bileam was still a
virtuous man.—This view of the position which Bileam occupies in
the class of inspired men is different from the place assigned to him
in the Midrash, where the following passage occurs: “ ‘There arose
no prophet again in Israel like Moses;’ that is to say, in Israel none
arose, but among other nations there was a prophet as great as
Moses, namely, Bileam” (Sifre, Deut. xxxiv. 10). Whatever may be
the meaning of these words—whether they are meant as a satire or
not—they seem to indicate that Bileam possessed a high degree of
prophetic faculty. But comparing the deeds of Bileam with those of
Moses, we find that the latter guided the Israelites and led them to
good deeds and to a virtuous life, whilst Bileam misled those who
followed his guidance to sin and vice.

The view of Maimonides, that man after due preparation and training
may still be debarred from the rank of prophet, is severely criticised
by the Commentators of the Guide. They maintain that God, after
having invited and encouraged man to approach Him, would not then
thwart [201]the very hope He had implanted. According to their
opinion, God’s hand is extended to all; every one may acquire the
prophetic faculty, and those who have not acquired it have not been
duly qualified for it. (Comp. the Comm. of Ephodi, Narboni a. o. on
“The Guide,” II., xxxii.).

Albo (Ikkarim, III., vii. sqq.) likewise admits that it is impossible to

imagine a prophet who has not attained a high degree of moral and
intellectual perfection. But he does not consider the prophetic faculty
as a natural development of man’s intellectual faculties. It is solely
and directly due to Divine inspiration (‫‏שפע אלהי‬‎), by means of which
man acquires a knowledge of things which are otherwise beyond the
limits of human intellect. Of what nature the inspiration is, how it
gives certitude to the prophet, and by what psychical process it is
accomplished, only the prophet himself can fully comprehend. Albo,
like Maimonides, assumes different degrees of inspiration from the
inspiration (‫‏רוח ה׳‬‎) which moved Samson to heroic deeds and David
to sacred songs, to the prophetic communion of Moses with God
“face to face.” The clearness of the prophet’s utterances varies
according to the different degrees of his prophetic faculty, although
all are equally true.

On the Seventh Principle, p. 133.

The words ‫‏שנבואת משה רבנו ע׳׳ה היתה אמתית‬‎have been wrongly
translated “that the prophecy of Moses was true,” because this is
contained in the sixth principle, which applies equally to Moses and
to all other prophets. The term ‫‏אמתית‬‎does here not denote “true,”
but “real,” “perfect,” or “direct;” and the difference between the Divine
inspiration of Moses and that of other prophets is expressed in the
above phrase, in accordance with the distinction made in the
Pentateuch (Num. xii. 8). It has been considered necessary [202]to
formulate this distinction between Moses and other prophets in a
separate article, because it is of great importance in the proof of the
Immutability of the Law.
Maimonides in “The Guide” (chap. xxxv.) and Mishneh torah (I.,
Hilchoth Yesode ha-torah vii. 6) fully describes the difference
between Moses and other prophets. He enumerates four points:—
(1.) Other prophets received the Divine message in a vision or a
dream, whilst Moses received it in a state of complete
consciousness, being awake, and apprehending the words like those
spoken by a man to his fellow-men. (2.) Other prophets received the
message in images, which they had first to interpret before
communicating it to their fellow-men; Moses was addressed by God
in clear words and not in figurative speech. (3.) Other prophets were
overcome by the sight, and were in a state of fear and trembling;
Moses experienced nothing of this kind. (4.) Moses was sure to
receive a Divine reply whenever he sought it; not so the other
prophets.

Maimonides comes thus to the conclusion that the term “prophet”

when applied to Moses cannot have the same meaning as it has
when applied to other Divine messengers; and the prophecy of
Moses differs from that of other prophets not only in degree, but in
kind. There are, however, other theologians who hold that the
prophecy of Moses is of the same kind as that of other prophets, and
excels the rest only by a higher degree of prophetic faculty. (Comp.
Albo Ikkarim, III., xvii.)

On the Eighth Principle, p. 134.

The integrity and authenticity of the Pentateuch has been subjected

to all kinds of tests by critics of every age. The Massoretic remarks,
to which allusions are found in the Talmud, seem to include the result
of critical examination of the text of the Bible. Thus we read in the
[203]treatise Aboth di-Rabbi Nathan (chap. xxxiv.): “There are ten
passages in the Pentateuch which are provided with points on the
top of the letters, namely, Gen. xvi. 5; xviii. 9; xix. 33; xxxiii. 4; xxxvii.
12; Num. iii. 39; ix. 10; xxi. 30; xxix. 15; Deut. xxix. 28. What is the
meaning of these points? Ezra—who is supposed to have added
them—said, ‘If Elijah should come and show me that the reading
was wrong, I should tell him that for that reason I marked them with
points; and if he should say that I wrote correctly, I should remove
the points.’ ” In the treatise Soferim (vi. 4) the following passage
occurs:—“Rabbi Simeon ben Lakish said, Three copies of the
Pentateuch were found in the hall of the Temple; they are called
Sefer meonah, Sefer zatute, and Sefer hee. In the one ‫‏מעון‬‎was
written instead of ‫‏מעונה‬‎(Deut. xxxiii. 27), in the other ‫‏זאטוטי‬‎(Exod.
xxiv. 5) instead of ‫‏נערי‬‎, and in the third eleven times ‫‏היא‬‎instead of
‫‏הוא‬‎. The reading that was found only in one of the three copies was
rejected, and that of the other two preferred. The received text has
therefore ‫‏מעונה‬‎, ‫‏נערי‬‎, and ‫‏היא‬‎.”

These instances which tradition has preserved, are evidence of the

great care and conscientiousness with which Ezra the Scribe and
other men transcribed and multiplied copies of the Pentateuch. We
learn further from these instances that the text was never altered,
even where the sense did not seem quite clear; and where the
reading had been changed in some cases, the Massoretic notes
show the way how to read the word whilst the text was retained in its
original form. This is the cause of the Keri and Kethib, “How the word
is read” and “How it is written.” In the Talmud a certain number of
passages are described as tikkun soferim, “The style of the scribes;”
others as ittur soferim, “Elegance of the scribes.” Commentators
have interpreted these terms as indicating alterations of the text; but
the instances quoted for illustration do not contain any trace of such
a process. An instance of tikkun soferim is, [204]“And Abraham stood
yet before the Lord” (Gen. xviii. 22). These words were believed to
continue the account of the Divine vision introduced by the words,
“And God appeared to Abraham” (ibid. xviii. 1), and interrupted by
the narrative of the visit of the three angels. The reader might have
expected, “And God stood yet before Abraham.” The method of
expressing the same in the above form for the sake of euphemism is
called tikkun soferim. From the instances of ittur soferim quoted in
the Talm. Nedarim 37b, we infer that the occasional omission of the
copulative vav was designated by that name. (Comp. Gen. xviii. 5,
‫‏אחר‬‎).

In Midrashic interpretations of the Bible we frequently meet with the

phrase ‫‏אל תקרי‬‎, “Do not read,” seemingly implying an emendation of
the Biblical text. It is, however, certain that the authors of such
interpretations did not for a moment entertain the idea that the
passage in question was corrupt and required correction. What was
meant by the above phrase is this: A Jewish audience was supposed
to be familiar with the text of the Bible, and it was therefore believed
that the lessons which the teacher or preacher desired to impart
would better reach the heart of the listener, and be more easily
retained in his memory, if it were expressed in the words of some
Biblical passage. If a passage could, by a slight alteration, be made
to serve this purpose, such alteration was adopted and introduced
with the words ‫‏אל תקרי‬‎, “Do not read, … but …”

There are also some instances in the Talmud and the Midrashim of
Biblical quotations not in harmony with the received text. This
discrepancy is either due to the fact that preachers and expounders
quoted from memory, and may have erroneously confounded two
similar passages, or it is due to the carelessness of the copyists.
Indications of a Biblical text at variance with the received text are
found in the ancient Versions. But, with the exception of the Chaldee
Version of the Pentateuch by Onkelos, and that of [205]the Prophets
by Jonathan, we have no authorised Version, and it is uncertain how
many of the discrepancies have their origin in a corrupt text in the
hands of the translator, and how many of them are due to the error of
the translator in misreading or mistranslating the correct text before
him. By no means are these facts sufficient ground for doubting the
correctness of the received text, however plausible the suggested
emendations may appear.

Samaritans and Mohammedans have accused the Jews of having

altered the text of the Bible; but they have not proved the charge.
(See Emunah-ramah, 5th Principle, chap. ii.)

Modern critics have impugned the authenticity of most of the Biblical

books. We will discuss their opinions concerning three of these
books, and these are the most important ones concerning which
Tradition speaks most decidedly, viz., the Pentateuch, the
Prophecies of Isaiah, and the Book of Daniel.

The existence of the Pentateuch at the time when the other Biblical
books were written is clear from the frequent references to the
history and the laws contained in it. Such are, e.g.: “Only be thou
strong and very courageous, that thou mayest observe to do
according to all the law which Moses, my servant, commanded
thee,” &c. “This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth,”
&c. (Jos. i. 7, 8). “As Moses, the servant of the Lord, commanded the
children of Israel, as it is written in the book of the law of Moses,” &c.
“And he wrote there upon the stones a copy of the law of Moses
which he wrote in the presence of the children of Israel. And
afterward he read all the words of the law, the blessing and cursing,
according to all that is written in the book of the law” (Ibid. viii. 31, 32,
34). “Keep the charge of the Lord thy God, to walk in his ways, to
keep his statutes and his commandments, and his judgments, and
his testimonies, as it is written in the law of Moses,” &c. (1 Kings
[206]ii. 3). “But the children of the murderers he slew not: according
unto that which is written in the book of the law of Moses,” &c. (2
Kings xiv. 6). “Keep the passover unto the Lord your God, as it is
written in the book of the covenant” (Ibid. xxiii. 21). “Remember the
law of Moses, my servant, which I commanded unto him in Horeb for
all Israel, statutes and judgments” (Mal. iii. 16).

The authors of the other books of the Bible show familiarity with the
words, the phrases, and the contents of the Pentateuch. Thus Psalm
civ. is based on the first chapter of Genesis; the flood is mentioned in
Ps. xxix. and in the prophecies of Isaiah (liv. 9); the history of the
Patriarchs and of the Israelites in Egypt and in the wilderness in Ps.
cvi., lxxviii.; the history of Jacob is alluded to in Hosea xii.; the
destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in Isa. i. 9, Amos iv. 11.

Of the laws contained in the Pentateuch many are mentioned or

alluded to in the books of the Prophets and the Hagiographa; the
feast of Passover (Jos. iv.), Tabernacles (Zech. xiv. 16–20, Ezra iii. 4,
Neh. viii. 14–18); the first day 22 of the seventh month (New-year) is
mentioned as a “holy day” (Neh. viii. 10). The dietary laws are
referred to by Isaiah (lxvi. 17); the laws of cleanness and
uncleanness form the text of a prophecy of Haggai (ii. 10 sqq.). Such
phrases as “Uncircumcised in heart” (Jer. ix. 25) and “Thou wilt purify
me with hyssop and I shall be clean” (Ps. li. 9) show familiarity with
the laws of the Pentateuch. Sabbath and sacrifices are frequently
mentioned. Critics, however, assert that certain laws seem to have
been unknown or out of practice in the period of the Judges and the
Kings. There is, e.g., a perfect silence as to the celebration of “the
Day of Blowing the shofar” and “the Day of Atonement,” even where
such [207]mention is suggested by the context, as Kings viii. 65, 66,
and Nehemiah viii. But the inspired historians preferred to describe
the celebration of those festivals that had been neglected, or those
that were also of national and political importance by concentrating
the mass of the people in the capital; such festivals were Passover
and Tabernacles. The Day of Blowing the shofar and the Day of
Atonement were set aside for quiet, private devotion and meditation,
the additional service in the Temple being in the hands of the priests,
and the observation of these days as holy days in accordance with
the Law was a matter of course, and was not considered by the
authors as a memorable event that required special notice. One of
the prophecies of Isaiah (chap, lviii.) seems to have reference to the
Day of Atonement.

That in the days of the Judges, when “every man did what was right
in his eyes,” and during the reign of wicked kings many laws were
ignored or broken is not at all surprising. When the sacrifices offered
up by Samuel and Solomon are adduced as a proof that the Law,
which only allows priests to sacrifice, was not known in those days,
the argument is based on a misinterpretation of the Biblical text.
When laymen brought sacrifices, the priests performed the service
for them; the principal thing to be mentioned was in whose name or
in whose presence the sacrifice was brought; it was unnecessary to
state that the priests had to sprinkle the blood and to burn certain
portions upon the altar; no one doubted it.

Another argument against the authenticity of the Pentateuch has

been based on the fact related in the second book of Kings (xxii. 8
sqq.): “And Hilkiah the high priest said unto Shaphan the scribe, I
have found a book of the law in the house of the Lord. And Shaphan
the scribe showed the king, saying, Hilkiah the priest hath delivered
me a book. And Shaphan read it before the king. And it [208]came to
pass when the king had heard the words of the book of the law, that
he rent his clothes.” It is maintained by some scholars that the book,
which seems to have been an unknown thing to those who found it
and to the king, had only just then been written. This is not what is
directly stated in the Bible. Hilkiah speaks of the Law ‫‏התורה‬‎, the well-
known Torah; he would not have said so if the Torah had not been in
existence before. Furthermore, the king on hearing the words of the
book rent his garments, and sent to inquire of the Lord concerning
the words of this book; for “great is the wrath of the Lord that is
kindled against us because our fathers have not hearkened unto the
words of this book.” These words of the king clearly show that the
king was convinced of the divine character of the book, and also of
its existence in the time of his forefathers. The fact that King Josiah
accuses “the fathers” suggests the following explanation of the
event:—During the reign of the wicked King Manasseh the reading of
the Law was interrupted; the book itself was hidden lest it should be
destroyed by the idolatrous priests; now that it was found again, the
king was reminded that the Torah had been neglected in the interval
through the sin of the preceding generation. Whether there was
another copy of the Law in the Temple, whether the one found by
Hilkiah was complete, or contained only a portion of the Law,
perhaps Deuteronomy, chap. xxvii. and chap. xxviii., which are in the
Pentateuch called “the words of this covenant” and also “the words
of the curse,” titles which occur also in reference to the above copy
in the books of Kings and Chronicles; to these and similar questions
the Biblical account gives no decided answer. Only so much is
certain that the book found was not new or unknown to those who
found it, and the king recognised it as the book of the Torah.

Far from finding in the other books of the Bible any evidence—
whether positive or negative—of the later origin [209]of the Torah, we
feel convinced that their contents presuppose not only the existence
of the Torah, but also the authors’ familiarity with it. Without the
Torah the other books are unintelligible. There is nothing in the
Pentateuch that betrays a post-Mosaic origin. If the Pentateuch had
been written in the period of the Kings, the author would have
mentioned Jerusalem as the appointed place for the Sanctuary; in
the rebukes (‫‏תוכחה‬‎), in addition to idolatry, the social corruption
pointed out by the prophets would have been mentioned; the
restrictive law concerning the marriage of heiresses would have
been superfluous, as it only applied to the first generation that
entered Palestine.
The phrase ‫‏עבר הירדן‬‎has been quoted as a proof that the author of
the Pentateuch must have lived in Palestine, or else he could not
have called the east banks of the Jordan “the other side of Jordan;”
but this translation is wrong. The phrase only means the banks of
Jordan.

In the Talmud the Pentateuch in its entirety is ascribed to Moses.

“Moses wrote his book and the book of Bileam” (Babyl. Talm. Baba
Bathra, 14b). The book of Bileam is the section of Numbers which
contains the parables of Bileam (from xxii. 2 to xxiv.).

There is, however, a difference of opinion with regard to the last

eight verses of the Pentateuch. According to Rabbi Jehudah (or
Rabbi Nehemiah) Joshua wrote this passage. Rabbi Shimeon
objected: “Is it possible that the Torah was incomplete when Moses
was told, ‘Take this book of the law?’ (Deut. xxxi. 26). 23 God dictated
the last eight verses of the Pentateuch to Moses, and the latter wrote
them with tears.”

With this exception, no doubt was entertained by any [210]of the

Rabbis as to the integrity of the Torah. Various, however, were the
opinions as to the method followed by Moses in writing down the
events and the laws. Rabbi Jochanan, following the opinion of Rabbi
Banaah, held that the Torah was written by Moses piecewise at
different times, just as the events happened or as each law was
revealed to him. Rabbi Shimeon ben Lakish said “it was given at one
time in its entirety” (Babyl. Talm. Gittin 60a).

Passages of the Torah which seemed to contradict each other, or to

be contradicted by statements found in other books of the Bible,
were thoroughly discussed and explained. The belief in the integrity
and divinity of the Torah was so strong that those who rejected either
of these beliefs were considered as unworthy of the blessings of the
future world (Babyl. Talm. Sanhedrin 99a).
With the rise of Karaism Bible criticism received new
encouragement, as in the warfare between Karaism and Rabbinism,
or Scripturalists and Traditionalists, it furnished both sides with sharp
weapons. Some, however, of the commentators went further, and
gave utterance to all sorts of heterodox views. Thus a certain
Yitzchaki of Spain was of opinion that Gen. xxxvi. 31–43 was a later
addition, on account of the phrase, “These were the kings who ruled
over Edom before a king ruled over Israel.” The critics forgot that this
passage is intended to point out the advance which Esau’s
descendants had made, when the prophecy, “And kings shall come
forth out of thee” (xxxv. 11) had not yet been fulfilled in the case of
the Israelites.

Of the Commentators of the Middle Ages, Ibn Ezra is generally

singled out as an advanced scholar who held certain passages of
the Pentateuch as later additions. Ibn Ezra was far from such views,
and he sharply rebuked those who entertained them. Thus he says
of Yitzchaki, the author of the above criticism, “Every one who will
hear this will [211]laugh at him, and his book deserves to be burnt.”
With equal vigour he criticises a grammarian who pointed out certain
passages as grammatically incorrect, and also another scholar who
in his interpretations of the Bible did not take sufficient notice of the
traditional accents. The error concerning Ibn Ezra has its origin in his
habit of adding the phrase, “The words have some deeper sense” (‫‏יש‬
‫לו סוד‬‎), whenever the literal interpretation does not quite satisfy him,
or when the object of the author in adding a seemingly superfluous
sentence is not clear to him; as, for instance, in the four passages
referred to in the Commentary on Deuteronomy i. 2, namely, “The
Canaanite was then in the land” (Gen. xii. 6), “On the mount of the
Lord will it appear” (Ibid. xxii. 14), the repetition of the sacrifices of
the twelve princes (Num. vii.), and the stations enumerated in
Numbers (chap. xxxiii.), in addition to the detailed geographical
description of Deut. i. 1 sqq. The meaning of this remark has been
misunderstood by the early expounders of Ibn Ezra’s Commentary,
and since then the mistake has been repeated by most of the critics
of the Bible. Spinoza, in his theological treatise, quotes Ibn Ezra,
with the usual misinterpretation, in support of his view concerning the
Torah.

Modern critics have attempted to analyse the Pentateuch, and to

assign to it several authors, revisers, and editors. But there is little
harmony among the critics; the one considers as the latest addition
what the other holds to be the oldest portions of the book. Numerous
emendations are made by every one of them in order to establish his
special theory. The fundamental principle of most of them is that the
section in which the name Elohim is prevalent could not have been
written by the author of another section in which the Tetragrammaton
is employed. But the two names, though denoting the same Being,
are not identical in meaning: the one signifies the Almighty, who is
the Ruler of the [212]universe, the Master and Judge of all beings; the
other is the name of the Merciful Father, who reveals Himself to man,
interferes in his behalf, and has especially revealed His Providence
and Kindness to the Israelites.

A careful study of the Hebrew Bible will show that it is not the author,
or the age of the author, but the contents of the passage that
determined which of the Divine names was to be used. The same
author repeats the same account with some variation, according to
the lesson which he intends to convey to the reader. The proofs
which are based on the differences discovered in two accounts of
apparently the same event, or on seeming contradictions or
anachronisms, are so indifferently supported that they are not able to
conquer the fortress of Faith and Tradition. The difficulties pointed
out by the critics vanish before patient study and the earnest longing
for instruction and comfort offered by the Bible.
The Book of Isaiah has likewise been subjected to the analytical test
of the critic, and it is generally believed that the prophecies
contained in the book have not all been written by the same author
or in the same age. The book is divided into two large sections; the
second section, from chap. xl. to chap, lxvi., is thought to have been
composed shortly before the return of the Jews from Babylon.
Although it is possible that anonymous prophecies were added to a
book, the reasons which induced critics to make such a division are
untenable. The first reason is the difference in style; but we must
take account of the difference in the contents of the two sections.
The prophecies in the first section have mostly a threatening
tendency with regard to imminent punishment, whilst in the second
section Israel is to be encouraged in his faith in the Almighty and in
his hopes for a better future. It is but natural that the style should not
be the same in both sections. [213]Another reason for ascribing the
second section to a later prophet is the fact that Koresh (Cyrus), king
of Persia, is mentioned by name, and the fall of Babylon and the
consequent deliverance of the Jews are described as well-known
facts of the past. This and similar arguments are based on a
misunderstanding of the character of the prophecies. The critics
ignore the essential difference between the writings of inspired
messengers of God and those of ordinary men. They deny to the
man of God the power of foreseeing and foretelling coming events of
which his fellow-men could not have any knowledge. By such
arguments the critics set limits to the power and wisdom of God, and
employ the same measure for both that which is Divine and that
which is human. A Divine prophet has, by the Will of the Almighty,
the future unrolled before him; he sees the catastrophe which is to
come centuries later, and perceives its effect and its end. Even when
he reviews the present state of affairs and takes the immediate
future into consideration, his eyes frequently behold scenes and
events of “the end of the days” (‫‏באחרית הימים‬‎), which he points out
as the goal of our hopes and aspirations. When he warns, advises,
or encourages his brethren with regard to their present wants, the
virtues and the happiness of the Messianic age are not rarely
introduced. Earlier events, though still future in time, appear then in
the light of accomplished facts, and in their description the past
tense is used instead of the future. Thus it happened that the
prophet Isaiah, who flourished during the reign of King Hezekiah,
could take his standpoint on the return of the Jews from Babylonia,
look back at the exile as a thing of the past, and reveal to his
brethren further troubles, the succeeding final redemption, and the
ultimate triumph of the faithful and God-fearing over the faithless and
wicked.

It is true that it is an unusual thing for a prophet to name a king who

is to rule centuries after the death of the [214]prophet, unless the
name is a common noun, and has by its meaning some bearing on
the prophecy. The name Cyrus fulfils, perhaps, this condition;
according to Ktesias, it signifies “sun,” an appropriate name to be
given to the king who is destined to be the deliverer of a captive
people. King Cyrus may have assumed this name when he became
convinced of the mission entrusted to him by Providence.

The authenticity of the Book of Daniel has likewise been impugned,

and its advocates are, it must be admitted, at present very few. The
narratives which the book contains are considered as improbable or
even impossible, and its visions as prophecies ex facto. It was
written, according to these critics, in the period of the Maccabees,
and the name of Daniel was chosen in order to give more weight to
the contents of the book, Daniel being known as a man famous for
his piety among his fellow-exiles. Against this we have the distinct
evidence in the book, in which the author is described as the same
Daniel that lived during the Babylonian exile; Jewish tradition knew
of no other author of the book than Daniel. Although the Book of
Daniel was not placed amongst the books of the Prophets, because
he was not charged with any mission to his fellow-men, the visions
described in Daniel were nevertheless, in Jewish literature,
considered as true and genuine prophecy. The narratives have the
distinct object to teach that piety and firmness in obedience to the
word of God can conquer the rage of the most powerful tyrants; this
tendency on the part of the author is especially noticed in the
manner in which every circumstance bearing on this lesson is
depicted. This, however, does not detract the least from the truth and
genuineness of the facts which, by the plan of Providence, seem to
have taken place for this very purpose. The demand of the king that
the magicians should tell him his dream, which he himself had
forgotten, and that failing to do so they should be put to death;
[215]the decree commanding his subjects to worship the idol and to
pray to him, and other foolish royal acts, almost incredible to us, are
strange indeed, but would appear less strange if all the records of
the acts of Eastern tyrants had been preserved. It has been
contended that the history of the Syrian wars with Egypt, and the
suffering of the Jews through the Syrian invasion, is given in such
detail as could only be done by a contemporary. But apart from the
fact that a careful study of the visions of Daniel will convince us that
we have here only a faint outline of the Syrian wars and not a
detailed description, it must not be forgotten that the author only
reproduces what was shown to him by the Omniscient concerning
the most important event in the history of the nation—the
preservation of the holy religion through the firmness and the
courage of a few faithful servants of God. The fulfilment of the
portion of the vision which referred to the period of the Maccabees is
a guarantee for the fulfilment of the prophecies yet unrealised.

In like manner have the authenticity and the integrity of other Biblical
books been rejected; the method and the arguments are the same;
they are based on a misunderstanding of the true essence of
prophecy and inspiration, and originate in a want of belief in the
Omniscience and Omnipotence of the Divine Being.

On the Ninth Principle, p. 139.

In the Pentateuch there is not the slightest indication that the laws
revealed on Sinai might be superseded by a future Revelation. On
the contrary, we meet repeatedly with the phrases, ‫‏חקת עולם‬‎, “an
everlasting statute,” ‫‏לדרות עולם‬‎, “for everlasting generations,” and
similar expressions, which clearly show the intention of Him who
gave the laws that these should last for ever. The Israelites were told
that [216]Prophets would be sent to them, and that they must listen to
the Prophets and obey them, but at the same time they were
commanded to put to death a prophet who would attempt “to turn
them aside from the way which the Lord commanded them to walk
therein” (Deut. xiii. 6). Besides, the Prophets never speak of a new
Revelation, which would supersede the Torah. When Jeremiah
prophesies about a new covenant, the context teaches the reader
what is meant by the “new covenant.” He speaks of the future and
final restoration of Israel as follows: “Behold, days will come, saith
the Lord, when I shall make a new covenant with the house of Israel
and with the house of Judah. Not like the covenant which I made
with their fathers on the day when I took hold of their hand to bring
them out of the land of Egypt, because they broke my covenant, and
I rejected them, saith the Lord. But this is the covenant which I shall
make with the house of Israel after those days, saith the Lord, when I
set my Law among them and write it upon their heart: both I shall be
to them a God, and they shall be to me a people” (Jer. xxxi. 31–33).
The Law is not to be altered, but it will dwell more firmly in the heart
of Israel; the deliverance from Egypt was soon forgotten, but the
future deliverance will plant the fear and love of God—here called
the Law of God—in the hearts of the people in such a manner that it
will take a deep root and will not be plucked out of it again. There