What is It

What are Entrepreneurial Competencies?

Entrepreneurial competencies refer to the ability to develop, organize and manage

a business venture along with any of its risks. It includes key characteristics that should
be possessed by a person in order to successfully run a new venture. Among those
characteristics are social, managerial and networking competences.

Below are few important characteristics / traits / attributes of a good

entrepreneur:

Hardworking: A successful entrepreneurs are hard workers, and

they also enjoy what they are doing. They are dedicated, driven, and
focused. They are goal oriented and have a strong attention to detail.
They are typically highly organized and have seemingly boundless
energy.

Confident: A successful entrepreneur never asks the

question or keeps doubts in their mind about if they can
succeed or if they are even worthy of success. They are
normally confident enough that their knowledge and their
know-how will help them make their business idea a
success. And they radiate this confidence in everything that
they do for the business.

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Disciplined: Successful entrepreneurs always focus their energy
on making the business work, and for eliminating the distractions
or obstacles to their goals. They make strategies help them to aim
the goals they have while they outline the plan to achieve the
outcome.

Committed: Good entrepreneurs assume full responsibility over

their business. They give full commitment and solid dedication
to make the business successful.

Ability to accept change: Nothing is permanent but change.

Change occurs frequently. When you own a business, you
should cope with and thrive on changes. Capitalize on positive
changes to make your business grow.

Creative: One facet of creativity is being able to make

connections between seemingly unrelated events or
situations. Entrepreneurs often come up with solutions
which are the synthesis of other items. They will repurpose
products to market them to new industries.

Has the initiative: An entrepreneur takes the initiative. You

must put yourself in a position where you are responsible for
the failure or success of your business.

Profit-oriented: An entrepreneur enters the world of business to

generate profit or additional income. The business shall become
your bread and butter. Therefore, you must see to it that the
business can generate income.

8
 Lesson

2 Applying Quality Standards

What’s In

A. Set
Show pictures of different computer shops in Dumaguete.

B. Perception

Ask:

• What kind of stores are in the picture?

• What are the things that are being sold in a computer store?
• How are you going to buy a new computer?

C. Remembering

• Can you name any computer brand?

1
 What’s New

What are Quality Standards?

Quality standards are defined as documents that provide requirements,
specifications, guidelines, or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure
that materials, products, processes, and services are fit for their purpose.

Standards provide organizations with the shared vision, understanding,

procedures, and vocabulary needed to meet the expectations of their stakeholders.
communicate and conduct business.

Who uses Quality Standards?

Organizations turn to standards for guidelines, definitions, and procedures

that help them achieve objectives such as:

• Satisfying their customers’ quality requirements

• Ensuring their products and services are safe
• Complying with regulations
• Meeting environmental objectives
• Protecting products against climatic or other adverse conditions
• Ensuring that internal processes are defined and controlled

Use of quality standards is voluntary but may be expected by certain groups

of stakeholders. Additionally, some organizations or government agencies may
require suppliers and partners to use a specific standard as a condition of doing
business.

2
 What is It

Standards Operating Procedures

Standard operating procedures are written, step-by-step instructions that

describe how to perform a routine activity. Employees should complete them in the
exact same way every time so that the business can remain consistent. Standard
operating procedures help maintain safety and efficiency for departments such as:

• Production/operations
• Sales and customer service
• Employee training
• Legal
• Financial

A good standard operating procedure should clearly outline the steps and
inform the employee of any safety concerns.

Why Do You Need Standard Operating Procedures?

Standard operating procedures are detailed, written instructions on how to

perform a routine business activity. They are easy to read and they explain every
detail of the process being described. It is important to keep in mind that a good
standard operating procedure does not focus on what needs to be done but rather
how it should be done. A standard operating procedure is an effective tool that every
business should have.

3
Are SOPs relevant in 2020?

Across all industries, our clients are telling us that now more than ever, that
effective SOPs and Work Instructions are an essential component of a highly effective
organization. Many believed that any business unit without a robust procedure
system is doomed to failure in today’s business environment and competitive global
marketplace.

Effective SOPs are more important than ever to serve as training tool and
ensure consistent and correct process and task performance.

An SOP is a useful business tool as it communicates the correct way of

carrying out an activity within your organization. Standard Operating Procedures at
a minimum give you the following:

Consistency – The number one reason for procedures is consistency in the way an
individual carries out a task or activity. The more consistent a process is from person
to person, the less chance there will be quality problems.

Reduction of errors – A written procedure details a set of instructions for performing

a task. If everyone within your team performs the task as it is written, there is a
greater chance of reducing errors.

Communication – Another great reason you need SOPs in your organization is for
the benefit of communication. With improvements made to processes, the operating
procedures are updated, and each update requires new training.

Characteristic of Materials Used in Specific Projects

The student must relate material properties to product and process quality.
These are the factors that must be taken into consideration when choosing the right
material for their components and assemblies:

1. Selection of Materials
It is a step in the process of designing any physical object. In the context of
product design, the main goal of material selection is to minimize cost while meeting
product performance goals. Systematic selection of the best material for a given
application begins with properties and costs of candidate materials.
For example:

• HP brand for printer

• Intel brand for Computer Hardware

2. Testing Material
It is the determination of the technological and operational properties of
materials, primarily using machines and instruments. Materials are tested for
diverse purposes: to determine the properties of the raw material, to check quality at
intermediate stages in production processes, to check finished products, and to aid
research.

4
 3. Cost of Material

Characteristic of common materials for increased security is also a great factor

in the design and planning process. Evaluation of longevity criteria and assessment
of site environmental factors are vital to project planning.

The characteristic of the materials to be used for specific project must be:

✓ of good quality
- This is the most important factor when choosing materials to buy.
Products with good quality are long-lasting and safe to use
because you know that it follows certain standards before being
commercialized.
✓ reliable
- It means that you can be sure that it will perform its function
well, will operate safely and will give the best it could give.
✓ suitable for the application/purposes
- Choose the materials which are very necessary to make the project
possible. Making a list of products/materials to buy is a good
trait of a wise consumer. Products which are not to be used must
be crossed out.
✓ low cost
- It does not mean that you will choose for the less expensive one
and exclude the quality. Low cost means you can afford to buy
the materials without hurting your pocket and assure of better
quality.

Fault Identification and Reporting

These are the things to be considered when:

A. Receiving Materials:

1. Match the packing slip to the items received and ensures that the materials are
destined on tour department.
2. That you are receiving the materials indicated on the purchase order regarding
quantity and discount.
3. That the materials are in acceptable condition.
4. That terms regarding installation and/or set up of equipment are met.

B. Receiving Reports

Whenever goods are received:

1. The person receiving the goods must document, using the administrative software,
that all goods were received for each requisition before any payment can be made to
the vendor.

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2. Any exceptions must be noted so that partial payments can be processed, or
defective goods can be returned.

C. Returning of Merchandise

When merchandise is received which is incomplete or defective, the supervisor

will return the materials to the supplier or to the store where it was bought and
decide with the vendor for replacement.

D. Making an Inventory Report of the Materials

Effective management checks are an important means of providing assurance

of the integrity and security of the benefit processes. They are also useful in
identifying training needs; indicating possible weaknesses in procedure and
ensuring the section meets its accuracy target set for Best Value Performance
Indicators purposes.

Methodology

The teacher will be the assessor. Students will be randomly assigned that will:
1.) act as Quality Checker; 2.) responsible for monitoring and coordinating the
checking arrangements and 3.) must generate reports when receiving the equipment.

The Quality checker will record the date of receipt, name of the materials
purchased, quantity, and official receipt number, signature of the person who bought
the materials and signed his name afterwards. The Quality checker will identify if
the materials are in good condition or damage and /or needing for replacements.
This will also be recorded on his report.

Feedback

Once the Quality checker has completed all the reports, the assessor will
check if the Quality Checker provides all the data needed in the report.

Example of Log Report (to be completed by the Quality checker)

Date Quality
O.R. # Item Name Quantity Signature
Received Checker

6
 Lesson
Computer Application
1 Software

What’s In

What are the basic set of devices found in most Personal Computers?
What is an input device? Give examples.

What is an output device? Give examples.

What’s New

Direction: Read each item carefully and use your notebook to write your answers.
Name 3 icons that you are familiar with and give a brief description of the icon that
you have chosen.

3
 What is It

Application Software is a program or group of programs designed for end

users. Allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related)
tasks.

Examples of Computer Application Software:

Word processor
Spreadsheet
Presentation Software
Database Management System
Desktop Publisher
Graphic Editor
Web Browser

Word Processor

Word processor is a software program capable of creating, storing, and

printing documents. Unlike the standard typewriter, users using word processors
have the ability of creating a document and making any changes anywhere in the
document. This document can also be saved for modification at a later time or to be
opened on any other computer using the same word processor.

Some of Word Processor Features:

▪ Insert text
▪ Delete text
▪ Cut and paste
▪ Copy
▪ Page size and margins
▪ Search and replace
▪ Print

Word Processor Examples are Microsoft Word, WordPro, AppleWorks and etc.

Spreadsheet
Spreadsheet is a data file made up of rows and columns that are used to sort data
and allow a user to manipulate and arrange data easily, commonly numerical data.
What makes a spreadsheet software program most unique is its ability to calculate
values using mathematical formulas and the data in the cells.

4
 Some of Spreadsheet Features:

⚫ Formulas
⚫ Functions
⚫ Charts
⚫ Cut/Copy/Paste with single cells or ranges of cells
⚫ Cells formatting
⚫ Cells merging

Spreadsheet Examples are Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Apple Numbers,

OpenOffice Calc.

Presentation Software

A presentation program is a software program that helps create a slideshow

that addresses a topic. Presentation programs are often used in businesses and
schools for discussing a topic or for teaching. It typically includes three major
functions: – an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted – a method for
inserting and manipulating graphic images – a slide-show system to display the
content.

Some of Presentation Software Features:

• Insert Slide
• Deletion of Inserted slides
• Allows cut and paste slides in any order.
• Allows duplication content or slide
• Allows you to display the presentation designed in a slide show system. (View
Slide Feature)
• Allows animations and/or sounds manipulations on objects in the slide.

Presentation Software Example are Microsoft PowerPoint, Adobe Persuasion,

Hypercard, OpenOffice Impress and Scala Multimedia

Database Management System (DBMS) Software

A program that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval

of data in a database. Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports.
Database Management System (DBMS) Software examples are Microsoft Access,
Oracle Database, MySQL and FoxPro

Desktop Publishing Software

Used to produce high-quality printed documents such as magazine, greeting
card, posters, etc. Allows you to use different typefaces, specify various margins and
justifications, and embed illustrations and graphs directly into the text.
Desktop Publishing Software examples are Adobe InDesign , QuarkXPress and
MS Publisher.

5
Web Browser

Web browser is a software application used to locate and display Web pages.
Example: – Internet Explorer (IE), Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Google Chrome.

Graphic Software
Graphics software or image editing software is a program or collection of
programs that enable a person to manipulate visual images on a computer.
Computer graphics can be classified into two distinct categories: raster graphics and
vector graphics

Raster Graphic Editor

A raster graphics editor is a computer program that allows users to paint and
edit pictures interactively on the computer screen and save them in one of many
popular “bitmap” or “raster” formats
Common features:

• Select a region for editing

• Draw lines with brushes of different color, size, shape and pressure
• Add typed letters in different font styles
• Apply various filters for effects
• Convert between various image formats.

Save and Save As

To save file your file, follow the following procedures:

1. In the File Tab, hover over and click Save As (saving for the first time and saving
to another file name or another copy), click browse for you to access the Save As
dialog box and it will appear.

2. In the save as dialog box, you need to have the following information: File name
–is a name used to uniquely identify a computer file stored in a file system.

6
 File Location or Path

File File name

File name
Extension

Extension or File name Extension -is the ending of a file that helps identify the
type of file in operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows. In Microsoft Windows,
the file name extension is a period that is often followed by three characters but may
also be one, two, or four characters long. Some of the more common file extensions
are listed below, separated by the types of files the associated file extensions.

Picture Music and Operating Text and Spreadsheet Web Page

files sound files system files word files files
processing
➢ .bmp ➢ .mp3 ➢ .dll ➢ .xls ➢ .htm
documents
➢ .gif ➢ .wav ➢ .exe ➢ .xlsx ➢ .html
➢ .jpg ➢ .doc ➢ .xlr
➢ .docx ➢ .csv
➢ .rtf
➢ .txt

File Location or Path - defines the location of a file or folder in a computer's file
system. Paths are also called "directory paths" because they often include one or
more directories that describe the path to the file or folder.

3. After filling in the filename, choosing the file extension and the location, then
click save.

7
Note:

Use Save to update the lastly preserved file with the latest content
Use Save As to store a new file or to store an existing file to a new location with the
same name or a different name.

What is a Storage Device?

A storage device is any hardware capable of holding information either

temporarily or permanently.

There are two types of storage devices used with computers:

1. a primary storage device, such as RAM, and a secondary storage device, such as
a hard drive.

2. Secondary storage can be removable, internal, or external.

(www.computerhope.com 2017)
A primary storage device is a medium that holds memory for short periods of
time while a computer is running. Although it has a much lower access time and
faster performance, it is also about two orders of magnitude more costly
than secondary storage

RAM (random access memory) and cache are both examples of a primary
storage device. The image shows three different types of storage for computer data.
Primary storage's key differences from the others are that it is directly accessible by
the CPU, it is volatile, and it is non-removable.

A secondary storage device is a non-volatile device that holds data until it is

deleted or overwritten. Secondary storage is about two orders of magnitude cheaper
than primary storage. Consequently, a hard drive or an additional, slower SSD may
use as secondary storage to a primary, faster, PCIe SSD.
Off-line storage is a subset of secondary storage, as they both serve the same
purpose and do not interact directly with the CPU.

Examples of secondary storage:

Hard Disk Drive

A hard disk drive (sometimes abbreviated

as a hard drive, HD, or HDD) is a non-volatile
data storage device. It is usually installed internally
in a computer, attached directly to the disk controller
of the computer's motherboard. It contains one or more platters, housed inside of an
air-sealed casing. Data is written to the platters using a magnetic head, which moves
rapidly over them as they spin. Internal hard disks reside in a drive bay, connected
to the motherboard using an ATA, SCSI, or SATA cable. They are powered by a
connection to the computer's PSU (power supply unit). Examples of data that may
be stored on a computer's hard drive include the operating system,
installed software, and the user's personal files

8
Solid-State Drive

Short for solid-state drive, an SSD is a storage

medium that uses non-volatile memory as a means of
holding and accessing data. Unlike a hard drive, an SSD
has no moving parts which gives it advantages such as
faster access time, noiseless operation, higher reliability,
and lower power consumption. The picture shows an
example of an SSD made by Crucial.

As the costs have come down, SSDs have become suitable replacements for a
standard hard drive in both desktop and laptop computers. SSDs are also a great
solution for netbooks, nettops, and other applications that don't require a lot of
storage.

USB Thumb Drive

Alternatively referred to as a USB flash

drive, data stick, pen drive, memory unit, keychain
drive, and thumb drive, a jump drive is a
portable storage device. It is often the size of a human
thumb (hence the name) and connects to a computer via
a USB port. Flash drives are an easy way to store
and transfer information between computers and range
in sizes from 2 GB to 1 TB.

Unlike a standard hard drive, the flash drive has no movable parts; it contains
only an integrated circuit memory chip that is used to store data. Flash drives usually
have plastic or aluminum casings surrounding the memory chip. The picture shows
a SanDisk Cruzer Micro 16 GB flash drive.

SD Card
Short for Secure Digital card, the SD card is one of the more common types of
memory cards used with electronics. The SD technology is used by over 400 brands
of electronic equipment and over 8000 different models, including digital
cameras and cell phones. It is considered the industry standard due to the wide use.

Types of SD cards
The three versions of the SD card, along
with their physical dimensions, are shown below.

SD - 32mm x 24mm x 2.1mm.

MiniSD - 21.5mm x 20mm x 1.4mm.

MicroSD - 15mm x 11mm x 1.0mm

9
CD

Abbreviated as CD, a compact disc is a flat,

round, optical storage medium invented by James
Russell. The first CD was created at a Philips factory in
Germany on August 17, 1982. The picture is an example
of the bottom of a standard compact disc and is the side
the disc player reads. The opposite side of the disc has a
label to help indicate what is on the disc

DVD
Short for digital versatile disc or digital video disc,
a DVD or DVD-ROM is a disc capable of storing a
significant amount more data than a standard compact
disc. DVDs are widely used for storing and viewing movies
and ot her data. The picture of the Matrix DVD movie disc
is an example of a DVD movie. DVD-ROM drives that
utilize these discs were first sold in 1997.

Floppy Diskette

Alternatively referred to as a floppy or floppy disk,

a floppy diskette is a type of storage media, capable of
storing electronic data, like a computer file. The floppy
diskette was first created in 1967 by IBM as an alternative
to buying hard drives, which were extremely expensive at
the time.

Tape Drive

A tape is a magnetically thin coated piece of plastic

wrapped around wheels capable of storing data. Tape is
less expensive than other storage mediums, but it is a
much slower solution because it is sequential access and
is often used for backing up large amounts of data.

Today, tape has mostly been abandoned for faster and more reliable solutions
like disc drives, hard drives, and flash drives that are all direct access and cloud
storage. The image is an example of magnetic tape taken by KENPEI and shared
under the creative commons.

Which storage devices are used today?

Most of the storage devices mentioned above are no longer used with today's
computers. Most computers today primarily use an SSD to store information, as well
as the ability to use USB flash drives and access to cloud storage. Most desktop
computers and some laptops include a disc drive that is capable of reading and
writing CDs and DVDs.

10
 Lesson

2 Work Ergonomics

What I Know

Direction: Read each statement below carefully. Place T on the line, if you think a
statement is TRUE. Place F, if you think the statement is FALSE.

_____ 1. Your knees should be bent at a comfortable angle and greater than 90
degrees flexion when sitting in front of a computer.
_____ 2. A well-designed mouse should not cause undue pressure on the waist and
forehead muscles.
_____ 3. Set the eye to screen at a distance that permits you to most easily focus on
the screen.
_____ 4. Changing posture at frequent intervals maximizes fatigue when using a
computer.
_____ 5. Place the keyboard in a position that allows the forearms to be close to the
horizontal and the wrists to be straight.
_____ 6. It is recommended that operators avoid spending more than five hours a day
on keyboard duties and no longer than 50 minutes per hour without a
postural/stretching break.
_____ 7. To detect whether there are reflections from the desk surface, the worker
should hold the book below the surface and assess the change in reflected
glare from the screen.
_____ 8. 10,000 - 12,000 keystrokes per hour is considered an acceptable standard
in typing.
_____ 9. Good posture is essential for all users of computers.
_____ 10. The solution is to increase the refresh rate of the monitor to at least 75hz.

What’s In

What is an application software?

What is/are the importance of application software?

How to save a document?

How to print a document?

16
 What’s New

Answer the following. Write your answer on your notebook.

What is ergonomics?

ERGONOMICS

What are some What are some What are some

examples of examples of examples of
ergonomics? ergonomics? ergonomics?

What is It

Computer Workstation Ergonomics

There are various health problems associated with the regular use of
computers, such as stress, eyestrain, and injuries to the wrists, neck, and back.

Employers must take steps to protect employees whose work involves the
regular use of computers.

Computer ergonomics is the discipline of matching the task to the worker

using the most appropriate equipment to optimize human well-being and overall
performance.

This can be simplified to ―Modify the workplace, not the individual".

Consideration should be given to:

• The accessories required to operate properly
• The layout of equipment on the desk
• The location of furniture in the room

17
Work Surface Height

Adjust the height of the work surface

and/or the height of the chair so that the
work surface allows your elbows to be bent
at 90 degrees, forearms parallel with the
floor, wrist straight, shoulders relaxed.

Chair

Adjust the seat tilt so that you are

comfortable when you are working on the
keyboard. Usually, this will be close to
horizontal but some people prefer the seat
tilted slightly forwards. Your knees should be
bent at a comfortable angle and greater
than 90 degrees’ flexion. If this places an
uncomfortable strain on the leg muscles or if the feet do not reach the floor,
then a footrest should be used. The footrest height must allow your knees to
be bent at 90 degrees. Therefore, the height of the footrest may need to be
adjustable. Adjust the backrest so that it supports the lower back when you
are sitting upright.

Keyboard Placement

Place the keyboard in a position that

allows the forearms to be close to the horizontal
and the wrists to be straight. That is, with the
hand in line with the forearm. If this causes the
elbows to be held far out from the side of the body,
then re-check the work surface height. Some
people prefer to have their wrists supported on a
wrist desk or the desk. Be careful not to have the
wrist extended or bent in an up position.

Screen Placement

Set the eye to screen at the distance that permits you to most easily
focus on the screen. Usually, this will be within an arm's length. Set the height
of the monitor so that the top of the screen is below eye level and the bottom
of the screen can be read without a marked inclination of the head. Usually,
this means that the center of the screen will need to be near shoulder height.
Eyes must be level with the tool bar. People who wear bifocal or multi-focal
lenses will need to get a balance between where they see out of their lenses
and avoid too much neck flexion.

18
Desk-Top Layout

Place all controls and task materials within a comfortable reach of both
hands so that there is no unnecessary twisting of any part of the body. Most
people prefer the document holder to be between the keyboard and the
monitor. There are many different types of document holders available.

Document Holder

Place this close to the monitor screen in the position that causes the
least twisting or inclination of the head.

Posture and environment

Change posture at frequent intervals to

minimize fatigue. Avoid awkward postures at the
extremes of the joint range, especially the wrists.
Take frequent short rest breaks rather than
infrequent longer ones. Avoid sharp increases in
work rate. Changes should be gradual enough to
ensure that the workload does not result in
excessive fatigue. After prolonged absences from
work the overall duration of periods of keyboard work should be increased
gradually if conditions permit

Lighting

Place the monitor to the side of the light source/s, not directly
underneath. Try to site desks between rows of lights. If the lighting is
fluorescent strip lighting, the sides of the desks should be parallel with the
lights. Try not to put the screen near a window. If it is unavoidable, ensure
that neither the screen nor the operator faces the window. The solution is to
increase the refresh rate of the monitor to at least 75hz. If the monitor is well
away from windows, there are no other sources of bright light and prolonged
deskwork is the norm, use a low level of service light of 300 lux. If there are
strongly contrasting light levels, then a moderate level of lighting of 400 - 500
lux may be desirable.

Glare and Reflection

It is important to detect the presence of glare and reflection. To

determine whether there is glare from overhead lights whilst seated worker
should hold an object such as a book above the eyes at eyebrow level and
establish whether the screen image becomes clearer in the absence of
overhead glare. To detect whether there are reflections from the desk surface,
the worker should hold the book above the surface and assess the change in
reflected glare from the screen.

19
Using a Mouse

A well-designed mouse should not cause undue pressure on the wrist

and forearm muscles. A large bulky mouse may keep the wrist continuously
bent at an uncomfortable angle. Pressure can be reduced by releasing the
mouse at frequent intervals, by selecting a slim-line, low-profile mouse. Keep
the mouse as close as possible to the keyboard, elbow bent and close to the
body.

Posture during Keying

Good posture is essential for all users of

computers. It comprises of a natural and
relaxed position, providing opportunity for
movement, and from which the operator can
assume a number of alternative positions. It
is not a single, rigidly defined position.

Typing Technique

Typing is a physical activity, and using a keyboard requires skill, hence the
need to learn correct typing technique. Unskilled ('hunt and peck') typists are
particularly at risk of Occupational Overuse Injury because they: often use only one
or two fingers which may overload the finger tendons; are constantly looking from
keyboard to screen to keyboard, which may strain neck muscles; often adopt a tense
posture (wrists bent back and fingers 'poised to strike').

Speed of Keying

The efficiency and speed of modern computers makes it possible for a skilled
operator to type extremely quickly. This capability reinforced by workload pressures
means the potential exists for operators to key at speeds which may cause or
contribute to Occupational Overuse Syndrome. The role of the repetitive movement
in injury is not fully understood but is believed to interfere with the lubrication
capacity of tendons, and the ability of muscles to receive sufficient oxygen supplies.
10,000 - 12,000 keystrokes per hour is considered an acceptable standard.

Length of time on the keyboard

The maintenance of a fixed posture for long periods is tiring and increases the
likelihood of muscular aches and pains. In addition, long periods of repetitive
movement and sustained visual attention can also give rise to fatigue-related
complaints. It is recommended that operators avoid spending more than five hours
a day on keyboard duties and no longer than 50 minutes per hour without a
postural/stretching break.

20