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An Introduction to Parallel
Programming

SECOND EDITION

Peter S. Pacheco
University of San Francisco

Matthew Malensek
University of San Francisco
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Chapter 1: Why parallel computing

1.1. Why we need ever-increasing performance

1.2. Why we're building parallel systems

1.3. Why we need to write parallel programs

1.4. How do we write parallel programs?

1.5. What we'll be doing

1.6. Concurrent, parallel, distributed

1.7. The rest of the book

 1.8. A word of warning

1.9. Typographical conventions

1.10. Summary

1.11. Exercises

Bibliography

Chapter 2: Parallel hardware and parallel software

2.1. Some background

2.2. Modifications to the von Neumann model

2.3. Parallel hardware

2.4. Parallel software

2.5. Input and output

2.6. Performance

2.7. Parallel program design

2.8. Writing and running parallel programs

2.9. Assumptions

2.10. Summary

2.11. Exercises

Bibliography

Chapter 3: Distributed memory programming with MPI

 3.1. Getting started

3.2. The trapezoidal rule in MPI

3.3. Dealing with I/O

3.4. Collective communication

3.5. MPI-derived datatypes

3.6. Performance evaluation of MPI programs

3.7. A parallel sorting algorithm

3.8. Summary

3.9. Exercises

3.10. Programming assignments

Bibliography

Chapter 4: Shared-memory programming with Pthreads

4.1. Processes, threads, and Pthreads

4.2. Hello, world

4.3. Matrix-vector multiplication

4.4. Critical sections

4.5. Busy-waiting

4.6. Mutexes

4.7. Producer–consumer synchronization and semaphores

4.8. Barriers and condition variables

 4.9. Read-write locks

4.10. Caches, cache-coherence, and false sharing

4.11. Thread-safety

4.12. Summary

4.13. Exercises

4.14. Programming assignments

Bibliography

Chapter 5: Shared-memory programming with OpenMP

5.1. Getting started

5.2. The trapezoidal rule

5.3. Scope of variables

5.4. The reduction clause

5.5. The parallel for directive

5.6. More about loops in OpenMP: sorting

5.7. Scheduling loops

5.8. Producers and consumers

5.9. Caches, cache coherence, and false sharing

5.10. Tasking

5.11. Thread-safety

5.12. Summary
 5.13. Exercises

5.14. Programming assignments

Bibliography

Chapter 6: GPU programming with CUDA

6.1. GPUs and GPGPU

6.2. GPU architectures

6.3. Heterogeneous computing

6.4. CUDA hello

6.5. A closer look

6.6. Threads, blocks, and grids

6.7. Nvidia compute capabilities and device architectures

6.8. Vector addition

6.9. Returning results from CUDA kernels

6.10. CUDA trapezoidal rule I

6.11. CUDA trapezoidal rule II: improving performance

6.12. Implementation of trapezoidal rule with warpSize thread

blocks

6.13. CUDA trapezoidal rule III: blocks with more than one warp

6.14. Bitonic sort

6.15. Summary
 6.16. Exercises

6.17. Programming assignments

Bibliography

Chapter 7: Parallel program development

7.1. Two n-body solvers

7.2. Sample sort

7.3. A word of caution

7.4. Which API?

7.5. Summary

7.6. Exercises

7.7. Programming assignments

Bibliography

Chapter 8: Where to go from here

Bibliography

Bibliography

Bibliography

Index
Copyright
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it

are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than
as may be noted herein).
Cover art: “seven notations,” nickel/silver etched plates,
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changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods,
professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their
own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
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described herein. In using such information or methods
they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety
of others, including parties for whom they have a
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Printed in United States of America

Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Dedication

To the memory of Robert S. Miller

Preface
Parallel hardware has been ubiquitous for some time
now: it's difficult to find a laptop, desktop, or server that
doesn't use a multicore processor. Cluster computing is
nearly as common today as high-powered workstations
were in the 1990s, and cloud computing is making
distributed-memory systems as accessible as desktops. In
spite of this, most computer science majors graduate with
little or no experience in parallel programming. Many
colleges and universities offer upper-division elective
courses in parallel computing, but since most computer
science majors have to take a large number of required
courses, many graduate without ever writing a
multithreaded or multiprocess program.
It seems clear that this state of affairs needs to change.
Whereas many programs can obtain satisfactory
performance on a single core, computer scientists should
be made aware of the potentially vast performance
improvements that can be obtained with parallelism, and
they should be able to exploit this potential when the need
arises.
Introduction to Parallel Programming was written to
partially address this problem. It provides an introduction
to writing parallel programs using MPI, Pthreads, OpenMP,
and CUDA, four of the most widely used APIs for parallel
programming. The intended audience is students and
professionals who need to write parallel programs. The
prerequisites are minimal: a college-level course in
mathematics and the ability to write serial programs in C.
 The prerequisites are minimal, because we believe that
students should be able to start programming parallel
systems as early as possible. At the University of San
Francisco, computer science students can fulfill a
requirement for the major by taking a course on which this
text is based immediately after taking the “Introduction to
Computer Science I” course that most majors take in the
first semester of their freshman year. It has been our
experience that there really is no reason for students to
defer writing parallel programs until their junior or senior
year. To the contrary, the course is popular, and students
have found that using concurrency in other courses is much
easier after having taken this course.
If second-semester freshmen can learn to write parallel
programs by taking a class, then motivated computing
professionals should be able to learn to write parallel
programs through self-study. We hope this book will prove
to be a useful resource for them.
The Second Edition
It has been nearly ten years since the first edition of
Introduction to Parallel Programming was published.
During that time much has changed in the world of parallel
programming, but, perhaps surprisingly, much also remains
the same. Our intent in writing this second edition has been
to preserve the material from the first edition that
continues to be generally useful, but also to add new
material where we felt it was needed.
The most obvious addition is the inclusion of a new
chapter on CUDA programming. When the first edition was
published, CUDA was still very new. It was already clear
that the use of GPUs in high-performance computing would
become very widespread, but at that time we felt that
GPGPU wasn't readily accessible to programmers with
relatively little experience. In the last ten years, that has
clearly changed. Of course, CUDA is not a standard, and
features are added, modified, and deleted with great
rapidity. As a consequence, authors who use CUDA must
present a subject that changes much faster than a
standard, such as MPI, Pthreads, or OpenMP. In spite of
this, we hope that our presentation of CUDA will continue
to be useful for some time.
Another big change is that Matthew Malensek has come
onboard as a coauthor. Matthew is a relatively new
colleague at the University of San Francisco, but he has
extensive experience with both the teaching and
application of parallel computing. His contributions have
greatly improved the second edition.
About This Book
As we noted earlier, the main purpose of the book is to
teach parallel programming in MPI, Pthreads, OpenMP, and
CUDA to an audience with a limited background in
computer science and no previous experience with
parallelism. We also wanted to make the book as flexible as
possible so that readers who have no interest in learning
one or two of the APIs can still read the remaining material
with little effort. Thus the chapters on the four APIs are
largely independent of each other: they can be read in any
order, and one or two of these chapters can be omitted.
This independence has some cost: it was necessary to
repeat some of the material in these chapters. Of course,
repeated material can be simply scanned or skipped.
On the other hand, readers with no prior experience with
parallel computing should read Chapter 1 first. This
chapter attempts to provide a relatively nontechnical
explanation of why parallel systems have come to dominate
the computer landscape. It also provides a short
introduction to parallel systems and parallel programming.
Chapter 2 provides technical background on computer
hardware and software. Chapters 3 to 6 provide
independent introductions to MPI, Pthreads, OpenMP, and
CUDA, respectively. Chapter 7 illustrates the development
of two different parallel programs using each of the four
APIs. Finally, Chapter 8 provides a few pointers to
additional information on parallel computing.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Tarzan, lord
of the jungle
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
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you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Tarzan, lord of the jungle

Author: Edgar Rice Burroughs

Release date: February 12, 2024 [eBook #72938]

Language: English

Original publication: New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers,

1928

Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TARZAN, LORD

OF THE JUNGLE ***
 Tarzan

LORD OF THE JUNGLE

By EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS

GROSSET & DUNLAP, Publishers, NEW YORK

Copyright 1928 by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc.

Copyright renewed 1956 by John Coleman Burroughs

 All Rights Reserved

Printed in the United States of America

 Contents
I. Tantor the Elephant
II. Comrades of the Wild
III. The Apes of Toyat
IV. Bolgani the Gorilla
V. The Tarmangani
VI. Ara the Lightning
VII. The Cross
VIII. The Snake Strikes
IX. Sir Richard
X. The Return of Ulala
XI. Sir James
XII. "Tomorrow Thou Diest!"
XIII. In the Beyt of Zeyd
XIV. Sword and Buckler
XV. The Lonely Grave
XVI. The Great Tourney
XVII. "The Saracens!"
XVIII. The Black Knight
XIX. Lord Tarzan
XX. "I Love You!"
XXI. "For Every Jewel a Drop of Blood!"
XXII. Bride of the Ape
XXIII. Jad-bal-ja
XXIV. Where Trails Met
 TARZAN
Lord of the Jungle

CHAPTER I

Tantor the Elephant

His great bulk swaying to and fro as he threw his weight first upon
one side and then upon the other, Tantor the elephant lolled in the
shade of the father of forests. Almost omnipotent, he, in the realm
of his people. Dango, Sheeta, even Numa the mighty were as
naught to the pachyderm. For a hundred years he had come and
gone up and down the land that had trembled to the comings and
the goings of his forebears for countless ages.
In peace he had lived with Dango the hyena, Sheeta the leopard and
Numa the lion. Man alone had made war upon him. Man, who holds
the unique distinction among created things of making war on all
living creatures, even to his own kind. Man, the ruthless; man, the
pitiless; man, the most hated living organism that Nature has
evolved.
Always during the long hundred years of his life, Tantor had known
man. There had been black men, always. Big black warriors with
spears and arrows, little black warriors, swart Arabs with crude
muskets and white men with powerful express rifles and elephant
guns. The white men had been the last to come and were the worst.
Yet Tantor did not hate men—not even white men. Hate, vengeance,
envy, avarice, lust are a few of the delightful emotions reserved
exclusively for Nature's noblest work—the lower animals do not
know them. Neither do they know fear as man knows it, but rather a
certain bold caution that sends the antelope and the zebra, watchful
and wary, to the water hole with the lion.
Tantor shared this caution with his fellows and avoided men—
especially white men; and so had there been other eyes there that
day to see, their possessor might almost have questioned their
veracity, or attributed their error to the half-light of the forest as
they scanned the figure sprawling prone upon the rough back of the
elephant, half dozing in the heat to the swaying of the great body;
for, despite the sun-bronzed hide, the figure was quite evidently that
of a white man. But there were no other eyes to see and Tantor
drowsed in the heat of midday and Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle, dozed
upon the back of his mighty friend. A sultry air current moved
sluggishly from the north, bringing to the keen nostrils of the ape-
man no disquieting perception. Peace lay upon the jungle and the
two beasts were content.
In the forest Fahd and Motlog, of the tribe el-Harb, hunted north
from the menzil of Sheik Ibn Jad of the Beny Salem fendy el-Guad.
With them were black slaves. They advanced warily and in silence
upon the fresh spoor of el-fil the elephant, the thoughts of the swart
'Aarab dwelling upon ivory, those of the black slaves upon fresh
meat. The 'abd Fejjuan, black Galla slave, sleek, ebon warrior, eater
of raw meat, famed hunter, led the others.
Fejjuan, as his comrades, thought of fresh meat, but also he thought
of el-Habash, the land from which he had been stolen as a boy. He
thought of coming again to the lonely Galla hut of his parents.
Perhaps el-Habash was not far off now. For months Ibn Jad had
been traveling south and now he had come east for a long distance.
El-Habash must be near. When he was sure of that his days of
slavery would be over and Ibn Jad would have lost his best Galla
slave.
Two marches to the north, in the southern extremity of Abyssinia,
stood the round dwelling of the father of Fejjuan, almost on the
roughly mapped route that Ibn Jad had planned nearly a year since
when he had undertaken this mad adventure upon the advice of a
learned Sahar, a magician of repute. But of either the exact location
of his father's house or the exact plans of Ibn Jad, Fejjuan was
equally ignorant. He but dreamed, and his dreams were flavored
with raw meat.
The leaves of the forest drowsed in the heat above the heads of the
hunters. Beneath the drowsing leaves of other trees a stone's throw
ahead of them Tarzan and Tantor slept, their perceptive faculties
momentarily dulled by the soothing influence of fancied security and
the somnolence that is a corollary of equatorial midday.
Fejjuan, the Galla slave, halted in his tracks, stopping those behind
him by the silent mandate of an upraised hand. Directly before him,
seen dimly between the boles and through the foliage, swayed the
giant bulk of el-fil. Fejjuan motioned to Fahd, who moved stealthily
to the side of the black. The Galla slave pointed through the foliage
toward a patch of gray hide. Fahd raised el-Lazzary, his ancient
matchlock, to his shoulder. There was a flash of flame, a burst of
smoke, a roar and el-fil, unhit, was bolting through the forest.
As Tantor surged forward at the sound of the report Tarzan started
to spring to an upright position, and at the same instant the
pachyderm passed beneath a low hanging limb which struck the
ape-man's head, sweeping him to the ground, where he lay stunned
and unconscious.
Terrified, Tantor thought only of escape as he ran north through the
forest, leaving in his wake felled trees, trampled or uptorn bushes.
Perhaps he did not know that his friend lay helpless and injured, at
the mercy of the common enemy, man. Tantor never thought of
Tarzan as one of the Tarmangani, for the white man was
synonymous with discomfort, pain, annoyance, whereas Tarzan of
the Apes meant to him restful companionship, peace, happiness. Of
all the jungle beasts, except his own kind, he fraternized with Tarzan
only.
"Billah! Thou missed," exclaimed Fejjuan.
"Gluck!" ejaculated Fahd. "Sheytan guided the bullet. But let us see
—perhaps el-fil is hit."
"Nay, thou missed."
The two men pushed forward, followed by their fellows, looking for
the hoped-for carmine spoor. Fahd suddenly stopped.
"Wellah! What have we here?" he cried. "I fired at el-fil and killed a
Nasrany."
The others crowded about. "It is indeed a Christian dog, and naked,
too," said Motlog.
"Or some wild man of the forest," suggested another. "Where didst
thy bullet strike him, Fahd?"
They stooped and rolled Tarzan over. "There is no mark of bullet
upon him."
"Is he dead? Perhaps he, too, hunted el-fil and was slain by the
great beast."
"He is not dead," announced Fejjuan, who had kneeled and placed
an ear above the ape-man's heart. "He lives and from the mark upon
his head I think but temporarily out of his wits from a blow. See, he
lies in the path that el-fil made when he ran away—he was struck
down in the brute's flight."
"I will finish him," said Fahd, drawing his khusa.
"By Ullah, no! Put back thy knife, Fahd," said Motlog. "Let the
sheykh say if he shall be killed. Thou art always too eager for
blood."
"It is but a Nasrany," insisted Fahd. "Think thou to carry him back to
the menzil?"
"He moves," said Fejjuan. "Presently he will be able to walk there
without help. But perhaps he will not come with us, and look, he
hath the size and muscles of a giant. Wellah! What a man!"
"Bind him," commanded Fahd. So with thongs of camel hide they
made the ape-man's two wrists secure together across his belly, nor
was the work completed any too soon. They had scarce done when
Tarzan opened his eyes and looked them slowly over. He shook his
head, like some great lion, and presently his senses cleared. He
recognized the 'Aarab instantly for what they were.
"Why are my wrists bound?" he asked them in their own tongue.
"Remove the thongs!"
Fahd laughed. "Thinkest thou, Nasrany, that thou art some great
sheykh that thou canst order about the Beduw as they were dogs?"
"I am Tarzan," replied the ape-man, as one might say, "I am the
sheykh of sheykhs."
"Tarzan!" exclaimed Motlog. He drew Fahd aside. "Of all men," he
said, lowering his voice, "that it should be our ill fortune to offend
this one! In every village that we have entered in the past two
weeks we have heard his name. 'Wait,' they have said, 'until Tarzan,
Lord of the Jungle, returns. He will slay you when he learns that you
have taken slaves in his country'."
"When I drew my khusa thou shouldst not have stopped my hand,
Motlog," complained Fahd; "but it is not too late yet." He placed his
hand upon the hilt of his knife.
"Billah, nay!" cried Motlog. "We have taken slaves in this country.
They are with us now and some of them will escape. Suppose they
carry word to the fendy of this great sheykh that we have slain him?
Not one of us will live to return to Beled el-Guad."
"Let us then take him before Ibn Jad that the responsibility may be
his," said Fahd.
"Wellah, you speak wisely," replied Motlog. "What the sheykh doeth
with this man is the sheykh's business. Come!"
As they returned to where Tarzan stood he eyed them questioningly.
"What have you decided to do with me?" he demanded. "If you are
wise you will cut these bonds and lead me to your sheykh. I wish a
word with him."
"We are only poor men," said Motlog. "It is not for us to say what
shall be done, and so we shall take you to our sheykh who will
decide."
The Sheik Ibn Jad of the fendy el-Guad squatted in the open men's
compartment of his beyt es-sh'ar, and beside him in the mukaad of
his house of hair sat Tollog, his brother, and a young Beduin, Zeyd,
who, doubtless, found less attraction in the company of the shiek
than in the proximity of the sheik's hareem whose quarters were
separated from the mukaad only by a breast high curtain suspended
between the waist poles of the beyt, affording thus an occasional
glimpse of Ateja, the daughter of Ibn Jad. That it also afforded an
occasional glimpse of Hirfa, his wife, raised not the temperature of
Zeyd an iota.
As the men talked the two women were busy within their apartment
at their housewifely duties. In a great brazen jidda Hirfa was placing
mutton to be boiled for the next meal while Ateja fashioned sandals
from an old bag of camel leather impregnated with the juice of the
dates that it had borne upon many a rahla, and meanwhile they
missed naught of the conversation that passed in the mukaad.
"We have come a long way without mishap from our own beled,"
Ibn Jad was remarking, "and the way has been longer because I
wished not to pass through el-Habash lest we be set upon or
followed by the people of that country. Now may we turn north
again and enter el-Habash close to the spot where the magician
foretold we should find the treasure city of Nimmr."
"And thinkest thou to find this fabled city easily, once we are within
the boundaries of el-Habash?" asked Tollog, his brother.
"Wellah, yes. It is known to the people of this far south Habash.
Fejjuan, himself an Habashy, though he has never been there, heard
of it as a boy. We shall take prisoners among them and, by the grace
of Ullah, we shall find the means to loose their tongues and have the
truth from them."
"By Ullah, I hope it does not prove like the treasure that lies upon
the great rock el-Howwara in the plain of Medain Salih," said Zeyd.
"An afrit guards it where it lays sealed in a stone tower and they say
that should it be removed disaster would befall man-kind; for men
would turn upon their friends, and even upon their brothers, the
sons of their fathers and mothers, and the kings of the world would
give battle, one against another."
"Yea," testified Tollog, "I had it from one of the fendy Hazim that a
wise Moghreby came by there in his travels and consulting the
cabalistic signs in his book of magic discovered that indeed the
treasure lay there."
"But none dared take it up," said Zeyd.
"Billah!" exclaimed Ibn Jad. "There be no afrit guarding the
treasures of Nimmr. Naught but flesh and blood Habash that may be
laid low with ball and powder. The treasure is ours for the taking."
"Ullah grant that it may be as easily found as the treasure of
Geryeh," said Zeyd, "which lays a journey north of Tebuk in the
ancient ruins of a walled city. There, each Friday, the pieces of
money roll out of the ground and run about over the desert until
sunset."
"Once we are come to Nimmr there will be no difficulty finding the
treasure," Ibn Jad assured them. "The difficulty will lie in getting out
of el-Habash with the treasure and the woman; and if she is as
beautiful as the sahar said, the men of Nimmr may protect her even
more savagely than they would the treasure."
"Often do magicians lie," said Tollog.
"Who comes?" exclaimed Ibn Jad, looking toward the jungle that
hemmed the menzil upon all sides.
"Billah! it is Fahd and Motlog returning from the hunt," said Tollog.
"Ullah grant that they bring ivory and meat."
"They return too soon," said Zeyd.
"But they do not come empty handed," and Ibn Jad pointed toward
the naked giant that accompanied the returning hunters.
The group surrounding Tarzan approached the sheik's beyt and
halted.
Wrapped in his soiled calico thob, his head kerchief drawn across the
lower part of his face, Ibn Jad exposed but two villainous eyes to the
intent scrutiny of the ape-man which simultaneously included the
pock-marked, shifty-eyed visage of Tollog, the sheik's brother, and
the not ill-favored countenance of the youthful Zeyd.
"Who is sheykh here?" demanded Tarzan in tones of authority that
belied the camel leather thongs about his wrists.
Ibn Jad permitted his thorrib to fall from before his face. "Wellah, I
am sheykh," he said, "and by what name art thou known, Nasrany?"
"They call me Tarzan of the Apes, Moslem."
"Tarzan of the Apes," mused Ibn Jad. "I have heard the name."
"Doubtless. It is not unknown to 'Aarab slave raiders. Why, then,
came you to my country, knowing I do not permit my people to be
taken into slavery?"
"We do not come for slaves," Ibn Jad assured him. "We do but trade
in peace for ivory."
"Thou liest in thy beard, Moslem," returned Tarzan, quietly. "I
recognize both Manyuema and Galla slaves in thy menzil, and I know
that they are not here of their own choosing. Then, too, was I not
present when your henchmen fired a shot at el-fil? Is that peaceful
trading for ivory? No! it is poaching, and that Tarzan of the Apes
does not permit in his country. You are raiders and poachers."
"By Ullah! we are honest men," cried Ibn Jad. "Fahd and Motlog did
but hunt for meat. If they shot el-fil it must be that they mistook him
for another beast."
"Enough!" cried Tarzan. "Remove the thongs that bind me and
prepare to return north from whence thou came. Thou shalt have an
escort and bearers to the Soudan. These will I arrange for."
"We have come a long way and wish only to trade in peace," insisted
Ibn Jad. "We shall pay our bearers for their labor and take no slaves,
nor shall we again fire upon el-fil. Let us go our way and when we
return we will pay you well for permission to pass through your
country."
Tarzan shook his head. "No! you shall go at once. Come, cut these
bonds!"
Ibn Jad's eyes narrowed. "We have offered thee peace and profits,
Nasrany," he said, "but if thou wouldst have war let it be war. Thou
art in our power and remember that dead enemies are harmless.
Think it over." And to Fahd: "Take him away and bind his feet."
"Be careful, Moslem," warned Tarzan, "the arms of the ape-man are
long—they may reach out even in death and their fingers encircle
your throat."
"Thou shalt have until dark to decide, Nasrany, and thou mayest
know that Ibn Jad will not turn back until he hath that for which he
came."
They took Tarzan then and at a distance from the beyt of Ibn Jad
they pushed him into a small hejra; but once within this tent it
required three men to throw him to the ground and bind his ankles,
even though his wrists were already bound.
In the beyt of the sheik the Beduins sipped their coffee, sickish with
clove, cinnamon and other spice, the while they discussed the ill
fortune that had befallen them; for, regardless of his bravado, Ibn
Jad knew full well that only speed and most propitious circumstances
could now place the seal of success upon his venture.
"But for Motlog," said Fahd, "we would now have no cause for worry
concerning the Nasrany, for I had my knife ready to slit the dog's
throat when Motlog interfered."
"And had word of his slaying spread broadcast over his country
before another sunset and all his people at our heels," countered
Motlog.
"Wellah," said Tollog, the sheik's brother. "I wish Fahd had done the
thing he wished. After all how much better off are we if we permit
the Nasrany to live? Should we free him we know that he will gather
his people and drive us from the country. If we keep him prisoner
and an escaped slave carries word of it to his people will they not be
upon us even more surely than as though we had slain him?"
"Tollog, thou speakest words of wisdom," said Ibn Jad, nodding
appreciatively.
"But wait," said Tollog, "I have within me, unspoken, words of even
greater worth." He leaned forward motioning the others closer and
lowered his voice. "Should this one whom they call Tarzan escape
during the night, or should we set him free, there would be no bad
word for an escaped slave to bear to his people."
"Billah!" exclaimed Fahd disgustedly. "There would be no need for an
escaped slave to bring word to his people—the Nasrany himself
would do that and lead them upon us in person. Bah! the brains of
Tollog are as camel's dung."
"Thou hast not heard all that I would say, brother," continued Tollog,
ignoring Fahd. "It would only seem to the slaves that this man had
escaped, for in the morning he would be gone and we would make
great lamentation over the matter, or we would say: 'Wellah, it is
true that Ibn Jad made peace with the stranger, who departed into
the jungle, blessing him'."
"I do not follow thee, brother," said Ibn Jad.
"The Nasrany lies bound in yonder hejra. The night will be dark. A
slim knife between his ribs were enough. There be faithful Habash
among us who will do our bidding, nor speak of the matter after.
They can prepare a trench from the bottom of which a dead Tarzan
may not reach out to harm us."
"By Ullah, it is plain that thou art of sheykhly blood, Tollog,"
exclaimed Ibn Jad. "The wisdom of thy words proclaims it. Thou
shalt attend to the whole matter. Then will it be done secretly and
well. The blessings of Ullah be upon thee!" and Ibn Jad arose and
entered the quarters of his hareem.

CHAPTER II

Comrades of the Wild

Darkness fell upon the menzil of Ibn Jad the sheik. Beneath the
small flitting tent where his captors had left him, Tarzan still
struggled with the bonds that secured his wrists, but the tough
camel leather withstood even the might of his giant thews. At times
he lay listening to the night noises of the jungle, many of them
noises that no other human ear could have heard, and always he
interpreted each correctly. He knew when Numa passed and Sheeta
the leopard; and then from afar and so faintly that it was but the
shadow of a whisper, there came down the wind the trumpeting of a
bull elephant.
Without the beyt of Ibn Jad Ateja, the sheik's daughter, loitered, and
with her was Zeyd. They stood very close to one another and the
man held the maiden's hands in his.
"Tell me, Ateja," he said, "that you love no other than Zeyd."
"How many times must I tell you that?" whispered the girl.
"And you do not love Fahd?" insisted the man.
"Billah, no!" she ejaculated.
"Yet your father gives the impression that one day you will be
Fahd's."
"My father wishes me to be of the hareem of Fahd, but I mistrust
the man, and I could not belong to one whom I neither loved nor
trusted."
"I, too, mistrust Fahd," said Zeyd. "Listen Ateja! I doubt his loyalty to
thy father, and not his alone, but another whose name I durst not
even whisper. Upon occasions I have seen them muttering together
when they thought that there were no others about."
The girl nodded her head. "I know. It is not necessary even to
whisper the name to me—and I hate him even as I hate Fahd."
"But he is of thine own kin," the youth reminded her.
"What of that? Is he not also my father's brother? If that bond does
not hold him loyal to Ibn Jad, who hath treated him well, why should
I pretend loyalty for him? Nay, I think him a traitor to my father, but
Ibn Jad seems blind to the fact. We are a long way from our own
country and if aught should befall the sheykh, Tollog, being next of
blood, would assume the sheykhly duties and honors. I think he
hath won Fahd's support by a promise to further his suit for me with
Ibn Jad, for I have noticed that Tollog exerts himself to praise Fahd
in the hearing of my father."
"And perhaps a division of the spoils of the ghrazzu upon the
treasure city," suggested Zeyd.
"It is not unlikely," replied the girl, "and—Ullah! what was that?"
The Beduins seated about the coffee fire leaped to their feet. The
black slaves, startled, peered out into the darkness from their rude
shelters. Muskets were seized. Silence fell again upon the tense,
listening menzil. The weird, uncanny cry that had unnerved them
was not repeated.
"Billah!" ejaculated Ibn Jad. "It came from the midst of the menzil,
and it was the voice of a beast, where there are only men and a few
domestic animals."
"Could it have been——?" The speaker stopped as though fearful
that the thing he would suggest might indeed be true.
"But he is a man and that was the voice of a beast," insisted Ibn
Jad. "It could not have been he."
"But he is a Nasrany," reminded Fahd. "Perhaps he has league with
Sheytan."
"And the sound came from the direction where he lies bound in a
hejra," observed another.
"Come!" said Ibn Jad. "Let us investigate."
With muskets ready the 'Aarab, lighting the way with paper lanterns,
approached the hejra where Tarzan lay. Fearfully the foremost
looked within.
"He is here," he reported.
Tarzan, who was sitting in the center of the tent, surveyed the
'Aarab somewhat contemptuously, Ibn Jad pressed forward.
"You heard a cry?" he demanded of the ape-man.
"Yes, I heard it. Camest thou, Sheykh Ibn Jad, to disturb my rest
upon so trivial an errand, or camest thou to release me?"
"What manner of cry was it? What did it signify?" asked Ibn Jad.
Tarzan of the Apes smiled grimly. "It was but the call of a beast to
one of his kind," he replied. "Does the noble Beduwy tremble thus
always when he hears the voices of the jungle people?"
"Gluck!" growled Ibn Jad, "the Beduw fear naught. We thought the
sound came from this hejra and we hastened hither believing some
jungle beast had crept within the menzil and attacked thee.
Tomorrow it is the thought of Ibn Jad to release thee."
"Why not tonight?"
"My people fear thee. They would that when you are released you
depart hence immediately."
"I shall. I have no desire to remain in thy lice infested menzil."
"We could not send thee alone into the jungle at night where el-
adrea is abroad hunting," protested the sheik.
Tarzan of the Apes smiled again, one of his rare smiles. "Tarzan is
more secure in his teeming jungle than are the Beduwy in their
desert," he replied. "The jungle night has no terrors for Tarzan."
"Tomorrow," snapped the sheik and then, motioning to his followers,
he departed.
Tarzan watched their paper lanterns bobbing across the camp to the
sheik's beyt and then he stretched himself at full length and pressed
an ear to the ground.
When the inhabitants of the 'Aarab menzil heard the cry of the beast
shatter the quiet of the new night it aroused within their breasts a
certain vague unrest, but otherwise it was meaningless to them. Yet
there was one far off in the jungle who caught the call faintly and
understood—a huge beast, the great, gray dreadnaught of the
jungle, Tantor the elephant. Again he raised his trunk aloft and
trumpeted loudly. His little eyes gleamed redly wicked as, a moment
later, he swung off through the forest at a rapid trot.
Slowly silence fell upon the menzil of Sheik Ibn Jad as the 'Aarab and
their slaves sought their sleeping mats. Only the sheik and his
brother sat smoking in the sheik's beyt—smoking and whispering in
low tones.
"Do not let the slaves see you slay the Nasrany, Tollog," cautioned
Ibn Jad. "Attend to that yourself first in secrecy and in silence, then
quietly arouse two of the slaves. Fejjuan would be as good as
another, as he has been among us since childhood and is loyal. He
will do well for one."
"Abbas is loyal, too, and strong," suggested Tollog.
"Yea, let him be the second," agreed Ibn Jad. "But it is well that they
do not know how the Nasrany came to die. Tell them that you heard
a noise in the direction of his hejra and that when you had come to
learn the nature of it you found him thus dead."
"You may trust to my discretion, brother," Tollog assured.
"And warn them to secrecy," continued the sheik. "No man but we
four must ever know of the death of the Nasrany, nor of his place of
burial. In the morning we shall tell the others that he escaped during
the night. Leave his cut bonds within the hejra as proof. You
understand?"
"By Ullah, fully."
"Good! Now go. The people sleep." The sheik rose and Tollog, also.
The former entered the apartment of his hareem and the latter
moved silently through the darkness of the night in the direction of
the hejra where his victim lay.
Through the jungle came Tantor the elephant and from his path fled
gentle beasts and fierce. Even Numa the lion slunk growling to one
side as the mighty pachyderm passed.
Into the darkness of the hejra crept Tollog, the sheik's brother; but
Tarzan, lying with an ear to the ground, had heard him approaching
from the moment that he had left the beyt of Ibn Jad. Tarzan heard
other sounds as well and, as he interpreted these others, he
interpreted the stealthy approach of Tollog and was convinced when
the footsteps turned into the tent where he lay—convinced of the
purpose of his visitor. For what purpose but the taking of his life
would a Beduin visit Tarzan at this hour of the night?
As Tollog, groping in the dark, entered the tent Tarzan sat erect and
again there smote upon the ears of the Beduin the horrid cry that
had disturbed the menzil earlier in the evening, but this time it arose
in the very hejra in which Tollog stood.
The Beduin halted, aghast. "Ullah!" he cried, stepping back. "What
beast is there? Nasrany! Art thou being attacked?"
Others in the camp were awakened, but none ventured forth to
investigate. Tarzan smiled and remained silent.
"Nasrany!" repeated Tollog, but there was no reply.
Cautiously, his knife ready in his hand, the Beduin backed from the
hejra. He listened but heard no sound from within. Running quickly
to his own beyt he made a light in a paper lantern and hastened
back to the hejra, and this time he carried his musket and it was at
full cock. Peering within, the lantern held above his head, Tollog saw
the ape-man sitting upon the ground looking at him. There was no
wild beast! Then the Beduin understood.
"Billah! It wast thou, Nasrany, who made the fearful cries."
"Beduwy, thou comest to kill the Nasrany, eh?" demanded Tarzan.
From the jungle came the roar of a lion and the trumpeting of a bull
elephant, but the boma was high and sharp with thorns and there
were guards and beast fire, so Tollog gave no thought to these
familiar noises of the night. He did not answer Tarzan's question but
laid aside his musket and drew his khusa, which after all was answer
enough.
In the dim light of the paper lantern Tarzan watched these
preparations. He saw the cruel expression upon the malevolent face.
He saw the man approaching slowly, the knife ready in his hand.
The man was almost upon him now, his eyes glittering in the faint
light. To the ears of the ape-man came the sound of a commotion at
the far edge of the menzil, followed by an Arab oath. Then Tollog
launched a blow at Tarzan's breast. The prisoner swung his bound
wrists upward and struck the Beduin's knife arm away, and
simultaneously he struggled to his knees.
With an oath, Tollog struck again, and again Tarzan fended the blow,
and this time he followed swiftly with a mighty sweep of his arms
that struck the Beduin upon the side of the head and sent him
sprawling across the hejra; but Tollog was instantly up and at him
again, this time with the ferocity of a maddened bull, yet at the
same time with far greater cunning, for instead of attempting a
direct frontal attack Tollog leaped quickly around Tarzan to strike him
from behind.
In his effort to turn upon his knees that he might face his antagonist
the ape-man lost his balance, his feet being bound together, and fell
prone at Tollog's mercy. A vicious smile bared the yellow teeth of the
Beduin.
"Die, Nasrany!" he cried, and then: "Billah! What was that?" as, of a
sudden, the entire tent was snatched from above his head and
hurled off into the night. He turned quickly and a shriek of terror
burst from his lips as he saw, red-eyed and angry, the giant form of
el-fil towering above him; and in that very instant a supple trunk
encircled his body and Tollog, the sheik's brother, was raised high
aloft and hurled off into the darkness as the tent had been.
For an instant Tantor stood looking about, angrily, defiantly, then he
reached down and lifted Tarzan from the ground, raised him high
above his head, wheeled about and trotted rapidly across the menzil
toward the jungle. A frightened sentry fired once and fled. The other
sentry lay crushed and dead where Tantor had hurled him when he
entered the camp. An instant later Tarzan and Tantor were
swallowed by the jungle and the darkness.
The menzil of Sheik Ibn Jad was in an uproar. Armed men hastened
hither and thither seeking the cause of the disturbance, looking for
an attacking enemy. Some came to the spot where had stood the
hejra where the Nasrany had been confined, but hejra and Nasrany
both had disappeared. Nearby, the beyt of one of Ibn Jad's cronies
lay flattened. Beneath it were screaming women and a cursing man.
On top of it was Tollog, the sheik's brother, his mouth filled with vile
Beduin invective, whereas it should have contained only praises of
Allah and thanksgiving, for Tollog was indeed a most fortunate man.
Had he alighted elsewhere than upon the top of a sturdily pegged
beyt he had doubtless been killed or badly injured when Tantor
hurled him thus rudely aside.
Ibn Jad, searching for information, arrived just as Tollog was
extricating himself from the folds of the tent.
"Billah!" cried the sheik. "What has come to pass? What, O brother,
art thou doing upon the beyt of Abd el-Aziz?"
A slave came running to the sheik. "The Nasrany is gone and he
hath taken the hejra with him," he cried.
Ibn Jad turned to Tollog. "Canst thou not explain, brother?" he
demanded. "Is the Nasrany truly departed?"
"The Nasrany is indeed gone," replied Tollog. "He is in league with
Sheytan, who came in the guise of el-fil and carried the Nasrany into
the jungle, after throwing me upon the top of the beyt of Abd el-Aziz
whom I still hear squealing and cursing beneath as though it had
been he who was attacked rather than I."
Ibn Jad shook his head. Of course he knew that Tollog was a liar—
that he always had known—yet he could not understand how his
brother had come to be upon the top of the beyt of Abed el-Aziz.
"What did the sentries see?" demanded the sheik. "Where were
they?"
"They were at their post," spoke up Motlog. "I was just there. One of
them is dead, the other fired upon the intruder as it escaped."
"And what said he of it?" demanded Ibn Jad.
"Wellah, he said that el-fil came and entered the menzil, killing
Yemeny and rushing to the hejra where the Nasrany lay bound,
ripping it aside, throwing Tollog high into the air. Then he seized the
prisoner and bore him off into the jungle, and as he passed him
Hasan fired."
"And missed," guessed Ibn Jad.
For several moments the sheik stood in thought, then he turned
slowly toward his own beyt. "Tomorrow, early, is the rahla," he said;
and the word spread quickly that early upon the morrow they would
break camp.
Far into the forest Tantor bore Tarzan until they had come to a small
clearing well carpeted with grass, and here the elephant deposited
his burden gently upon the ground and stood guard above.
"In the morning," said Tarzan, "when Kudu the Sun hunts again
through the heavens and there is light by which to see, we shall
discover what may be done about removing these bonds, Tantor;
but for now let us sleep."
Numa the lion, Dango the hyena, Sheeta the leopard passed near
that night, and the scent of the helpless man-thing was strong in
their nostrils, but when they saw who stood guard above Tarzan and
heard the mutterings of the big bull, they passed on about their
business while Tarzan of the Apes slept.
With the coming of dawn all was quickly astir in the menzil of Ibn
Jad. Scarce was the meagre breakfast eaten ere the beyt of the
sheik was taken down by his women, and at this signal the other
houses of hair came tumbling to the ground, and within the hour the
'Aarab were winding northward toward el-Habash.
The Beduins and their women were mounted upon the desert ponies
that had survived the long journey from the north, while the slaves
that they had brought with them from their own country marched
afoot at the front and rear of the column in the capacity of askari,
and these were armed with muskets. Their bearers were the natives
that they had impressed into their service along the way. These
carried the impedimenta of the camp and herded the goats and
sheep along the trail.
Zeyd rode beside Ateja, the daughter of the sheik, and more often
were his eyes upon her profile than upon the trail ahead. Fahd, who
rode near Ibn Jad, cast an occasional angry glance in the direction
of the two. Tollog, the sheik's brother, saw and grinned.
"Zeyd is a bolder suitor than thou, Fahd," he whispered to the young
man.
"He has whispered lies into her ears and she will have none of me,"
complained Fahd.
"If the sheykh favored thy suit though," suggested Tollog.
"But he does not," snapped Fahd. "A word from you might aid. You
promised it."
"Wellah, yes, but my brother is an over-indulgent sire," explained
Tollog. "He doth not mislike you, Fahd, but rather he would have his
bint happy, and so leaves the selection of her mate to her."
"What is there to do, then?" demanded Fahd.
"If I were sheykh, now," suggested Tollog, "but alas I am not."
"If you were sheykh, what then?"
"My niece would go to the man of my own choosing."
"But you are not sheykh," Fahd reminded him.
Tollog leaned close and whispered in Fahd's ear. "A suitor as bold as
Zeyd would find the way to make me sheykh."
Fahd made no reply but only rode on in silence, his head bowed and
his brows contracted in thought.

CHAPTER III

The Apes of Toyat

Three days crawled slowly out of the east and followed one another
across the steaming jungle and over the edge of the world beyond.
For three days the 'Aarab moved slowly northward toward el-
Habash. For three days Tarzan of the Apes lay in the little clearing,
bound and helpless, while Tantor the elephant stood guard above
him. Once each day the great bull brought the ape-man food and
water.
The camel leather thongs held securely and no outside aid appeared
to release Tarzan from the ever increasing discomfort and danger of
his predicament. He had called to Manu the monkey to come and
gnaw the strands apart, but Manu, ever irresponsible, had only
promised and forgotten. And so the ape-man lay uncomplaining, as
is the way of beasts, patiently waiting for release, knowing that it
might come in the habiliment of death.
Upon the morning of the fourth day Tantor gave evidences of
restlessness. His brief foragings had exhausted the nearby supply of
food for himself and his charge. He wanted to move on and take
Tarzan with him; but the ape-man was now convinced that to be
carried farther into the elephant country would lessen his chances
for succor, for he felt that the only one of the jungle people who
could release him was Mangani the great ape. Tarzan knew that
already he was practically at the outer limits of the Mangani country,
yet there was a remote chance that a band of the great anthropoids
might pass this way and discover him, while, should Tantor carry him
farther north even this meager likelihood of release would be lost
forever.
Tantor wanted to be gone. He nudged Tarzan with his trunk and
rolled him over. He raised him from the ground.
"Put me down, Tantor," said the ape-man, and the pachyderm
obeyed, but he turned and walked away. Tarzan watched him cross
the clearing to the trees upon the far side. There Tantor hesitated,
stopped, turned. He looked back at Tarzan and trumpeted. He dug
up the earth with a great tusk and appeared angry.
"Go and feed," said Tarzan, "and then return. Tomorrow the Mangani
may come."
Tantor trumpeted again and, wheeling about, disappeared in the
jungle. For a long time the ape-man lay listening to the retreating
footfalls of his old friend.
"He is gone," he mused. "I cannot blame him. Perhaps it is as well.
What matter whether it be today, tomorrow, or the day after?"