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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1234

Vijayan Sugumaran
Zheng Xu
Huiyu Zhou Editors

Application
of Intelligent Systems
in Multi-modal
Information Analytics
Proceedings of the 2020 International
Conference on Multi-model
Information Analytics (MMIA2020),
Volume 2
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 1234

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Rafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Hani Hagras, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,
University of Essex, Colchester, UK
László T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,
Gyor, Hungary
Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Chin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Jie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Patricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Institute
of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
Nadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen , Faculty of Computer Science and Management,
Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Jun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications
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Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer
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Vijayan Sugumaran Zheng Xu
• •

Huiyu Zhou
Editors

Application of Intelligent
Systems in Multi-modal
Information Analytics
Proceedings of the 2020 International
Conference on Multi-model Information
Analytics (MMIA2020), Volume 2

123
Editors
Vijayan Sugumaran Zheng Xu
Department of Decision and Information Shanghai University of Medicine
Sciences, and Center for Data Science and Health Sciences
and Big Data Analytics Shanghai, China
Oakland University, School of Business
Administration
Rochester, MI, USA

Huiyu Zhou
Department of Informatics
University of Leicester
Leicester, UK

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-51555-3 ISBN 978-3-030-51556-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51556-0
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Contents

Part I: Multi-modal Informatics in Industrial, Robot, and Smart City

Noise Data Removal Method of Frequency Response Curve
Based on MNKriging Interpolation Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ling Wei, Zijuan Guo, Shaolei Zhai, Cong Qi, En Wang, Tao Deng,
Wenhua Chen, and Bing Lu
An Analysis Method of Multi Round Interactive Semantics
for Power Enterprises Based on Solr Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Zheheng Liang, Jijun Zeng, Daohuan Jiang, and Gongfeng Zhu
Simplification Method of Two-Level Stroke Line Based
on Painting Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Yu Lin
Typical Risk Situations in Driving Situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Yulei Liu
Construction of Smart Campus Under the Background of Big Data . . . 32
Peilu Feng
Mass Fashion Life Service Space in Intelligent Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Hesen Li
Development Background of China’s Energy Internet Industry
and Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Shanshan Wu, Xingpei Ji, Qingkun Tan, and Rui Tang
Probe on Curriculum Design of Electronic Circuit Based
on Multisim14.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Guangjun Yuan, Jiyuan Sun, Zhenjun Lei, and Yang Lu
Coupling Dynamics of Complex Electromechanical System . . . . . . . . . . 56
Zhouhong He and Xiaowen Liao

v
vi Contents

Development Strategy of Educational Robot Industry Based on Big

Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Jingqiu Yang and Yiquan Shi
Selection of Urban Rail Transit Connection Mode Under Nested
Logit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Tao Liu
Design Method of Aerobics Teaching Assistant Platform
Based on 5G Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Qiong Huang and Fubin Wang
Transformation and Upgrading of Manufacturing Industry Under
the Background of the Digital Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Haiyan Jiang and Xuhui Chen
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties
of Wear-Resistant Cast Steel with High Strength and Toughness . . . . . 88
Haijun Cui, Bo Zhang, and Meng Wang
Computer Aided Design and Manufacture of Pen Holder
for Complex Mechanical Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Zhanbin Gu
The Design and Implementation of Seismic Hazard Emergency
Assessment System of Dongguan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Ping He, Xiuwu Chen, and Ting He
Role of Robot Technique in the Manufacture of New Energy
Vehicle Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Juan Shao
Intelligent Vibration Control Method of Wire Rope
Lifting Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Ye Tian
Development Path of Energy Internet Industry for Grid
Enterprises Based on the Industrial Development Priority Model . . . . . 123
Shanshan Wu and Rui Tang
Application of PLC Technology in Electrical Engineering
and Automation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Meng Wang
Development of Multifunctional Calculator Based on MCU
(Microcontroller Unit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Qinzhu Wang
Innovative Path of IAP Education in Colleges and Universities
Under the Background of “Smart Campus” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Shengli Wang
Contents vii

Autonomous Vehicle Control System Based on Mecanum Wheel . . . . . . 149

Yanchun Cheng, Yu Liu, Rundong Wang, Yong Liu, and Rui Zhou
Analysis and System Construction of Information-Based
Engineering Management Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Jieyun Yang
Device for Super Capacitor Constant Power Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Shun Wang and Yixian Chen
Robust Optimization Model of Island Energy System Based
on Uncertainty of Wind and Photovoltaic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Zhihong Gu, Huiwen Qi, Zhuo Liu, and Rong Zhang
Exploration and Research on Project Engineering Management
Mode Based on BIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Dongfeng Li
Building Optimization Based on Wind Environment
Simulation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Zhuo Wei, Ningning Xie, and Zhe Jiao
Feasibility Study of Zero Trust Security in the Power Industry . . . . . . . 195
Fei Hu, Wei Liu, Danni Wang, and Ran Ran
Construction of Digital Factory Platform Based
on Intelligent Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Ying Kou, Longfei Zhang, and Liang Zhou
Application of Internet of Things in the Construction of Smart City . . . 212
Ge Guo and Liang Pang
Adaptive Modeling Algorithm in Distributed Aircraft Intelligent
Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Zhang Jinhe, Sun Shujian, Hong Tao, and Du Bin
Adaptive Control of Wind Power System Based on TMS320 . . . . . . . . . 224
Zenghui Guo
The Zynq-7000 SoC on UltraScale Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Zhiwei Tang
VHDL Design of Motor Control Module on FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Zhiwei Tang and Xiaoqing Chen

Part II: CV Process and Data Mining for Multi-modal Informatics

Systems
Survey of Computer Vision Synchronous Positioning
and Map Construction Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Hong Zhang, Ping Yang, Hongjiao Xue, and Shixia Lv
viii Contents

Application of Conditional Generative Adversarial Network

in Image Super-Resolution Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Xiang Wei, Feng Wang, Xi Chen, Yongjie Yan, Ping Chen, and Sheng Liu
Automatic Visual Inspection System for Injection Molding Parts
of Automobile Center Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Wenqing Chi, Bin Xue, Xiaofei Li, Yuhang Zhang, and Shuangben Jiao
Efficient Clustering Algorithm in Dynamic Nearest Neighbor
Selection Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Jingxin An
Marketing Strategy of Knowledge-Based Virtual Community . . . . . . . . 280
Zhi Li
Two-Way Recommendation System for Intelligent Employment
of College Students Based on Data Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Yifan Zhang, Qian Liu, and Qingpeng Meng
Investigation on Knowledge Reduction and Rule Fusion Based
on Probability Graph Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Yun Duan, Hongbo Ouyang, and Sheng Duan
Relation Model Between High-Level Athletes’ Energy Consumption
Mode and Physical Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Zhenjun Xu and Weidong Hu
Face Alignment by Coarse-to-Fine Deep Convolution Network
on Mobile Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Huaping Liu
Process Design and Computer Software Simulation of Complex
Parts Pen Barrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Xiurong Zhu
Application of CAD Combined with Computer Image Processing
Technology in Mechanical Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Ning Fan
Scene Merging Technology with High Adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Jiuchao Li, Liang Zhou, and Ou Qi
The Relation of Self-efficacy and Well-Being of Primary Managers:
The Mediating Role of Hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Jun Luo and Yulan Yu
Image Feature Matching Before Image Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Dingyun Jin, Ou Qi, and Xiaoyan Gao
The Role of Drone Photography in City Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Shiheng Zhao
Contents ix

A Cognitive Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors of Color Idioms

in English and Chinese Based on Data Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Shiqing Zhou
Bibliometric Analysis of Benchmarking Literatures at Home
and Abroad on the Basis of CNKI Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Cheng Wang and Huifan Luo
Distributed Image Fire Detection and Alarm System Based
on Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Yang Du and Yufeng Fan
Combination of Pre-processing Techniques to Improve
the Performance of Target Recognition in SAR Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Pengju Zhao
College English Teaching and Testing Based on Data Mining . . . . . . . . 383
Bing Xu
Information Management Mechanism of Informationization
Under Cluster Analysis Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Bo Hu, Yangchun Yuan, Yongcai Wang, and Hancong Huangfu
Development and Application of Video Monitoring System
for Poles Based on Ubiquitous Internet of Things Technology . . . . . . . . 395
Hongli Liu, Nan Li, Ye Zhao, Liyun Zhang, and Xuetao Zhou
Talent Demand Analysis of LIS Based on Python and Apriori . . . . . . . 402
Xinyu Wu
Design of Management Learning System Based on SVM Algorithm . . . 409
Guo Xiaozhou
The Application of Improved Genetic Algorithm and Least Square
Method in Computer Mathematical Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Nana Chen and Zhongyu Bai
Research on Properties of Pore Fissures Based
on the CART Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Dawei Dai and Ling Zhang
Recognition Algorithm for Emotion of Japanese Feminine Terms
Based on Generalized Semantic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Xiaoyu Ge and Chang Liu
Optimizing Design of College Teaching Based on C4.5 Algorithm . . . . . 433
Gong Sha
Application of SVM Algorithm in Teaching Process Evaluation . . . . . . 438
Guo Jianliang
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x Contents

Design of Enterprise Human Resource Management System Based

on Oracle Data Mining Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Qian Liangliang and Yuwei Wang
Research on Image Feature Processing Based on FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
YuXin Cai, ZhiGuo Yan, Jia Yang, and Bo Zhao
Design and Application Research of Targeted Persons Control
System Based on Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Jinbo Wu and San-you Zhang

Part III: Agent-Based and Multi-agent Systems for Health

and Education Informatics
An Innovative Teaching Mode Based on Programming Contest . . . . . . 469
Yongjun Luo and Hong Zheng
The Design of Comprehensive Quality Evaluation System Under
the Reform of China’s College Entrance Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Xianglin Zhang and Xiaolin Ge
Efficient Teaching Management Based on Information Technology . . . . 486
Cuijuan Wei
Discussion of the Higher Vocational English Teaching
in the Informatization Digital Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Guolan Yang
The Construction of Intelligent Classroom System
Based on CC2530 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Yue Yang and Dewei Kong
Development Method of Japanese Translation Teaching Assistant
Platform Based on Information Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Xiaoxu Xu
Thinking and Exploration of Teaching Management in Colleges
and Universities Based on Network Information Technology
Such as MOOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Xin Sui
Computer Multimedia Technology in the Construction
of Classroom Atmosphere in College Ideological
and Political Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Guoyong Liu
Application of Speech Recognition Technology in Pronunciation
Correction of College Oral English Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Caiyun Liu
Contents xi

Construction of Evaluation-Index System of College Teachers’

Intelligent Teaching Ability Under the Background of Educational
Informationization 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Dongyan Sun
Construction of the Practical Base of Information Sharing Courses
Based on Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Chengwei Zhang and Xinyan Li
The Application of MOOC in College Students’ Mental
Health Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Fei Wang
Plan of Physical Education Teaching Platform Based on Campus
Network Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Juan Yi and Jie Huang
Development of Teaching Software for Power Electronic
Technology Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Hengjuan Liu
Practice of University Curriculum Construction Under
the Background of Informationization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Wei Cong and Jing Liu
Course Construction Process of MOOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Wei Cong, Hongkun Yu, and Jing Liu
MOOCs and Developing College English Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Luqi Li
Influence of Media Technology on the Development
of Contemporary Children’s Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Mingxiu Ding
Reform and Thoughts of Learning-Centered Classroom Teaching
Based on the Cloud Space of World University City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Jinliang Wang and Xuefeng Xie
Challenges and Countermeasures of Family Education
in the Information Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Chaoxi Qian
New Age MOOCS Teaching in Music Class of College . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Guofeng Liu
Construction of Behavior-Oriented Smart Teaching Model
in Mobile New Media Environment-Take the Course
“NC Machine Tool Programming and Operation” as an Example . . . . . 611
Lei Shi
xii Contents

Innovation and Practice of “1 + N” Compound Design Talents

Training Model in Computer Networks: A Case Study
of New Higher Education Group Co-founded
Undergraduate Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Yuanyuan Li
College Hotel Management Teaching Mode Based
on Computer Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Yuerong Wang
Design of Calligraphy Online Course in Primary and Secondary
Schools Based on K-Means Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Ouyang Xuxia
Factors Restricting the Quality of Equipment Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Ou Qi, Xiaoyan Gao, Lei Zhang, and Wenhua Shi
Present Situation, Problems and Countermeasures of China’s
Information Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Qiang Ping
Application of Information Technology in the Teaching
of Art Design Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Qunying Li
Sentiment Analysis of Painting Based on Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Yu Lin
Informatization of English Teaching and Its Practical Path . . . . . . . . . . 656
Yongxin Li
A Comparative Analysis of Traditional Test of College
Oral English and Computer-Based Oral English Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Xuejing Wu
Customer Satisfaction Evaluation of Airline Based on PLS_SEM . . . . . 667
Huali Cai, Xuemei Wei, Yanjun Gu, and Fang Wu
Image Projection Space Invariant Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Yibo Wang, Ou Qi, and Xiaoyan Gao
Secure Network Coding Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Zhiwei Jin
A Brief Analysis of the Investigation and Electronic Information
Experiment Teaching in Higher Vocational Colleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
Jiao Xue, Wei Sai, Feifei Gao, and Guiling Fan
An Algorithm for Predicting the Optimal Path of Forehand
Hitting Long Ball in the Backcourt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Ning Zhang and Feng Dong
Contents xiii

Feature Extraction of Basketball Shooting Based

on Apriori Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Wei Zou and Zhixiang Jin
Innovative Design of Mouse Based on Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Chen Jinxia
Teaching of Secretary Based on Mobile Phone Teaching
Software Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Yang Jie and Yang Jing
Design of Teaching System of College Students Based
on KNN Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Hao Yifeng
Fault Diagnosis System of New Energy Vehicle Based on Hidden
Markov Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Li Taotao
Evaluation of Tourism Landscape Ecological Environment
Based on AHP and Fuzzy Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Cao Peng and Cui Jing
Collection and Processing Method of Big Data of Network
Public Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Chen Feng, Zhang Dali, and Fu Xianjun
Internet Finance Innovation and Entrepreneurship Based
on Classification Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Guo Honglei
Research on Embedded Technology in Industrial
Control Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Hong Yaoqiu
Application of Vision Guarding Technique in Intelligent Grasp
of Industrial Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Lingyan Kong
K-Means Algorithm in Classical Landscape Design Thought
and Modern Landscape Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Guorui Li
Optimization Design of Refrigerator Turnover Beam Based
on CAE Simulation Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Li Qiuli, Li Yan, Zhao Yonghao, Li Hailin, and Luo Hui
Design College Scores Test System Based on C4.5 Algorithm . . . . . . . . 756
Li Tian
xiv Contents

Design of Agricultural Precision Irrigation System Based

on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Wensen Lin
Network Security Situation Awareness Strategy Based
on Markov Game Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
Chengfei Lu
Design of Class Management System Based on Naive
Bayes Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Mao Xu and Haiyan Huang
Hybrid Development of Teaching and Reading Online Course
Based on FA Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
Luo Xiaoli and Liu Wenjun
Analysis of Rural Tourism Based on C4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Meng Na and Li Yan
Design of Flexible DC Distribution Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
Xuntao Shi, Qingpai Ke, Hao Bai, Min Xu, Quan Xu, Zhiyong Yuan,
and Jinyong Lei
3D Modeling Technology in 3D Film and Television
Animation Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Sun Wen
Construction of Real Estate Featured Price Model Based
on Massive Transaction Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798
Tian Shan
Enterprise Strategy Management Online Learning with CART
Algorithm: Taking an Empirical Analysis of Turnover
Management Based on Gray Correlation Model as an Example . . . . . . 803
Yuwei Wang and Liangliang Qian
Deep Learning Strategies in Media Teaching System Based
on ADABoost Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Wang Chang Jiang
College Online Learning System Based on NLP Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . 815
Xiao Caifeng
Design and Implementation of Music Online Network Course
Based on Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
Xuenan Yang
Conceptual Cognition and Visual Design of Cloud
Computing Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
Zhang Jing
Contents xv

The Application Status and Integration Strategies of Digital

Learning Apps for College Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Jianwu He
Computer Aided Design of Modern Decorative Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
Zhong Jiao
The Computer-Aided Design of Miao Costume Patterns Based
on Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
Gao Tao
Portable Article Management System Based on Wireless
Sensing Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
Bo Zhao, Zhiguo Yan, Jia Yang, and Cheng Cheng

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

 Part I: Multi-modal Informatics
in Industrial, Robot, and Smart City
 Noise Data Removal Method of Frequency
Response Curve Based on MNKriging
Interpolation Algorithm

Ling Wei1, Zijuan Guo2, Shaolei Zhai1, Cong Qi2, En Wang1,

Tao Deng1, Wenhua Chen1, and Bing Lu2(&)
1
Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Electric Power Research Institute,
Kunming 650217, China
2
China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, China
hbf6842@sina.com

Abstract. The frequency response method is one of the most commonly used
methods for determining the winding deformation of a power transformer.
However, in the actual measurement, the frequency response curve of the test
results will generate spiking data due to interference. If this impact cannot be
accurately identified and reduced, the availability of the test results will be
seriously affected, causing difficulties and even errors to the analysis and
judgment of the test. A multidimensional nonuniform Kriging (MNKriging)
interpolation algorithm is proposed in this paper to eliminate spiking data in the
frequency response curve and improve the accuracy of the test results. The
method constructs a nonuniform multidimensional deformation field model by
using the optimal weight coefficient combination, and optimizes it with the
particle swarm optimization algorithm to extend the Kriging interpolation to the
multidimensional nonuniform field space. It has been applied to the interpolation
of the transformer frequency response data. The results prove that the method
reduces the noise interference to a certain extent, and therefore the points on the
frequency response curve of the transformer winding deformation subject to
noise interference are well recognized and repaired.

Keywords: Winding deformation
Mnkriging
Nonuniform multidimensional

deformation field model

1 Introduction

Winding deformation of a power transformer refers to the irreversible change of the

size or shape of the winding under the actions of electrodynamic force and mechanical
force [1]. Winding deformation is one of the main causes for damages to the trans-
former [2]. Therefore, the transformer after the impact of short-circuit should be tested
for winding deformation to ensure safe and stable operation of the transformer. The
peak data in the frequency response curve will affect the test results of winding
deformation, and this part needs interpolation. Although the frequency response curve
data have different performances in the frequency dimension and phase dimension,
different phases are still related to different frequencies to a certain level. For these

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

V. Sugumaran et al. (Eds.): MMIA 2020, AISC 1234, pp. 3–10, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51556-0_1
4 L. Wei et al.

reasons, based on the frequency characteristics and phase characteristics of the fre-
quency response data, Interpolation results is obtained by multi-dimensional nonuni-
form Kriging (MNKriging) interpolation algorithm. The characteristics of the
frequency response curve are extracted and utilized to the greatest extent, and the
correlations between adjacent phases and adjacent frequencies are used to identify and
remove the noise.
Kriging interpolation is a more commonly used method of spatial interpolation
based on the statistical variation model. The algorithm uses the raw data of the regional
variables to construct the variogram. And uses the data and the variogram to estimate
the unknown values of points. Kriging interpolation algorithm is widely used in many
fields such as geology, meteorology, mineral resources, and engineering applications
[3]. For data with spatial-temporal correlations or multidimensional spatial correlations,
the multidimensional Kriging interpolation algorithm take the characteristics of dif-
ferent dimensional data into consideration, and get better results. Multidimensional
Kriging interpolation has been gradually applied to many fields because of these
advantages. Pucc et al. [4], Rouhani [5], Jaquet et al. [6], Bardossy A et al. [7], Nobre
et al. [8], Tarboton et al. [9], Piotrowski et al. [10] studied the application of multi-
dimensional Kriging algorithm in the field of hydrogeology. The multidimensional
Kriging interpolation algorithm considers the characteristics of multidimensional data
in different dimensional spaces on the basis of the ordinary Kriging interpolation
algorithm, and therefore obtains better interpolation effect.
The MNKriging applicable to the frequency response data of winding deformation
is proposed in this paper. Based on the nonuniformity of the frequency response data at
monitoring points, extracts the characteristics of the frequency response data, estab-
lishes a specific variogram model according to the frequency response dataset of
winding deformation, and simplifies the steps of constructing the multidimensional
variogram, and thus improves the efficiency of the algorithm.

2 Method

The MNKriging interpolation algorithm proposed in this paper assigns different weight
values to different phases and different frequencies. The particle swarm optimization is an
optimization algorithm that seeks the optimal solution through information sharing.
The PSO is suitable for the optimization of nonlinear and unstructured solutions [11, 12].
PSO is used to solve the optimal solution of each weight values, and a nonuniform multi-
dimensional deformation field model is established. The phase weight and the frequency
weight with the multidimensional Kriging variogram are combined, to enable a more
accurate model to be constructed for the characteristics of the frequency response curve.

2.1 The Nonuniform Multidimensional Deformation Field Model

By using the Euclidean distance, distance dij between points M and N with the corre-


sponding coordinates being ðxi ; yi ; zi Þ and xj ; yj ; zj is shown in the following equation.
 Noise Data Removal Method of Frequency Response Curve 5

In calculating the multidimensional distance of the amplitude value of the frequency

response curve, in addition to considering the phase distance, the frequency distance, as
well as the weight of the temporal distance and the spatial distance, is also
 considered.

Assuming that the two spatio-temporal sample points are ðxi ; fi Þ and xj ; fj , define a
nonuniform multidimensional distance relationship as follows.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2  2  2
dij ¼ xi  xj þ yi  yj þ z i  z j ð1Þ

  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2  2
hpf  ¼ ai xi  aj xj þ bi fi  bj fj ð2Þ

Where, hpf is defined as a nonuniform multidimensional distance between two

points. In multidimensional space, suppose there are n position points in the space. For
each position point, different weight coefficient ai is given, wherein, i ¼ 1; 2; 3. In the
frequency dimension, assume that there are m time points, for each time point, a
different weight coefficient bj is given, wherein, j ¼ 1; 2; . . .; m. Coefficients ai and bj
are used to  construct  a two-dimensional array Z to represent a two-dimensional point,
i.e. Zij ¼ ai xi ; bj f j , wherein, ai and bj are the phase weight and frequency weight of
the sample point respectively.
½ai  and ½bj  are weight coefficients. In deformation field model, they have different
effects. By selecting a set of optimal ½ai  and ½bj , a multidimensional model can be
constructed to be used for the interpolation algorithm. Particle swarm optimization has
a good effect on the optimization problem of this multi-parameter.
PSO algorithm optimizes the parameters ½ai  and ½bj  of the multidimensional
model. The optimal solution is the set of parameters with the best model construction
effect. First, several particles are randomly generated. If the multidimensional spatial
deformation field contains m frequency variables and three phase variables, 3 þ m
Then the dimension of each particle is 3 þ m , shown as follows.

particle ¼ ½a1 ; a2 ; a3


; a9 ; b1 ; b2 ; b3 ; b4  ð3Þ

These particles are used to initialize the multidimensional deformable field model,
i.e. multiply each dimension of the particles by each phase coordinate and frequency
coordinate. Since the research object includes three position points and m time points,
3  m points are cross-validated one by one, and the mean square error (MSE) of the
whole interpolation results is used as the fitness function, as shown in the following
equation.
!
1 X
3m
MSE ¼ ðobsk  prek Þ2 ð4Þ
n  m k¼1

Wherein, obs is the actual measured value, and pre is the interpolation result.
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6 L. Wei et al.

Calculate the fitness function value of each particle. The smaller the fitness function
value, the closer the particle is to the optimal solution. Each particle’s position is
updated according to the following equation.
 
Vi þ 1 ¼ x  Vi þ c1  rand  ðPib  Posi Þ þ c2  rand  Pgb  Posi ð5Þ

Posi þ 1 ¼ Posi þ Vi þ 1 ð6Þ

In the equation above, the subscript i represents the iterations of the algorithm; and
Posi represents the current position of the particle in the i th iteration; Vi represents the
speed of the particle in the i th iteration; rand is a (0, 1) range. Within the random
number; Pib represents the individual optimal position of the particle; and Pgb repre-
sents the optimal location of the group.
When all the particles finally gather to a position where the fitness function value is
the smallest, the point corresponding to the position at this time is the optimal solution
obtained. Multiply each phase position point and frequency point by the obtained 3+M-
dimensional optimal solution, to obtain the multidimensional deformation field model
of the multidimensional nonuniform Kriging difference algorithm.

2.2 MNKriging Interpolation Algorithm

Zðx; f Þ is a variable in the nonuniform multidimensional spatial domain, wherein, x
represents the phase position coordinates of the sample points, and f represents the
position points in the frequency domain. If the number of samples is n, the Kriging
model in the nonuniform multidimensional domain is as shown in Eq. (7).

X
n
Z^ ðx0 ; f0 Þ ¼ ki Z ð x i ; f i Þ ð7Þ
i¼1

In the nonuniform multidimensional domain, the magnitude of the variogram values

is closely related to the multidimensional spatial distance between the two points, and
the equation of nonuniform multidimensional variogram is as shown in the Eq. (8).

1 1
cpf ðhÞ ¼ Var ½Z ðpf þ hÞ  Z ðpf Þ ¼ E ½Z ðpf þ hÞ  Z ðpf Þ2 ð8Þ
2 2

The optimal distance scheme is expressed as follows, wherein, ½ai  and ½bj  are the
optimal weight coefficients obtained by the particle swarm optimization algorithm, and
xi is the phase position coordinate of the sample point, namely, i ¼ 1; 2; 3. fj is the
coordinate of the sample point in the frequency dimension, namely j ¼ 1; 2; 3; m:
2 3
a1 x 1 ; b 1 f 1 a2 x2 ; b1 f1 a3 x n ; b1 f 1
6 a1 x 1 ; b2 f 2 a2 x2 ; b2 f2 .. 7
6 . 7
6 .. .. .. 7 ð9Þ
4 . . . 5
a1 x 1 ; bm f m a2 x2 ; bm fm a3 x n ; bm f m
 Noise Data Removal Method of Frequency Response Curve 7

Firstly get the distance h and variogram value cpf between the two sample points,
and use h and cpf to perform the fitting of the theoretical variogram model.
The equation that needs to be solved is shown in the following equation. A set of
weights ki for multidimensional nonuniform Kriging interpolation can be obtained by
solving the equation. The set of weight coefficients minimize the interpolation error,
and the number of dimensions is the same as the number of known points in the study
area. Substituting ki into the Kriging model in the nonuniform multidimensional
domain can obtain the attribute value of the point to be interpolated.
8
> P
n
>
< cpf ðhÞ  ki cpf ðhÞ ¼ 0
P
i¼1
ð10Þ
>
>
n
: ki ¼ 1
i¼1

3 Case Analysis

3.1 Model Building

The amplitude Sðx; f Þ of the frequency response curve is regarded as a regionalized
variable in a nonuniform multidimensional domain. After overall consideration given
to the multidimensional characteristics of the research object, the amplitude of the
frequency response curve is constructed into a multidimensional model, as shown in
the Eq. (11).
 
mod ¼ ai bj Sij ; i ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4; j ¼ 1; 2; 3; . . .; 9 ð11Þ

Subscript i represents a different phase, and subscript j represents a different fre-

quency. PSO algorithm optimizes the parameters of the multidimensional model. The
mean square error of the cross validation results of the multidimensional nonuniform
Kriging interpolation is taken as the fitness function. According to experience, the
particle swarm algorithm sets the learning factors c1 and c2 of the initial parameter to
the same value, i.e., 1.5, and the inertia weight w to 0.7312. The initial population size
is 20. Firstly initialize the individual positions of the population within the range 0–1.
The experiment selects 8 frequency points and the parameters aða1  a3 Þ of 3 phase
points, and the particle dimension is 11, as shown in the following equation.

particle1 ¼ ½a1 ; a2 ; a3 ; b1 ; b2 ; b3 ; b4 ; b5 ; b6 ; b7 ; b8  ð12Þ

It will be terminated when the fitness function converges or the iterations exceed a
specified number of times. The 11-dimensional optimal solutions of the multidimen-
sional model obtained by the particle swarm optimization are [−0.646, −0.359, −0.147,
−0.113, −0.142, 0.191, −0.234, 0.520, −0.318, 0.517, 0.520]. The multidimensional
8 L. Wei et al.

deformation field model is constructed using the above 11-dimensional weights as

shown in the following equation.
2 3
0:646p1 ; 0:113f1 0:359p2 ; 0:113f1 0:147p3 ; 0:113f1
6 0:646p1 ; 0:142f2 0:359p2 ; 0:142f2 0:147p3 ; 0:142f2 7
6 7
6 0:646p1 ; 0:191f3 0:359p2 ; 0:191f3 0:147p3 ; 0:191f3 7
6 7
6 0:646p1 ; 0:234f4 0:359p2 ; 0:234f4 0:147p3 ; 0:234f4 7
6 7 ð13Þ
6 0:646p1 ; 0:520f5 0:359p2 ; 0:520f5 0:147p3 ; 0:520f5 7
6 7
6 0:646p1 ; 0:318f6 0:359p2 ; 0:318f6 0:147p3 ; 0:318f6 7
6 7
4 0:646p1 ; 0:517f7 0:359p2 ; 0:517f7 0:147p3 ; 0:517f7 5
0:646p1 ; 0:520f8 0:359p2 ; 0:520f8 0:147p3 ; 0:520f8

3.2 Interpolation Results

Perform interpolation of the spiking data of the transformer’s frequency response
curves by using MNKriging. Firstly, use the multidimensional model to get the
nonuniform multidimensional distance between two points, and use the multidimen-
sional variogram to calculate the variogram values. The nonuniform multidimensional
distance and the variogram value are grouped into one-to-one point symmetry, and then
the discrete data point pairs are fitted to obtain the variogram model. Then, calculate the
distance between the interpolation point and all known sample points and substitute
them into the variogram model to get the variogram value. Record the interpolation
results of each phase point at different frequency points. The interpolation results of
nonuniform multidimensional Kriging using each phase point are shown in Fig. 1.

Table 1. Calculation results of correlations

R12 R23 R31
Before interpolation Low frequency 0.3742 0.4374 0.2116
Intermediate frequency 0.1333 0.1558 0.9455
High frequency 0.3118 0.3197 0.7209
After interpolation Low frequency 1.2872 1.6030 1.6547
Intermediate frequency 0.1470 0.1654 1.3141
High frequency 0.3613 0.5150 1.2248

The frequency response curve after interpolation is shown in Fig. 2, and the red
point in Fig. 1 is the interpolation point. The three curves - LaLb, LbLc and LcLa are
called curves 1, 2 and 3 respectively, and the correlations are shown in Table 1. It can
be seen from Table 1 that the correlations after interpolation by MNKriging are sig-
nificantly increased, indicating the effectiveness of the algorithm.
 Noise Data Removal Method of Frequency Response Curve 9

Fig. 1. Interpolation results of LaLb, LbLc, and LcLa are (a), (b) and (c) respectively.

Fig. 2. Frequency response curves after interpolation

4 Conclusion

The frequency response curve is a data set that is related to each other in two-
dimensional spacetime. For any two frequency response curves, there is not only
correlation in the frequency domain but also correlation in phase. Therefore, when
interpolating, consideration given to the correlation of frequency and phase can
improve the interpolation accuracy. After full given to the characteristics of phase and
frequency, combine the spatial-temporal dimensions and phase dimensions to construct
10 L. Wei et al.

a spatial-temporal deformation field model. The experimental results show that the
improved nonuniform spatial-temporal Kriging interpolation using particle swarm
optimization can represent the data effectively. The interpolated data can effectively
eliminate the spike noise data, and can also weaken the influence of other noise to some
extent, so that the disturbed frequency response curve is again available.

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Power Press, Beijing (1999)
4. Pucci Jr., A.A., Murashige, J.A.E.: Applications of universal kriging to an aquifer study in
New Jersey. Groundwater 25(6), 672–678 (1987)
5. Rouhani, S., Hall, T.J.: Space-time kriging of groundwater data. Geostatistics 2, 639–650
(1989)
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Math. Geol. 21(7), 683–691 (1989)
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properties in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. Hydrogeol. J. 3(1), 5–23 (1995)
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authentic type of the “American” as we know him came into our life.
The crack of the whip and the song of the teamster, the heaving
chorus of boatmen poling their heavy rafts upon the rivers, the
laughter of the camp, the sound of bodies of men in the still forests,
became the characteristic notes in our air. A roughened race,
embrowned in the sun, hardened in manner by a coarse life of
change and danger, loving the rude woods and the crack of the rifle,
living to begin something new every day, striking with the broad and
open hand, delicate in nothing but the touch of the trigger, leaving
cities in its track as if by accident rather than design, settling again
to the steady ways of a fixed life only when it must: such was the
American people whose achievement it was to be to take possession
of their continent from end to end ere their national government was
a single century old. The picture is a very singular one! Settled life
and wild side by side: civilization frayed at the edges,—taken
forward in rough and ready fashion, with a song and a swagger,—
not by statesmen, but by woodsmen and drovers, with axes and
whips and rifles in their hands, clad in buckskin, like huntsmen.
It has been said that we have here repeated some of the first
processes of history; that the life and methods of our frontiersmen
take us back to the fortunes and hopes of the men who crossed
Europe when her forests, too, were still thick upon her. But the
difference is really very fundamental, and much more worthy of
remark than the likeness. Those shadowy masses of men whom we
see moving upon the face of the earth in the far-away, questionable
days when states were forming: even those stalwart figures we see
so well as they emerge from the deep forests of Germany, to
displace the Roman in all his western provinces and set up the states
we know and marvel upon at this day, show us men working their
new work at their own level. They do not turn back a long cycle of
years from the old and settled states, the ordered cities, the tilled
fields, and the elaborated governments of an ancient civilization, to
begin as it were once more at the beginning. They carry alike their
homes and their states with them in the camp and upon the ordered
march of the host. They are men of the forest, or else men
hardened always to take the sea in open boats. They live no more
roughly in the new lands than in the old. The world has been frontier
for them from the first. They may go forward with their life in these
new seats from where they left off in the old. How different the
circumstances of our first settlement and the building of new states
on this side the sea! Englishmen, bred in law and ordered
government ever since the Norman lawyers were followed a long
five hundred years ago across the narrow seas by those masterful
administrators of the strong Plantagenet race, leave an ancient
realm and come into a wilderness where states have never been;
leave a land of art and letters, which saw but yesterday “the
spacious times of great Elizabeth,” where Shakespeare still lives in
the gracious leisure of his closing days at Stratford, where cities
teem with trade and men go bravely dight in cloth of gold, and turn
back six centuries,—nay, a thousand years and more,—to the first
work of building states in a wilderness! They bring the steadied
habits and sobered thoughts of an ancient realm into the wild air of
an untouched continent. The weary stretches of a vast sea lie, like a
full thousand years of time, between them and the life in which till
now all their thought was bred. Here they stand, as it were, with all
their tools left behind, centuries struck out of their reckoning, driven
back upon the long dormant instincts and forgotten craft of their
race, not used this long age. Look how singular a thing: the work of
a primitive race, the thought of a civilized! Hence the strange,
almost grotesque groupings of thought and affairs in that first day of
our history. Subtle politicians speak the phrases and practice the arts
of intricate diplomacy from council chambers placed within log huts
within a clearing. Men in ruffs and lace and polished shoe-buckles
thread the lonely glades of primeval forests. The microscopical
distinctions of the schools, the thin notes of a metaphysical theology
are woven in and out through the labyrinths of grave sermons that
run hours long upon the still air of the wilderness. Belief in dim
refinements of dogma is made the test for man or woman who
seeks admission to a company of pioneers. When went there by an
age since the great flood when so singular a thing was seen as this:
thousands of civilized men suddenly rusticated and bade do the work
of primitive peoples,—Europe frontiered!
Of course there was a deep change wrought, if not in these
men, at any rate in their children; and every generation saw the
change deepen. It must seem to every thoughtful man a notable
thing how, while the change was wrought, the simplest of things
complex were revealed in the clear air of the New World: how all
accidentals seemed to fall away from the structure of government,
and the simple first principles were laid bare that abide always; how
social distinctions were stripped off, shown to be the mere cloaks
and masks they were, and every man brought once again to a clear
realization of his actual relations to his fellows! It was as if trained
and sophisticated men had been rid of a sudden of their
sophistication and of all the theory of their life, and left with nothing
but their discipline of faculty, a schooled and sobered instinct. And
the fact that we kept always, for close upon three hundred years, a
like element in our life, a frontier people always in our van, is, so far,
the central and determining fact of our national history. “East” and
“West,” an ever-changing line, but an unvarying experience and a
constant leaven of change working always within the body of our
folk. Our political, our economic, our social life has felt this potent
influence from the wild border all our history through. The “West” is
the great word of our history. The “Westerner” has been the type
and master of our American life. Now at length, as I have said, we
have lost our frontier: our front lies almost unbroken along all the
great coast line of the western sea. The Westerner, in some day
soon to come, will pass out of our life, as he so long ago passed out
of the life of the Old World. Then a new epoch will open for us.
Perhaps it has opened already. Slowly we shall grow old, compact
our people, study the delicate adjustments of an intricate society,
and ponder the niceties, as we have hitherto pondered the bulks and
structural framework, of government. Have we not, indeed, already
come to these things? But the past we know. We can “see it steady
and see it whole;” and its central movement and motive are gross
and obvious to the eye.
Till the first century of the Constitution is rounded out we stand
all the while in the presence of that stupendous westward movement
which has filled the continent: so vast, so various, at times so
tragical, so swept by passion. Through all the long time there has
been a line of rude settlements along our front wherein the same
tests of power and of institutions were still being made that were
made first upon the sloping banks of the rivers of old Virginia and
within the long sweep of the Bay of Massachusetts. The new life of
the West has reacted all the while—who shall say how powerfully?—
upon the older life of the East; and yet the East has moulded the
West as if she sent forward to it through every decade of the long
process the chosen impulses and suggestions of history. The West
has taken strength, thought, training, selected aptitudes out of the
old treasures of the East,—as if out of a new Orient; while the East
has itself been kept fresh, vital, alert, originative by the West, her
blood quickened all the while, her youth through every age renewed.
Who can say in a word, in a sentence, in a volume, what destinies
have been variously wrought, with what new examples of growth
and energy, while, upon this unexampled scale, community has
passed beyond community across the vast reaches of this great
continent!
The great process is the more significant because it has been
distinctively a national process. Until the Union was formed and we
had consciously set out upon a separate national career, we moved
but timidly across the nearer hills. Our most remote settlements lay
upon the rivers and in the open glades of Tennessee and Kentucky.
It was in the years that immediately succeeded the war of 1812 that
the movement into the West began to be a mighty migration. Till
then our eyes had been more often in the East than in the West. Not
only were foreign questions to be settled and our standing among
the nations to be made good, but we still remained acutely
conscious and deliberately conservative of our Old-World
connections. For all we were so new a people and lived so simple
and separate a life, we had still the sobriety and the circumspect
fashions of action that belong to an old society. We were, in
government and manners, but a disconnected part of the world
beyond the seas. Its thought and habit still set us our standards of
speech and action. And this, not because of imitation, but because
of actual and long abiding political and social connection with the
mother country. Our statesmen,—strike but the names of Samuel
Adams and Patrick Henry from the list, together with all like
untutored spirits, who stood for the new, unreverencing ardor of a
young democracy,—our statesmen were such men as might have
taken their places in the House of Commons or in the Cabinet at
home as naturally and with as easy an adjustment to their place and
task as in the Continental Congress or in the immortal Constitutional
Convention. Think of the stately ways and the grand air and the
authoritative social understandings of the generation that set the
new government afoot,—the generation of Washington and John
Adams. Think, too, of the conservative tradition that guided all the
early history of that government: that early line of gentlemen
Presidents: that steady “cabinet succession to the Presidency” which
came at length to seem almost like an oligarchy to the impatient
men who were shut out from it. The line ended, with a sort of chill,
in stiff John Quincy Adams, too cold a man to be a people’s prince
after the old order of Presidents; and the year 1829, which saw
Jackson come in, saw the old order go out.
The date is significant. Since the war of 1812, undertaken as if
to set us free to move westward, seven States had been admitted to
the Union: and the whole number of States was advanced to twenty-
four. Eleven new States had come into partnership with the old
thirteen. The voice of the West rang through all our counsels; and,
in Jackson, the new partners took possession of the Government. It
is worth while to remember how men stood amazed at the change:
how startled, chagrined, dismayed the conservative States of the
East were at the revolution they saw effected, the riot of change
they saw set in; and no man who has once read the singular story
can forget how the eight years Jackson reigned saw the
Government, and politics themselves, transformed. For long,—the
story being written in the regions where the shock and surprise of
the change was greatest,—the period of this momentous revolution
was spoken of amongst us as a period of degeneration, the birth-
time of a deep and permanent demoralization in our politics. But we
see it differently now. Whether we have any taste or stomach for
that rough age or not, however much we may wish that the old
order might have stood, the generation of Madison and Adams have
been prolonged, and the good tradition of the early days handed on
unbroken and unsullied, we now know that what the nation
underwent in that day of change was not degeneration, great and
perilous as were the errors of the time, but regeneration. The old
order was changed, once and for all. A new nation stepped, with a
touch of swagger, upon the stage,—a nation which had broken alike
with the traditions and with the wisely wrought experience of the
Old World, and which, with all the haste and rashness of youth, was
minded to work out a separate policy and destiny of its own. It was
a day of hazards, but there was nothing sinister at the heart of the
new plan. It was a wasteful experiment, to fling out, without wise
guides, upon untried ways; but an abounding continent afforded
enough and to spare even for the wasteful. It was sure to be so with
a nation that came out of the secluded vales of a virgin continent. It
was the bold frontier voice of the West sounding in affairs. The timid
shivered, but the robust waxed strong and rejoiced, in the tonic air
of the new day.
It was then we swung out into the main paths of our history.
The new voices that called us were first silvery, like the voice of
Henry Clay, and spoke old familiar words of eloquence. The first
spokesmen of the West even tried to con the classics, and spoke
incongruously in the phrases of politics long dead and gone to dust,
as Benton did. But presently the tone changed, and it was the
truculent and masterful accents of the real frontiersman that rang
dominant above the rest, harsh, impatient, and with an evident dash
of temper. The East slowly accustomed itself to the change; caught
the movement, though it grumbled and even trembled at the pace;
and managed most of the time to keep in the running. But it was
always henceforth to be the West that set the pace. There is no
mistaking the questions that have ruled our spirits as a nation during
the present century. The public land question, the tariff question,
and the question of slavery,—these dominate from first to last. It
was the West that made each one of these the question that it was.
Without the free lands to which every man who chose might go,
there would not have been that easy prosperity of life and that high
standard of abundance which seemed to render it necessary that, if
we were to have manufactures and a diversified industry at all, we
should foster new undertakings by a system of protection which
would make the profits of the factory as certain and as abundant as
the profits of the farm. It was the constant movement of the
population, the constant march of wagon trains into the West, that
made it so cardinal a matter of policy whether the great national
domain should be free land or not: and that was the land question.
It was the settlement of the West that transformed slavery from an
accepted institution into passionate matter of controversy.
Slavery within the States of the Union stood sufficiently
protected by every solemn sanction the Constitution could afford. No
man could touch it there, think, or hope, or purpose what he might.
But where new States were to be made it was not so. There at every
step choice must be made: slavery or no slavery?—a new choice for
every new State: a fresh act of origination to go with every fresh act
of organization. Had there been no Territories, there could have
been no slavery question, except by revolution and contempt of
fundamental law. But with a continent to be peopled, the choice
thrust itself insistently forward at every step and upon every hand.
This was the slavery question: not what should be done to reverse
the past, but what should be done to redeem the future. It was so
men of that day saw it,—and so also must historians see it. We must
not mistake the programme of the Anti-Slavery Society for the
platform of the Republican party, or forget that the very war itself
was begun ere any purpose of abolition took shape amongst those
who were statesmen and in authority. It was a question, not of
freeing men, but of preserving a Free Soil. Kansas showed us what
the problem was, not South Carolina: and it was the Supreme Court,
not the slave-owners, who formulated the matter for our thought
and purpose.
And so, upon every hand and throughout every national
question, was the commerce between East and West made up: that
commerce and exchange of ideas, inclinations, purposes, and
principles which has constituted the moving force of our life as a
nation. Men illustrate the operation of these singular forces better
than questions can: and no man illustrates it better than Abraham
Lincoln.
 “Great captains with their guns and drums
Disturb our judgment for the hour;
But at last silence comes:
These all are gone, and, standing like a tower,
Our children shall behold his fame,
The kindly-earnest, brave, foreseeing man,
Sagacious, patient, dreading praise not blame,
New birth of our new soil, the first American.”

It is a poet’s verdict; but it rings in the authentic tone of the seer. It

must be also the verdict of history. He would be a rash man who
should say he understood Abraham Lincoln. No doubt natures deep
as his, and various almost to the point of self-contradiction, can be
sounded only by the judgment of men of a like sort,—if any such
there be. But some things we all may see and judge concerning him.
You have in him the type and flower of our growth. It is as if Nature
had made a typical American, and then had added with liberal hand
the royal quality of genius, to show us what the type could be.
Lincoln owed nothing to his birth, everything to his growth: had no
training save what he gave himself; no nurture, but only a wild and
native strength. His life was his schooling, and every day of it gave
to his character a new touch of development. His manhood not only,
but his perception also, expanded with his life. His eyes, as they
looked more and more abroad, beheld the national life, and
comprehended it: and the lad who had been so rough-cut a
provincial became, when grown to manhood, the one leader in all
the nation who held the whole people singly in his heart:—held even
the Southern people there, and would have won them back. And so
we have in him what we must call the perfect development of native
strength, the rounding out and nationalization of the provincial.
Andrew Jackson was a type, not of the nation, but of the West. For
all the tenderness there was in the stormy heart of the masterful
man, and staunch and simple loyalty to all who loved him, he
learned nothing in the East; kept always the flavor of the rough
school in which he had been bred; was never more than a frontier
soldier and gentleman. Lincoln differed from Jackson by all the
length of his unmatched capacity to learn. Jackson could understand
only men of his own kind; Lincoln could understand men of all sorts
and from every region of the land: seemed himself, indeed, to be all
men by turns, as mood succeeded mood in his strange nature. He
never ceased to stand, in his bony angles, the express image of the
ungainly frontiersman. His mind never lost the vein of coarseness
that had marked him grossly when a youth. And yet how he grew
and strengthened in the real stuff of dignity and greatness: how
nobly he could bear himself without the aid of grace! He kept always
the shrewd and seeing eye of the woodsman and the hunter, and
the flavor of wild life never left him: and yet how easily his view
widened to great affairs; how surely he perceived the value and the
significance of whatever touched him and made him neighbor to
itself!
Lincoln’s marvelous capacity to extend his comprehension to the
measure of what he had in hand is the one distinguishing mark of
the man: and to study the development of that capacity in him is
little less than to study, where it is as it were perfectly registered,
the national life itself. This boy lived his youth in Illinois when it was
a frontier State. The youth of the State was coincident with his own:
and man and State kept equal pace in their striding advance to
maturity. The frontier population was an intensely political
population. It felt to the quick the throb of the nation’s life,—for the
nation’s life ran through it, going its eager way to the westward. The
West was not separate from the East. Its communities were every
day receiving fresh members from the East, and the fresh impulse of
direct suggestion. Their blood flowed to them straight from the
warmest veins of the older communities. More than that, elements
which were separated in the East were mingled in the West: which
displayed to the eye as it were a sort of epitome of the most active
and permanent forces of the national life. In such communities as
these Lincoln mixed daily from the first with men of every sort and
from every quarter of the country. With them he discussed
neighborhood politics, the politics of the State, the politics of the
nation,—and his mind became traveled as he talked. How plainly
amongst such neighbors, there in Illinois, must it have become
evident that national questions were centring more and more in the
West as the years went by: coming as it were to meet them. Lincoln
went twice down the Mississippi, upon the slow rafts that carried
wares to its mouth, and saw with his own eyes, so used to look
directly and point-blank upon men and affairs, characteristic regions
of the South. He worked his way slowly and sagaciously, with that
larger sort of sagacity which so marked him all his life, into the
active business of state politics; sat twice in the state legislature,
and then for a term in Congress,—his sensitive and seeing mind
open all the while to every turn of fortune and every touch of nature
in the moving affairs he looked upon. All the while, too, he continued
to canvass, piece by piece, every item of politics, as of old, with his
neighbors, familiarly around the stove, or upon the corners of the
street, or more formally upon the stump; and kept always in direct
contact with the ordinary views of ordinary men. Meanwhile he read,
as nobody else around him read, and sought to gain a complete
mastery over speech, with the conscious purpose to prevail in its
use; derived zest from the curious study of mathematical proof, and
amusement as well as strength from the practice of clean and naked
statements of truth. It was all irregularly done, but strenuously, with
the same instinct throughout, and with a steady access of facility
and power. There was no sudden leap for this man, any more than
for other men, from crudeness to finished power, from an
understanding of the people of Illinois to an understanding of the
people of the United States. And thus he came at last, with infinite
pains and a wonder of endurance, to his great national task with a
self-trained capacity which no man could match, and made upon a
scale as liberal as the life of the people. You could not then set this
athlete a pace in learning or in perceiving that was too hard for him.
He knew the people and their life as no other man did or could: and
now stands in his place singular in all the annals of mankind, the
“brave, sagacious, foreseeing, patient man” of the people, “new
birth of our new soil, the first American.”
 We have here a national man presiding over sectional men.
Lincoln understood the East better than the East understood him or
the people from whom he sprung: and this is every way a very
noteworthy circumstance. For my part, I read a lesson in the
singular career of this great man. Is it possible the East remains
sectional while the West broadens to a wider view?

“Be strong-backed, brown-handed, upright as your pines;

By the scale of a hemisphere shape your designs,”

is an inspiring programme for the woodsman and the pioneer; but

how are you to be brown-handed in a city office? What if you never
see the upright pines? How are you to have so big a purpose on so
small a part of the hemisphere? As it has grown old, unquestionably,
the East has grown sectional. There is no suggestion of the prairie in
its city streets, or of the embrowned ranchman and farmer in its
well-dressed men. Its ports teem with shipping from Europe and the
Indies. Its newspapers run upon the themes of an Old World. It
hears of the great plains of the continent as of foreign parts, which it
may never think to see except from a car window. Its life is self-
centred and selfish. The West, save where special interests centre
(as in those pockets of silver where men’s eyes catch as it were an
eager gleam from the very ore itself): the West is in less danger of
sectionalization. Who shall say in that wide country where one
region ends and another begins, or, in that free and changing
society, where one class ends and another begins?
This, surely, is the moral of our history. The East has spent and
been spent for the West: has given forth her energy, her young men
and her substance, for the new regions that have been a-making all
the century through. But has she learned as much as she has
taught, or taken as much as she has given? Look what it is that has
now at last taken place. The westward march has stopped, upon the
final slopes of the Pacific; and now the plot thickens. Populations
turn upon their old paths; fill in the spaces they passed by neglected
in their first journey in search of a land of promise; settle to a life
such as the East knows as well as the West,—nay, much better. With
the change, the pause, the settlement, our people draw into closer
groups, stand face to face, to know each other and be known: and
the time has come for the East to learn in her turn; to broaden her
understanding of political and economic conditions to the scale of a
hemisphere, as her own poet bade. Let us be sure that we get the
national temperament; send our minds abroad upon the continent,
become neighbors to all the people that live upon it, and lovers of
them all, as Lincoln was.
Read but your history aright, and you shall not find the task too
hard. Your own local history, look but deep enough, tells the tale you
must take to heart. Here upon our own seaboard, as truly as ever in
the West, was once a national frontier, with an elder East beyond the
seas. Here, too, various peoples combined, and elements separated
elsewhere effected a tolerant and wholesome mixture. Here, too, the
national stream flowed full and strong, bearing a thousand things
upon its currents. Let us resume and keep the vision of that time;
know ourselves, our neighbors, our destiny, with lifted and open
eyes; see our history truly, in its great proportions; be ourselves
liberal as the great principles we profess; and so be the people who
might have again the heroic adventures and do again the heroic
work of the past. ’Tis thus we shall renew our youth and secure our
age against decay.
 Transcriber’s Notes
Simple typographical errors were corrected.
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made
consistent when a predominant preference was found in
the original book; otherwise they were not changed.
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