Cultural Citizenship Cosmopolitan Questions Stevenson all chapter instant download
Cultural Citizenship Cosmopolitan Questions Stevenson all chapter instant download
com
https://ebookname.com/product/cultural-citizenship-
cosmopolitan-questions-stevenson/
OR CLICK BUTTON
DOWNLOAD EBOOK
https://ebookname.com/product/questions-of-method-in-cultural-
studies-1st-edition-mimi-white/
ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/citizenship-through-secondary-geography-
citizenship-in-secondary-schools-1st-edition-david-lambert/
ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/cultural-studies-1st-edition-chris-
rojek/
ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/oesteoarthritis-an-atlas-of-
investigation-and-diagnosis-1st-edition-adrian-jones/
ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/a-performance-assessment-of-nasa-s-
heliophysics-program-national-research-council/
ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/the-chemistry-of-the-morita-baylis-
hillman-reaction-1st-edition-min-shi/
ebookname.com
The Fortunes of Francis Barber The True Story of the
Jamaican Slave Who Became Samuel Johnson s Heir 1st
Edition Michael Bundock
https://ebookname.com/product/the-fortunes-of-francis-barber-the-true-
story-of-the-jamaican-slave-who-became-samuel-johnson-s-heir-1st-
edition-michael-bundock/
ebookname.com
Cultural citizenship 13/8/03 9:03 AM Page 1
Stevenson
S E R I E S E D I T O R : S T U A R T A L L A N
Nick Stevenson
Cultural Citizenship
Cosmopolitan Questions
Cultural Citizenship
all central to the way in which we conceive our common world.This original book
Cultural Citizenship
asks us to rethink the kinds of politics and personhood that are suitable for an
information age.
Nick Stevenson is Senior Lecturer in the School of Sociology and Social Policy,
University of Nottingham. He is author of Culture, Ideology and Socialism (1995), The
Transformation of the Media (1999), Culture and Citizenship (2001), Making Sense of Men’s
Magazines (with Peter Jackson and Kate Brooks, 2001) and Understanding Media
Cultures (2002). Cosmopolitan Questions
Cover illustration: Charlotte Combe
Cover design: Barker/Hilsdon
www.openup.co.uk
CULTURAL CITIZENSHIP
I S S U E S in CULTURAL and MEDIA STUDIES
Published titles:
Media, Risk and Science
Stuart Allan
News Culture
Stuart Allan
Television, Globalization and Cultural Identities
Chris Barker
Cultures of Popular Music
Andy Bennett
Masculinities and Culture
John Beynon
Cinema and Cultural Modernity
Gill Branston
Violence and the Media
Cynthia Carter and C. Kay Waver
Ethnic Minorities and the Media
Edited by Simon Cottle
Moral Panics and the Media
Chas Critcher
Modernity and Postmodern Culture
Jim McGuigan
Sport, Culture and the Media
David Rowe
Cities and Urban Cultures
Deborah Stevenson
Cultural Citizenship
Nick Stevenson
Compassion, Morality and the Media
Keith Tester
CULTURAL CITIZENSHIP
Cosmopolitan Questions
N i c k S t e v e n s o n
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii
INTRODUCTION 1
1 | CULTURAL CITIZENSHIP 4
T. H. Marshall and Raymond Williams: a cultural citizenship? 6
Cultural citizenship in the information age 10
The culturation of citizenship 16
Civil society, culture and public space 18
Identity, difference and cultural politics 25
The challenge of individualization 30
Conclusion 33
Notes 34
Further reading 34
GLOSSARY 155
BIBLIOGRAPHY 158
INDEX 173
SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD
‘Citizenship,’ in the words of Martha Gellhorn, one of the last century’s greatest
war correspondents, ‘is a tough occupation.’ She believed that as citizens we are
obliged to make our own informed opinion, and to stand by it. ‘The evils of the
time change,’ she observed, ‘but are never in short supply and would go unchal-
lenged unless there were conscientious people to say: not if I can help it.’ Dissent,
based on morality and reason, is at the heart of what it means to be a citizen, in
her view. And while the challenge of citizenship may be getting more difficult all
of the time, there is nevertheless always room for optimism. ‘There has to be a
better way to run the world,’ she insisted, ‘and we better see that we get it.’
Precisely what is meant by the word ‘citizenship’, especially with regard
to certain avowed rights, obligations or responsibilities associated with it, is
historically-specific and will vary dramatically from one national context to the
next. In any given society this process of definition is never secured once and for
all, of course, but rather is subject to the contradictions of power, especially as
they are experienced, negotiated and resisted as part of everyday life. It is by
exploring a range of pressing questions at this level, the very materiality of our
lived engagement with citizenship, that Nick Stevenson’s Cultural Citizenship
seeks to intervene in current debates. ‘Cultural citzenship’, he argues, is a newly
emerging interdisciplinary concept that is concerned with issues of recognition
and respect, of responsibility and pleasure, and with visibility and marginality.
It encompasses politics with a capital and a small ‘p’, such that viewing a soap
opera can be regarded as being just as political as voting in an election. At the
same time, Stevenson contends, the concept of cultural citizenship is also con-
cerned to search for a new ethics that can help guide us through these turbulent
and contested times.
xii | CULTUR AL CITIZENSHIP
Stuart Allan
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Stuart Allan and Justin Vaughan for their help and con-
siderable patience while they have been waiting for me to finish this book. I
would also like to thank Maurice Roche, Kate Nash, Bryan Turner, Ruth Lister
and Gerard Delanty for writing such good books on citizenship and for suggest-
ing that it might be a topic that interested me. This work has been the product
of the devising of a new course for the students at the School of Sociology and
Social Policy on citizenship, and I should like to thank Julia O’Connell Davison
(with whom I teach the course) for making it a pleasure rather than a chore.
This book would also have been very different if it had not been for the
comments and conversations of Michael Kenny, Anthony Elliott, Steven
Yearley, Joke Hermes, Nigel Clark, Jagdish Patel, Anthony Giddens, Paul
Ransome, Claire Annesley, David Hesmondhaugh, Peter Jackson, Robert
Unwin and David Moore. If they look closely enough I’m sure they will be able
to detect their presence in the text. I should also like to thank the Sheffield
Political Theory Reading Group (which included Michael Kenny, Andrew
Gamble and Mathew Festenstein among others) for the wine and for listening
to an amateur political theorist. I should also like to thank the recently formed
Sociology of Culture Reading Group at Nottingham (run by Alan Aldridge) for
providing a stimulating place to exchange ideas.
Finally, the biggest thank you of all must go to Lucy James, who has read the
text in its entirety (more than once) and has made many valuable suggestions
and corrections. Both Lucy and our daughter Eve Anna James have served to
remind me that questions of citizenship are never far from the more intimate
details of our daily lives. Whether sorting the rubbish, watching television or
changing a nappy, we are never outside of political concerns.
INTRODUCTION
This book has been written at a time when there has been a considerable revival
of interest in the academic study of citizenship. There have been intense debates
as to whether citizenship is in decline or whether it is in the process of being
renewed in a new form appropriate for a global age. The study of citizenship
has also been redefined by new questions arising from the growing significance
of the media and popular culture, new social movements, feminism, globaliza-
tion, the erosion of the environment and multiculturalism. Citizenship can no
longer be exclusively defined by questions of class, but needs to be broadened to
take on additional areas of study and concern. My contribution to this ongoing
debate is to suggest ways in which ‘cultural’ questions might be linked to these
dimensions. Whether we define citizenship through questions of rights, notions
of obligation and duty, membership of overlapping communities or normaliza-
tion, questions of culture are not far away. I show that the reasons for this are
largely due to the fact that we can now be said to live in an informational and
technological society unlike any other. Most of the assumptions and examples
contained within this book come from the overdeveloped societies of North
America and Europe. This work is not a view from nowhere but is located in
questioning what kinds of citizenship are now appropriate for these societies,
given a certain level of social, economic and, indeed, cultural development.
More personally, the book evokes a time when I discovered through punk music
that culture, difference and justice were linked in ways I had not previously
appreciated. The argument offered here seeks to demonstrate the ways in which
politics and culture are becoming increasingly interconnected within modern
societies.
This book can also be read as an interdisciplinary guide to a range of
2 | CULTUR AL CITIZENSHIP
concerns that have been raised by sociology, political theory and cultural
studies. The work is a genuine hybrid. No doubt individual sociologists,
political theorists and practitioners and theorists within cultural studies will
find much to agree and disagree with in this respect. However, the book’s
success or failure will be determined by the extent to which I manage to per-
suade others of the importance of moving beyond their own disciplines in the
study of citizenship. There is much to be learned from interdisciplinary studies
within these and other areas. That this case still needs to be made highlights
the unnecessary conservatism that remains at the heart of many academic
debates.
In the first chapter I feel my way into some of the debates that have sought to
link the study of citizenship and culture. The backdrop to the book, as I have
mentioned, is the transformation to a new information-based society, and
the continued relevance of questions of citizenship. Here I argue that ideas
and perspectives from liberal and republican traditions of citizenship remain
relevant. In particular, I demonstrate that a critical notion of civil society is
central for cultural understandings of citizenship. From here, I also consider
processes of normalization, globalization and individualization, before seeking
to criticize communitarian understandings of citizenship. The aim of this first
chapter is to promote the idea that cultural citizenship refers to the possibility
of communication and dialogue within a cultural society. This is the dominant
theme of the book, and recurs throughout the main chapters.
Chapter 2 develops a cosmopolitan understanding of citizenship at different
levels that links global conceptions of citizenship with the development of
the self, multiculturalism and the need for city-based citizenship. The idea of
cosmopolitanism, which is perhaps the second main theme of the book, con-
cerns the need to develop new democratic institutions that stretch beyond the
borders of the nation, and to deconstruct the boundaries and oppositions that
prevent the politicization of everyday life.
A concern with boundaries can also be found in Chapter 3, which begins by
reconsidering the assumed oppositions between culture and nature. Ecological
citizenship requires both new forms of public space and the political reconnec-
tion of questions of culture and nature if it is to raise many of the questions
modern societies are currently seeking to avoid. Here I seek to argue for an
ecological citizenship that has moved beyond individualized escape attempts
and communalism to connect responsibility and pleasure in interesting ways.
Chapter 4, on mediated citizenship, similarly argues that ideas of nation-
hood have overly dominated our thinking. The rise of transnational media
organizations, the mediated struggle for human rights, speed cultures, the
Internet, gendered ideas of popular culture and compassion fatigue are just
some of the reasons why we might readjust our assumptions in this regard. In
INTRODUC TION | 3
Recent debates within cultural studies and citizenship studies might suggest
that culture and citizenship have little in common. The term ‘culture’ is usually
associated with a mix of public and private institutions, including museums,
libraries, schools, cinemas and the media, while more specifically being
connected with the dialogic production of meaning and aesthetics through
a variety of practices. Citizenship, on the other hand, is more often thought
to be about membership, belonging, rights and obligations. In institutional
terms the terrain of citizenship is usually marked out by abstract legal
definitions as to who is to be included and excluded from the political com-
munity. Yet whether we are talking about the risk society, network capitalism
or the concerns of social movements, ideas of symbolic challenge and exclusion
remain central.
The power to name, construct meaning and exert control over the flow of
information within contemporary societies is one of today’s central structural
divisions. Power is not solely based upon material dimensions, but also involves
the capacity to throw into question established codes and to rework frameworks
of common understanding. This means that the locus of cultural citizenship
will have to occupy positions both inside and outside the formal structures
of administrative power. To talk of cultural citizenship means that we take
questions of rights and responsibilities far beyond the technocratic agendas
of mainstream politics and media. That is to say, we seek to form an appreci-
ation of the ways in which ‘ordinary’ understandings become constructed, of
issues of interpretative conflict and semiotic plurality more generally. In other
words, how do questions of entitlement and duty relate to the diversity of
culture evident within everyday life, and what is the relationship between an
CULTURAL CITIZENSHIP | 5
assuming that the ‘political’ works within stable national cultures. The context
of increasing cultural diversity and globalization brings to the fore questions of
cultural, as well as civil, political and social, rights.
More recently, Jan Pakulski (1997) has argued that ‘cultural’ citizenship
should be viewed in terms of satisfying demands for full inclusion into the
social community. Such claims should be seen in the context of the waning of
the welfare state and class identities, and the formation of new social and
cultural movements focusing on the rights of groups from children to the
disabled. Cultural rights, in this sense, herald ‘a new breed of claims for
unhindered representation, recognition without marginalisation, acceptance
and integration without normalising distortion’ (Pakulski 1997: 80). These
rights go beyond rights for welfare protection, political representation or
civil justice, and focus on the right to propagate a cultural identity or lifestyle.
These claims, however, are likely to be as problematic as the implementation
of social rights. Pakulski suggests that there is already a perceived backlash
against ‘politically correct’ programmes and unease about bureaucratic
attempts to regulate the cultural sphere. These questions aside, Pakulski
(1997) argues that any attempt to rethink models of citizenship would have to
problematize questions of culture in ways that are not evident in Marshall’s
initial formulation of citizenship (see also Turner 1994).
However, while criticisms of Marshall’s neglect of culture are well repre-
sented within the citizenship literature, there have been other attempts to link
cultural and political questions more systematically to an analysis of modern
society. While we might point here to the early Frankfurt School and others,
I think Raymond Williams outlined a more germane level of enquiry.
In this context, Williams provides an interesting contrast with Marshall,
given their shared context of post-war British society. What Williams (1965)
termed the ‘long revolution’ was an attempt to link economic, social and
political issues to cultural questions. Here he problematized the development of
standardized cultural products, a paternalistic state and a capitalist economic
system that had stalled the possibility of a more participatory and genuinely
diverse popular culture. Arguing in the context of British society in the 1960s,
Williams suggested an alternative democratic framework, where a radically
decentralized communications system would be open to the ‘challenge and
view’ of a republic of voices (Williams 1962: 134). The idea was to represent the
voices of ordinary people, artists and radical critics so that they might engage
with a wider public on issues of common concern. As Ruth Lister (1997)
has argued, liberal ideas of citizenship such as Marshall’s tend to emphasize
the institutional development of rights. This view, as Williams (1989a) clearly
understood, needs to be supplemented with a republican emphasis upon
popular participation. A society of actively engaged citizens requires both the
8 | CULTUR AL CITIZENSHIP
What are the key components of an information society, and how does it
differ from an industrial society? Further, in what ways does ‘culture’ play an
increasingly defining role in helping to shape such a society? An information
society offers a form of social transformation as profound as the industrial
revolution. This, as we shall see throughout this book, has profound implica-
tions for the working of citizenship. While this will come later, here I want to
demonstrate the main contours of this new society. This can be substantiated
through six main arguments.
The first, as I have indicated, is that modern society cannot be defined
through a central conflict. Sociology and political analysis more generally
have tended to look to a single dynamic to explain the evolution of modern
life (Giddens 1990). For example, we have already seen through Williams and
Marshall just how popular such arguments were in seeking to explain the
dynamics of industrial society. Such views are no longer sustainable (if
they ever were) within an information society that has become increasingly
organized through diverse networks. Hence, we might say that what structures
are to industrial society, networks are to post-industrial society. Whereas
structures imply that society has a centre that organizes or determines all the
other social relations, the idea of networks implies a vision of dynamic circuits
that have no defining centre. Networks are spread across space and time and
are increasingly utilized to organize the places and spaces where we work, live,
think and love.
We might view economies, media, social movements and transportations all
as networks that are organized vertically rather than horizontally (Urry 2000a).
If, as Melucci (1996a) comments, ‘the system has no centre’, then we will have
to abandon metaphors that depend upon the ‘overthrow’ of the existing order,
or the ideas of ‘capturing power’ or indeed of ‘revolutionary programmes’.
Modern society cannot be made to fit a unitary law that defines its essence.
Radical forms of politics will have to rethink both concepts and strategies if
they are to remain relevant to the modern world. As Laclau and Mouffe (1985)
observed, society is constituted through a multiplicity of antagonisms in a
discursive field that has no fixity.
The second argument is that information rather than labour power has
become the key resource within modern society. In this new economy it is the
application of knowledge and technology in customized production that best
ensures economic success. The technological level of the enterprise is a much
better guide to its competitiveness than older indices like labour costs (Castells
1996). The rapid development of informational technology in the 1970s in
Silicon Valley in the USA enabled capital to restructure itself after the impacts
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Az alföldi
Language: Hungarian
MIKSZÁTH KÁLMÁN
27. KÖTET
BUDAPEST
FRANKLIN-TÁRSULAT
magyar irod. intézet és könyvnyomda
1906
AZ ALFÖLDI VADÁSZOK
TANYÁJA
REGÉNY
IRTA
BUDAPEST
FRANKLIN-TÁRSULAT
magyar irod. intézet és könyvnyomda.
1906
Minden jog fentartva.
Franklin-Társulat nyomdája.
BÁRÓ PODMANICZKY FRIGYES.
1824–.
Mikor Kossuth Lajost Pest vármegye követté választotta 1847-
ben, az egész országot megmozgató, érdekfeszítő választási harcz
után a diadalmas Kossuth-tábor élén egy nyalka ifjú lovagolt tánczoló
paripán, czifra szűrben, árvalányhajas kalappal Pest utczáin.
Ismeretlen volt a járókelők előtt. Kérdezték itt is, ott is, ki lehet?
– Podmaniczky Frigyes – volt a felelet. – Az aszódi bárók közül.
Ez az első nyilvános szereplése.
Ma, talán épen azokon az utczákon is, pont hat órakor fehér
hajú, közepütt kiborotvált fehér szakállú aggastyán tipeg piros
szekfűvel a kabátja gomblyukában utczáról-utczára, míg végre
eltűnik a Dorottya-utczai Lloyd épületben, a hol a szabadelvű klub
volt. Most már az is elmúlt. Azt is túlélte, de odajár, mint Artus
királyfi a lelkekké változott katonái felett szemlét tartani.
A járókelők előtt feltünik a különös lengyeles szabású, koczkás
öltözetű, szép, tiszta öreg úr, de senki se kérdezi ki lehet, mert szinte
az egész város ösmeri, hogy ez báró Podmaniczky Frigyes.
E két bemutatott alak egy ember, ugyanaz, a ki volt mindég, csak
a közbül eső ötvenkilencz év csinál egy kis különbséget.
E különbségbe van beékelve egy ragyogó tisztaságú nemes
életfolyamat, melyet kötetekben kellene ismertetni; hasznos szer
volna a pessimismus ellen, ha aláírjuk, pedig szívesen aláírjuk, a mit
egy államférfiú ismerőse mondott róla: «Ez az ember összerontotta
egész életem tapasztalatait, az emberek rosszaságáról most már
megint semmit se tudok – mert a hol egy ilyen ép példány van, ott
mások is, sőt sokan lehetnek ilyenek.»
A szűk tér miatt csak vázlatosan lehet felsorolni az aszódi báróról,
hogy 1824-ben született Pesten és már tizenkilencz éves korában
irnoknak állott be gróf Ráday Gedeon követ mellé s csak négy év
mulva jutott be Pest megyéhez aljegyzőnek, a hol a gentryk kezdeni
szokták. A szabadságharczban huszárszázados volt és
osztályparancsnok. Világos után besorozták szekerész közlegénynek,
a hol gazdagon költekezett s a milyen szerény volt otthon, ép olyan
mértékben adta daczból az urat, hogy környezetét boszantsa. Glacé
keztyűben kente kulimásszal a szekereket, minden szekérhez új
keztyűt húzva s egyéb effajta dolgokkal ingerkedett, – egész sor
anekdota van erről.
Talán azért is bocsátották el a katonaságból már 1850-ben, hogy
megszabaduljanak tőle. Itthon az aszódi ősi kastélyban nem tudott
egész tétlenül élni, a szépirodalmat művelte. Ez volt az egyedüli
közpálya. Regényei gyenge dolgok: A Fekete domino, a Tessék
ibolyát venni, Margit angyal, Egyetlen könycsepp stb. Az irói
talentumnak alig egy-egy szikrácskája villan meg imitt-amott.
Bizonyára nem több ő az Olympus berkeiben, mint egy művelt
idegen, kit véletlenségből ide hajtottak a végzetes politikai szelek.
Vis major az, hogy ide sodortatott. De azért e regények többé-
kevésbé mégis érdekesek, mert kifejezői annak a kornak és
hangulatnak, a mikor a magyar ember a sorok közt kereste az
olvasni valót. Ebből az okból választottuk gyűjteményünkbe épen
«Az alföldi vadászok tanyájá»-t, mely a legnagyobb elterjedést érte s
melyet olyan elemző és kiegészítő módon olvasott a közönség, mint
a Koránt szokták magyarázni a török papok – a saját tetszésök
szerint.
De nem csoda. A nép, mint minden elnyomott nép, várt valamit.
Tudta is ő mit. Várt és várt, mert jól esett várnia jobb fordulatot.
Várta a szétszórt vezetőktől, nagyjaitól, elnémult államférfiaitól. Ezek
pedig nem találkozhattak, csak ártatlan ürügyek alatt.
Lakadalmakon, vadászatokon, az alföldi pusztaságokon, a hol spiczli
nincs. «Az alföldi vadászok tanyája» azért volt bűvös erejű czím s
tartalma azért volt olyan bánya, a miből mindenki áshatott ki
valamit. Az isteni homályban, mely a gondolatok alatt van s melyben
szabadon lehet turkálni.
S bár Podmaniczky nem czélzatosan írt így, nem szenzácziót akart
ő, nem gondolt ő arra, hogy a sorok között utat hagyjon a sejtésnek
(bár a kétségbeesésnek éles a szeme), a könyve mégis olyan
olvasmány lett, mely megérdemelte a szomjazók érdeklődését, mert
Podmaniczky tényleg folyton érintkezett az elégedetlen vezérekkel,
részt vett összejöveteleiken, tanácskozásaikon, hallotta terveiket,
reményeiket s elméje fölszítta azt, a mit éreztek, mondtak s
akaratlanúl is ezeket tükrözte vissza a tolla, – nem is említve a
hangulatot, mely érdekes lehet, ha egy művész csinálja a művészi
genieje erejével, de ebben az időben százszorta érdekesebb volt egy
laikusnak a kedélyhangulata, ki azokkal beszélt, a kiktől országszerte
várták mindazt, a mi a sziveknek drága.
Podmaniczky írói pályája, mely 1861-ben meghozta neki az
akadémiai tagságot is, csak a magyar közélet megnyiltáig tart. 1867-
en túl csak Naplóját adta ki és a Kedvencz czímű regényt. Azontúl
mint balközépi képviselő teljes erejével a politikába merült.
Szerkesztette 1868-ban a Hazánk-at s a tekintélyesebb ellenzéki
szónokok közé emelkedett. Ezentúl csőstül szakadnak rá a különböző
állások és kitüntetések. Lesz belőle az északkeleti vasút személyi
főnöke, szabadságolt állományú honvéd kapitány, majd őrnagy, a
közmunka-tanács alelnöke, belső titkos tanácsos. 1875-től tíz álló
évig szinházi intendáns. Még ebbe se halt bele. Itt történt, hogy egy
hivatalnoka nagy összeget sikkasztott hosszú évek alatt. Az öreg úr
szó nélkül kifizette s mikor kérdezték, hogy nem vette-e észre annyi
idő óta a hamis könyvvezetést, grand seigneur-i méltósággal kiáltott
fel:
– Dehogy nem, gyanítottam, sőt tudtam, hiszen azért
undorodtam a könyveibe belenézni.
A Nemzeti Szinház alatta emelkedett igazi műintézetté a derék
Paulay segédkezésével. Általában minden kötelességét a naivitásig
híven teljesítette. És semmi tehertől nem riadt vissza, a mit a vállára
raktak. Már pedig sokat raktak még azután is. A hol pusztán tiszta
kéz kellett – «bízzuk Podmaniczkyra», a hol megfeszített erővel
kellett dolgozni: «talán elvállalná Podmaniczky». Elnöke lett az
«Adriá»-nak (ez volt a kenyérkereseti állása), viselte a szabadelvű
párt elnökségét s mindennap pontosan 6 órakor megjelent a
clubban. Megszakítás nélkül tagja volt a képviselőháznak s 1875 óta
egész Bánffyig ő vezette a választásokat. De ő mindezeket nem
ambiczionálta, csak kötelességből tűrte, utóljára már annyi munkát
raktak rá, hogy nem is tudta számon tartani tisztségeit, így egy ízben
fontos szavazás alkalmával megjelent a városház termében is, nem
gondolva arra, hogy ő már hosszú évek sora óta nem tagja a városi
képviselőtestületnek.
A legutóbbi évben, a nyolczvanegyedikben mégis érezni kezdte
ereje hanyatlását s legkedvesebb állását, a közmunka-tanács
alelnökségét letette. Aztán sorba rakosgatta le a többit, mint a
terhes podgyászt. Nem várta be, míg a halál leveszi vállairól az egész
rőzseköteget. A szabadelvűpárt, melynek elnöke volt, feloszlott. Az
idén már képviselőnek se lépett fel. Sőt legutóbb megvált az «Adria»
elnökségétől is. Nem tartott meg egyebet a sok ráaggatott díszből,
csak a mit a komornyikja tűz reggelenkint gomblyukába, a piros
szekfűt, mely minden nap elfonnyad, de mégis örök, mert föl lehet
újjal cserélni.
Mikszáth Kálmán.
AZ ALFÖLDI VADÁSZOK
TANYÁJA.
Első kiadása megjelent 1854-ben.
GRÓF BETHLEN JÓZSEFNEK!
(A kolozsvári nagy-piaczon.)
(Szerelem és házasság.)
(Mézes hetek.)