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Last update: Sat Mar 18 22:00:08 GMT 2017 (build 21)

Programming in Lua, Fourth Edition

Roberto Ierusalimschy

Programming in Lua, Fourth Edition

Roberto Ierusalimschy

Copyright © 2016, 2003 Roberto Ierusalimschy

Feisty Duck Digital

Book Distribution
www.feistyduck.com

Licensed for the exclusive use of:

Eric Taylor <jdslkgjf.iapgjflksfg@yandex.com>

Table of Contents

About the Book

....................................................................................................
............. ix

I. The Basics
....................................................................................................
.................. 1

1. Getting Started
....................................................................................................
.... 4

Chunks
....................................................................................................
.......... 4

Some Lexical Conventions

................................................................................... 6

Global Variables
................................................................................................. 7

Types and Values

................................................................................................ 7
Nil
....................................................................................................
........ 8

Booleans
....................................................................................................
8

The Stand-Alone Interpreter

.................................................................................. 9

2. Interlude: The Eight-Queen Puzzle

............................................................................ 12

3. Numbers
....................................................................................................
........... 15

Numerals
....................................................................................................
...... 15

Arithmetic Operators
.......................................................................................... 16

Relational Operators
.......................................................................................... 17

The Mathematical Library

................................................................................... 18

Random-number generator
.......................................................................... 18

Rounding functions
.................................................................................... 18
Representation Limits
......................................................................................... 19

Conversions
....................................................................................................
.. 21

Precedence
....................................................................................................
... 22

Lua Before Integers

........................................................................................... 22

4. Strings
....................................................................................................
............. 24

Literal strings
....................................................................................................
24

Long strings
....................................................................................................
. 25

Coercions
....................................................................................................
..... 26

The String Library

............................................................................................. 27

Unicode
....................................................................................................
....... 29
5. Tables
....................................................................................................
.............. 33

Table Indices
....................................................................................................
33

Table Constructors
............................................................................................. 35

Arrays, Lists, and Sequences

............................................................................... 36

Table Traversal
.................................................................................................
38

Safe Navigation
.................................................................................................
38

The Table Library

............................................................................................. 39

6. Functions
....................................................................................................
.......... 42

Multiple Results
................................................................................................ 43

Variadic Functions
............................................................................................. 45

The function table.unpack

............................................................................ 47
Proper Tail Calls
............................................................................................... 48

7. The External World

................................................................................................ 50

The Simple I/O Model

....................................................................................... 50

The Complete I/O Model

.................................................................................... 53

Other Operations on Files

................................................................................... 54

Other System Calls

............................................................................................ 55

Running system commands

......................................................................... 55

8. Filling some Gaps

..................................................................................................
57

Local Variables and Blocks

................................................................................. 57

Control Structures
.............................................................................................. 58

if then else
............................................................................................... 58

while
....................................................................................................
... 59
iii

Programming in Lua, Fourth Edition

repeat
....................................................................................................
. 59

Numerical for
........................................................................................... 60

Generic for
.............................................................................................. 60

break, return, and goto

..................................................................................... 61

II. Real Programming

....................................................................................................
..... 65

9. Closures
....................................................................................................
........... 68

Functions as First-Class Values

............................................................................ 68

Non-Global Functions
........................................................................................ 69

Lexical Scoping
................................................................................................ 71

A Taste of Functional Programming

..................................................................... 74
10. Pattern Matching
..................................................................................................
77

The Pattern-Matching Functions

........................................................................... 77

The function string.find

...................................................................... 77

The function string.match

.................................................................... 77

The function string.gsub

...................................................................... 78

The function string.gmatch

.................................................................. 78

Patterns
....................................................................................................
........ 78

Captures
....................................................................................................
....... 82

Replacements
....................................................................................................
83

URL encoding
.......................................................................................... 84

Tab expansion
........................................................................................... 86
Tricks of the Trade
............................................................................................ 86

11. Interlude: Most Frequent Words

............................................................................. 90

12. Date and Time

....................................................................................................
. 92

The Function os.time

..................................................................................... 92

The Function os.date

..................................................................................... 93

Date–Time Manipulation
.................................................................................... 95

13. Bits and Bytes

....................................................................................................
. 97

Bitwise Operators
.............................................................................................. 97

Unsigned Integers
.............................................................................................. 97

Packing and Unpacking Binary Data

..................................................................... 99

Binary files
....................................................................................................
. 101
14. Data Structures
...................................................................................................
104

Arrays
....................................................................................................
........ 104

Matrices and Multi-Dimensional Arrays

............................................................... 105

Linked Lists
....................................................................................................
107

Queues and Double-Ended Queues

..................................................................... 107

Reverse Tables
................................................................................................
108

Sets and Bags

.................................................................................................
109

String Buffers
..................................................................................................
110

Graphs
....................................................................................................
....... 111

15. Data Files and Serialization

.................................................................................. 114
Data Files
....................................................................................................
... 114

Serialization
....................................................................................................
116

Saving tables without cycles

...................................................................... 118

Saving tables with cycles

.......................................................................... 119

16. Compilation, Execution, and Errors

....................................................................... 122

Compilation
....................................................................................................
122

Precompiled Code
............................................................................................ 125

Errors
....................................................................................................
......... 126

Error Handling and Exceptions

.......................................................................... 127

Error Messages and Tracebacks

.......................................................................... 128

17. Modules and Packages

........................................................................................ 131
The Function require
.................................................................................... 132

iv

Programming in Lua, Fourth Edition

Renaming a module
................................................................................. 133

Path searching
......................................................................................... 133

Searchers
................................................................................................
135

The Basic Approach for Writing Modules in Lua

.................................................. 135

Submodules and Packages

................................................................................. 137

III. Lua-isms
....................................................................................................
............... 139

18. Iterators and the Generic for

................................................................................ 142

Iterators and Closures

....................................................................................... 142

The Semantics of the Generic for

....................................................................... 143

Stateless Iterators
............................................................................................. 145
Traversing Tables in Order
................................................................................ 146

True Iterators
..................................................................................................
147

19. Interlude: Markov Chain Algorithm

....................................................................... 149

20. Metatables and Metamethods

................................................................................ 152

Arithmetic Metamethods
................................................................................... 152

Relational Metamethods
.................................................................................... 155

Library-Defined Metamethods
............................................................................ 155

Table-Access Metamethods
............................................................................... 156

The __index metamethod

....................................................................... 156

The __newindex metamethod

................................................................. 157

Tables with default values

......................................................................... 158

Tracking table accesses

............................................................................. 159
Read-only tables
...................................................................................... 160

21. Object-Oriented Programming

.............................................................................. 162

Classes
....................................................................................................
....... 163

Inheritance
....................................................................................................
.. 165

Multiple Inheritance
......................................................................................... 166

Privacy
....................................................................................................
....... 168

The Single-Method Approach

............................................................................ 170

Dual Representation
......................................................................................... 170

22. The Environment

................................................................................................
173

Global Variables with Dynamic Names

............................................................... 173

Global-Variable Declarations
............................................................................. 174
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