Comprehensive Evidence for Key CSS Essay Topics
1. Social Media
- Pew Research Center: 72% of teens feel more connected with friends through social media.
- American Psychological Association: Social media use linked to increased rates of depression and anxiety
in teens.
- RAND Corporation: Social media used as a tool for psychological warfare and misinformation spread in
fifth-generation warfare.
- MIT Study: False information spreads 6 times faster than accurate information on social media.
- Facebook Transparency Report: Over 22 million pieces of hate speech content removed in 2020 alone.
- Statista: Global social media users are expected to reach 4.4 billion by 2025, influencing various aspects of
daily life.
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions: Social media triggers dopamine release, similar to addictive behaviors.
- Al Jazeera: Social media played a major role in mobilizing protests during the Arab Spring.
- UNICEF: Children are increasingly vulnerable to cyberbullying and inappropriate content on social media.
- Digital 2023 Report: Social media users globally spend an average of 2 hours and 31 minutes per day on
these platforms.
2. Climate Change
- IPCC Report: Limiting global warming to 1.5°C could reduce extreme weather events and biodiversity loss.
- UN Environment: Climate inaction costs approximately $500 billion in damages globally per year.
- World Bank: Pakistan ranks among the top 10 countries vulnerable to climate change impacts.
- Global Carbon Project: Emissions rose 1% in 2022, highlighting ongoing challenges in meeting Paris
Agreement targets.
- Pakistan Ministry of Climate Change: Over $4 billion in climate adaptation funds are needed annually.
- World Health Organization: Climate change increases the risk of health issues like heat-related illnesses
and vector-borne diseases.
- WWF Pakistan: Rising sea levels threaten the livelihoods of millions in coastal regions of Pakistan.
- COP27: Urged nations to triple renewable energy investments to address climate crisis effectively.
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Air pollution, largely exacerbated by climate change, causes over
7 million deaths annually.
- NASA: The last decade was the warmest in recorded history, underscoring the urgency of climate action.
3. Economic Challenges in Pakistan
- World Bank: Pakistan's inflation rate remains high, driven largely by energy and food prices.
- IMF Report: Structural reforms are essential for Pakistan's sustainable economic growth.
- Pakistan Bureau of Statistics: Unemployment among youth in Pakistan remains at over 10%.
- World Economic Forum: Pakistan ranks 110 out of 141 countries in the Global Competitiveness Index.
- State Bank of Pakistan: Remittances constitute a significant part of Pakistan's GDP, highlighting
dependency on foreign labor markets.
- Transparency International: Pakistan scored low on the corruption perception index, affecting investor
confidence.
- Pakistan Economic Survey: Tax-to-GDP ratio remains below 10%, indicating a need for tax reforms.
- Asian Development Bank: Highlighted circular debt in Pakistan's power sector as a significant economic
burden.
- McKinsey Global Institute: Pakistan could add $36 billion to its GDP by improving female labor participation.
- UNDP: Poverty rate in Pakistan increased post-COVID, impacting economic resilience.
4. Global Power Shifts and Geopolitical Tensions
- US Senate Report: Russia's involvement in the 2016 U.S. election showcased the role of cyber interference.
- RAND Corporation: China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has expanded its influence across Asia and
Africa.
- Brookings Institution: The U.S.-China trade war disrupted global supply chains, affecting economies
worldwide.
- Council on Foreign Relations: The rise of multipolar power structures as new alliances form globally.
- Asian Development Bank: Economic power is shifting towards Asia, with countries like India and China
leading.
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI): Increased global military spending indicates
rising tensions.
- EU Report: Sanctions and diplomatic measures are common responses to international conflicts and power
shifts.
- World Economic Forum: Technological competition, especially in AI and 5G, is reshaping global alliances.
- United Nations: Emphasis on multilateralism to address issues like climate change and global health crises.
- Chatham House: Hybrid and fifth-generation warfare techniques are becoming more common in statecraft.
